HYBRIDISATION
We know orbitals of last shell overlap with each other. The overlapping is of
two types:
Head to head(sigma bond)
Sidewise(pi bond)
Overlapping of orbitals takes place between which has same energy. If in
case, the orbitals have different energy they can’t overlap. Hybridization is
the intermixing of orbitals of slightly different energies, so as to redistribute
their energy and give rise to new set of orbitals that are similar in shapes
and energy.
Let us explain this on the basis of promotion effect:
Characteristics
Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of atomic orbitals that
combine.
The hybrid orbitals are always equal in shape and energy.
The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming bonds as compared to
pure atomic orbitals.
The hybrid orbitals are directed towards specific directions in space.
The type of hybridization gives us the shape of molecule
Now there is a question that can all participate in hybridization
Conditions of hybridization
The only valence orbitals participate.
The atomic orbitals that participate should have almost same energy.
Promotion is not always necessary.
The unpaired as well as fully filled orbitals can also participate.
Types of hybridization
1. sp hybridization: In this one s and one p orbital combines as shown
below.
sp3 (1s + 3p)
Valence bond approach of covalent bond
VSEPR theory does not tell us about bond parameters like directional
nature, bond angle, repulsions etc.
To explain we have new theory:
Valence bond approach
Molecular orbital theory
Valence bond theory
Assumptions:
1. According to this, the atom retains their identity even after bonding.
2. Bond is formed due to interaction of valence electrons only.
3. Only the valence electrons lose their identity whereas inner electrons
do not participate.
4. Stability of bond depends upon amount of energy released
5. The molecule has minimum energy at a specific distance called inter-
nuclear distance and at that the bond formation takes place.
Overlapping: sigma and pi bond
Overlapping can be defined as partial merging of bonded orbitals .More is
the overlapping, stronger is the bond formed.
Types of overlapping
Head to head
Sidewise
Accordingly, the bond formed is sigma or pi bond.
Sigma bond:
1. In this head to head overlapping occurs.
2. More is the overlapping region more stable is the bond.
3. The bond is stronger.
4. This bond can exist independently.
Pi bond:
1. It is formed by side wise overlapping of orbitals.
2. It is not too strong as in this overlapping region is less.
3. It is weaker bond as compared to sigma bond.
4. It can’t exist independently, it exist along with sigma bond.
Let’s make Sigma bond :
Delocalization of sigma electron do not take place ,whereas pi electron can
be delocalized.
Directional properties of covalent bonds
Whenever the overlapping takes place it occurs in three ways:
Electron density High (-ve)
Electron density low (+ve)
If – and + lobes try to overlap then no Overlapping occurs.
Molecular orbital theory
It was developed by F.Hund and R.S Mullikan in 1932.
The features of this theory are:
The electrons in a molecule are present in various molecular orbital as
the electrons of atom are present in different various shells.
The atomic orbitals of comparable energies and proper symmetry
combine to form molecular orbitals.
In molecular orbital electrons are in influence of two or more nuclei.
The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to number of atomic
orbitals that combine.
The two orbitals formed due to combination are: Bonding and Anti -
bonding.
The Bonding molecular orbital has lower energy and greater stability
than Anti -bonding.
The electron probability distribution around group of nuclei is given by
molecular orbital.
The molecular orbitals are filled in accordance to Aufbau principle,
Pauli’s principle and Hund’s rule.
The linear combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbital
takes place only if:
The combining orbitals must have same energy.
The combining orbitals must have same symmetry.
The combining orbitals must overlap to maximum extent.
The order to fill molecular orbital is:
This order is for all, except Oxygen , Fluorine and Neon.
For Oxygen , Fluorine and Neon the order is :
Information conveyed by molecular orbital diagram :
For Oxygen like molecules :
For Nitrogen like molecules:
Stability of molecule
If Nb > Na Then molecule is stable
If Nb < Na Then molecule is un-stable
If Nb = Na then molecule is un-stable
We can find the bond order : That is
Bond Order 1 (single bond)
Bond Order 2 (double bond)
Bond Order 3 (triple bond)
( c) Tell us about the type of bond :
Magnetic character :
If unpaired electrons - paramagnetic
If no unpaired electrons - dimagnetic
