Lab Exam Cheat Sheet: Machine Learning for Real

World Applications

Computer Science and Engineering Department

June 22, 2025

Instructions
This cheat sheet covers all 16 experiments from the lab manual for your lab exam. Each
experiment includes the aim, Python code, and output (numerical or graphical). Use this
as a reference to write the aim, code, and output for each experiment question in your
exam paper. Compile this LaTeX document using a tool like Overleaf to generate a PDF.

1 Experiment 1: Basic Operations on Python Vec-

tors
1.1 Aim
To perform basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) on Python
vectors using NumPy.

1.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 vec1 = np.array ([10 , 20, 30, 40, 50])

4 vec2 = np.array ([50 , 60, 70, 80, 90])
5

6 addition = vec1 + vec2

7 subtraction = vec1 - vec2
8 multiplication = vec1 * vec2
9 division = vec1 / vec2
10

11 print (" Vector Addition :", addition )

12 print (" Vector Subtraction :", subtraction )
13 print (" Vector Multiplication :", multiplication )
14 print (" Vector Division :", division )

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1.3 Output
Vector Addition: [ 60 80 100 120 140]
Vector Subtraction: [-40 -40 -40 -40 -40]
Vector Multiplication: [ 500 1200 2100 3200 4500]
Vector Division: [0.2 0.33333333 0.42857143 0.5 0.55555556]

2 Experiment 2: Matrix Operations with NumPy

2.1 Aim
To print a matrix and multiply two matrices using NumPy.

2.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 mat = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 print ("The matrix is:", mat)
5

6 matrix1 = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

7 matrix2 = np.array ([[5 , 6], [7, 8]])
8 matrix_multiplication = np.dot(matrix1 , matrix2 )
9

10 print (" Matrix Multiplication :", matrix_multiplication )

2.3 Output
The matrix is: [[1 2]
[3 4]]
Matrix Multiplication: [[19 22]
[43 50]]

3 Experiment 3: Calculate Mean, Median, and Mode

3.1 Aim
To calculate mean, median, and mode using Python libraries.

3.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import statistics
3

4 n = int(input ("Enter the size: "))

5 x = np. empty(n)
6 for i in range (n):
7 x[i] = int(input (f" Enter element {i+1}: "))

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9 mean = np.mean(x)
10 median = np. median (x)
11 mode = statistics .mode(x)
12

13 print ("Mean:", mean)

14 print (" Median :", median )
15 print ("Mode:", mode)

3.3 Output
Enter the size: 6
Enter element 1: 40
Enter element 2: 20
Enter element 3: 20
Enter element 4: 40
Enter element 5: 50
Enter element 6: 60
Mean: 38.333333333333336
Median: 40.0
Mode: 20

4 Experiment 4: Matrix Addition

4.1 Aim
To perform matrix addition using NumPy.

4.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 matrix1 = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 matrix2 = np.array ([[5 , 6], [7, 8]])
5 matrix_addition = matrix1 + matrix2
6

7 print (" Matrix Addition :", matrix_addition )

4.3 Output
Matrix Addition: [[ 6 8]
[10 12]]

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5 Experiment 5: Matrix Subtraction

5.1 Aim
To perform matrix subtraction using NumPy.

5.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 matrix1 = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 matrix2 = np.array ([[5 , 6], [7, 8]])
5 matrix_subtraction = matrix1 - matrix2
6

7 print (" Matrix Subtraction :", matrix_subtraction )

5.3 Output
Matrix Subtraction: [[-4 -4]
[-4 -4]]

6 Experiment 6: Matrix Multiplication

6.1 Aim
To perform matrix multiplication using NumPy.

6.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 matrix1 = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 matrix2 = np.array ([[5 , 6], [7, 8]])
5 matrix_multiplication = np.dot(matrix1 , matrix2 )
6

7 print (" Matrix Multiplication :", matrix_multiplication )

6.3 Output
Matrix Multiplication: [[19 22]
[43 50]]

7 Experiment 7: Matrix Determinant

7.1 Aim
To calculate the determinant of a matrix using NumPy.

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7.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 matrix = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 determinant = np. linalg .det( matrix )
5

6 print (" Matrix Determinant :", determinant )

7.3 Output
Matrix Determinant: -2.0000000000000004

8 Experiment 8: Matrix Inverse

8.1 Aim
To calculate the inverse of a matrix using NumPy.

8.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2

3 matrix = np.array ([[1 , 2], [3, 4]])

4 inverse = np. linalg .inv( matrix )
5

6 print (" Matrix Inverse :", inverse )

8.3 Output
Matrix Inverse: [[-2. 1. ]
[ 1.5 -0.5]]

9 Experiment 9: KNN Classification

9.1 Aim
To implement K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classification using the Iris dataset.

9.2 Code
1 import pandas as pd
2 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
3 import seaborn as sns
4 from sklearn . datasets import load_iris
5 from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split
6 from sklearn . neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

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7 from sklearn . metrics import confusion_matrix , classification_report

8

9 iris = load_iris ()
10 X = iris.data
11 y = iris. target
12

13 X_train , X_test , y_train , y_test = train_test_split (X, y,

test_size =0.2)
14

15 knn = KNeighborsClassifier ()
16 knn.fit(X_train , y_train )
17 y_pred = knn. predict ( X_test )
18

19 plt. figure ()
20 sns. heatmap ( confusion_matrix (y_test , y_pred ), annot =True)
21 plt. xlabel (" Predicted ")
22 plt. ylabel ("Truth ")
23 plt. title(" Confusion Matrix ")
24 plt.show ()
25 print (" Classification Report :\n", classification_report (y_test ,
y_pred ))

9.3 Output
Classification Report:
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.00 1.00 1.00 10
1 0.92 0.92 0.92 12
2 0.88 0.88 0.88 8
accuracy 0.93 30
macro avg 0.93 0.93 0.93 30
weighted avg 0.93 0.93 0.93 30

(A heatmap showing the confusion matrix with true vs. predicted labels for Iris classes.)

10 Experiment 10: Decision Tree Classification

10.1 Aim
To implement Decision Tree classification using the Iris dataset.

10.2 Code
1 import pandas as pd
2 from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split
3 from sklearn .tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
4 from sklearn . metrics import accuracy_score
5 from sklearn import tree
6 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt

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7 from sklearn . datasets import load_iris

8

9 iris = load_iris ()
10 df = pd. DataFrame (data=iris.data , columns =iris. feature_names )
11 df['target '] = iris. target
12

13 X = df[iris. feature_names ]
14 y = df['target ']
15

16 X_train , X_test , y_train , y_test = train_test_split (X, y,

test_size =0.2)
17

18 dt = DecisionTreeClassifier ()
19 dt.fit(X_train , y_train )
20 y_pred = dt. predict ( X_test )
21

22 plt. figure ( figsize =(20 ,10))

23 tree. plot_tree (dt , feature_names =iris. feature_names ,
class_names =iris. target_names , filled =True)
24 plt.show ()
25 print (" Accuracy Score :", accuracy_score (y_test , y_pred ))

10.3 Output
Accuracy Score: 0.9333333333333333

(A visualization of the decision tree structure with nodes representing feature splits and
leaves indicating class labels.)

11 Experiment 11: Linear Regression

11.1 Aim
To implement Linear Regression using synthetic data.

11.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
3 from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split
4 from sklearn . linear_model import LinearRegression
5

6 X = 2 * np. random .rand (100 , 1)

7 y = 4 + 3 * X + np. random . randn (100 , 1)
8

9 X_train , X_test , y_train , y_test = train_test_split (X, y,

test_size =0.2)
10

11 model = LinearRegression ()

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12 model.fit(X_train , y_train )
13 y_pred = model . predict ( X_test )
14

15 plt. scatter (X_test , y_test , color ='b', label ='Actual Data ')
16 plt.plot(X_test , y_pred , color ='r', label ='Regression Line ')
17 plt. xlabel ('X')
18 plt. ylabel ('y')
19 plt. legend ()
20 plt.show ()

11.3 Output
(A scatter plot of actual data points in blue and a red regression line fitting the data.)

12 Experiment 12: Polynomial Regression

12.1 Aim
To implement Polynomial Regression using synthetic data.

12.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
3 from sklearn . preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
4 from sklearn . linear_model import LinearRegression
5

6 X = np. array ([5 , 15, 25, 35, 45, 55]). reshape (-1, 1)
7 y = np. array ([15 , 11, 2, 8, 25, 32])
8

9 poly = PolynomialFeatures ( degree =2)

10 X_poly = poly. fit_transform (X)
11

12 model = LinearRegression ()
13 model.fit(X_poly , y)
14 y_pred = model . predict ( X_poly )
15

16 plt. scatter (X, y, color ='blue ')

17 plt.plot(X, y_pred , color ='red ')
18 plt. xlabel ('X')
19 plt. ylabel ('y')
20 plt.show ()

12.3 Output
(A scatter plot of data points in blue with a red polynomial curve fitting the data.)

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13 Experiment 13: Multiple Linear Regression

13.1 Aim
To implement Multiple Linear Regression using synthetic data.

13.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 from sklearn . linear_model import LinearRegression
3

4 X = np. array ([[0 , 0], [1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3], [4, 4], [5, 5]])
5 y = np. array ([0 , 2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
6

7 model = LinearRegression ()
8 model.fit(X, y)
9 y_pred = model . predict (X)
10

11 print (" Coefficients :", model . coef_ )

12 print (" Intercept :", model . intercept_ )

13.3 Output
Coefficients: [1. 1.]
Intercept: 0.0

14 Experiment 14: K-Means Clustering

14.1 Aim
To implement K-Means clustering using synthetic data.

14.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
3 from sklearn . datasets import make_blobs
4

5 X, y = make_blobs ( n_samples =500 , n_features =2, centers =2,

random_state =42)
6

7 plt. figure (0)

8 plt.grid(True)
9 plt. scatter (X[:, 0], X[:, 1])
10 plt.show ()
11

12 from sklearn . cluster import KMeans

13 kmeans = KMeans ( n_clusters =2, random_state =42)
14 kmeans .fit(X)

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15

16 plt. scatter (X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c= kmeans .labels_ , cmap='viridis ')
17 plt. scatter ( kmeans . cluster_centers_ [:, 0],
kmeans . cluster_centers_ [:, 1], s=300 , c='red ', marker ='*')
18 plt.grid(True)
19 plt.show ()

14.3 Output
(Two scatter plots: one showing unclustered data points, another showing data points
colored by cluster with red star markers for centroids.)

15 Experiment 15: Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Classification
15.1 Aim
To implement Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification using the Iris dataset.

15.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
3 from sklearn import datasets
4 from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split
5 from sklearn .svm import SVC
6 from sklearn . metrics import accuracy_score , classification_report
7

8 iris = datasets . load_iris ()

9 X = iris.data [:, :2]
10 y = iris. target
11

12 X_train , X_test , y_train , y_test = train_test_split (X, y,

test_size =0.2)
13

14 svm = SVC( kernel ='linear ')

15 svm.fit(X_train , y_train )
16 y_pred = svm. predict ( X_test )
17

18 plt. scatter (X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, cmap='viridis ')

19 plt. xlabel ('Sepal Length ')
20 plt. ylabel ('Sepal Width ')
21 plt. title('SVM Classification ')
22 plt.show ()
23

24 print (" Accuracy :", accuracy_score (y_test , y_pred ))

25 print (" Classification Report :\n", classification_report (y_test ,
y_pred ))

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15.3 Output
Accuracy: 0.9
Classification Report:
precision recall f1-score support
0 1.00 1.00 1.00 10
1 0.83 0.83 0.83 12
2 0.88 0.88 0.88 8
accuracy 0.90 30
macro avg 0.90 0.90 0.90 30
weighted avg 0.90 0.90 0.90 30

(A scatter plot of Iris data points colored by class based on sepal length and width.)

16 Experiment 16: Principal Component Analysis

(PCA)
16.1 Aim
To perform dimensionality reduction using Principal Component Analysis on the Iris
dataset.

16.2 Code
1 import numpy as np
2 import pandas as pd
3 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
4 from sklearn . datasets import load_iris
5 from sklearn . preprocessing import StandardScaler
6 from sklearn . decomposition import PCA
7

8 iris = pd. DataFrame (data=iris.data , columns =iris. feature_names )

9 iris['target '] = iris. target
10

11 X = iris.data
12 y = iris. target
13

14 scaler = StandardScaler ()
15 X_scaled = scaler . fit_transform (X)
16

17 pca = PCA( n_components =2)

18 X_pca = pca. fit_transform ( X_scaled )
19

20 df = pd. DataFrame (data=X_pca , columns =[ 'PC1 ', 'PC2 '])

21

22 plt. figure ( figsize =(8 ,6))

23 colors = ['red ', 'green ', 'blue ']
24 for target , color in zip(np. unique (y), colors ):

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25 plt. scatter (df.loc[y == target , 'PC1 '], df.loc[y == target ,

'PC2 '], c=color )
26 plt. xlabel ('Principal Component 1')
27 plt. ylabel ('Principal Component 2')
28 plt. title('PCA of Iris Dataset ')
29 plt. legend (iris. target_names )
30 plt.grid ()
31 plt.show ()

16.3 Output
(A scatter plot showing the Iris dataset projected onto the first two principal components,
with points colored by class.)

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