MODULE II

INTRODUCTION

Lesson 1 Trigonometric Functions

and Angles

Lesson 2 Solutions of Right

Triangles

Lesson 3 Solutions of Oblique

Triangles

Lesson 4 Trigonometric Formulas

and Identities

Module I
Module 2 2

 INTRODUCTION

This module covers trigonometric functions; solutions of the right and

oblique triangles; logarithmic and exponential functions; trigonometric
identities; application of trigonometric functions; circles and circular
measures.

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

1. Compute the values of the six trigonometric functions for key angles
measured in both degrees and radians.
2. Use the basic trigonometric identities to verify other trigonometric
identities.
3. Solve trigonometric equations.
4. Solve right and oblique triangles.
5. Use the concepts of trigonometry to solve applied problems.

 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

There are four lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then
answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited
from it. Work on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your
instructor.

In case you encounter difficulty, discuss this with your instructor

during the face-to-face meeting. If not contact your instructor at their
office.

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Lesson 1

 Trigonometric
Fuctions and
Angles

Angles are formed by an initial side and a terminal side. An initial side is
said to be in standard position when its vertex is located at the origin and
the ray goes along the positive x axis.

Definition of a General Angle

Angle greater than 360 degrees

An angle is measured by the amount of rotation from the initial side to the
terminal side. A positive angle is made by a rotation in the
counterclockwise direction and a negative angle is made by a rotation in
the clockwise direction. An angle can be measured in two ways, in degrees
and in radians.

Degrees
A circle is comprised of 360°, which is
called one revolution
Degrees are used primarily to describe
the size of an angle.

Radians
1 revolution measured in radians is 2π, where π
is the constant approximately 3.14.

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Arc length

The length of the subtended arc is proportional to the radius of the circle.
In particular, the definition in terms of a ratio gives the same figure as that
given above using the unit circle. This alternate definition is more useful,
however, since you can use it to relate lengths of arcs to angles. The length
of an arc is the radius r times the angle θ where the angle is measured in
radians.

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For instance, an arc of θ = 0.3 radians in a circle of radius r = 4 has length

0.3 times 4, that is, 1.2.

Sector area
A sector of a circle is that part of a circle bounded by two radii and the arc
of the circle that joins their ends. The area of this sector is easy to compute
from the radius r of the circle and the angle θ between the radii when it’s
measured in radians. Since the area of the whole circle is πr2, and the
sector is to the whole circle as the angle θ is to 2π, therefore

How to convert degrees to radians and vice versa?

Since 360° = 2π radians (1 revolution), Then, 180° = π radians, So that
means that 1° = 𝜋/180 radians, and 180/𝜋 degrees = 1 radian

Example 1.
Convert 60° into radians
Solution: 60 ⋅ 𝜋/180 = 60𝜋/180 = 𝜋/3 radian

Example 2.
Convert 3𝜋/2 radian into degrees
Solution: 3𝜋/2 ⋅ 180/𝜋 = 3𝜋/2 ⋅ 180/𝜋 = 540𝜋/2𝜋 = 270°

Example 3.
Convert (-45°) into radians
-45 ⋅ 𝜋/180 = −45𝜋/180 = − 𝜋/4 radian

UNIT CIRCLE

The Unit Circle is a circle that is centered at the origin and always has a
radius of 1.

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In Trigonometry there are six trigonometric ratios that relate the angle
measures of a right triangle to the length of its sides.
A right triangle can be formed from an initial side x and a terminal side r,
where r is the radius and hypotenuse of the right triangle. (see figure
below). From Pythagorean Theorem,
x² + y² = r², therefore r = . 𝜃 (theta) is used to label a non-right
angle. The six trigonometric functions can be used to find the ratio of the
side lengths. The six functions are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan),
cosecant (csc), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot).

sin 𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑟 , also referred to as 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 (SOH)

cos 𝜃 = 𝑥/𝑟 , also referred to as 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 (CAH)
tan 𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑥 , also referred to as 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 (TOA)

These three functions have 3 reciprocal functions

csc 𝜃 = 𝑟/𝑦 , which is the reciprocal of sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 = 𝑟/𝑥 ,which is the reciprocal of cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = 𝑥/𝑦 , which is the reciprocal of tan 𝜃

Example 4: Find the values of the trigonometric ratios of angle 𝜃

sin θ = = csc θ = =
cos θ = = sec θ = =
tan θ = = cot θ = =

x = 5, y= 12, r =?
r= = =
= 13

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Example 5: Use the triangle below to find the six trigonometric ratios

Using Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse,

a² + b² = c², where a and b are legs of the right
triangle and c is the hypotenuse

6² + 8² = 𝑐² sin θ = = csc θ = =
36 + 64 = 𝑐² cosθ = = sec θ = =
100 = 𝑐²
tanθ = = cot θ = =
=
10 = 𝑐
Example 6:

tan 52 =
𝑥=
𝑥 ≈ 12.5

Example 7:

tan θ=
θ=
≈ 53.13°

Learning Activity

1. Convert the following degree measure into radians

a. 75°
b. -84°
c. -335°
d. 340°
2. Convert the following radian measure into radians
a.
b.
c.
3. Given the length of the arc l and the radius r, to find the angle
subtended at the center.

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(a). l = .17256, r = 10.582.

(b). l = 1.3584, r = 2.1789.
4. Given the length of the arc l and the angle a which it subtends at the
center, to find the radius.
(a). a = 0° 45' 30", l = .032592.
(b). a = 45° 21' 6", l = .4572.
5. Find the values of the six trigonometric
identities.

a. b.

6. Find the missing side length to the nearest hundredth.

a. c.

b.

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Lesson 2

 Solutions of
Right
Triangles

Angles of Elevation and Depression

The angle of elevation of an object as seen by an observer is the angle
between the horizontal and the line from the object to the observer's eye
(the line of sight).

If the object is below the level of the observer, then the angle between the
horizontal and the observer's line of sight is called the angle of depression.

Practice Problems:

1. A man who is 2 m tall stands on horizontal ground 30 m from a tree.

The angle of elevation of the top of the tree from his eyes is 28˚.
Estimate the height of the tree.

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Let the height of the tree

be h:
tan 28 = (h-2)/30
h-2 = 30tan28
h = (30tan28)+2
h = 17.95 m

2. From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of depression of

an object that is level with the base of the cliff is 34º. How far is the
object from the base of the cliff?

Given: height of cliff= 40meters

Angle of depression = 34°

Unknown= Distance A to P = x = ?

Solution:

3. A campsite is 9.41 miles from a point directly below the mountain

top. If the angle of elevation is 12º from the camp to the top of the
mountain, how high is the mountain?

Given: distance of campsite to mountain= 9.41mi

Angle of depression = 12°

Unknown= h of mountain

Solution:

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4. An A-frame cabin is 26.23 feet high at the center, and the angle the
roof makes with the base
is 53º15'. How wide is the
base?
Solution:

Therefore, the base is 39.1737 wide.

5. An observation balloon is attached to the ground at point A. On a

level with A and in the same straight line, the points B and C were
chosen so that BC equals 100 meters. From the points B and C, the
angle of elevation of the balloon is 40º and 30º respectively. Find the
height of the balloon.

Solution:

Thus,

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Learning Activity

1. Anthony wished to find the width of a river. He observed a tree

directly across the river on the opposite bank. The angle of elevation
to the top of the tree was 30º. Then Anthony moved directly back
from the bank 60 meters and found that the angle of elevation to the
top of the tree was 25º. What is the width of the river?

2. In the side of a hill that slopes upward at an angle of 32º11’, a tunnel

is bored sloping downward at an angle of 13º12' from the horizontal.
How far below the surface of the hill is a point 40 meters down the
tunnel?

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Lesson 3

 Solutions of Oblique
Triangles

Oblique triangles is one which does not contain a right angle. Such a
triangle contains either three acute angles or two acute angles and one
obtuse angles.

LAW OF SINES
In any triangle ABC, the ratio of a side and the sine of the opposite angle is
a constant;

LAW OF COSINES
In any triangle ABC, the square of any side is equal to the sum of squares of
the other two sides diminished by twice the product of these sides and the
cosine of the included angle

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Solution of Oblique Triangles

When three parts of a triangle, not all angles, are known, the triangle is
uniquely determined, except in one case noted below. These five cases of
oblique triangles are
 Case I: Given two angles and the side opposite one of them
 Case II: Given two angles and the included side.
 Case III: Given two sides and the angle opposite one of them

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 Case IV: Given two sides and the included angle.

 Case V: Given three sides.

CASE USE LAW OF FIRST PART TO FIND

I Sines Side opposite second given
angle
II Sines Third angle, then either of
remaining sides
III Sines Angle opposite second given
side
IV Cosines Third side
V Cosines Any angle can be found

In Case III, there is not always a unique solution. It is possible to have no

solution for the angle, one solution for the angle, or two solutions---an angle
and its supplement.
When the given angle is acute, there will be,
(a) One solution if the side opposite the given angle is equal to or greater
than the other given side.
(b) No solution, one solution (right triangle), or two solutions if the side
opposite the given angle is less than the other given side.
When the given angle is obtuse, there will be,
(a) No solution when the side opposite the given angle is less than or
equal to the other given side.
(b) One solution if the side opposite the given angle is greater than the
other given side.

Area of Oblique Triangles

There are two formulas using trigonometry that will allow us to find the
area of oblique triangles based on given information. Obviously, if the
triangle is a right triangle, we only need both legs:

Area = 1/2 (base)(height)

This formula works when you have two sides and the included angle (SAS).
But frequently you have three sides of a triangle and wish to determine the

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area. In that case, we have another formula that will determine the area of
that triangle. It is called Heron’s (pronounced Hero’s) formula.

Practice Problems:
Unknowns: BC, angle C and angle B
Solution:
Using Law of Cosines

Since the sum of internal angles of a

1. Solve the ∆ABC triangle is equal to 180°, we can find the
third angle by:

2. A ship takes a sighting

on two buoys. At a
certain instant, the
bearing of buoy A is N
44.23º W, and that of
buoy B is N 62.17º E.
The distance between
the buoys is 3.60 km, and
the bearing of B from A is N
87.87º E. Find the distance
of the ship from each buoy.

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Unknowns: distance to each buoy

Solution:

Using Law of Sines

3. A 71.6-m-high antenna mast is to be placed on sloping ground, with

the cables making an angle of 42.5° with the top of the mast. Find
the length of each cable.

Unknowns: length of each cable

Solution:

Using Law of Sines

L
2
L
1

4. A hot air balloon is hovering over Valley Forge. Person A views the
balloon at an angle of elevation of 25° while person B views the
balloon at an angle of elevation of 40°. If A and B are 4000 feet
apart, find the height of the balloon.

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Unknowns: h
Solution:

Using Law of Sines

Learning Activity

1. Points A and B 1000 m apart are plotted on a straight highway running

East and West. From A, the bearing of a tower C is 32 deg. W of N
and from B the bearing of C is 26 deg. N of E. Approximate the
shortest distance of tower C to the highway.
2. The angle of elevation of the top of tower B from the top of tower A
is 28 deg. And the angle of elevation of the top of tower A from the
base of tower B is 46 deg. The two towers lie in the same horizontal
plane. If the height of Tower B is 120 m, find the height of tower A.
3. The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m, and 190 m. The lot is
to be divided by a line bisecting the longest side and drawn from the
opposite vertex. Find the length of the line.

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Lesson 4

 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES

I. Identical and conditional equations

There are two types of equations: An identical equation and a conditional
equation. Equations in which the two sides are equal for all permissible
values of any variable involved is called an identical equation or for short an
identity. A conditional equation on the other hand is an equation whose two
sides are not equal for all permissible values of any variable involved.
Illustration:
a.) The trigonometric equation sin = 0.5 is a conditional equation is
true only if take the values of 30°, 150°, or their co-terminal
angles.
b.) The trigonometric equation = tan is an identity, since the
equation is always satisfied for any value of .

II. Fundamental Identities

The fundamental identities are simply relationships between the six
trigonometric functions. These include the reciprocal identities, the
quotient and the Pythagorean identities.

Reciprocal Quotient Pythagorean

Relationship Relationships Relationships

The fundamental identities are used to prove or establish other identities.

They are also utilized to simplify problems involving trigonometric
functions.

Example.

1. If , use the fundamental identities to find the exact values

of the other five trigonometric functions if is in the 4th quadrant.

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Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem:
a=4
β

b=?
c=5

(not drawn to scale)

Thus,

2. Simplify the trigonometric expressions below.

a. sec x – sec x sin2 x = sec x (1- sin2 x) = sec x (cos2 x) =

b. sin sec cot =

c.
III. Proving Trigonometric Identities
1. Prove the identity, sec =

2. Prove the identity,

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3. Prove identity,

4. Prove the identity,

*Other Identities to be remembered

Co-Function Identities

Even-Odd Identities

Sum-Difference Formulas

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Double Angle Formulas

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

Sum-to-Product Formulas

Product-to-Sum Formulas

Suggested Steps in Proving Identities

1. Start with the more complicated side of the identity and transform it
into the other side.
2. Try algebraic operations such as multiplication, factoring, combining
fractions into single fractions and splitting single fractions into two or
more fractions.
3. If other steps fail, express each function in terms of sine and cosine
functions and then perform appropriate algebraic operations.
4. At each step keep the other side of the identity in mind.

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Learning Activity
i. Write the given expressions in terms of sin x or cos x, or both, in a
simplified form
1. cos x tan x
2. sec x cot x
3.
4.

5.
ii. Prove the following identities
1. cos csc = cot
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 MODULE SUMMARY

In module II, you have learned Trigonometry which covers

trigonometric functions; solutions of the right and oblique triangles;
logarithmic and exponential functions; trigonometric identities; application
of trigonometric functions; circles and circular measures.

There are four lessons in module II. Lesson 1 consists of Trigonometric

Functions and Angles to compute for the values of the six Trigo Functions for
key angles measured in both degrees and radians.

Lesson 2 deals with the Solutions of Right Triangles with the use of
the definitions of the trigonometric functions and the Pythagorean
Theorem.

Lesson 3 are the Solutions of Oblique Triangles using the Laws that
are essential for the solutions.

Lesson 4 are the Trigonometric Formulas and Identities which are

useful for solving problems related to right angles triangles.

Congratulations! You have just studied Module II.

 SUMMATIVE TEST
Problem solving. On a separate sheet of paper solve the following.
1. On a hill, inclined at an angle of 14.20 with the horizontal stands a
vertical tower. At a point P, 62 m down the hill from the foot of the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 43.60.
a. How tall is the tower?
b. How long from point P to the tower?
c. What is the angle between the foot of the tower and incline plane?

I. Prove the following identities

1. =sin 2x

2. =

3. =

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