Introduction

The international order is undergoing a profound transformation, marked by the rise of Asia, the
relative decline of Western dominance, and the emergence of a multipolar world. In this dynamic
landscape, India has emerged as a key player, leveraging its growing economic strength, strategic
location, and soft power to shape global governance. From its historical role as a leader of the Non-
Aligned Movement to its current position as a rising global power, India’s journey reflects its
adaptability and ambition. Today, we will explore India’s evolving role in the changing international
order, examining its strategic importance, economic rise, foreign policy, challenges, and vision for the
future.
India's Historical Role
India’s engagement with the international order began with its leadership in the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) during the Cold War. As a founding member, India, under Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru, advocated for the interests of developing nations and maintained strategic
autonomy by avoiding alignment with either the US or the Soviet Union. This approach allowed India
to position itself as a voice for the Global South. However, the end of the Cold War and the economic
liberalization of 1991 marked a turning point. India shifted from non-alignment to multi-alignment,
forging partnerships with multiple powers while integrating into the global economy. For example,
India’s "Look East Policy" in the 1990s, later upgraded to the "Act East Policy," strengthened ties
with Southeast Asia, reflecting its broader engagement with the world.
India's Strategic Importance
India’s strategic importance in the changing international order is rooted in several factors. First, its
geopolitical location in the Indo-Pacific region makes it a critical player in maintaining regional
stability and countering China’s growing influence. Second, India’s demographic dividend, with over
65% of its population under the age of 35, positions it as a future economic powerhouse. Third, as a
nuclear-armed state, India holds significant strategic weight, particularly in South Asia. Additionally,
India’s soft power—through its culture, yoga, Bollywood, and diaspora—enhances its global
influence. For instance, the International Day of Yoga, celebrated worldwide, is a testament to India’s
cultural diplomacy.
India's Role in Global Institutions
India has been actively engaged in shaping global institutions to reflect the realities of the 21st
century. It has consistently advocated for UN Security Council reform, seeking a permanent seat to
represent the interests of developing nations. In 2023, India assumed the G20 presidency, focusing on
issues like climate change, sustainable development, and digital transformation. India’s leadership in
the G20 highlighted its ability to bridge the gap between the Global North and South. Additionally,
India is a key member of BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which provide
platforms for cooperation among emerging economies. India’s participation in the Quadrilateral
Security Dialogue (Quad) with the US, Japan, and Australia underscores its role in ensuring a free and
open Indo-Pacific, countering China’s assertive behaviour in the region.
India's Economic Rise
India’s economic rise is a cornerstone of its global influence. With a GDP growth rate averaging
around 6-7% annually, India is one of the fastest-growing major economies. The economic
liberalization of 1991 opened India to global markets, integrating it into global supply chains and
trade networks. Today, India is a leader in the IT services sector, with companies like TCS and Infosys
operating globally. The digital economy has also seen remarkable growth, with initiatives like Digital
India and the widespread adoption of digital payment systems like UPI. Furthermore, the Make in
India initiative aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub, attracting foreign direct
investment (FDI) from companies like Apple and Samsung. India’s economic resilience was evident
during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it emerged as a major producer and exporter of vaccines,
supplying over 200 million doses to more than 90 countries under its Vaccine Maitri initiative.
India's Foreign Policy
India’s foreign policy is characterized by strategic autonomy and multi-alignment. The
Neighbourhood First Policy prioritizes regional stability in South Asia, with initiatives like the
SAARC and BIMSTEC fostering cooperation. The Act East Policy strengthens ties with Southeast
Asia and the Indo-Pacific, enhancing economic and security partnerships. India also balances its
relationships with major powers like the US, Russia, and the EU. For example, while India has
deepened its strategic partnership with the US, it continues to maintain strong defence and energy ties
with Russia. India’s leadership in addressing global challenges is evident in its commitment to climate
action, as seen in its pledge to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 and its leadership in the
International Solar Alliance.
Challenges for India
Despite its growing influence, India faces several challenges. The rise of China poses both economic
and security threats, particularly along the disputed border in Ladakh. Tensions with Pakistan and the
threat of terrorism remain persistent issues, complicating regional stability. Domestically, India must
address poverty, inequality, and infrastructure gaps to sustain its growth trajectory. Additionally, the
world’s expectations of India as a global leader often clash with its domestic priorities. For instance,
while India is expected to take a leadership role in climate action, it must also balance the need for
economic development and energy security.
India's Partnerships and Alliances
India’s partnerships are a key aspect of its global strategy. The US-India strategic partnership has
deepened, particularly in defence and technology, with agreements like the COMCASA and BECA
enhancing military cooperation. With Russia, India maintains strong historical ties, particularly in
defence and energy, as seen in the purchase of the S-400 missile system. The EU and India collaborate
on trade and climate issues, with negotiations for a free trade agreement ongoing. India also positions
itself as a leader of the Global South, advocating for the interests of developing nations in forums like
the G20 and the UN.
India's Vision for the Future
India’s vision for the future is encapsulated in the concept of Atmanirbhar Bharat, or a self-reliant
India, which emphasizes resilience and self-sufficiency in critical sectors like defence, technology,
and manufacturing. India aspires to be a Vishwaguru, or world teacher, shaping global norms and
institutions. It is also committed to sustainable development, aiming to achieve the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and address global challenges like climate change. For example, India’s
ambitious renewable energy targets and its leadership in the International Solar Alliance reflect its
commitment to a sustainable future.

Conclusion
In conclusion, India’s role in the changing international order is both significant and multifaceted.
From its historical leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement to its current status as a rising global
power, India is uniquely positioned to shape the future of global governance. As the world becomes
more multipolar, India’s ability to balance its domestic priorities with its international responsibilities
will determine its success on the global stage. With its growing economic strength, strategic
partnerships, and commitment to global challenges, India is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping
the 21st-century international order. Thank you.