PRESENTED BY:-

PROF. SUNIL VISHWAKARMA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Flooring is the general term
for a permanent covering of a
floor, or for the work of
installing such a floorcovering.
 Floor covering is a term to generically
describe any finish material applied
over a floor structure to provide a
walking surface.
 Materials almost always classified as
floor covering include carpet, area
rugs, and resilient flooring such
as linoleum or vinylflooring.
 Materials commonly called flooring
include wood flooring, ceramic
tile, stone, terrazzo, and various
seamless chemical floorcoatings.
The floor underthe
flooring is called
the subfloor.
This provides thesupport
for the flooring.
Special purpose subfloors
like floating floors, raised
floors or sprung floorsmay
be laid upon another
underlying subfloor which
provides the structural
strength.
 The choice of material for floor covering is
affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise
insulation, comfort and cleaningeffort.
 Some types of flooring must not be installed
below grade (lower than ground level), and
laminate or hardwood should be avoided where
there may be moisture orcondensation.
 The sub-floor may be finished in a way that makes
it usable without any extra work.
 depends upon belowfactors:
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Cleanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
SOFT COVERINGS
•Carpet is a floorcovering woven
or felted from natural orman-
made fibre.

•Fitted carpet is attached to the

floor structure, extendswall-to-
wall, and cannot be moved from
place toplace.

•Rugs are smaller than the room

in which they are located and are
generally placed over thewood
flooring.

•They may be attached to the

flooring below by adhesiveor
other methods.
WOOD FLOORING
•Many different species of wood are
fabricated into wood flooring intwo
primary forms: plank and parquet.

•Hardwoods are typically muchmore

durable than softwoods.

•Laminate is a floor covering that

appearssimilar to hardwood but is made
with a plywood or medium density
fibreboard ("MDF") core with a plastic
laminate top layer.

•Bamboo flooring is a floor

manufactured from the bambooplant
and is a type of hardwood flooring,
though technically nota wood.
 Resilient flooring is
made of material that
has someelasticity.
 It includes many
different manufactured
products
including linoleum,
sheet vinyl, vinyl
composition tile
(VCT), cork (sheetor
tile), rubber, and others.
 Ceramic tile includes a
wide variety of clay
products fired into thin
units which are set in
beds
of mortar or masticwit
h the joints between
tiles grouted.
 Varieties includequarry
tile, porcelain tile ,
terracotta tile, and
others.
 Mosaic flooring is
made of small pieces
of broken tiles of china
glaze or of cement, or
of marble , arranged in
different patterns
 This pieces are cut to
desired shapes and
sizes.
 Example of Mosaic
flooring are terraces
and indoorgardens.
•New technologies
are emerging since
2004 to produce
hard floorings
having the ability
to light up when
needed these tiles
are called Glazed
tiles.
 Many differentseamless
flooring materials are
available. These are
usually
latex, polyester, urethane
or epoxy compounds
which are applied inliquid
form to provide a
completely seamless floor
covering.
 These are usually foundin
wet areas such as
laboratories or food
processing plants.
 It is a superior type of
flooring, used in
bathrooms and kitchens
of residential buildings
and in hospitals,
sanatoriums, temples
etc. Where extra
cleanliness is an
essential requirement.
 Marble slabs may be laid
in different sizes, usually
in rectangular or square
shapes.
 Such a flooring is used in cheap construction,
specially where good bricks are available.
 This flooring is specially suited to ware-houses,
stores, go-downsetc.
 Well-burnt bricks of good colourand uniform
shapes areused.
 Bricks are laid either or flat or on edge, arranged
in herring bone fashion or set at right angles to
the walls, or set any other good looking pattern.
 This is a special
purpose flooring, used
in circumstances
where it is desired to
transmit light from
upper floor to lower
areas.
 Glass flooring isvery
costly, and not
commonly used.
 E.g. Dance flooror
Home decoration.
 It consists of sheets or
tiles of rubber, invariety
of patterns and colours
with thickness varying
from 3 to 10 mm.
 The sheets are fixed to
the concrete floor with
the help of appropriate
adhesives.
 Rubber floorings are
resilient and noiseproof.
 They are costly, hence
used in public buildings
or offices
 Sustainable flooring is produced from
sustainable materials (and by a sustainable
process) that reduces demands on ecosystems
during its life-cycle.
 Some think that sustainable flooring creates safer
and healthier buildings and guarantees a future
for traditional producers of renewable resources
that many communities dependon.
 Special tools used for flooring include:
 Flooring clamp, a clamp for tongue-
and-groove floors whilenailing
 Knee kicker, used to position carpets
precisely and stretch small areas, like
steps
 Concrete moisture meter used tocheck
a concrete floor before laying flooring
on top
 There are a number of special features that may be
used to ornament a floor or perform a useful service:
 Floor medallions decorative centrepieces of a floor
design
 Doormats to help keep a floor clean
 Gratings used to drain water or to rub dirt off shoes
 Tactile or rumble strips to warn of for instance a
wheelchair ramp, these would normally also be
distinctively coloured orpatterned.
 Light strips to show an escape route out, especially on
airplanes.
 Mouldings or
baseboards to
decorate the sides ofa
floor or to cover the
edge of a floating
floor.
 Anti-Slip Devices The
addition of either
granular or
rubberized particles
that will allowwheels,
shoes, or feet better
traction.
 Wood floors, particularly olderones, will tend to
'squeak' in certain places.
 This is caused by the wood rubbing against other
wood, usually at a joint of the subfloor.
 Firmly securing the pieces to each other
with screws or nails will remove this problem.
 Concrete floors are usually so solid they do not
have this problem, but are also much more
expensive to construct, and much heavier,
resulting in furtherrequirements regarding the
structure of the building.
 Floorvibration is a particularly annoying problem
with floors. Wood floors tend to pass sound,
particularly heavy footsteps and low bass
frequencies.
 Floating floors can reduce or eliminate this
problem.
 The flooring may need protectionsometimes
(e.g., a gym floor used for a graduation
ceremony).
 A Gym floor cover can be used to reduce the need

to satisfy incompatiblerequirements.