18CSE357T – BIOMETRICS
Unit –1 : Session –5 : SLO -1
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SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Outline
► Definition
► Image Sampling and Quantization
► Types of Digital Images
► Stages in Digital Image processing
► Applications
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Digital Image
► A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional
image as a finite set of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels.
► Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours ,
heights, opacities etc.
► Digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation
of a real scene.
► Common image formats include black and white images,
grayscale images and RGB images.
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Digital Image Processing
► Digital Image Processing means processing digital
image by means of a digital computer.
► It uses computer algorithms, in order to get
enhanced image to extract some useful
information.
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Image Acquisition Process
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Introduction
► What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital Image
— a two-dimensional function
x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)
Digital Image Processing
— process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and high-level
processes
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual objects
Pixel
— the elements of a digital image
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A Simple Image Formation Model
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Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance
► Reflectance
▪ 0.01 for black velvet
▪ 0.65 for stainless steel
▪ 0.80 for flat-white wall paint
▪ 0.90 for silver-plated metal
▪ 0.93 for snow
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Representing Digital Images
► The representation of an M×N numerical array as
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Representing Digital Images
► The representation of an M×N numerical array as
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Representing Digital Images
► The representation of an M×N numerical array in
MATLAB
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Types of Digital Images
► Intensity image or monochrome image: Each pixel
corresponds to light intensity normally represented in gray
scale.
► Color image or RGB image: Each pixel contains a vector
representing red, green and blue components.
► Binary image or black and white image: Each pixel
contains one bit, 1 represents white and 0 represents
black.
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Image Resolution
► Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image. The
amount of resolution required depends on the amount of
details we are interested in. We will now take a look at
Image and Intensity Resolution of a digital image.
► Spatial resolution: It is a measure of the smallest
discernible detail in an image. Vision specialists state it
with dots (pixels) per unit distance, graphic designers state
it with dots per inch (dpi).
► Intensity Level Resolution: It refers to the number of
intensity levels used to represent the image. The more
intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail
discernable in an image. Intensity level resolution is usually
given in terms of the number of bits used to store each
intensity level.
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Representing Digital Images
► Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k
► The number b of bits required to store a M × N
digitized image
b=M×N×k
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