The Contemporary World [GEED 003]

LESSON 1:
Globalization Of Economic Relations

GLOBALIZATION
●​ According to Minnesota is the spread of products, investments, and technology across national borders and
countries.
●​ Comes from the word “globe” or “globalize” which means the emergence of countries and rations across the
world.
●​ With globalization, the barter or exchange of goods and products between countries are made possible, so the
world gets closer together. Like goods and products, some individual elements, like traditions, languages, cultural
beliefs, norms, or values, also influence each other.

ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1.​ INDUSTRIAL GLOBALIZATION - is a process linked by interconnected cross-border production and it enables
firmness to enter into new markets, to capitalize on technological organizational advantages and to reduce cost.
2.​ FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION - refers to international lending institutions for capital outlay to developing
countries like IMF and the World Bank.
3.​ POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION - refers to the growth of the worldwide political system both in size and complexity
like civil society, international non-governmental organizations, social movements or the United Nations.
4.​ GLOBALISM - is the operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis. It is used by Joseph
Nye, “to describe attempts to understand the interconnectedness of the world” in terms of transportation and
communication.
5.​ INFORMATIONAL GLOBALIZATION - is a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and
governments of different nations; a process driven by international trade and aided by informational technology.
6.​ CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION - cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values
around the world in a way as to expand and intensify social relations.

BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

15TH - 21ST CENTURY

1ST PHASE
●​ Globalization started as early as the 15th century.
●​ The first phase of globalization favoured more the exchange of knowledge rather than the exchange of goods.
●​ In the 15th to 18th century, some significant events happened in Europe:
○​ Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of America
○​ Introduction of the Gregorian calendar
○​ Heliocentric view of the solar system

2ND PHASE
●​ The 18th and 19th century are generally linked with the events of:
○​ democracy
○​ industrialization
○​ scientific progress
●​ In 1776, the American Declaration was made.
●​ In the 19th century, industrialization took place.
●​ Industrialization gave the world an opportunity to a prominent technological progress that allowed countries to
experience a faster exchange between goods, products and information.
●​ During the 2nd half of the century, four advancing technologies – trains, steamships, telegraphs and postal
systems planted the entirety of the Western world.
 ●​ In the 20th century, an opulent and affluent inhabitant of London had access to products of foreign origins before
the events of August 1914 disturbed the world of global connectivity.
●​ In the end of the Second World War in 1945, the third phase of globalization took place. The period from the late
1940s to the early 1970s is called the Golden Age of Capitalism.
●​ New international financial agreements and institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World
Bank, provided a new kind of global financial stability.
●​ The Golden Age of Capitalism ended abruptly in the 1970s.

SCHOLARS
●​ Scholars around the world argued that globalization is a process or phenomenon with a very long history.
●​ According to Thomas L. Friedman, an American political commentator and author divided globalization into three
(3) periods:
○​ Globalization of countries from 1643-1800
○​ Globalization of companies from 1800-2000
○​ Globalization of the individuals from 2000 to present

DIFFERENCT PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBALIZATION

Pro-Globalization Anti-Globalization

The increase in trade made both

"The rich becomes richer and the
Trade countries wealthier and has
poor becomes poorer".
lowered trade barriers.

Less dominant cultures tend to be

A huge help in increasing threatened and at risk of
Culture awareness of different cultures disappearing because of the force
around the world. of adaptation globalization
embodies.

Makes it easier to transport goods Harms our climate change with the
Transportation
and information. carbon dioxide transport release.

The unequal supply of technology

The proliferation of new technology divides the people who benefit
and innovation elevates the from the advantages and the
Technology
standard of living of people. people who are forced to be left
behind in our rising, digitizing
world.

Laborers in poorer countries

suffering from injustice with their
Globalization creates profound
wages and working conditions tend
Employment opportunities for different people
to go unnoticed by those
around the world.
consumers consuming their
produced goods.

“No generation had the opportunity we now have to build a global economy that leaves no one behind. It is a
wonderful opportunity but also a profound responsibility.” - William Clinton
 LESSON 2:
Market Globalism

MARKET GLOBALISM
●​ Market globalism is used to describe different ideologies of globalization interpretations.
●​ Market globalism reflects the concepts of globalization with neoliberal values and meanings.
●​ Neo-liberalism is a form of liberalism which supports free-market capitalism. Neo-liberalism completely eradicates
itself to selfish and individual interests.
●​ Malcolm Waters (2001) observes, today’s economic exchange suggests that both the cultural and political arenas
are becoming more activated and energetic. Researchers have paid insufficient attention to the global circulation
of ideas and their impact.

IDEOLOGY
●​ First coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century. It is a system of widely shared ideas and ideals,
patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values and ideals accepted as truths by parts of the society.
●​ Ideology is also considered to be the working of ideas that helps build a legitimate and dominant paradigm or
pattern.
●​ According to Freeden (1996), what makes an ideology “political” is that its claims select privilege and construct
social meanings related to the exercise of power in society.
●​ French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur (1986), identified the historical elements and functions of ideology. Drawing on
the insights of the Marxist tradition, he characterized the first functions of ideology in 3 categories.

THREE FUNCTIONS OF IDEOLOGY

●​ The Reality Distortion – the production of contorted images of social reality. This conceals the contras between
things to cease being envisioned in a theory as they get accepted out on the plane of material reality.
●​ Legitimation - the process of claiming legitimacy made by the ruling authority and the belief in an authority’s
legitimacy granted by its subjects as it gets accepting in society.
●​ Social Integration - plays a meditating or integrative role. ‘It provides society the stability as it creates, preserves
and protects the social identity of persons and groups since it aligns technology with business strategy and goals.

5 CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALISM

1.​ Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets – bring greater social integration
and material progress in a democratic society.
2.​ Globalization is inevitable and irreversible – by focusing on the logic of technology, market globalists
minimalize the role of human agency.
3.​ Nobody is in charge of globalization – globalists are not in charge in the sense of imposing their own political
agenda on people.
4.​ Globalization benefits everyone – economic growth and progress in today’s interdependent world is bound up
with the process of globalization.
5.​ Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world – while globalization do not automatically
produce democracies, the level of economic development and globalization is conducive to the creation of
complex civil societies.

“Imperial Globalism refers to the process of economic change based on a use of force threw economic sanctions or
military might and a justification of actions are said to be in a domestic intervention.”

American political scientist, Joseph Nye, co-founder of the International Relations Theory of Neo-Liberalism generalized
the term “market globalism” to argue that “globalism refers to any description or explanation of a word which is
characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances”.
 LESSON 3:
The Rise Of Global Corporations

The Historic Rise of Global Corporations

●​ CORPORATION
○​ Is a legal entity in a form of business or corporation.
●​ FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
○​ The First Wave of Globalization - by the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the
world geography, starting with the British Empire collecting raw materials in different parts of the world
and developing it for their own resources.
●​ THE SECOND AND THIRD WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
○​ The beginning of the second wave of globalization took place in 1870-1914. This phase is also called the
"new imperialism". In this wave, countries in Europe like Belgium and Germany as well as USA and
Japan were involved in the rising of imperialism once again.

Global Corporation
●​ is generally referred to as a multi-national corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC). A MNC or TNC
is a corporation that operates in two or more countries to leverage the global environment to approach varying
markets in the generation.

EXAMPLE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

●​ Facebook
●​ Adidas
●​ Pizza Hut

How do Global Corporations Function?

1.​ International Companies
●​ Have no foreign investments and make this product or service only in their home country.
2.​ Multinational Companies
●​ Invest directly in foreign assets.
3.​ Global Companies
●​ Have investments in dozens of countries but maintain a strong headquarter in one country.
4.​ Transnational Companies
●​ Invest directly in dozens of countries and experience cost reduction.

Gereffi: Three Structural Periods

●​ Investment Based Globalization
○​ The global reach of a vertically integrated TNC dates back from the 19th century in primary products such
as oil, mining, agriculture and automobiles in the 20th century.
●​ Digital Based Globalization
○​ In the mid 1990s, thee information revolution and a growing acceptance of the Internet began to create an
explosion in connectivity due to open and almost cost free exchange of a widening universe of rich
information.
●​ Trade Based Globalization
○​ Is a type of economic globalization and a measure of economic integration. It loosely represents the
proportion of all production that crosses the boundary of a country focusing on the dependence upon
external trade.

Fordism
●​ Is the eponymous manufacturing system design to spew out standardized, low-cost goods and afford its workers
decent enough wages to buy them.
MAJOR SUCCESSES STEMMED FROM THREE MAJOR PRINCIPLE
1.​ Standardization of Products
●​ Nothing is handmade but instead machine made.
2.​ The employment of assembly lines, which uses special purpose equipments to allow unskilled workers.
3.​ Workers are paid a higher living wage so that they can afford to purchase the products they make.

PRODUCER DRIVEN COMMODITY CHAINS

●​ This is where a specific product is manufactured, formed and controlled.

BUYER DRIVEN COMMODITY CHAINS

●​ Refers to those industries in which large retailers, marketers and manufacturers export goods in different
countries across the world. Example, Walmart.

BRICS Economy
●​ Alliance
○​ BRICS economy is an economic alliance and partnership between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa.
●​ BRICS
○​ The name BRICS was coined by Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs in 2002. Jim believes that the alliance can
be strong enough that in 2030, China can be more advanced than USA.
●​ Business & Marketing
○​ The alliance between the five nations to assist and support each other led them to become dominant
suppliers of raw materials.
●​ India Conquest
○​ BRICS continue to emerge and develop with their partnership, some countries like India continue to suffer
the oppressive caste system which socially immobilizes them.

QR Management
●​ A concept created to increase consumer satisfaction and survive increasing competition from new competitors. It
intends to shorten the lead time from receiving an order to delivery of the products and increase cash flow.

STATE OWNED COMPANIES

●​ The Government Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC) - government owned corporations that conduct
both commercial and non commercial activity.
●​ Land Bank of the Philippines, Lung Center of the Philippines, Jaen Water District and etc.

General Agreement on Trade in Services

●​ To further liberalize international trade, developed countries have pursued new neighbours. A published report
from various countries regarding the trade in services negotiating stances revealed wide differences in offers to
revise market access for sectors including delivery services, ecommerce, energy services, finance,
telecommunications, air maritime and road transport services.

Corporate Social Responsibility

●​ Is a self regulating business model that helps a company be socially accountable - to itself, its stakeholders and
the public.
●​ Starbucks has achieved CSR milestones such as reaching 99% ethically sourced coffee, creating global networks
for farmers, pioneering green buildings through its stores, contributing millions of hours of community service and
creating a ground breaking college program for employees and etc.
 LESSON 4:
Government And Citizens In A Globally Interconnected World

ACCORDING TO MANDRED STEGER: “Globalization is one of the foremost debated concept in the late 20th
century. Scholars have speculated the diminishing role of states as a vehicle thriving which political communities
organize themselves in the era to come.”

The European Union History

●​ The idea of creating the EU was finalized after the World War II.
●​ EU aims to stop any wars to cultivate between its boundaries like what happened in the former war.
●​ The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
●​ The abundance of economic growth started in the 1960s. With the organization made, enough food and products
were distributed to the people in membership of EU.
●​ With the agreement of trade between their goods, they soon experience a surplus agricultural produce.
●​ In the recent decade (2000-present) the EU membership continues to expand. This expansion was a challenge
for the organization but with each other’s help, they contribute a lot to the fight of poverty, environmental
problems, peace and etc. The citizens inside membership also benefited for they can live in any country inside the
organization as a European citizen.

Economic Interdependence
●​ According to Manfred Steger, “globalization is commonly equated with the rising momentum of global free
market capitalism in the final decades of the 20th century. Both champions and critics of the so-called
Washington Consensus and its neo-liberal emphasis on deregulation, privatization and free trade see
globalization as imposing a forced choice upon states; either conform to free-market principles or run the
risk of being left behind.”

United Nations
●​ The name "United Nations", was coined by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Declaration
by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during Second World War.
●​ It is currently made up of 193 member states. The UN was formed to fight against injustices, inequalities or
disadvantages of any country. It aims to be united as one with the countries all over the world to fight and maintain
peace and prosperity.

STATES AS PROSPECTS
●​ Transnational activism is being held as a possibility for change.
●​ Transnational activism is already becoming a fast and trending phenomenon of the result of globalization.

Communications Network: Media and States

●​ According to Morris (2001) “the world’s digital citizens are fortunate to grow with the Internet across the
world and to have the capability to make the most of cyberspace as they now face the inevitable to seek
information and evaluating for themselves which sources are credible and compiling enough to follow”.
 LESSON 5:
Globalization Of Economic Relations

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
●​ "economic globalization is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological process. It
refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across borders."

Is economic globalization a new phenomenon?

●​ Frank and Gills (1993) also called for a broader outlook, and located the origin of globalization in the distant past;
"the existence of the same world system in which we live stretches back at least 5,000 years".

Convergence
●​ Describes the phenomenon of the futures price and the cash price of the underlying commodity moving closer
together over time.
●​ The idea of convergence in economics is the hypothesis that poorer economies' per capita incomes will tend to
grow at faster rates than richer economies.

Divergence
●​ Is the opposite of convergence. When the value of an asset, indicator, or index moves, the related asset, indicator,
or index moves in the other direction.

International Monetary System

●​ Refers to the operating system of the financial environment, which consists of financial institutions, multinational
corporations, and investors.
●​ The system provides the institutional framework for determining the rules and procedures for international
payments, determination of exchange rates, and movement of capital.

THE GOLD STANDARD

●​ The gold standard was first in operation in the United Kingdom in 1821.
●​ Prior to this time, silver had been the principal world monetary metal; gold had long been used intermittently or
coinage in one or another country.
●​ In the full gold standard that thus prevailed until 1914 gold could be bought or sold in unlimited quantities at a
fixed price in convertible paper money per unit weight of the metal.
●​ The reign of the full gold standard was short, lasting only from the 1870s to the outbreak of World War I.
●​ By 1928, however, the gold standard had been virtually re-established, although, the gold-exchange standard
collapsed again during the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, and by 1937 not a single country remained
on the full gold.

The Bretton Woods System

●​ After World War II, it was clear that no country would ever want to experience a financial crisis if they undergo a
problem in their own countries. Therefore, 44 countries sent delegates to the first meeting conference in Bretton
Woods, New Hampshire to discuss a new financial system that will handle crises pertaining to this.
●​ Therefore, two international organizations were made; the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the World Bank.
The US dollar was the highest currency at that time, which is why its countries valued their currency to the dollar,
while the dollar was connected to the value of gold.
●​ But as time went by, the gold reserves were slowly reducing due to the fact that it was more used by consumers.
●​ Finally, in August 1971, President Nixon announced that the US would end the on-demand convertibility of the
dollar into gold for the central banks of other nations. The Bretton Woods System collapsed and gold traded freely
on the world's markets.
European Monetary Integration
●​ In 1979, the European Monetary System (EMS) was introduced with the motto of establishing a zone of monetary
stability in Europe.
●​ The aim was to coordinate the exchange rate policies and establish the European Monetary Union. In the EMS,
member countries collectively manage their exchange rates.

Cobden-Chevalier Treaty
●​ The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860 lowered or eliminated duties levied on goods traded between Britain and
France, and signaled a victory for liberal Economic policies. Named for its two primary negotiators, British Richard
Cobden (1804-1865) and French Michel Chevalier (1806-1879).
●​ This treaty was a free trade agreement between the countries of Great Britain and France. With this treaty in tow,
duties levied on goods were lowered and eliminated between Britain and France.

MULTI-NATIONALISM FROM GATT TO WTO

●​ The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose
overall purpose is to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.
●​ According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the
elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis"
 LESSON 6:
Locating The Global South

The Global South

●​ Used to describe countries in Asia (with the exception of Korea, China, Japan, Singapore, etc), Central America,
South America, Mexico, Africa, and some parts of the Middle East
●​ Used by the World Bank and other organizations, identifying countries with one side of the underlying global
North-South divide, the other side being the countries of the Global North.

STARBUCKS AND THE SHANTY

●​ Starbucks may be a globalized brand brand but that doesn't stop reducing poverty. Poverty is a long-time problem
yet to be solved, it is not modern nor it is global.
●​ Thus, Starbucks represents the global North while the shanty, the global South.

WHAT IS OCCLUDED WHEN WE EMPHASIZE THE STATE?

●​ The state of countries that are considered in the bracket of the global south can't be merely diminished in a short
span of time with plain speculations but instead, a long time plan.
●​ Poverty can grow so fast and unstoppable without a responsible leader backing up a plan to diminish or eradicate
poverty.

Colonialism, Modernity, and Recreation of Global Inequality

●​ The global south originated as the product of Western imagination.
●​ When the Spanish conquest of Latin America happened in the 16th century, it was conceived by the world of
Christian faith
●​ The conquest saw the Christian civilization and Christian believers not only as lesser but as minor beings
●​ Later on, the French mission colonized countries to spread civilization which led to subjugation of vast parts of
Africa and Southeast Asia in the 19th century.
●​ The USA did the same to the Philippines in 1898. They grounded them of their own free will believing they could
take hold of the country.
●​ In 1944, during the creation of the UN, the Western powers officially abandoned this racial course.

Challenging the Colonial Order

●​ There are different reactions in the present day of the global south responding to colonialism and visions of
modernity.

THE MODERNIZATION THEORY

●​ Was used to explain the process of modernization one nation goes through as it converts from a traditional
society to a modern one.
●​ For example, the America to the Philippines.

The Resistance Against Spanish Colonialism

●​ Vladimir Lenim
-​ Social democrats like Vladimir Lenin argued for communists to construct an alliance with national elites
and radical peasants to fight against colonialism.
●​ Ho Chi Minh
-​ Led a long and ultimately successful campaign to make Vietnam independent. He was president of North
Vietnam from 1945 to 1969, and he was one of the most influential communist leaders of the 20th
century. His seminal role is reflected in the fact that Vietnam's largest city is named for him.
●​ Bandung Conference
-​ Consists of 29 Asian and African countries to establish economic and cultural cooperation amidst the feat
of developing a form of colonialism led by the former president of Indonesia, Sukarno.
 LESSON 7:
Globalization Of Asia Pacific And Southeast Asia

CONTINENT OF THE WORLD

Asia
●​ There is a great variation between the countries in Asia and South Asia. Some of the world's most economically
developed states are in the continent of Asia such as Japan, South Korea or Taiwan but is also home to highly
impoverished countries such as Cambodia, Laos and Nepal.
●​ Became the saviors of economies. From being the extortions, the raw materials, cheap labors; the region
transformed as the market of surplus goods.
●​ The Western improvement nations utilized globalization in Asia as a trade for their new form of colonialism.
●​ In essence, the regions of Asia and South Asia provided opportunities for the developed countries to further their
improvement inventory.
●​ Since these developed, nations learned the art of semi colonization, where they used globalization as a means
of pervasive penetration to the regional economies, politics, and culture.
●​ For example, Japan created Uniqlo and Anime, China created Kung Fu, and from Korea sprung the infamous
genre of music, K-pop.

Japan and China

●​ The economic growth of China and Indonesia contributed to political force it brought to regional and global
players. Japan is a stable country in the force of economic and strategic growth relevance in today's global
system.

HOW IS GLOBALIZATION PUSHED INTO THE REGION?

●​ An Externalist View of Globalization
○​ From this perspective, globalization is being understood as a process that transforms the Asia Pacific and
South Asia.
●​ Globalization of Asia
○​ It is a one way or an irreversible process where it deals with the changing cultures, upbringing, politics,
economy, and social/cultural aspects of countries.
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
●​ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
○​ Was introduced as a help from US, Europe, and other world powers as a phenomenon that it would be a
hope for Asian and Pacific countries for better companies.
●​ POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
○​ Is the political progress that brings to the countries as democracy based on a very important role in the
spread of globalization. Globalization and democracy is being paired in colonized countries like Japan
was forced over to their markets after WWII.

DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
●​ ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT
○​ It makes it difficult for local businesses to flourish due to foreign companies taking over competition.
●​ GLOBALIZATION PRIMARILY DEVELOPED
○​ Relatively closed between the state and business elites that favoured them to the small businesses.
●​ FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION
○​ Contributed to the rise of corruption wherein foreign borrowers divert terms to their interest rather than the
development of their countries.

The Anti Global Impulse: Regional Alternatives to Globalization

●​ The Japanese colonialism in 1930s and 1940s. Japan's colonization of the region replicated imperial relationships
in East and Southeast Asia with new masters.
●​ A final way to se as a regional alternative was to explore the various local movements that have emerged. For
example, the village of Santi Tuk in Thailand created their own currency following the Asian financial crisis that
struck the region in Thailand.
●​ A second example was the tEAEC (East Asian Economic Caucus) floated as early as 1990 as an alternative to
APEC. The proposed members were ASEAN. The US strongly objected but Japan saw the exclusion of US as a
threat to their partnership so they immediately vetoed the idea.

“Asia has culturally distinct characteristics that make it different from Western liberal democracies.” - Prime
Mohammed Mahathir
 LESSON 8:
Media and Cultural Globalization

MASS MEDIA
●​ Media is sometimes used for entertainment, as a springboard for our imaginations, a root of our creativities or the
outlet of escapism. But most importantly, media provides information.
●​ Globalization could not occur without media because globalization and media act in CONCERT and COHORT.
●​ With media, information from around the world travelled faster.
●​ The media theorist, Marshall McLuhan, coined the famous phrase "the medium is the message.". This is a very
important phrase for this means that every medium has a different way of delivering messages. Some medium,
like commercials in televisions, fails to emphasize the importance of a message by over sugar coating their
promotions. Sometimes, the inappropriate use of medium lessens the depth, content, and accuracy a message
conceives.

EVOLUTION OF MASS MEDIA

●​ Harold Innis - distributed media into three periods (oral, print, and electronic)
●​ James Lull - added the digital period
●​ Terhi Rantanen - placed script before the printing
●​ Around 4000 BCE
○​ Humans first civilization was created at Sumer in Middle East. Sumer was called the "cradle of
civilization", giving birth to wheel, irrigation, and writing.

Oral Communication
●​ Is the process of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual to another. When speech evolved
into language, it became a medium that the early homo sapiens used to diverge and separate them from other
species.

Script
●​ The second period of media was the use of script. The cuneiform script was first created in Mesopotamia,
commonly known as Iraq in 3200 BC. This writing system was first used by Mesopotamia as a system of counting
and logging clay tokens.
1.​ Cuneiform - a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians
2.​ Petroglyph - an image that is carved into a rock
3.​ Hieroglyph - a character used in a system of pictorial writing
4.​ Papyrus - a plant of abundance, used in the early times as a paper

Printing Press
●​ It is believed that it started the information revolution as it was a vital phase for the transformed markets. Before
the printing press, scrolls were painstakingly handwritten and the accuracy was doubtful.
●​ Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to
Europe with the printing press.

Electronic Media
●​ Scholars called this media electronic for it requires electromagnetic energy and electricity to be used. For
example, the telegraph, radio, and television.
●​ Samuel F. B. Morse
○​ Worked on a machine that could send messages as dots and dashes over electrical lines.
●​ Guglielmo Marconi
○​ Was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer, known for his piooneering work on long distance radio
transmission, development of Marconi's law, and a radio telegraph system.
Digital Media
●​ Are the most often electronic media that relies on digital codes likes 0s and 1s in representing information. The
digital media is the last period of media. Its contents were digitized making it more reliable to its audiences.
●​ Example,
○​ any content from TV networks or magazines can fall in this category.

GLOBAL IMAGINARY
●​ Manfred Steger stated that media helped bring about a fundamentally rising global imaginary. Benedic Anderson
claims that imagination buillt up the idea of a nation and later, the global imaginary.

Global Village
●​ Describes the phenomenon of the entire world becoming more interconnected as the result of media
technologies. Canadian theorist, McLuhan, proposed a theory "McLuhan Theory" which describes how the world
is shrinking but expanding at the same time because of the use of technological advances.
●​ Likewise, Sicila said that "but not only is the world getting smaller, its becoming more available and familiar
to our minds and emotions. The world is now a global village.".
●​ Examples of Global Village
○​ In 2016, the Summer Games was held in Rio de Janeiro which drew records by garnering an audience of
3.6 billion people.
○​ Despacito by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee and Justin Bieber has 7 billion in YouTube.
○​ When Apollo launched into the Earth's orbit carrying Neil Armstrong. At 10 56 pm, over half a billion
people were watching Neil step foot on the moon.
○​ But, as Marshall McLuhan and Lewis Mumford feared, media created a dark and dystopian world. It is
divided into three key areas; economic, political, and cultural.

Media and Economic Globalization

●​ The media made the economic globalization possible by building foundations of global capitalism and building the
foundation of the world's market economy.
○​ McChesny said that media oligopoly is not interested in the ideology of global village or the evangelizing
of culture, but profit.
○​ No News Today means that transnational conglomerates are much less interested than local media
outlets in providing news and information for citizens. They think that people should just know about
products, not politics. They believe that they are consumers not citizens which offers injustice to certain
regions dominated by uneducated people.

Media and Political Globalization

●​ Media corporations are political actors themselves, hiring journalists to write about their lies and eradicating
journalists who wouldn't.
●​ The International Federation of Journalists estimates that on close to 100 journalists and media workers are killed
in duty each year. They usually die at natural calamities, war zones, drug raids, or they are marked down due to
work responsibilities.

Media and Cultural Globalization

●​ WESTERNIZED, media is the primary carrier of culture. They keep the culture moving across the world. But,
media often shapes the norms of society to Western standards which is often facilitated by Western products such
as MTVization or the use of Spotify.

DARK CONTOURS
●​ Lewis Mumford believed with the highest hopes of kinship, cooperation and fraternity of the global village while,
●​ Marshall McLuhan saw the world of media as a means used to exploit the world in a pursuit of property, profit,
and power. The media sewn seeds of bitter and deadly discord between nations and the like as it also built a
village of economic injustice, political repression, and cultural conflict.
 LESSON 9:
Religion and Globalization

SECULARISM
●​ is the separation of religion and state, ensuring religious groups do not interfere in state affairs and the state does
not interfere in religious affairs.
●​ Religious institutions are free to practice their acts and beliefs without government interference, provided they
don't infringe on the freedom of others.

IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, THERE ARE OFFICIALLY TWO STATE-RECOGNIZED CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS:
●​ The Church of England, where the Queen is both the head of state and the Supreme Governor.
●​ Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which has no established Church.

DETERRITORIALIZATION AND RETERRITORIALIZATION

●​ Deterritorialization – is the process in which to undo what has already been done. To take control away from
places that have been established. This is where "articulations are disarticulated," as presented by Slack and
Wise.

●​ Reterritorialization – is the process of re-doing what has been undone to what has already been done. Except
this time, the act of re-doing is to incorporate new power.

Example of Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization:

●​ Hitler's propaganda that led to WWII. He deterritorialized by banning and burning books that contradicted his
values and reterritorialized by replacing them with his own.

Globalization of Religion:
●​ The fundamental research question pertains to the spread of religions and specific genres or forms or blueprints
of religious expressions across the globe.

Globalization and Religion:

●​ The position and place of religion are problematized within the context of globalization. This problem concerns the
relations and impacts of globalization upon everything.

FIRST AGENDA: TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATIONS

●​ Transnational Studies – New immigrants or trans-migrants who moved from third world and developing
countries eventually moved into developed first world nations.

●​ International Migration – Theorizes the relationship between people and religion. The results of migrations came
into two distinct blends: religious universalism and local particularism.

Religious Universalism
●​ is a theological doctrine that all human beings will eventually be saved. Religion becomes the central reference for
immigrant communities.

Religious Transnationalism
●​ is often depicted as a religion 'going global'. An example is the prediction that Islam would eventually overtake
Christianity as the world's most popular faith.

Local Ethnic
●​ is the principle of leaving each state in an empire or federation free to govern itself and promote its own interests,
without reference to those of the whole.
Transnational Communities
●​ Constructed and religious hierarchies perform dual religious and secular functions that ensure the groups'
survival. For example, the 'protestantization' of various faiths among groups living mostly in Europe or United
States.

Multi-Culturalism and Education: Second Agenda

●​ Martin Luther – second agenda concerns the interface between religion and culture. It concerns with public
expressions of religiosity also brings forth the relationships between religion and culture.
●​ Colin Campbell – has suggested that during the post-World War II era, the disenchanted West has been
re-enchanted through imports from the East. This 'Easternization of the West' has become a topic of debate and
discussion between east and west.
●​ Glocal Religion – involves the consideration of an entire range of responses as outcomes. It also involves the
blending or fusion of global religious expression with local particularity.

Four Concrete Forms of Glocalization, Nationalization, and Transnationalism

1.​ Vernaculurization: Involved the first rise of vernacular language (such as Greek or Latin or Arabic) endowed with
the symbolic activity of offering privileged access to the sacred.
2.​ Indigenization: Connected specific faiths with ethnic groups, whereby religion and culture were often fused into a
single unit.
3.​ Nationalization: Connected the consolidation of specific nations with particular confessions and has been a
popular strategy both in Western and Eastern Europe.
4.​ Transnationalism: Has complemented religious nationalization by forcing groups to identify with specific religious
traditions or real/imagined national homelands.
 LESSON 10:
Global Civil Society Roles

Global Civil Society

●​ aims to influence public policy reform, provide social services, increase public awareness, support marginalized
populations, promote civic values, aid in grassroots development, mobilize citizens, and monitor elections and
human rights violations.

The Theory of Global Civil Society

●​ The theory of global society and its impact is based on the capacity of its actors to network, disseminate
information, and mobilize support locally and internationally.
1)​ Growth of International Coalitions.
2)​ Cooperation between NGOs and International and non-Governmental Organizations.
3)​ Citizen Action for Economic and Social Change:
a)​ Civil society actors – individuals and organized movements – have banded together to
advocate for greater change.

The Weakness of Global Civil Society

●​ Western Civil Society: Civil society does not represent the variety of people.
●​ Fierce Competitions: There are always competitions about who will be in command with limited resources.
●​ Technical Limitations: Technological advancements are still limited in many parts of the world.
●​ Legitimacy: Governments continue to hinder civil society organizations.

Cosmopolitanism
●​ Cosmopolitanism imagines a global order in which the idea of human rights is an operative principle of justice,
with mechanisms of global governance established specifically for their protection. It incorporates wider issues
concerning peace among states, social solidarity across borders, the efficiency of international law, and the
activism of global civil society.

History
1.​ New wave of feminism in the 1970s
2.​ Women’s groups that existed before the second world war
3.​ Late 19th century
4.​ Inter-war years

Feminist Groups
1.​ Well-established women’s transnational bodies.
2.​ New feminist networks.
3.​ International council of women and international alliance of women.
4.​ International federation of business and professional women and international confederation of midwives.
5.​ Women's international network.

Post-1970 feminist group campaign issues

1.​ Contraception and abortion rights.
2.​ Sex tourism and violence.

Transnational Action for Aid and Development

1.​ First World War
2.​ Second World War

Two Distinct Forms of Aid

1.​ Aid in response to natural or societal disasters.
2.​ Long-term action to overcome deep-rooted poverty.
 LESSON 11:
International Migration in the 21st Century

Migration
●​ means crossing the boundary of a political or administration for a certain amount of time (Boyce, 1998).
○​ International Migration – is moving to a different state, country, or continent.
○​ External Migration – refers to the movement from one country to another.
○​ Emigration – is moving within a state, country, or continent.

Categories of International Migration

●​ Temporary Labor Migrants: also known as guest workers or overseas workers. They are temporarily added to
the country's labor force without permanently being an immigrant.
●​ Highly Skilled and Business Migrants: people with qualifications as managers, executives, professionals, or
technicians who move within the internal labor markets or transnational corporations and international
organizations who share employment through international labor markets (special and skilled migration).
●​ Irregular Migrants: also known as undocumented or illegal migrants. People who enter the country, usually for
employment, without necessary documents and permits.
●​ Refugees: people forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. Someone who has been
forced to flee conflict or persecution and has crossed an international border to seek safety.
●​ Asylum Seekers: people who move across borders in search of protection.
●​ Forced Migration: people who are forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects.
●​ Family Members: also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants (migration to some people who
have already stayed in another country).
●​ Return Migrants: people who return to their countries after a period in another.

Causes of Migration:
●​ According to neo-classical economic theory, “the main cause of migration is the desperation to maximize their
income by moving from low wage to high wage economies.”
●​ According to Stark (1991), “migration searches for secure employment, availability of capital, and the need to
escape from lower pensions.”
●​ According to Hugo (1994), “migration decisions are made not just by individuals but also often represent family
strategies to maximize chances.”

Brief History of Migration

●​ According to Lohan (1977-1995), migration in the 15th century was due to European nation-state formation,
colonialism, and industrialization. Colonialism included emigration of European sailors, soldiers, farmers, priests,
and even administrators (colonial labor was provided by members of 15 million Africans in the 18th century).
●​ The first most significant event in the history of migration was traced back in Europe between 1840 to 1914 when
40 million people left Europe. It was considered the greatest migration in history.
●​ After colonization, the industrialization in Western Europe led to landlessness and encouraged improvements to
other continents.
 LESSON 11:
International Migration in the 21st Century

Migration
●​ means crossing the boundary of a political or administration for a certain am

LESSON 11:
International Migration in the 21st Century

Migration
●​ means crossing the boundary of a political or administration for a certain am

LESSON 11:
International Migration in the 21st Century
Migration
●​ means crossing the boundary of a political or administration for a certain am
EXAMSS & QUIZZES

Quiz 1 (Lessons 1-4) (CHECKED)

Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer.

Correct1/1 Points
1. Globalization is:
A.​ The isolation of communities
B.​ When one culture takes over the goods and resources of another
C.​ Is the spread of culture across national borders
D.​ A concept made for a set of institutions that help alleviate world problems

Correct1/1 Points
2. Market globalism is:
A.​ Anti-globalization
B.​ Believes using new locales to legitimate power is not important to establish political entities
C.​ Reflects the concept of globalization but not neoliberalism
D.​ Promotes democracy

Correct1/1 Points
3. Ariana Grande’s new album drew 27 million impressions in its first week. Under which type of globalization is
this feat?
A.​ Industrial globalization
B.​ Cultural globalization
C.​ Financial globalization
D.​ Informational globalization

Correct2/2 Points
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of neoliberalism?
A.​ Jeep modernization
B.​ K-12 education
C.​ Covid-19 response in vaccines
D.​ None of the above

Correct1/1 Points
5. Ideology is:
A.​ The same as globalization
B.​ Is the spread of ideas across national borders
C.​ Accepting an idea as truth by society
D.​ All of the above
Correct1/1 Points
6. Which of the following statements is not true about Technology?
A.​ It is beneficial to everyone
B.​ It connects different people from different parts of the world
C.​ It does not leave anyone behind
D.​ The digital world is the most recent trend of globalization

Correct2/2 Points
7. Which of the following statements about how global corporations function is true?
A.​ International corporations invest in products and services in foreign countries because it is cheaper and
more accessible.
B.​ Coca-Cola holds a 29-story headquarter in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. This is an example of
an international company.
C.​ Multinational companies invest in foreign assets.
D.​ Transnational companies invest directly in dozens of countries and experience no pressure at all both
for cost reduction and local responsiveness.

Correct1/1 Points
8. When an investor establishes foreign business operations or controls interest in a foreign company, this is
known as:
A.​ Investment based globalization
B.​ Trade based globalization
C.​ Foreign direct investment
D.​ Corporate social responsibility

Correct1/1 Points
9. When a company becomes socially accountable of their trade and business.
A.​ Investment based globalization
B.​ Trade based globalization
C.​ Foreign direct investment
D.​ Corporate social responsibility

Correct1/1 Points
10. Economic interdependence:
A.​ Countries are economically dependent upon another
B.​ Countries are not economically dependent upon another
C.​ All of the above
D.​ None of the above

Identification
Provide the correct answer.

Correct1/1 Points
11. It is a type of economic globalization and measure of economic integration.
Trade Based Globalization

Correct1/1 Points
12. The process of merging between two or more corporations to avoid competition.
Multi-National Corporation

Correct1/1 Points
13. This is where a specific product is manufactured, formed, and controlled.
Producer Driven Commodity Chains

Correct1/1 Points
14. What does the acronym GOCC mean?
Government Owned and Controlled Corporation

Correct1/1 Points
15. It is a regulating body that liberates international trade.
World Trade Organization

Correct1/1 Points
16. The year when the Golden Age of Capitalism owned abruptly.
1970s

Correct1/1 Points
17. Who said that today's economic system suggests that both the cultural and political arenas are becoming
more activated and energized?
Malcolm Waters

Correct1/1 Points
18. What claim is considered as an anchor in the neo-liberal ideal of the self regulating market as a normative
basis for a future global order?
Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.

Correct1/1 Points
19. The production of contorted images of social reality.
The Reality Distortion

Correct1/1 Points
20. This gave the world an opportunity to a prominent technological progress that allowed countries to
experience a faster exchange between goods, products and information.
Industrialization

TRUE OR FALSE
Choose the correct answer.

Correct1/1 Points
21. Globalization means the emergence of countries and societies across the world.
True
False

Correct1/1 Points
22. Financial globalization refers to giving money to help poor countries or third-world countries.
True
False

Correct1/1 Points
23. The aftermath of political globalization led to the emergence of the civil society.
True
False

Correct1/1 Points
24. Globalization restricts free markets, norms, and neo-liberal meanings.
True
False

Correct1/1 Points
25. Globalization is a concept or phenomenon with a very long history.
True
False

Enumeration
Enumerate the following.

Correct2/2 Points
26. Give at least two events that are generally linked to the 18th and 19th century?
1. Democracy
2. Industrialization
3. Scientific progress

Correct2/2 Points
27. Give two significant events mentioned in the brief history of globalization.
1. Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries of America
2. Introduction of the Gregorian calendar
3. Heliocentric view of the solar system

Essay
Be brief and concise. Or in GenZ terms: Ain't reading allat.

Correct5/5 Points
28. State the five different perspectives of globalization with their pros and cons by how you understand it.
STRICTLY one sentence maximum per perspective only.

Correct5/5 Points
29. According to the Claims we have discussed, do you believe that "Nobody is in charge of globalization?". (3
sentences maximum)

Correct1/1 Points
30. Bonus
:)
 Quiz 2 (Lessons 5-8) (UNCHECKED)

TRUE OR FALSE
Choose the correct answer.

1. History suggests that Europeans were the first to bring spice to trade. (1 Point)
True
False

2. Asia ruled the global economy and world of trade becuase of its location. (1 Point)
True
False

3. The term "Global South" is geographically based. It is associated with countries in Asia such as
the Philippines and Laos. (2 Points)
True
False

4. Western culture can easily dominate over other cultures through media. (1 Point)
True
False

5. Digital media is a revolutionary concept that caters to the modern way of consuming media content. It
allowed expansion and removed barriers to sharing and exchanging information from accross the world. (2
Points)
True
False

6. The state finds themselves in a subordinate position in the current world order. (1 Point)
True
False

7. The infamous phrase "no man is an island" can only be applied to people. (1 Point)
True
False

8. The US strongly objected the ASEAN and Japan saw the exclusion of the United States as threat to their
partnership so they immediately vetoed the idea. (1 Point)
True
False

9. In 1974, cellphones were invented. (1 Point)

True
False

10. Globalization can reduce poverty but does not work for the benefit of all nations. (1 Point)
True
False
Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer.

11. Convergence is: (2 Points)

A.​ Trading two prices at the same time
B.​ Low income countries grows GDP faster than high income countries
C.​ High income countries grows GDP faster than low income countries
D.​ The phenomenon of a future price getting higher if its supported by a contract

12. Immanuel Wallerstein believed that capitalism is: (2 Points)

A.​ Is a division of labor
B.​ A defined system based on wage and labor
C.​ Exists only because the world accepts globalization
D.​ None of the above

13. Which of the following is NOT true about the Gold Standard? (2 Points)
A.​ It prevailed until 1914
B.​ Silver is the principal world monetary metal
C.​ Gold was sold in limited quantities because of its high value
D.​ The gold standard started in 1821

14. Advantages of Globalization (2 Points)

A.​ Establishes communism so that society will be classless and all individuals are the same
B.​ Helps the economy of Asia and Pacific countries
C.​ Globalization allowed markets to keep their cultures so that it will not be dominated by other countries
D.​ All of the bove

15. Disadvantages of Globalism (2 Points)

A.​ Local business find it difficult to flourish under foreign companies
B.​ The more companies, the more competition
C.​ Contributes to the rise of corruption when foreign borrowers divert terms to their interest rather than the
development of their countries
D.​ All of the above

Identification
Provide the correct answer.

16. What name did President Franklin Roosevelt coined during the Second World War? (1 Point)
United Nations

17. It is the system by which countries and nations across the globe use to depend upon each other's
strengths. (1 Point)
Economic Interdependence

18. They suggested that globalization processes has been ongoing since the age of Homo Sapiens. (1 Point)
Gills and Thompson
19. Who was the president who announced that the US would end on demand of the dollar into gold for the
central banks of other nations? (1 Point)
President Richard Nixon

20. The dominant theory revolved by the Americans in the 1950s. (1 Point)
Modernization Theory

21. What type of coded messages can the machine Samuel F. B. Morse made send? (1 Point)
Morse code

22. A character used in a system of pictorial writing. (1 Point)

Hieroglyph

23. The US implemented a foreign shift policy called __ ? (1 Point)

Pacific Pivot

24. Sumer is also called the ______ of civilization. (1 Point)

Cradle

[Link] place is thought to be the birthplace of the wheel, irrigation, and writing? (1 Point)
Sumer

Essay
Minimum of 2 sentences, maximum of 5. Keep it brief and concise.

26. If you are the president of the Philippines, would you support or not support globalization? Why? (3 Points)

27. Which media celebrity or influencer is the most influential to you right now? Why? (2 Points)

28. Do you think media are the primary carriers of culture? Why or why not? (3 Points)