Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Asst. Prof Aamina Qureshi

 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Introduction

➢ Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a

digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform
tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

➢ AI can be classified into three types:

Weak AI
General AI
Strong AI

➢ Currently, we are working with weak AI and general AI. The

future of AI is Strong AI for which it is said that it will be
intelligent than humans.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Machine learning

➢ Machine Learning is the field of study that gives

computers the capability to learn without being
explicitly programmed.

➢ ML is one of the most exciting technologies that one

would have ever come across.

➢ As it is evident from the name, it gives the computer

that makes it more similar to humans: The ability to
learn.

➢ Machine learning is actively being used today, perhaps

in many more places than one would expect.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Deep learning

➢ Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches

computers to do what comes naturally to humans: learn by
example.

➢ Deep learning is a key technology behind driverless cars, enabling

them to recognize a stop sign, or to distinguish a pedestrian from a
lamppost.

➢ In deep learning, a computer model learns to perform classification

tasks directly from images, text, or sound.

➢ Deep learning models can achieve state-of-the-art accuracy,

sometimes exceeding human-level performance.

➢ Models are trained by using a large set of labeled data and neural
network architectures that contain many layers.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Examples of AI

1. Virtual Assistants
Example: Siri, Google Assistant, or Amazon Alexa
Description: These AI systems use natural language processing to understand and respond to voice
commands, perform tasks, answer questions, and control smart home devices.

2. Image Recognition
Example: Google Photos or Apple Photos
Description: These apps use AI to automatically categorize and tag photos, recognizing faces, objects,
and scenes.

3. Recommendation Systems
Example: Netflix or Spotify
Description: These platforms use AI to analyze user preferences and recommend movies, shows, or
music based on previous interactions.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Examples of AI
4. Chatbots
Example: ChatGPT or customer service bots on websites
Description: Chatbots use natural language processing to engage in conversations, answer questions,
and provide assistance.

5. Language Translation
Example: Google Translate
Description: This tool uses AI to translate text between multiple languages, utilizing deep learning
models to improve accuracy.

6. Autonomous Vehicles
Example: Tesla’s Autopilot
Description: Self-driving cars use AI to navigate roads, recognize obstacles, and make driving decisions
without human intervention.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Examples of AI
7. AI Art and Music
Example: DeepArt (for art) or AIVA (for music composition)
Description: These tools use AI to create artwork or compose music, demonstrating how AI can generate
creative content.
8. Medical Diagnosis
Example: IBM Watson Health or Google Health’s AI tools
Description: AI systems assist in diagnosing medical conditions by analyzing medical images, patient data,
and research.
9. Games
Example: AlphaGo (by DeepMind)
Description: AI that defeated world champions in Go, showcasing advanced decision-making and strategic
planning.
10. Text Generation
Example: GPT-3 or ChatGPT
Description: These models generate coherent and contextually relevant text based on prompts, illustrating
AI’s ability to understand and produce human-like text.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

History of AI
➢ Early Ideas (Pre-1950s): Early mechanical devices and mathematical logic laid the groundwork for
AI concepts.
➢ Founding of AI (1950s): Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test, and the Dartmouth Conference in
1956 officially coined the term "Artificial Intelligence.“
➢ Early Research (1950s-1960s): Initial AI research focused on symbolic reasoning and early
programs like Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver.
➢ AI Winters (1970s-1980s): Disillusionment with AI's progress led to reduced funding, though
expert systems showed practical applications.
➢ Machine Learning (1990s): A shift towards data-driven approaches and machine learning
techniques rejuvenated AI research.
➢ Deep Learning and Big Data (2000s-Present): Advances in deep learning and access to large
datasets spurred breakthroughs in areas like image and speech recognition.
➢ Current Trends (2020s and Beyond): Significant achievements include advanced generative models
and ongoing discussions about AI ethics and regulation. Research into artificial general intelligence
(AGI) continues.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Foundation of AI
The foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) is built upon several key elements:

➢ Mathematics and Algorithms: At its core, AI relies on mathematical concepts and algorithms. This
includes linear algebra, calculus, probability, and statistics, which are used to create models and
solve complex problems.

➢ Data: AI systems require large amounts of data to learn and make informed decisions. Data serves
as the input for training AI models and helps them recognize patterns, make predictions, and
improve over time. The quality and quantity of data directly impact the performance of AI systems.

➢ Neural Networks: Inspired by the human brain, neural networks are a key component of many AI
systems. They consist of interconnected layers of nodes (neurons) that process information. Deep
learning, a subset of machine learning, uses deep neural networks with many layers to handle
complex tasks such as image and speech recognition.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

Foundation of AI
➢ Computing Power: AI development requires significant computational resources. Advances in
hardware, such as GPUs (graphics processing units) and TPUs (tensor processing units), have
accelerated the training of complex models and the processing of large datasets.
➢ Programming Languages and Tools: AI development involves various programming languages and
tools. Python is one of the most popular languages for AI due to its extensive libraries and
frameworks (such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and scikit-learn) that simplify the development of AI
models.
➢ Ethics and Safety: As AI systems become more advanced, addressing ethical considerations and
ensuring safety are crucial. This includes ensuring transparency, fairness, and accountability in AI
systems, as well as mitigating potential risks and biases.

➢ Applications: AI has a wide range of applications, from natural language processing (NLP) and
computer vision to robotics and autonomous systems. Each application area leverages different AI
techniques and technologies to solve specific problems or enhance capabilities.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

how is AI changing medical sciences

➢ Patient Monitoring: AI-powered virtual assistants and chatbots can provide patients with medical
information, schedule appointments, and monitor health conditions, enhancing patient
engagement and adherence to treatment plans.
➢ Telemedicine: AI supports telemedicine platforms by offering virtual consultations, analyzing
patient symptoms, and providing preliminary diagnoses.
➢ Medical Imaging: AI algorithms, particularly deep learning models, are used to analyze medical
images such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. They can detect anomalies, such as tumors or fractures,
with high accuracy, often identifying issues that may be missed by human radiologists.
➢ Early Detection: AI systems can help in the early detection of diseases like cancer, diabetic
retinopathy, and cardiovascular conditions, leading to earlier and potentially more effective
treatment.
➢ Drug Development: AI accelerates drug discovery by predicting how different compounds interact
with biological targets. It can also help identify potential side effects and optimize clinical trial
designs.
 Artificial Intelligence Introduction Semester 1 Module 1

how is AI changing medical sciences

➢ Treatment Recommendations: AI systems can analyze patient data and current medical literature
to provide evidence-based treatment recommendations, supporting clinicians in making informed
decisions.
➢ Decision Support Systems: AI-powered systems assist doctors by providing real-time information
and alerts about patient conditions, improving the accuracy and timeliness of care.
➢ Precision and Minimally Invasive Procedures: AI-driven robotic systems enhance the precision of
surgical procedures, allowing for minimally invasive surgeries that reduce recovery times and
improve patient outcomes.
➢ Disease Outbreaks: AI tools analyze data from various sources to predict and track disease
outbreaks, helping public health officials respond more effectively.