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 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR
WITH

CHRESTOMATHY and GLOSSARY

BY

SAMUEL A. B. MERCER
PH. D., D. D.

PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERN

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO
RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
AND EDITOR OF ITS JOURNAL
EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

LONDON
LUZAC & CO.
46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.
IQ2 I
3551
M37
 TO

FRITZ HOAA\EL

SCHOLAR TEACHER AND FRIEND

THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED

BY THE AUTHOR
 V

PREFACE
Experience in teaching Semitic languages has taught
me that the beginner needs a text-book which is both simple
and also well supplied with exercises. no such
Hitherto
book for the study of any modern
Assyrian has appeared in

language. There are books in English, French, German and

Italian for beginners, but none of them are provided with
exercises. The larger grammars are reference books and
unsuited for the use of beginners. The book most generally
used in the study of the Assyrian language is Delitzsch's
Assyrische Lesestucke. But everyone complains of its dif-
ficulty for the beginner.
Assyrian is difficult. Nor have compilers of Assyrian
grammars done much to make it attractive to the student.
It is with this in mind that I have prepared this little book.

I have divided the grammar and syntax into chapters or

lessons, and supplied each chapter with copious exercises.

I am if the student works through these lessons
sure that
with care and diligence he will have no trouble with the
reading exercises which follow.
The beginner should first memorise the Simple Syllables.
These are fundamental and occur most frequently in all
cuneiform texts. He should read chapter two with care,
and so acquaint himself with the Ideograms as to be able
easily to refer to them in his later work. Chapter three
should also be read with care, looking up each sign in the
Sign Tist at the end of the book. Chapter four is for
further practice in the Sign Tist. The aim thus far has
been to acquaint the student with his signs. careful A
VI

reading of chapter five is all that is necessar}^ But the

pronouns, verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, pre-
positions and conjunctions, chapters six to twenty - seven,
should be committed to memory, and the exercises on each

lesson should by carefully read. Read the Syntax carefully

and do the exercises with diligence. After the Chrestomathy
is finished the student should read some of the longer pas-
sages in Delitzsch's Lesestucke (which he should own), and
then he will be prepared, with the assistance of Brunnow,
A Classified List, Leyden, 1889, and Delitzsch's Assyrisches
Hafidwdrterbuch, I.eipzig, 1896, for independent reading.
The author's object make this book as
has been to
brief and concise as possible. He
warns students against
thinking that they can acquire an adequate knowledge of
Assyrian without much memory-work. If the above direc-
tions are followed, the author feels that the object for which
the book has been prepared will be attained —
namely, to
add to the number of students interested in the study of
Assyrian.
It remains only to thank my pupil, Mr. Keller, for
arranging the vocabulary, and to express my appreciation
of the excellent work done by the Akademische Buchdruckerei
F. Straub, Munich. For many hints I have to thank my
former teacher. Professor Hommel, who also very kindly
read the proof.

Samuel R, B. Mercer

Hibbard Egyptian Library,

Western Theological Seminary,
Chicago.
May 10, 192 I.
 —

VII

CONTENTS
GRKMMRR
CHAPTERS SECTIONS PAGE
§1 Introduction .

Ch. I, § 2—4 Simple Syllables

„ II, § 5—9 Other Syllables, Ideograms and Deter
minatives 6

V HI, § lo— Sign List 13

„ IV, § 12
— Syllabaries 16
,. V, § i6— Phonology 18
,. VI, § 20— Personal Pronoun .
20
„ VII, §25— Other Pronouns 21
„ VIII- -XII, §31- The Strong Verb .
23
„ XIII, §47— Verbs with an initial n 34
., XIV, § 50— Verbs with a weak initial letter
35
.. XV, §53- Verbs with a weak medial letter 38
,. XVI, §56— Verbs with a weak final letter 40
„ XVII, §59— Other irregular verbs 41
„ XVIII, §62 The Verb with Suffixes 42
„ XIX— XXI, §64- The Noun 44
„ XXII, §76 Nouns with Suffixes 49
„ XXIII, § 79— The Adjective 50
„ XXIV, §83 Numerals 51
„ XXV, §88 Adverbs 53
„ XXVI,' § 97 Prepositions ,
56
„ XXVII, Conjunctions 57

SYNTAX
Ch. XXVIII, § 103—107 The Noun, Adjective and Numerals 59
,. XXIX, § 108 III Verbal Nouns and the Finite Verb 61
„ XXX, § 112— 115 The Simple and Compound Sentence 62
.. XXXI, ii 116 Model Analysis (Asurb., Rassam Cyl.

57-68) 64
VIII

PAGE
CHRESTOMATHY 69
1 Titles and deeds of Hammurabi 69
II

III
The siege of

(Shalmanesser III)
Asurbanipal's first
.....
Damascus and

Egyptian
the tribute of

campaign (Rassam
Jehu
70

Cyl. 2, 27)
IV Accession Prayer of Nebuchadrezzar II to Mar
duk (Rassam Cyl. 53, Col. I 55—72) 78
V From
VI A
Lstar's

Lamentation (K 4931)
VII An Observation of the
....
Descent into Hades (Rassam Cyl. 31

Moon (K 716)'
79
80
81
VIII Assyrian Letters 81

SIGN LIST 84

GLOSS/IRY . 16

CORRIGENDA .22
 QR/\MM/IR

INTRODUCTION
§ I. Assyrian belongs to the northern group of Semitic lan-
guages, and is closely related to the Hebrew. Its differ-
ences from Babylonian are only dialectical. The Assyro-
Babylonian language was used as early, at least, as 3000 B.C.
and continued in vogue until the first century before the
Christian era. From that time until 1835 A-T>. when Sir
Henry C. Rawlinson made the first partial translation of
an Assyrian text, the Assyrian language was quite unknown.
Since then thousands of inscriptions on stone and clay have
been excavated from the buried cities of the Tigris-Euphrates
valley.
The literature of the Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions is

voluminous, and much more awaits the industry of the ar-

chaeologist. All types of literature are represented. There
are poetry and prose, prayers and hymns, incantations and
magical charms, chronology and history, precepts and laws,
and legal and commercial transactions. Thousands of texts
have been translated, and there still remain thousands un-
translated in published or unpublished form. Work upon
these texts is still in its infancy. Fuller sign lists must be
made, better dictionaries must be written, and new gram-
matical points remain to be investigated. All this must be
done in order that the student of history, religion, morals,
politics, science, and social institutions may have the means
of defining the slow developement of Semitic ideas through-
out the centuries.
Every student of Assyrian should read an account of
the decipherment of the script and of the reconstruction of
the language, and no more fascinating story of that great
achievement can be found than that in R. W. Roger's A
History of Babylonia and Assyria, Vol. I, pp. i 353.*) Of —
translations of texts there are numerous volumes, but so far
there no complete corpus of Assyro-Babylonian literature,
is

nor can there be such for many years to come. The most
complete at present is the Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, pu-
blished by HiNRiCHS in Leipzig. It was begun in 1907 and
is stillin progress. There is nothing similar to this in any
other modern language, although the Yale University Press
have in view a corpus which will be complete to date. Of
individual books in which translations of Assyro-Babylonian
texts are published there are many, which can be found in
any good university or seminary library.

*) Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,

See also Fritz Berlin

1885, p. 58—134 and H. V. Hilprecht, Exploratiohs in Bible Lands during

the 19th century, Philadelphia 1903, p. 3 — 577 (p. 3— 213 also in German trans-
lation: Pie Ausgrabungen in Assyrien und Babylonien, I., Bis zum Auftreten
De Sarzec's, Leipzig 1904).
 CHAPTER I

SIMPLE SYLLHBLES
§ 2. The name whereby the script of the Assyrian language
is known is cuneiform. The word is derived from the Latin,
cuneus, a wedge and forma, a form, wedge-form. The script
was originally pictographic and was handed on by the Sum-
erians to the Semites who lived in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
In later times it was used by many peoples other than the
Assyro-Babylonians, and was at last highly simplified and
used by the Persians.
The Assyro-Babylonians never developed an alphabet.
There are a few vowel signs, but the script is mostly syl-
labic. The signs are written from left to right.
In this first lesson, about a hundred of the simplest
syllabic signs are arranged according to the order of the
Hebrew alphabet. This is the order in which the trans-
literated words occur in all Assyrian glossaries and diction-
aries. On the left-hand side syllables beginning with a con-
sonant are arranged, those with a final a being placed in
the first column, those with i or e in the second and those
with u in the third. On the right-hand side syllables be-
ginning with a vowel are recorded, first those with a, se-
condly those with i or e and thirdly those with u It is very
important that all these signs with their values be thoroughly
committed to memory. In section 4 these same syllabic signs
are arranged in the order in which all these and other signs
are found in all sign lists. This exercise should be carefully
studied. The signs should be read and repeatedly written
until they are as well known as an alphabet.
 —

Final Vcowe/

3- N A ]}
= <3:
^ = i
< == 2/

^\} = e
AW^ --= u

n B -^T = /^^ := bi ^^ = bu
= be
:j G ^TTT^ = ^a -TTA = gi iT-^ = gu
1 D ^11 = da <I4= = di i:^! = ^//

t Z }}
= za -TT^ ^^= zi
-^TI -= ^//

n> ^^

n H }H --= ha A = hi = bu
D T ^IT = ta

= ti
m
-I<T
= tu

= te

2
s
K --1^ =
L -ET r= la
ka m =
-^!I =
ki

li
lEJ

M
-= ku
= In

D M ET = ma c: ^ mi ^ = WW
-= me
: N ^! = 7ia = ni 9^ = nu
= ne
D S W = sa "^11 =
= se
si
.>^!T = su

tilf \pu
£) P ^ = pa ^I- = pi ^-,;<I
1.1

i: s = ^a i^^TT -= si = su

P K -T
^1
= ka MI --= ki
£S
—
^ A
= ku
"1
R E-^TT -= ra
-TT<T
= ri ^JU = ru

U^ S ^TI = ^d <T- -= si
I
= Su

n T
V =
-=
^a

ta
^ =
--
se
^ =
=
su

;^TTT ti
-ElT ///

= te
Initial Vowel

= ab HI = ib ^ = «^

= ^^ = ig ^V4-T
ud
^= az = iz uz
= ^
>
A-HF-
= aU
= 2/

= ak = uk
il = «/

el

im <TIT = «/«

= an in = un
en
= ^j is

^/ = up
as = «^

a^ ik ^;VfrT. = «i^

<Mr<i = ar ir
IH = ur

dr er IT
= «r

as is :s<T
= us

ds <« eS

at it = «/
§ 4- Read and write:

^ .^y .^yy .^yy ..f ^^h -^y -^y -!

^ w ^
^y ^]< ^ -^
-IIA
s^yyy
^y
-II<T
tt tt] t^yi tt]}
-II ^!T
-y<y

:^:^T

^:^
^SK
i^
^
-y<y^

<]]]
t^^i t^^]]
-yy^

-<^yy ::;^y :^] ^]]t^:^^^ t] ;ri<y ^^

t]} tyyyir i^yyy^
^ -^. ^.y<y
m ^^yy
^y ^y ^y.
^^y ^yy
^
^
^^yy^ ^4f
t] M
^yy
<
M
c:
M
<t]^ <h <MT<I <T* <« T- HI
MI I C-S C-^ ^TTI IH Tf. }} }}<
m
CHAPTER II

OTHER SYLLABLES, IDEOGRAMS AND

DETERMINATIVES
§ 5. In addition to the simple syllables, illustrated in chap-
ter I, there were also compound (or better fullet) syllables,

e. g. t^TIIL ^TTf dan\ i^B^, bar\ {\, man.

^^'^;

it was not easy to represent long and short

In Assyrian
vowels. In open syllables, long vowels were represented
in one of two ways, namely, (i) By writing after a syllable

a separate sign for the vowel of the syllable, e. g. "^y f f'

na-a = na\ ^Ey y{, la-a = Id. But such a separate sign
was not always written , e. g. ^^\ = nd. (2) By doubling
the consonant, e. g. "^11 ^V-^T ^I^ ^, ru-uk-ku e. ril^ti. i.

In closed syllables it was practically impossible to represent

a long vowel,

§ 6. Sometimes the Assyrians used one sign to represent a

complete word. This we call an ideogram, e. g. ^^, as a

syllable, has the value of an, but as a word, or ideogram,
 has the value which means "god". Likewise, tEj, as a
ilu,

syllable, equals ad\ as an ideogram, equals abu, "father".

An ideogram may consist of two or more signs, e. g.
»^i^II ^^y, apsn, "abyss"; "^t^ -J^^ Ej, suluppu, "date".
Many signs have more than one syllabic value, as well

as more than one ideographic value, e. g. ^\ has the syllabic

values ud, iu, tarn, pir, la^, J}is\ and the ideographic values
umu, "day", SamHu, "sun", and pi^U, "white".
§ 7. An ideogram may also be used as a determinative, that
is,a sign attached to a word to indicate the class of thing
to which the word belongs. Most of the determinatives are
placed before the words to 'which they refer; and are not
pronounced, e.g. ^^T^, before names of deities, J, before
male proper nouns; V^, before names of countries and moun-
tains.

§ 8. Many ideograms have no determinatives. In order to

help in identifying the correct ideographic value of a sign
a device was used by the Assyrians, which we call a pho-
netic complement] e.g. the sign ^*T~, as an ideogram, is
used for both ilu, "god", and SamU, "heaven". In order to
help the reader to decide which, the Assyrian would add
the sign >-\\, e, when he wished to represent Same, "heav-

ens", thus, ^>^ tjf

§ g. As an exercise, read and write the following ideograms
and determinatives. Become
so acquainted with them that
future reference to them may be made with ease.

IDEOGRAMS
Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning

»^ nakdsu to cut off

^^ zeru seed, descendant

^ iumu name
^ ilu god
 ^4

Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning

«-K ^T< balatu life

^\ ardu slave

palu reign, year of reign

^^I^
--ITT patru dagger

^^11 ^Iru exalted

-E^IT alu city

tahazu battle
--ai
•^^]r arhu month

-m rubu noble

-IT^ napUtu life, soul

-!<! i^^Hru bird

-T<I^ baSU to be

-T<T<T iumelu left'

belu lord
-n
JT ^atu hand

-^IT zumru body

•^TT^ reSu beginning

-s^n pu mouth

-rrjH liSanu tongue

^ nakru hostile

•7^ ^almu image

t?^ epeSu to make

:r^ ^arrdnu road
—
>— Ukaru strong drink

fi^<T abnu stone

fc^^ Sarru king

Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning

s^4^ Sfru flesh

t:^tT imtu fire

"^ ^ihru small

I?r^
I 1 1
umntu mother
babu gate

^^V^ kakkabu star

^^ dilru wall

^} nadanu to give

^\ alaku to go

X:^\^ imiru ass

t^Il karanu wine

<m duppu tablet

tEl abu father

A Uu wood

A^ alpu ox
^-^ kibratu region, quarter of heaven

m
m
dannu
niSu
mighty
people

m< sukkallu messenger

^m bUu house, temple

E^< imnu right

Ei?ff amelu man

a^u brother

^T idu side

E<^^ kablu midst, battle

El- rabu great

lO

Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning

E^ parakku shrine

V matu land

^-W< ^iru serpent

^T ilmu day

^T- UZ7tU ear

^m libbu heart

^} ^abu warrior

A tabu good

A4 Mru wind
<ttz mtlSu night

<<« kiiSatu host, the world

<^ ^Spu foot

<^fA mur^u sickness

<F Inu eye

<W]^ damku favourable

<T^ ^ardpu to burn

<MH lininu evil

<I^ ir^itu earth

<^} ellu bright

« Sarru king

m ^ubatu garment

Et im to have

t^«=^^ libittu brick

c-m aSiaiu wife

C-^T beltu lady

H aplu son (spec, heir)

 II

Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning

V Sakanu to set

}}< nUnu fish

COMPOUND IDEOGRAMS
-+ s^TIT elil high

-^TT tM apsil abyss

-^TT <Tf^ eSeru to be straight, right

-tH^«= EJ suluppu date

-T4i <:r:r hittu dream

i^} ET- abullu city-gate

:^im EK ekallu palace

<m s^m Saplil low

«<^f purussu decision

T^-^f zunnu rain

T^ ^TTI eklu field

IMI- dimtu weeping

DETERMINATIVES THAT PRECEDE THE WORD

>->^ //?/ god before names of deities

^Xi\\ alu city V) „ cities

•-^^ ^r^/^ month n „ months

U^>^ slru flesh n „ parts of the

body
^^^»->^ kakkabu star n „ „ stars and
planets
^y^ m^r« ass n „ some of the
larger ani-
mals
12

S^<T abnu stone before names of stones

tT Uu wood » n 11
trees, wooden
objects

tT^^ karpatu vessel r> » 11

vessels

:^ITT^
iammu plant r> » 11
plants

E3w amelu man n » 11

tribes and pro-
fessions

V matu country Y) w 11
countries

V Sadn mountain 11 n 11
mountains

T
male VI 11 » male proper
names
lil ^ubatu garment Yl V) vt
garments and
stuffs

m immeru lamb, sheep W 11 11

sheep

miB Hpatu fleece, wool 11 w n wools and

woolen stuffs

]}m nam river •n » 11

rivers

^ female 11 » V)
female proper
nouns

DETERMINATIVES THAT FOLLOW THE WORD

k&m used after numbers
kam 11 11 11

plural „ plurals

->f ta-a-an numbers and measures

m
„ „

ki „ „ names of places (comp.

aim place)
plural „ plurals

\\-^ a-an „ „ numerals and measures

^< nUnu fish „ „ names of fish

-T<T • iffSru bird ,, birds

 13

CHAPTER III

SIGN LIST
§ lo. The sign list at the end of the book, immediately be-
fore the Glossary, should now be carefully studied. It can-
not be learned all at once, but will come with practice.

§11, For practice in finding signs in the Sign List the fol-
lowing words should be carefully read. In order to show
the close relationship between Assyrian and Hebrew, the
Hebrew equivalent of each Assyrian word is given.

-'^I'^i ba-nu-u to build 7\^

^ }H V-- sa-ipa-pu to overwhelm IDD

-EI -^T M la-ba-su to clothe trj^

-El EI ^I la-ma-du to learn -9^

-EI 1-^^ < la-ku-u to take np^

-^11 ^ I^ ^ H-Sa-a-nu tongue IIBTJ

JI^^ su-mu name Dgf

-<t^i}m be-e-lu lord ^JJ3

^1m -m
^TS^jn
na-piS-ttc

na-aS-rn
life

eagle
a*?.?

It?.?

^i If ^jn na-a-ru river ^??

-I ^ tIII:r ka-nu-u reed

".?R

-i^^i ka-as'tu bow nt?*!?.

-<l<ldlv^ ti-ib-nu straw Wi

-]& E^II ^- ak-ra-bu scorpion =^RK
-ii^'tif ^jn zi-e-ru seed yit

-IKI -eei dal-tu door nh

-IKI -]} I ri-e-su head xa\A-\

--I t- ab-nii stone I3«

H
um-mu mother D^

i'fiu eye n
i-du hand, side T

i-lu god ^t^

i-?u wood rv.

i-Sa-tu fire rrx

i-sa-ru righteous t;
at-ta thou nnN
kak-ka-bu star n;l3

mal-ku prince ^5?

ir-Su couch ^?V.
ir-^i-t2i earth I^nx

am-tu handmaid HDN

bi-i-Ui house n:5

ku-u-lu cry ^'P

zik-ru name n?t

al-pu ox ^m
e-niu father-in-law onT
e-zi-bu to leave m
tl^ ^v m e-pi-ru

e-ii-ru
dust

to protect
^?«

•^m
e-lu-u to be high "53?

kal'bu dog ^^.

ra-ka-bu to ride — T

ta-a-bu good 31D

kar-nu horn IPR-

ma-fya-su to smite FDD

 15

'V EJ ISDf gam-ma-lu camel 705

«-8r-«« ear
^^VT *7^ |tt<

^y i^ «-w«*) day Dl'«

-^T^- >^g^y ^ pi-tu-u to open nnO

^yyy ^^ Hb-bu heart njj?

^p[- >^ im-nu right hand ]''P^

^^^ ^^^\ bir-ku lightning pij

-^^^ I^ bir-ku knee "^13

^y^^yy^y ^^y ^>->y- ^ ar'ba--u four {^S-lX

^y^ ^^ 15^- di'i-nu judgment ]'''n

]^JJ >5^ kin-nu nest ]p.

y} >-y<y ^-^/z brother HK

y^ *"II^y '^^ a-ri-bu raven iDiy

T{ '"^I W\ a-na-ku I ^:?:X

y^ ^>- a-bu father :}«

I]f
]r]^^
^»^TT a-ipa-zu to seize tn^

|]r ^lU ^ sa-al-mu image qSj:

T^f^ t^III ^ ba-ta-nu son-in-law ]nn

^i^ fc^y ^yyyt Ua-du-u to rejoice iTin

V t^ "5^ Sa-am-nu oil

]^;^

*) Or better u?nu(-mu) i. e. iiww (comp. p. lO, line 5) with phonetic com-

plement (p. 7, § 8) -mu.
 i6

CHAPTER IV
SYLLABARIES
§12. For further practice, before going on to the study of
the grammar proper, a small portion of each of the three
great syllabaries, S*, S^ and S*^, is given. These syllabaries
were composed by the Babylonians and Assyrians themselves,
and have been of inestimable value to modern students in

reconstructing the grammar and lexicon of the Sumerian

and of the Assyrian language.

§13. Syllabary S"". In the second column is the syllable

under consideration, in the first column the pronunciation
of the syllable, and in the third column the name of the
syllablic sign.

-TT<T ^^
Tt=:tE
}}<

^TI

§ 14. Syllabary S^. In the second column is the ideogram

under consideration, in the first column the Sumerian pro-
nunciation, and in the third column the Assyrian translation
of the ideographic sign.
 17

m
T<Tt^ i^t^ --TTT
^T -+ V
tE
^ tun
->f i^t=

T^T :^^I tt^ ::t^ ^

T^^ m t:r^^ ^ -:rH '^-

]^
tt^]]
^]}
IH
:=^T
-^H
<Igf^^
^- m
!!5<T < J5^T T^ -ET m
]-^]l -T<T ^I . ::^JI t^J] ^] <TTT
T tE tE ^T Tl fc=^T

TV T^ ^TTT ^TTT ^-
§15. Syllabary S^. This is in a sense a combination of S*
and S^. In the second column is the ideogram under con-

sideration, in the firstcolumn the pronunciation of the same,

in the third column the name of the ideographic sign, and
in the fourth column the Assyrian translation with synonyms.

T -TTA ;^!T HT- ^ ;TT! -KI

-TKT -T<T tTTIt

]^]^^ <Tm !T
f^ ^-
fc^TTT --T I^I
^ e:tt :^^^

-ET ^ tint
tETI ^- tITTt
I -^H -ET ^m c-^mi

1} W -TT<T t5<T
 i8

T <T^ A^ <^I <y <:^ ^

CHAPTER V
PHONOLOGY
§ i6. Vowels. The Assyrian language possesses the vowels
a, i, u, and ^ as a variant sound
a, t, u, of i and a, and o
as a variant sound of n.
The vowels a and a change to e, e, and f, e. g. i-ma-
a-ru into i-me-e-ru; mti-^a-ak'ni-iu into mu-si-ik-ni-Su.
Vocal contraction is common, e. g. ba-nu-ti for ba-ni-n.

Vowels sometimes fall off, e. g. Hi-ub-tii for u-su-tib-tu.

§17. Consonants.
The Assyrian consonants are: <^, ^, <3^, ^, ^, /, k, /, w,
«, J, p, ^, k{q), r, S, t. These consonants are arranged ac-
cording to the Hebrew order.
The consonant k after n or m sometimes becomes g,
e. g. Iu-u$-ku7n-ga for lu-u^-kum-ka.
Sometimes k is replaced by g, e. g. gdtu for >^a/?/.

Before a dental f/^ becomes n, e. g. sa-li-in-Ui for ^^-/z-

iin-tu\ also before .?, e. g. Su-un-Su for su-um-Su.
After ;2, / often changes to <3^, e. g. un-da-aS-sir for 2/;;/-

ta-ai-Hr\ after /^ it changes to /, e. g. ik-te-bi for ik-te-bi.

In some verbal forms ^/ and j/ become j^ and jj, e. g,

as'sa-kan for as-ta-kan\ as-sa-bat for as-ta-bat.
Sibilants change to / before a dental, e. g. al-tu-tir for
aS-tH-ur\ or before sibilants, e. g. «/-j2 for ^j:-^J.

After a dental or another sibilant s becomes s, with

which the preceding sibilant, and sometimes the dental, as-

similate, e. g. kdt-su, ka-as-su, or ka-a-su for kdt-su.
 19

Before certain consonants n changes to m, e. g. u-Sam-

kir'^) for u-^an-kir\ but usually it assimilates, e, g. id-din for
in-din.

§ i8. Accent.

As yet very little is known about Assyrian accentuation.

Monosyllables are accented, e. g. sAr matati. When the last
syllable is long it is accented, e. g. sarrut mat AsSur,
The accent recedes till it finds a long or closed syllable,
e. g. Sarrutu, innamir.
Insome forms a short penultima is accented, e. g. ikdSad.
The enclitics -md and -ni drive the accent back upon
the penultima, e. g. ibnurnd, iprusuni.

§ 19. Exercises.

m ^^ <m ^B ^, ^jn t^i tm ^sk

^ ^. ^ ^IT -© ^ M --T r^ -7^ tTIT^, -^T

^^ -mi ^w Ji ^^ -mi m ^-t<t. m

tTTTt tElT, ^ITIir C- <T- tTTk. tTTT^ -^T. <Igf

JJ, H< ^ .ET, ::H ^TT ^ j^H. -T<T^ :=^5=T

t^, t=^ ^ :r^, fc^ ;iff -<, IH,
t:I<J HM
ttTTT :^^. -I<J <-I^ -. JiTT ^^IT. -T
::I<J

tiSL ^^iT. -T T^ ^^i

"^IT.

^]]p -m- <^. ^ <Ii-

*) More correct is the transscription u-ldn-kir.

 20

CHAPTER VI
PERSONAL PRONOUN
§20. The personal pronouns in the nominative are:

Singular Plural

1 c. anaku amni, anlnu, mnu, nini

2 m. atta attunu
2 f. attl

3 m. Su $unu, Sun
3 f. it Stna, Sin

§21. The personal pronouns in the genitive and accusative are:

Singular Plural

1 c. idtu, idti, idSi, a-a-Si nidti, nidsim, ndSi

2 m. kdtu, kdti, kdSa kdtunu, kdsunu
2 f. kdti, kdsi
3 m. Sdsu, sudSu SdSunu, SdSun
3 f. SdSa, sdSi

% 22. Pronominal suffixes attached to nouns with possessive

meaning:
Singular Plural

1 c. -I, -ia, -a -ni, -nu

2 m. -ka, -ku -kunil, -kun
2 f. 'ki [-kind]

3 m. -Sii, -s, -Sa Sunu, -Sun, -Sunilti

3 f. -Sa -Sina, -Sin

§ 23. Pronominal suffixes attached to verbs with accusative

meaning:
Singular Plural

1 c. -anni, -ifmi, -ni -ndSi, -anndSi, -anndSu

2 m. -ka, -akka, -ikka, -ak, -kunuSi, -akkunuSu
-akku
2 f. -ki, -akki, -ikki -kindSi
3 m. -Su, -S, -aSSu, -aS -Sunu, -asSunu, -Sumltu, -Sunilti
3 f. -Si, -S, -aSSi -Sina, -Sindtu, -Sindti, -Sindsim,
-aSSindtu, -aSSinlti
 21

^ 24. Exercises.

Vi^\ Igy. <T- ^E, ^ tTTIt, tEl :^TTT. tET

-<T<. <F -^T. I "7^. T^ :«= S?. ::EI -m -t^. V
TH -j^. S?= ^ETf -^<. T T]f V. -tH W I -7^.

V I^ L -:^H T^ V> tETI -+<. -^H T^ <K

<T- tg:s, JI -5^, J! ::T]!f
S,:, ^. V, <Iei, ^
-tH. tETf L <F> -+ ^I <!-. <T- -^T -<!<.
I 9^ ^f<, Igf ^ .<T-. <rf ^T <T-. JT C:-

S?:. -^T >?^ < I. -ET ->^T jy -^H. -ET EI :;^T

<K -EI ;-« < I ^ ^I<. EI ^^< C-^ ^ <S M

^
^W
H< ^- <IEI ^I <I-, ^n -11^ ^-
m^ W <F ^I -<V ^I- -^I < I.
m
CHAPTER VII

OTHER PRONOUNS
15. Demonstrative Pronouns. There are five chief demon-
strative pronouns:

I. anntt, this
Singul ar Plural
masc. fern. masc. fem.

nom annu annltu annutu anndtu

anniu an(n)ute annate
annltu
gen. anne annlti annlti
ace. anna annlta
2. ^uatu, that
Suatu(m) Siati suatunu sudtina
Sudti(m) Sdtunu Satina
Suiu $unilti Sindtina
mu Hndti
 Singular Plural
masc. fern. masc. fern.

3. sil, that
m SI

4. ammil, that
ammu ammetu ammdte
5. ullil, that
nom. ullu ullutu
gen. ulli {ulle)

§ 26. Relative Pronouns.

1. sa,who, which.
2. man(n)u Sa, whoever.
3. mina, minma Sa, mim(m)a (sa), mimmU, whatever.
4. mal(a), ammar, asmany as.
§ 27. Interrogative Pronouns.

1. mannu, who?
masc. neut.

mannu nom. ;;^?;/?7

gen, w/w^"
ace. niina

2. ^-^-22 (i. e. iT;^'-/^), who?; fem. a-a-ta; plural aiiuiu, aiiuti.

§ 28, Indefinite Pronouns.

I. Masculine: manman, mamman, manuman, mam{m)ana,

memeni, mandma, manamma, manma,
main(m)a, mumma, anyone.
Neuter: minma, mim(m)a, minimu, aiiumma, aiiamma,
iaumma, anything.

§ 29, Reflexive Pronoun. This is expressed by the word ra-

mdnu, self.

§30. Exercises.

Vi -<!< --^T. -+ ^. -*f S^.' -+ ^ ^^T. -^-

 .

23

^ -^y^, -HP ^ :^TIT' -^ "^ ^K -HF- ^T ^h

^ ^y<, <y^ ^1 ^y< ^y, y^ ^ ^y^ ^y.y^ jgj^
<y;.y^ ^
^^l -^ ET ^T, ^TT, V, « -^^

c: ^ <, c: ^i ET !^ EI, T]^, « ET -^.

eT -I<I^ EI, C: A4f El « -^ V' ET -ET, T^

T^ !rTTT:r, T^ tE tt t]]]^ -HP<, ET ^, C: -t^^

ET ->f ^, ^ET^ <TTT ET, ET :^ ET -H^, ET

^ ET -HF-.

CHAPTER VIII

THE STRONG VERB

§31- T/ie The Assyrian verb
Skeleton of the Strong Verb.
has ordinarily four primary, three secondary, and one terti-
ary stem. The model verb kasadu means to conquer.

I. 2.

I I (or o, i) Qal ikdSad I 2 (or t, i) Ifteal iktdsad

II I (or o, 2) Paal iika^iad II 2 (or t, 2) Iftaal ukta^Sad
III I (or s, i) Shafal usaksad III 2 (or st, i) Ishtafal uStakSad
IV I (or n, i) Nifal ikkdSad
3-

I 3 (or tn, i) Iftaneal iktandSad

1 There are other stems which are not of very frequent

occurrence. Such are: IV 2 (or nt, i), Ittafal; II 3 (or tn, 2),
Iftanaal; III 3 (or stn, i), Ishtanafal; IV 3 (or ntn, i), Ittana-
fal; III/II I (or s, 2), Ishpaal; and III/II 2 (or st, 2), Ishta-
paal.

2. These stems are referred to as, Qal, Paal, Shafal, etc.,

or, more conveniently as, Ij, 11^, III,, IV,, Ig, Ilg, etc.
 - 24

3. The signification and formation of the various stems:

Ij, Qal is the root stem, used transitively and intransitively.
IIj, Paal signifies intensity, and has its middle consonant
doubled.
IIIj, Shafal has a causative signification, and is formed
by prefixing the consonant i.
IVj, Nifal is passive in signification, and formed by
is

prefixing the consonant n, which is sometimes changed

to accord with the first consonant of the root.

Ig, Ifteal is reflexive in signification. It is derived from

the Qal.
Ilg, Iftaal has both active and passive signification. It is

derived from the Paal.

Illg, Ishtafal is a reflexive of the causative. It is derived
from the Shafal.
IVg, Ittafal has a passive signification, and is derived from
the Nifal. Originally Intafal.
I3, Iftaneal\ II3, Iftanaal; III3, Ishtanafal\ and IV3, Itta-
nafal are derived from \, Ilg, Illg, and IVg, respect-
ively, and are similar in meaning.

III/IIi, Ishpaal\ and Ill/IIg, Ishtapaal are similar in signifi-

cation to the Shafal and Ishtafal, respectively. They
are a Paal-Shafal and a Paal-Ishtafal, respectively.

4. The Assyrian verb in usually tri-consonantal, e. g.

ka^adu, but there are also roots with two and sometimes
four consonants. These consonants are called radicals.

§ 32. Vocabulary.
damaku = to be favourable rakdbu --= to ride
kaSadu = to conquer Sakanu = to place.

§33. Exercises.

fc^m "^TT t-t], ^VV t^m ^T ^TT ^t}, ^W

 25

:^mt ^TT -a "^TT J^EI. ^T s^TTT -^ ^IT

t^l -l<y^ ^:rH ^IT t^I. ^T ;^TTT -a "^TT
::ET. ^iT t^m ^I -I^ -^TT -Bl ^T El Tl

CHAPTER IX
The Qaly or I^
PRESENT
Singul ar Plural

3 m. ikaSad (ikaSSad) ikasadtl(nilu)

3 f. takaSad ika$ada(ni)
2 m. takaiad takaSadu
2 f. taka^adl takaSada
I c. akasad nikasad

PRETERITE
3 m. iklud iMudu(ni\u)
3 f. tak'sud ikSudd(ni)
2 m. taksud takSudil
2 f. takludl taksuda
I c. akSud nikSud

PERMANSIVE
3 m. y^^j:^^ kaSdU(ni)
3 f. /^^i?^^/f, kaSdat(a) kaSda(ni)
2 m. ka$dat(a) kasdatunu
2 f. ka^dati \kaSdatind\
I c. kasdak(u) kasdani(-nu)

IMPERATIVE
2 m. kuSud kuludn
2 f, kuSudl ku$uda(ni)

PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE
^^i?C^y^« kamdu
 2.^

The Assyrian verb has three tenses: Present, preterite

and permansive. The present expresses incomplete action
and is rendered in English by the present or future. The
preterite expresses complete action and is rendered by the
English imperfect, perfect or pluperfect. The permansive
resembles a noun or participle, and takes suffixes. It ex-
presses a state or condition; thus, sa-ak-nu-u-ni, they are set.

§36. Vocabulary.

palaUu = to fear karabu = to draw near

katamu =^ to cover kanasu -= to submit
zakaru = to speak patdrii --= to release
^abatu = to grasp labaru = to be old
labaSu = to clothe.

§37. Exercises.

\} -^H ^TT :^ET. -IS jy ^T. m^ ^\

fc^ITI -tH ^IT ^l t^TTI -a JT ^T. I^f B

<T^, -tH ^ ^TI t^ITT. t^TTT -^H ^11 <Te^.
t^TIT --& ^ <It^. lil »Ey -I, ^tH ^ ^TT

j:yyy<, -^ <^, ^^ ^\\\ ^yy ^ ^y, jr^ ^^

^yyf s^yyy <v --- ^^ -<. -^i a^^. :=ii^
 27

(CHAPTER X
The Paal, or 11^
PRRSENT
Singular Plural

3 m. ukaSSad ukaSSadu(iti)
3 f. tukas^ad uka$Sada(ni)
2 m. tuka^^ad tukaSiadtJ
2 f. tuka^Sadl tukaSSada
I c. uka^^ad nukaiSad
PRETERITE
3 m. ukasHd ukaSHdU(ni)
3 f. tukassid ukaSsida(ni)
2 m, tukassid tukasHdu
2 f. tukassidl tukaUida
I c. ukassid nukaSUd
PERMANSIVE
3 m. kuSSud kussudil{ni)
3 f. kussudat kusiuda
2 m. kuSSudat(a) kuSSudatunu
2 f, kuUudati ?

I c. kuSsuddk(u) kuSSudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. kuSHd, kaSSid kuSSidU
2 f. >^2^jfj?2^? kuUida
PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE
mukaihdu kuSSudu

The Shafal, or IIl^.

PRRSENT
3 m. uSakSad uSakSadil(ni)
3 f. tuSakHad u$akSada(ni)
2 m. tulakSad tuSakiadU
2 f. tuMk$adf tuSakSada
I c. uiakSad nuHakSad
 28

PRETERITE
Singular Plural

3 m. usaksid usaksidil{ni)
3 f. tu^akhd u^aksida{ni)
2 m. tusaksid tusakHdu
2 f. tu^akHdl tuSakHda
I c. uSaksid nuSak$id

PERMANSIVE
3 m. suksud iuksudu(ni)
3 f. Suksudat Suksuda
2 m. Sukiudata suksudatunu
2 f. SukSudati ?

I c. $ukSuddk(u) SukSudani

IMPERATIVE
2 m. Sukhd ^ukHdu
2 f. i«/^jf/^^ Sukhda
PARTICIPLE
muiakSidu
INFINITIVE
SukSudu
•

§ 40.

PRESENT
3 m. ikkaSad ikkasadil(ni)
3 f. takkaSad ikka^ada(ni)
2 m. takkaSad takka^adu
2 f. takkaSadl takka^ada
I c. akkaSad nikkaSad
PRETERITE
3 m. ikkaHd ikkaHdU{ni)
3 f. takkaHd ikkaHda(ni)
2 m. takkaHd takkasidil
2 f. takkaiidf takkaHda
I c. akkaHd nikkaHd
 29

PERMANSIVE
Singular Plural

m. nakSud nakiudil(ni)
f. naksudat nakSuda
m. nakSuddta nakSuddtunu
f. nakSudati ?
1 c. nak$udak(u) nak Sudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. naklid naksidtl
2 f. nakHdi nakHdd
PARTICIPLE
mukkaSidu
INFINITIVE
nakSudu, nakaSudu

§4: Exercises.

m ^I <T- ^T. tT!!:r ^tl<j ^ <V ^T-

^ ji ^!, lEj :ii5T ji ^i, m- -m -1&
^I. ^ ^:ss
^11 tEl, tlITt "^TT -I^ <T-
<!- ^^I, J! ^SS ^1 ^I, ^ "^TT -& <T-
-^H ^TT ^l ^I -!& JT ^I. -T<!^ --H <I-
^T. ^ '^K -::H <I- ^I' -^T -]& <V
^I. tTTTt "^11 t^^L ::^ ^T. ^TIT- ^ -T<T^
Tf- ^T. tT }} -•
30

be
G

-^
Q
^Q
xo •«^
Q Q
s
<s
<:
^
•K* o
r«^ r^

is •I

xo
j3

?5 xo

X B
(D
w
H s
?s
Ph S
< ^Q '>3
^
xo
^a s
<2 xo
^s > XO
•^
S ^
^« ^ ^
*5

•a

o
o

« -C^

^
C O

o
o
S W o
 31

§43- Exercises.

t^TIT "^11 <It^.

^S^ ttITT <T- ^T.
mm^iT ^T
t^T- -a t^TTT
t^ITT JT
^T -S. ^
^I "^TT -ET. ^
-T<T^ :^m -^T '^ITT -tl
-]& m\ ^T ^TT tET. lif s^m ^ JI :^T.

^K ^\\\ ^ ^TT J^ET, ^T t^TII --& ^TT

^!, ^ ^r t^TIT -S <T- :;^!> ^I t^ni -^

JT ^y. <y- j^yyy -i^ jy ^i ^ t& hi
s^yyy
-yy<y -^y -y<y, :i^y -. <iy -^y, ^y ^^ -yy<y
-^y, ^\ ^yyy ^^ x:^ -^y. :i^yy ^v\ ^\
--H-HP-
 11 1

32

hJ -^ -^
^ Q <s
M ^ xo
>-y
Q <S
s S
H ^
Pn
1—
^ ^•S
•** »*

kJ
^
^ ^ ?2
^S
^ 1 S
«>4

^ 5Q 5Q ^S
^Q 1 5?Q
»<o
t^ s
w <:
xo
1^
55
•«5 "Vi

^ ^ 5 g 4
's
^3 "?2 ~Q
^ ^
''S^
?s

h-1 Q J^ 51 a
><o Jh o
<i ^ "^
^ '^
< ^ Q Q
sJ ^
1 ^
•^
T^ ^ ^ ^
i»S •v»
S a o 'o
'^
S a g ^
JS
^3
A -^ ^ '^ ^Q •J^
^s
< ^ j2
^5i 55

H 3 s ^ .3 1
X t— ^ ^ ^ § ^
:§

H 1 1
i ^
Ph
< ^ 1 § 1
u 'tj 4-)
fe

&
^3 ^ :§
1Q ^ ^ >§
03 m a
^
•S
xo '<o
-«^
S
^s «
Si
^ 55
o
4->
o
•+->
o
-t->
o
+J
•^ C/) s ?$ •^ >«o S: xo

:! •1
-^
'^
§i ^ ^ .s
•^4
IS
-^
S
^ §Q ^
•«* 55

g < 1 "^ ^ § •2?

< ^ ^
^s
kS^j

^ PM 55 S
5S
^^
;s
*^ § ^ Q Q

^ ^3 •1
^ .2

^
a1 1 ^1 '?3
k
•3

Vocabulav'

I
1 s
u
t—
H
in H INFINITIVE

1 I
 33

46. Exercises.

X:^\\ -TA-ffi, IH M -?^. S -I4i-ffl,

s^TIT ^? -^T -<V II -^11 H< ^^. Igy ^I ^T.

^-
-E^T
^^ ^M
E-^II,
^
t:s^.

-I<I^ t^IIT
-Jffi ^!- -s^.

j^ITI jrEl -I<I, 1:^11

^I "^I
^T t^. -Ill

tEl,
:fIII
^M^
EI. -^I

«^!^{

t^Ill "^11
^
;:EI, <IEJ t^III -^11 tEl, -^ ^^K t^III <T- tiil,

<M ^T -^H <I- ^T. :^III -a t^III

^I ^I.

^I ^IT ^EI. j^III -& t^TII ^I "^11 HI.

-I<I^ j^III ^I -^11 irEi, ^i<i^ t^yyy ^y -^yy

HI. <M ^I ^I HI S?:. Ei^ -I<I^ ^I ^I-

 34

CHAPTER XIII

§ 47- Verbs zviih an initial n.

QAL SHAFEL NIFAL IFTEAL ISHTAFAL

PRESENT iddan uSaddan innadin ittada Jt ustaddan

PRETERITE idditl uSaddin innadin ittadin 7iStaddin

PERMANSIVE nadin suddtin naddun tadin

IMPERATIVE idin suddin naddin

PARTICIPLE nddinu muiaddinii munnadinu muttadinu

INFINITIVE nadanu Suddunu riaddnnu

The remaining forms are comparatively regular.

§ 48. Vocabulary.

nadanu = to give na^dru =^ to guard

§ 40. Exercises.

^, t^TI ^I ^TT -HP. ^T }} 1} mt-^tm- C-^

m ^T t^ITT ^T ^T -Hh- ^T IH- ^t

t^TTT ^t] <Tt^ ^I, ^T <T^ '7^' ^^T <T^

T. J} ^] ^ET ^. :^Tiy -^T ^ET <T^ S^. tE
^T tET il<, ttllT -^T -ET il<> ^ -^T ^EI ^.
tyyy ^y tEy <y^ -^y, ::E -^y ::Ey <y^ -^T-
E i!<, ^^y :^, ^y -^y, tt ^1 tEy <yE^ '^.
 35

< t^ ^ <i t5 ^ *^
<3
5 4
< 1 1 §
1
hH l*s» •«*
1
•*» '%»
3
iS
1 1•^* '««» '<!«

g <« -"^
^
;^ .^ -^ ;?
t
•V.
l^4
^
.v*
««i
-a
-kJ
*«i
s
;!;«»
'H»
<2 «

>2 !^

>
><
I
P^
W
H l>5

Ph •^ -^
< ^
•^
'"^
IQ
:<:»

"^
IQ
<^.
^
ig
^ <ii <> ^.
•- ^ ^ r^-

X K^
S
K<,

S
>C^ >0)
S § § s S
u a :§ xo >v, x*,

I ^ xo '5

1
,^
5 ^ S ^§^ ^
Ktij
<:i ^, .-^
.^ xo •-
§ ^^ -S -^ r^- <^.

a ^^
r^- s»
r^
12 > Q Q Q ^ <S >^ ^
w

-I
 3 ^

36

o3 d) C
c o u
0)
;§ 1

C to -^-^ '•-^

73 -3
?
r*^
^
r<^
J2
.S
r- ^ .S^
O
5S S Si
OS ^
w. "S ^ §0
Si 5i ;2 ^ .^ >

OS
£•5 a;
^ 0)
-:? 00
4 ^•5
Itffi •ti o
. > ^ t^
t/i ^0
^ «4^
f^ en O
Vh
0) c c
a;
> ^ o 'So a;
M-l
c
o ^1 bJO
s a 5S ^ Ol d i^ ^ ^
ri 1^ ^
'Q 'Q
r^-
4 -§
£
1
15 *>
fa
!^ to
'^a
xo >^
-^
><o
I <^.
"4-1 ^ -"

-
o
s
'^ »;5i '?s g > 4J >o •—
C/3

c/} 5: fe ;; >«o '«o >«o

o % 03 T3 (D

^•3 Xi TJ
a; OS C tn H O O
> 03
» ^ ^
i I
< S o3 <D

U <3 «
Oj
<^ .1=1
s be

-^ i^ ^^
>^ >»
^ ^ 0)

>i,

C* '« '^ '<S

r^.
"^
^
'^ •«
«S
<J
Q
«:i
>«o
Q :3 03
t: bio
O C/5 > ^

X
'^ CD j^ r^
<S % O H O 03
 37

Exercises.

-^\ x:^ x^:z% ^I ^T -I< MI :^E. I^ -E! T^

lEj, t^TII :^I<J -ET -ttJ If Tf V ^-.

-^T ^ni^
<T- IdJ- ^T^ ^T tT^ :^^^. ^T MI ^\} M. Tl
^iT y-, ^ -^T T^ -m ^. n ^^< n -^11. t;
.y<y .^TI ^TTI-. ^T t^ITT -ET -a. ^^TIT^ s^TTT

A-W H< t^^. :ii^T :f ITT T^ Illl< ^S. ^I

t^TIT -^I ^^< ^^L, ^I :^ITT 4i.-ffl 41 tl, tint
-^11 I^ If -E^TI -T<T^. "^ ^T tif-I< -I<T^.
A--W ^ ^I. 4i.-IIT -T<T ^-T<I. JI tint M
t:w, JT t^III If -I<I ^-I<I. ^M lEj, ^I \}

^M -^11, -^ ^\ ^l <V ^-.

 1

38

hJ 2i
< -^ ^ "^
w ^ S ^<S 5?
^^ "« "<3
S 'S
S
< 55!«v

1— 1 1 1 1

-«^ ^

•V4 -vk
<3 •^ ^ ^
'5i
"§
1 1 1 >^ <<t >^ -^
> '-i

X
p^
W
S <
< J2;
r^
ffi
u
1
^^
•S
(—1

< I
^ <
^
1^ "^i
5^

1
^
S
S 5
.^
hJ *^ ^ '§ -^
'^ '^
^ O^ .•? r^ .=S.:'-» r«^
.iJ^.
>2
'•S 'r? -iS
»^ •««« -S.
 39

The other forms of verbs with a weak medial are easily

identified.
The verb Sa \ilu has for a middle radical the equivalent
of the Hebrew letter N\ and is called medial N,; kanu has
for a middle radical the equivalent of the letter 1, and is
called medial K^.; and tabu has for a middle radical the equi-
valent of \ and is called medial N,. There are verbs which
have for a middle radical the equivalent of the Hebrew
letters n, n, y, and of the Arabic letter c- They are called
medial Kg, Kg, K4, and K5, respectively. Examples of these
are, mdru to send, raimi to love, belu to rule, and ban to
seek. Their forms will occasion no difficulty.

§54. Vocabulary.

sa'dlu = to ask kanu = to stand

tabu = to be good ma^adu = to be many
mdtu -= to die be/u =^ to rule

§55. Exercises.

^ ^^ ^y, -^H ]} ^, t^TT! IE! :^TIT:^ ^T.

^^y, t] ^yy -< ^y^

<i^ tit tEy, Ey y^ y^ :ry,

M. - -y^ -^yy t:y} ^y<, tyyy:= -^y ]} tu

t^]] ttyyy m^ ^yyy- --y y^ ^^yy. <y^ s^ni
:rl<j, :r^ v^y iry^ M. I^ ^yi^ ^' ^ Ey y^^y.
<IEy ^y M- <Iiy "7^. <M ^y -^y -3^' <m ^]
\} x^, ^yy ;:i<y, \] c-, <m ^e ^.
 -

40

CJ

IB

a s
JZ

M ^^
^ -U u 0) .2

V.
o
Si Ph <D O
^ ^
r. c
<D ?,^ P^ o
^ a i o o
o o

^ X o
5* t>j
Si
Si

^ g

H .S &
a
5i •^
CD
o
•^ Si B
S
•^
2S
^ 3 §-0
U -(-)
ci
Hi o c
> c o .2
+->
'O o o o
. C
tn 2
T5
c 1

'a O a
^ d s at s:
s> o o Oh c
S < «2
s ^ ^ O
'S 'i
'-
"-Si ^ g
~ Q «;s

t: Oj S» 2*
o sT o
o u
O
^a
«-^
«+-(

s •

^ *^ < ^ Q)
<t)
>
;§ U c3 •TU -t-T

Si Si <i '^i tn
^ ^ be
XI
u ,c! o
<u o Si
> S
^
H H C/3

5 1
r! 0)
.t5 >
 41

s< 58, Exercises.

^\< ^-, ^ET X:X^ ^V -^T J^III^, ^ITI J^tT

^y<, ^^y v^ !^yii:r, ^tyyy --y :^_ -e,
^y ^ ^yyy^,

A4 ^^ ^-s,
Ey Ey ::Eyy, i^y ^- ::yyy:r, -^y ^.^y

iTEy, ^^\ ^, ^.^y ^y y{ ^, ^y -t^ i^yyyir, ^y^

s£!TT If -<!< --I If ^E ->^I :^, ^IIIs^ ^11 txi\

Sh, HI :^ -I<, ^I fe^III J^ti :s:^ A4f :^III

^I irEii, A>ff- EI irEii, ^y j^yyy irj^y s?:, ^i
^^ -<I<, ^, EI C-^
-^I :^!^I ^^Ey j^yyy :ryyy:r,

^xi\ ^-, Ey I^ ^-^ :ryyy:r, ^^ j^yyy v^, ^^\ ^

Sf:. ^III <^ Sf:, ^ :??= 5rE, ^HI

t^III <^ ^I If HI -^I If ^^ >^ <, ^III

ST !^E, ^
CHAPTER XVII

§59, ether irregular verbs.

I. Verbs with four radicals.

PAAL SHAFEL NIFAL IFTAAL ISHTAFAL
•PRESENT iiskalal 7isabalkat ibbalakit ustaklal iiUabalkat

PRETERITE iiskalil tisabalkit ibbalkit ustaklil tiHabalkit

PERMANSIVE sukalul subalkiit nabalkiU sutabalkut

IMPERATIVE Suka HI subalkit n aba Ikit ^utabalkit

PARTICIPLE muskalilu nnisbalkitu mubbalkitii mtiUabalkitu

INFINITIVE lukalulu subalkutu nabalkutu iutabalkutu

2. Doubly weak verbs.

Some verbs have two weak radicals. Such verbs ex-
hibit the pecularities of both classes of weak verbs to which
they belong. Thus the verb idu to know is both initial X^
and final X^.
 4^

3. Verbs in which the second and third letters are the

satne.

These are mediae geminatae, and are in the main

called
conjugated like the regular verb. In a few forms contrac-
tion of the second and third letters takes place. Thus sa-
Idlu to plunder, in the 3. m. s. perm, of the Qal has Sal
for Salil.

§ 60. Vocabulary.
sukaluhi = to swing balkatn = to tear down
zdj2 = to know Salalu = to plunder

§61. Exercises.

"^TT -ET M, ^iT -E^ii m^^m -^T.

^T ^^ <. tE ^ir \l tE !5^T <, ^y< ^yy yf ^

<y^, ^y< ^y <, ^y< <y^, ^y< <y:^ tB HI --T^
::yyy ^y, ^y ^.^y^ tyyy, jy -^v m -!< L -:^H
^ ^yy tEy, j^yyy -a ^yy <y:^, -t<i^
t^yyy -^yy
^T
^vl
^!! ^^^
m
m
^iT B
J! ^T.
t^yyy
^l
-T<^ s^TIT
^ -T<T^ t^TTT
^T "^TI

^yy, -y<y^ t^yyy ^y "^yy ^y, m ^i ^i

mm-
CHAPTER XVIII

§ 62. The verb with suffixes.

A verbal suffix may express: (i) the accusative, e.g.,

al-ha-iii-nu-ic-ti, I removed them; (2) the dative, e.g., ad-
din-iu, I gave him; or (3) a prepositional phrase, e.g., ai-
bat-su, she sits with him.
 a

43

Forms ending in Fonns ending in Forms in «, I\ Forms in «, a

Consonant with Consonant with with with
simple suffix augmented suffix simple suffix augmented suffix

Singula r3 m. i'skuniu iSkunaUil iSkunmil iSkunUniiSu

3 f- zskunSl iShinaSsf iSkuniin i$kunil7tiiSl

2 m. iskunk iskunakka iHkimUka iskunilnikkd

2 f. iskimkt iskiLuakkl Ukunukl iSkunilJtikkf
I C. Ukunnl iskunannl iikunUnl iSkunUinni
Plural 3 m. iskunSunil iSkunaSstinn UkunuSunil iikunUniiSunU
3 f. iskunsindiSkunaSHnd iikunuHnd iskunilninind
2 m. iskunkiinu iskunakhinU iskunukunU iSkuntlnikkunil
2 f. iskunkina iskmiakkina UkunUkina iSkuntlnikkind
I c. iskuitna iSkunanna iskunilna iSkuniCinnd

P'orms in i ^
torms m
• -
i
-.u
with
Fonns
.
in
,
/,
'
t
Forms in /, e with
with
augmented suffix . Y^ „. augmented suffix
simple suffix '^
smiple suiiix

Singulars m sukmsjl Suknissu ibniSu ibnami

3 f. suknlsz suknim ibnisi ibnaSSl
2 m ibnikd ibnakkd
2 f. ibnikl ibnakki
I c. Sukmril Sukniiini ibnini ibnanni
1 Plural 3 m siiknUunu SuknisSunu ibftisunfl ibnaSSuml

3 f. sukriisina suknUsina ibnisind ibnasHnd

2 m ibnikiind ibnakkunil
2 f. ibnikind ibnakkind
I c. suknlna sukinna ibnind ibnannd

|^§63. Exercises.

-W ^ ^TT -4- Es=, --I -^^ < L -T<T^ JI

^T ^^H. ^'^ -^H ^^IIT ^ L -W ^ ^T <I^'

t;4 ^ <h tllT;^ ^IT s?Sl X:X ^T >-^M -T<!^

 44

jj ^y ^Hf- ^I <!-. tU ^T -+ E?^, -T<I^ JI

^ ^, ^lT l^ >/- I. ^!TT!^ ^IT -B <h ^T

^, -I<T^ JT E?!! ^ <V -^I --I<-

CHAPTER XIX
THE NOUN
§ 64. Formation of nouns.

1. Some nouns are formed by merely adding vowels

to the root consonants, e. g., sulinu, peace, from ialamu, to
be at peace.

2. Some nouns take a feminine termination, e. g., pu-

luiptii, fear, from palahu, to fear.

3. Some nouns are formed by the addition of prefixes.

The prefix may be
(a) a vowel, e. g., ikribu, prayer, from karabu, to bless.

(b) in or n, e. g., ntalaku, way, from aldku, to go; ;/«:-

rdimi, love, from rainu, to love.

(c) .y, e. g., Surbu, great, from ;'rt:^/7, to be great.

(d) /, e. g., tamharu, fight, from ma^aru, to oppose,

4. A few nouns insert / after the first radical, e. g.,

ritpaM, wide, from rapd^u, to be wide.

5. Some nouns have special terminations, chief of which are:

(a) dnu, e. g., kurbdnu, offering, from karabu, to pay

homage to.

(b) //, e. g., mahru, former, from inaj^dru, to oppose.

(c) iltii, e. g., beliltu, lordship, from belu, lord. These are
abstract nouns.

6. Afew nouns drop the initial weak letter of the root,

e. g., ^ubtu, dwelling, from asdbu, to dwell.
 45

§ 65. Exercises. Determine the meaning of the following nouns

from the glossary. In Assyrian dictionaries words are ar-
ranged not necessarily according to the consonants or vowels
with which they happen to begin, but under their root. The
root of a word is form of the infinitive. For
given in the
convenience, all nouns in this book are arranged in the
glossary according to the consonants or vowels with which
they begin. Verbs are arranged according to their infinitives.
The student's attention is called to the fact that / often
changes place with b, t with d, k with g and $ with s.

^-, ^TT -a >^^ ^ <^v ^, ^i <i^ ^jn,

^, ^jn M J^TTI^ ^-^ E! fe -^H ^^ ^ '^\

-^T ^I<J -.^I
^
jy, :rE M
^-
-^T^ ^- ^jn ^-T<T
^^iT <, ^\\ M, ^yTi< -m^ ^\v -^H

CHAPTER XX
§ 66. Gender, number and case.

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine.

1.

A few nouns are of common gender. Nouns of feminine

gender are: (a) Most names of parts of the body; (b) Nouns
that end in tu, ti, ta with or without one of the vowels, a,

e, i, u, preceeding.
2. The plural of masculine nouns ends in e (or i), dni,

a,fiti\ the plural of feminine nouns in ati (or eti). Many

nouns have more than one form of plural, e. g., Sade and
sadanL mountains.
 46

3. The nominative case is usually marked by the end-

ing u, the genitive by i and the accusative by a. There

are many exceptions to the rule, the case endings being
often employed indiscriminately.
4. The ending u{m) of a noun sometimes has the same
force as a preposition, e, g., bltum, in the house, or v^ith a
following genitive, e. g., kirbum Babili = ina kiidb B., in
the midst of B. With suffixes the in is assimilated to the
suffix, e. g.,

katila (for katil-yd), with my hand

kaiukka, „ thy „

katu^^u, „ his „ etc.

§67. Mimation.
To nouns the particle ma or ;;/ is often appended. This
is called mimation. It does not seem to affect the meaning
or significance of the word to which it is attached.

Declension of a noun.
MASCULINE FEMININE
Early form Late form Early form Late foi-m

Sing, nom kalbum kalbu kalbatum kalbatu

gen. kalbhn kalbi kalbatirn kalbati
ace. kalbam kalba ka Ibatam kalbata
Plu. nom. kalbu kalbanu\t, kalbe kalbatum kalbdtiljl
gen. ace. kalbl kalbanf, kalbe kalbatim kalbati

Du. nom. kalbdn kalban, kalben kalbdn kalbdn, kalbdje

gen. ace. kalben kalba, kalbe kalben kalbdn, kalbdje

§69. Vocabulary.
kalbu '= dog sadn = mountain
girru = expedition ilu -= god
Suhnu = peace ^umu = name
lisanu --= speech maru = son
libbu = heart belu = lord
abu == father ajnelu ^^ man
 47

beltu '-= lad}' mdrtu -^^ daughter

dimtu ^= tears kibratit -- region

iarru = king ^nalpazu = city

kalmatu = insect

§70. Exercises.

V <y^ -M V K- S^, ^}}< -TT<T i^Tf e|H

-I<, \}Vm< -^l ^ iTvTTT -^!, E! <WT<I

^^y, <i^ EI
m ^ ^^m -u m HI
-E^I, ET }^< ->^TI,
e:tt T^

^H
^K ^H
E^IT, -<
^\\\ ^I<, ^;?S !--, ^ -E^I! :^I^ -I<, EI ^T^
^11^, EI ^^< }} ^. - ^I^ i^sr, ^ ^^iii -ig,
:^IN EI

^III.
-^I, ^11^ EI I^ -I<, m EI -U ^11} EI

CHAPTER XXI
§71. T^e construct state.

1. When a noun stands by itself it is in the absolute

state; when one noun, in the genitive, is joined to another
it is in the construct state.

2. A noun in construct state, if it is singular, nom. or

ace, generally drops the case-ending u or a. If the noun
is in the genitive, the i of the genitive does not disappear.
In some words a short vowel of the stem has already dropped
out before the case-ending and this in the construct reappears,
e. g., zikru, "mention", zi-kir $ii-mi-Su, "mention of his name".
The terminations, ani, ati, eti and uti, of plural nouns usu-
ally become an, at, et and Ut.

3. Another way of expressing the genitive relation

 48

between two nouns is by the relative pronoun sa, c. g.,

ildni ^a same.

§72. Apposition.

When two substantives are in apposition it is not essen-

tial that they should agree in number. Thus, a noun in the
singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural,
e. g., aldni bit sarni-ti, "cities, royal dwellings '. The same
applies to participles used as nouns.

§73. Construct of ilu and beltu.

MASCULINE FEMININE
Sing. nom. gen. acc i/ belit

Plu. nom. ilu bilat

gen. ace. ill bilat
Du. nom. tla bilta

gen. ace. He bilte

§ 74. Vocabulary.
tubbu = joy kiSddu = bank of a river
babu = gate apsil = ocean, abyss
^am?7 = heaven ir^itu ^=^ earth
bztu = house Salatu == to pierce

§75. Exercises.

m ^i x^ A} -mw ^ii. ET ^w tEi, <T^

EI tET, <m ti! ^w II ^\ ^H. EI }}< ^:w,
- C ^III V,
-^i ttl ttl >A\
m ^^ ^iii CI,
tE, -^ T^III
<lgf V ^I II
-+ I--,
^II<I,

->f I---
i^ ^i<, ^tii
V -f
I--
j=ii

tiiii
< m
^1^
-<v
-i<,
^
tiiiir
V tE -EI
^ <:
^iii -^i-
 40

CHAPTER XXII

§76. Nouns with suffixes.

SINGULAR PLURAL
nouns in u, nouns in atUy
/-, J, a
nouas in am ati, etu^ eti

3 m indrSu, belitsu VidruSil sarrdnihl. hitdtim

3 f. mar^d. btlitsd mdruSd sarrdniSa hitdtem
be 2 m . marka. beliikd mdrukd Sa?rdnikd hitdtekd
c
2 f. markl. belitkt maruki iarrdnikl bitdteki

I c. mart, belitiid indru a Sarrdniia hitdteid

3 m . marSmiil, be lit sunn mdrulunfi iarrdniiunti hitate^unu

3 f. marsind, belitsind mdrusind sarrdniUnd hitdtHind

2. 2 m . indvkunil, belitkunil indrukunil ^arrdnikunil hitdteknnn
2 f. mdrkind, belitkina mdrilkind ^arrdnikind hitdtekind
I c. mdrnf, belitnl mdruni sarrdnini hitdtenl

Notice: In Genitive a/ways 7nari- (instead of jnar)\\

§77. Vocabulary
hilftu = sin idti = hand, side

^^ 7^^. Exercises.

<tt ^tU S] <TIT M JI <^^ n -E^II V

-TT<T m ^> -mil tu ^- 1 ^, -m]] tu ^

^TII ^l< tt% E! E-^IT tET t?f ET <T--IT<I -^!< >

tH E"^!! T^ :^ET "^IT ^T. <I^ tn e:TI !^ --T<

 5^

CHAPTER XXIII

THE ADJECTIVE
§79. Declension of Adjectives.
Adjectives are declined in precisely the same way as
nouns, and are of two genders, masculine and feminine. The
masculine plural of adjectives is formed b}^ means of the

termination fiti, the feminine plural by the termination dti,

or eti, e. g., gamru, plu. gamrilti', dannu, plu. fem. danndti',
limnu, plu. fem. limneti.

§ 80, Comparison of Adjectives.

1. The degree of comparison is usually expressed by
an adjective with a long final vowel, e. g., saplu, lower;
malpru, former; elenu, upper. Sometimes it is expressed by
means of the preposition eli or ^ir, over, e. g., ^ir Sa abburti,
more than in the native place (lit., more over (that) of the
native place).

2. The superlative is usually expressed by means of

ina, in, among; or sa, of, e. g., rabil ina (or ^d) Hani, the
greatest of the gods.

§ 81. Vocabulary.
gamru = complete dannu ^= strong
limnii -= evil rabu = great
damku = favourable saplu = lower
maiprU = former eleml = upper

§ 82. Exercises.

^^l X:^n <T- R?: ^Vi -<V t?TT :^ X:^\

jrjirt ^I<, <r^ >^ K.|<, ^^\ ^y If ^y<, <y^ ^,

-T<. :^TT^ -^I T^ ^I. ^W -t- -TTT:^. :^TT^ ^^ ^W

 ^h tm^ tm -Eii. -^11 ^jn <, v ^jii -m^

Enu i^m \ m ^m, m^ tm -t<- e-^tt

CHAPTER XXIV
NUMERALS
§83. Cardinals.
NUMBER SIGN PRONUNCIATION
I T iSten

2 TT Una

3 TIT ialaSu

4 T arbciii

5 W hamiu
6 ^ Hnu
7 ¥ siba

8 W samanu

9 i mu
e'sru
10 <
II <T iiten-eSru

12 <TT Hna-eiru

20 « esra

30 •
<« salam

40 f irba

50 ^^ IpanSa

60 T suHsu

70 siba
T<
4*
 52

NUMBER SIGN PROXUNCIATIOX

BO T«^ %\ samand
90 I«< tisa

100 T*- me
200 yy y>^ ^ina-ine

600 y ner

1000 \y*^ Ifmu (orig. Itimi)

2000 yf \(*^ sina-llmii

3600 Hv sar

In the sexagesimal system y is the mathematical unit;

in the decimal system it is \. Thus, by the sexagesimal

S3^stem, 192 1 would be \\\yy y, and by the decimal system,

§ 84. Ordinals.

The ordinals are formed by using the cardinals with

^^, kam, following, e. g., y .A^, ma^ru, first. Second is

'
and fourth, ;v^7. The others were usually
Sajul; third, SalSit;
pronounced like the ordinals.

§85- fractions.

NUMBER SIGN PRONUNCIATION

i
1
+ vii^lu

IT TJ lunanu

* III sinipii

5
6 w parap

86. Distributives.

These are formed either by adding -su or -ami, e. g.,

siten-^u, twice, or sanianu. In earlier texts the word for

"time" is adn, e. g., ddi sina, times two ^= twice. "Both" is

expressed by killallen, e. g., killalle-iu7m, both of tliem.

 53

§87. Exercises.

V, }}< -HP T. <« ^\l ^W X:^\\ JI <«

*jra, <I- ^T <« ^jn, <V -^T T-. -T< V, V
^EI V. <T- ^T. ^T. -T< ^, .^ ET ^
<«
JI X^^
mT -^11
-^TI ::^TI
-E! JI, C^T
-^I <«
^T
^jn.
-IL
ss -^I
S^ -^T till::,

<«
m JI
::^II
JI,

<«
^I
^jn,
-II <«
^^A
m fK
JI, •^II
:^
-^I
JI
i^III^

<«
<« m tin.
--I<

V
^,
-ET
^
JI <« m }}<

ss --^I If "^11 -.^I,

EI -^I, <I- S?: ^-, <tt :::^II M. Jf
^ EI

^I 7 ^, <I- ^< L I^ <I^- <I- ^I. <JI r

-E^II -I^ I ^•

CHAPTER XXV
TIDVERBS
§ 88. Adverbs of manner.
ki-a-am, so, thus, e. g., sarru ki-a-am i-kab-bi, thus saith
the king.
ma, umma, thus, as follows, e. g., ti-e-mu ut-te-ru-m
ma-a, they brought me news as follows.

>: 89. Adverbs of time.

adil, now, e. g„ a-du-u u-mu-us-su u-sal-la, now daily

do I pray.
Other adverbs of time are: uma, now; eninnu, now
(opposed to ''formerly"); matlma, matema, whensoever, at
any time; with negative, never.

^ 90. Interrogative adverbs.

menu, mznu, mini, how? e. g., a-na-ku-ma mi-i-nu a-kab-

bi, how shall I speak?

I
 .

54

Other interrogatives are: ana meni, ammeni, ammini,

why?; adi mati, how long?

§91. Negative and prohibitive adverbs.

la, ?//, not, e. g., sa la ik-nn-sn a-na ni-ri-ia, who had
not submitted to my yoke; ul a-kul, I have not eaten.

la, in prohibitions, is followed by the present, e. g., la

tal-lak, do not go.
ai, not, particle of prohibition, is followed by the pre-
terite.

€, not, particle of prohibition, is used with the second

person singular of the preterite.

§92. Adverbs of emphasis.

Ill, verily, is placed before the third person masc. sing,
and plu., and the first person, sing, and plu. of the preterite.
It usually emphasises the verb, but not always, e. g., al-lik
and lu'U al-lik, I went. When the verb begins with the
vowel ti, lu may combine with it to form a single word,
e. g., a-Sar-Sti-nu lu-maS-Se-ru (for /?7 umaSsiru), their place
they deserted.
Ill, as a precative particle is employed with the pre-
terite and the permansive to express a wish; e. g., 3. s.

li$kun, I. s. luSkun.

I, come!, cohortative particle, is used with the first per-

son plural of the preterite.
e, I, up!, cohortative particle, is used with the second
person singular of the imperative.

§ 93- Adverbs appended enclitically

ma is appended for emphasis to pronouns, nouns, verbs

and adverbs, e. g., at-ta-ma klma ^^""SamaS, since thou art
like Sam as.
mi is appended for emphasis to verbs, especially in re-

lative clauses.

U is appended as an interrogative particle.

 55

r?5 94- The adverbial ending iS.

The ending 2$ or ^j^ is x'er}' common, e. g.. rabis, great-

ly; eliiy above; SapliS, he\ow\ j^«/;«<?jf, peacefully ; umiSainma,
daily {iS with reduplicated ma for strengthening).
The ending dnis means in many cases "like", e. g.,

abilbani^, storm-like, flood-like.

§95 Vocabulary,
kabtl, kibn = to speak timu --= understanding, news
umussn = daily salu = to pray
kanaiu ^= to submit ntru '= yoke
akdlu = to eat aldku = to go
Sip^u ^^ incantation mar^ii --= sick
te&fl = to draw near airu --^ place
inaMru =^ to leave epiSti =^ to do, make
Saimii = battle ana = to
aradu = to go down kiStu -= wood
mdrtu ^= daughter

§96. Exercises.

::IIIC
m 1} i^^
El If tl^ S?:
EI Tf
i^^
<ITT Bl
-^l
]}

t] ^]< El, <tt

^T tin-
tt
^, If ^i V tE s?:, If EI --i<. tlllt. <i^ m
I ^11 -II<I ::Elf ^^-ffi< ti:?S <IEI If t^
::£

t^ ti, t]} ^
^I ^I ^JII S^ EI If If t^l tint
^I ^ ^-I<I -^11 tlllir ^ ^tl If ^I lEI EI
<tt tE -^ If ^ 1^. 7 -EI -I<I^ -v^ I If -^I
^ ^IM tElf, <tl^ If -.s -EI -ii<i ^jn, <V <T
<IEI If If -M^ -II<I -^I, I til- tElI tif ttyyy
tEl A, tl<l IH. m tint tJ<J IH, tiu
^ ?- M HP ^ m
If

tE :?^ y- S^I V^ EI,

tif tJ.II I tl ^xffff, ::EI s^III El 01 -HF- ^I-

<ti^ -^i m tint

If til- --i< -+ ^ <ti^^ tin r-
 56

CHAPTER XXVI
PREPOSITIONS
§ 97 In Assyrian prepositions are sometimes written phonetic-
ally and sometimes ideographic ally. The following are the
prmci pal prepositions, tog etner witn tneir ideograms ana tne
forms they most commonl}^ assume when written phonetically.
'

PREPOSITION GRAPmCALLY PHONETICALO MEANING

'

ina ^ tE-^T in

ana T !^-^! to

iUu t^TIT '^W -m from

ultu ;^IIT <-v -m from

itti

eli
m
<-tH
^T^I<
^w -mw
with

on, upon

^ir tr-!^^^ ^^\\ ^ on, against

adi -II I^ <I^- up to, to, to-

gether with
gadu '
m^ ^\ up to,
gether with
to, to-

arki

balu
^I^} m
<T-TT<T
-Am
after,

without
behind

kl <IEISE Hke, as

kfma <^T <^ET like

aSsu(m), orig. ^I concerning, be-

cause of
a7ia iuni

kilrn m <!n instead of

kirib xi^y :^m in, within

^m::^ in, within

libbi ^in .

pani <T- ^ t?^ before

 57

PRE- IDEO-
POSITION GRAPHICALLY PHONETICALLY MEANING
mah^y Ej A^ before

kabal E<3s:^ ^I ^^1-^ in the midst of

kabalti eC<« ;f ^i< *^I *^^I^ •^T< ^" the midst of

birit X^ ^TTT between

put "^^ "^I opposite

§ g8. There are compound prepositions:

ina iniiUbi ^ ^^^^^if ^E ^^^J <»^^]y -^ on, concern-
ing , against
ana mukhi J ^^^^tJ Tt *"^I ^*"^tl ^ o"' concern-
ing against
,

ina biri ^^ ^"^J Jl^ ^yi<I between

afia tar^i J^ ^^\ ^^ ^^H against

ina tarsi ^ ^^ ^E] J opposite

istu tar^i
^TI *"^I *^^ ^^11 ^rom, since.

§99. There are other compound prepositions, such as: ina

eli, ana eli, upon; ina kirib, ina kirbi, in; etc.

CHAPTER XXVII
CONJUNCTIONS
v^ioo. The following is a list of the principal Assyrian con-
junctions:

?/ = and (connecting words kl \

as, when
as well as sentences) kl Sa i

via = and (connecting two akl sa = a.s

verbs; appended to the first) adi = while, so long as,

enuma till, until

inuma
inu
= when
istu

ultu
\

)
smcc

innm arki $a = after

 58

Summa = if /?/.... Itc =^ either . . or

assu sa \
= ,
because
= whether . . . or
aSsu
\
) In .... ft = either . . or
lu = whether . . , or
u > = or lu....ulu '-= either . . . or
u in J ^= whether . . . or

§IOI. Vocabulary,
bam -= to be baml rr=z to make
pitn = to open babic -— gate
aviatu = word nasaru := to keep
nakaru = foe ahfi --= hostile
mama = any sanu = other
mam = son martu = daughter

§ I02 Exercises.

<Mai, <, ET, tTl >^ ^l, tE *^ ET. ^^ ^^

EI, ^ I V, ^ M. <vm M. M <MgI

I. <.

M<. tE ^ <m -HP <:^^I ^I <Tf^ ^I.

<IEI tE V
.^y JI tmt, :i^IT -^T fcH
-]& ^- <- Tl <I* m
-HF-

^I -^ ^, t^
<MgII

EI -EI ^III <V :^III II ->^I If ^-. ^ V I II

V -^ A
-EI ti i5^^ ^jn, ^i -^H e:ii II

IK II M EI EI V -^I If M < :^^ I M <

-% ^ I.
 .

59

SYNTAX
CHAPTER XXVIII
§103. The noun.
1 Nouns are found in three states, emphatic, absolute,
and construct.
(i) The emphatic state is marked by a suffixed vowel,
e. g., sarru, king.

{2) The absolute and construct are illustrated in §§ 64

—75-
2. The accusative, as well as indicating the object, ex-
presses the direction towards which, e. g., AsSur, to Assyria;
it also expresses time, e. g., U7n 13 kan, on the thirteenth day.
3. A double accusative follows such verbs as epe^u, na-
ddnii, etc.

4. The genitive relationship is expressed by:

(i) the construct state of the first of two nouns, e. g.,

sar sarrani, king of kings,

(2) sa, e. g., ^angu ^a Bel, priest of Bel,

(3) sa and a pronominal suffix, e. g., aldnUu ia Assur^^,

the cities of Assyria.
5. Two nouns may stand in apposition, e. g., zunnu
nuhsu, fain, flood.

§ 104. The adjective.

I, The words kalfi, giniru, gimirtu, with a suffix to ex-

press "all", stand in apposition to their nouns, e. g., ntatQti

kaltsina, the lands, their totality; Hani gimraSun, all gods.

 6o

2. The word gabbu, all, follows its noun without a suffix,

e. g., matati gabbu, all lands.

3. The adjective regularly follows its noun, e. g., iarrit

dannu, the mighty king.
4. If the noun has a suffix and is qualified by an ad-

jective, the suffix comes between the noun and the adjective,
e. g., mulmulleia zaktuti, my sharp arrows.

5. When an adjective qualifies more than one noun, it

comes after the last, e. g. maldti u UurMni danmlti, the

,

mighty lands and mountains.

6. An adjective with a collective noun may be in the
singular or plural, e. g., i^^t7r Same rnuttaprisu, ormuttapH-
suti, the winged birds of heaven.

7. An adjective with a gentilic noun is put in the plural,

e. g., Maddia rUkfiti, the district Medes.

§105, Numerals.

1. The cardinal numerals, 3 — 10, are either placed be-

fore their nouns (in .genitive), or after them in apposition,

e. g., sibiiti uml, seven days; Sar kibrdtim ar bairn, king of

the four quarters.
2. Usually the noun with a number above 10 is placed
in the singular, e. g., 10 000 aritu, 10 000 shields.

3. The distributive numeral is formed by means of the

cardinal with the suffix -$u, e. g., siniSu, twice.

4. Ordinal numerals are treated as adjectives, e. g., ina

Satti Saluiti, in the third year.

§ 106. Vocabulary.

mitiku = course giri'u = expedition

sisil = horse eptstu = deed
tdbii = good asm = place
ruk?t -= distant sem?7 = to hear
tiikultu ^= help
 .

6i

§107. Exercises.

x-^ ^I I- ^T< -T<T^ t}\< -TI<T ^^M ^^

y^^- ^V ^ 1^^ -n<I. :::^T^ V e:TT T—

iryjiir ^IT^ ^}}i ^ ^^ E^li ^^

I, tllTir j^;?^
tlT^ >^. ^ ^ITT ->f K-, - -^I -<^ -<I< -HF-

I— EI- I—.

CHAPTER XXIX
§ 108. Verbal nouns.

1. The participle takes its object in the genitive, e. g.,

emid sarrdniy the subduer of kings.

2. The infinitive is used as a noun, e. g., nadan ildni,

restoration of the gods; or as a verb, e. g., suttu paSaru, to

interpret a dream.

§109. 77^^ finite verb.

1 An independent pronoun may replace a verbal suffix,

e. g., uSanna ia-a-ti, he told it to me.
2. A noun in the indirect object is introduced by ana,
e. g., ^;/^ ga-ti-ia umallii, he entrusted to me.
3. Some verbs govern two accusatives, e. g., sakil, to

give some one to drink, etc.

§ 1 10. Vocabulary.

Sepu = foot sabdtu = to set forth

kand^u ^= to prostrate nazdzu = to take up
ummdnu = troops nardru = help
ezebu = to save biltu = present
mandattu = gift
 62

§111. Exercises.

<^ K- t-t]} tT -^] -m^ ]} ^I <^ T^

<T^ t]} m IH, ^^ <^yT « -<!< T^ ^^] ^

JTA^]]} <VM t] ^IT m !£TII tE ^I <-^H

A^^^ Igf t:]]l

CHAPTER XXX
§112. The Simple Sentence.
1. Declaratory seyitences are common, e. g., ilu damku,
god is gracious.
(i) The gender and number of the predicate are de-
termined by the gender and number of the subject.
There are, however, many exceptions.
(2) The object of a transitive verb may precede or
follow it.

2. Negative declaratory sentences take the particle Id,

e. g., emuk la nzbi, a covmtless army; ?// is also used, e. g.,

nl i^emmil, they hear not.

3. Prohibitive sentences are expressed, (i) by la, e. g.,

Id tasakip, cast not down; (2) by lu Id, e. g., .y^;r?/ lu la

i-pa-lal}, let the king fear not at all; (3) by a-a, e. g., ki-
bi-ra a-a irSi, burial shall he not receive; (4) by «?, e. g., e
tassahrl, do not turn around.
4. Optative and cohortative sentences are expressed, (i) by
lit, e. g., //7 baltdtd, mayest thou be well; li-ib-lu-ut (for //7

iblut), let him live; (2) by f{e), e. g., ^'

ni-pu-nS SaSma, let

us fight with each other.

 ^3

5- Emphatic sentences are expressed by //?, c, g„ In allik,

I certainly went.
6. Interrogative sentences are expressed by an enclitic
?7, e, g., i-zir-tU'fi ina libbi iatrat, is a curse written thereon?
The negative is ul, e. g., w/ a-na-kn-U, am I not?
7. Relative clauses are usually introduced by i^, the verb
ending in a vowel, e. g., if^ itbalu, who had carried off.

Sometimes the ia is omitted, e. g., bltu epuSu, the house

which I built.
8. Conjunctional relative clauses are introduced by a
conjunction (or preposition), the verb ending in a vowel,
e. g., ultu emedu indtasu, after I had subdued his land.
9. Conditional clauses are usually introduced by the
particle summa, e. g., summa aSSata mussu izlrma, if a wife
takes a dislike towards her husband. But the particle may
be omitted, e. g., sarru ana dfni la Jgul, should the king
not obey the laws.

^113. The Compound Sentence.

1. Copulative sentences are placed side by side
often
without any connecting particle. But when they are joined
by a copula, the particle is u in nominal sentences, and ma
in verbal sentences, e. g,, sunu liktuma anaku luniid, let
them perish, but let me increase.
2. Circumstantial clauses are expressed by the present,
the principal verb having an enclitic ma, e. g., innabitma
ibakam ziknahi, he fled, tearing his beard.

^114. Vocabulary.
baldiu ^^ to live Sakclnu ^= to set
^apdru = to send magdru = tobe favourable
makdtu = to fall, to overthrow iUaritum = a goddess
pa^dru = to annul tal^u = to approach
kibttu = command maM = to forget
amilu = man ardu = slave
agdru = to hire mdtu = to die
epistu = deed sfru ^= flesh (heart)
 64

§115. Exercises.

-mw fcn m ^i ^i v i^ii. m "^ tvf,

1 m ^^ \} Ei -T< M < ET -^ m ^\w

-ir<.

^T
-T<I^
<^TT
jy
-tH
:;?I, V
^11
i::^!!
^\\\^

I^I ^.
m^
1:^11
m -eet,

:£!TT -TT<T
V
;^Ig <^T^ T m :^III- M ^IIT^ tI<J IH. -ET
-IT<I yn, T^ EI Ml< -ET tU ^^ ^U II II

^I ^l<l irlll^ ^. <^ tllll -^H

ty^ ^ll<i IH.
<tl^ A4f H^ <K -^ <^ T II ^I tE^w II
-eEI ^jn, t^ EI II ^I- ^ti. <Kii<i ^11 t.^

^t IH EI A4f -eEI ^i, ti^ ^11 HI ^11

-^I JI II ^I <I- ^ -HP ^I <MgI -f
<:z:^l ^11 -^i.

CHAPTER XXXI
§116. Modi I Analysis.

TEXT
til -^11 ^^ K- e:?S <IEI ^ II S^ T
<IEI :rll| V-^ a tlllir ^ <^ ^I tEl --^I
^ < II II ^i ^11 II <iEi IH -.^i II ^i <vm
til <iEi ^V ^ <:^ :zi^II ^E^ii -tH f:^^l
x^\ I till til ^jn <iii EI tint I- <iEi tin
-tii I- ^fli ^i- -tii V tEi -.^i ^ tint n
-i<i^ ^i -^i <tt ^-iii< V -H^
fc^i EI n ^
<iEi tint ^tiiii ^jn ti<i -EI IK ^HF- M M
- <^ tin ^"^ t^w IH mEI tnit ^
 6f,

-HF- -^T I^ -<T< ^III ti tt C-.- ^SK EI t] }}

m A--m -^H !^iiii -<i< s <i- ^TT ^t]}

-]]]t Sf- -E^II -HP A < -+ <\V --T ^t ^T
^EI <© ^n ^1} ^ <m ^t]} JTEII E^II I^ ^I
W -^A<->^ <TTT
^y ISK Jlyy < T^
^yyy^

I^ ^I V ^ <^ < V IEI< ^11 ^I ^I <« ^

e:ii A^ E^II ^.
TRANSLITERATION
e-/i sarrani (^'"'^^^iki-pa-a-iti sa ki-rib ^atuMu-^itr u-pa-
ki-du abu ba-nu-u-a a-na da-a-ki ka-ba-a-te ii e-ki-mu
matuMu-^ur il'li-ka ^Ir-ii^-hi-un e-ru-uni-ma u-Hb ki~rib
ahiMe-im-pi alu sa abu ba-mi-u-a ik-Sii-du-ma a-na mi-^ir
matte iluAsurki ji-tir-ru al-la-ku J^a-an-tic ina ki-rib Nina^i
il-lik-ain-ma u-ia-an-na-a ia-a-ti eli ip-se-e-ti an-na-a-ti
lib-bi i-gU'Ug-ma i^-^a-ru-uh ka-bit-ti ds-si kdtall-ia u-sai-ii
'^^^Asur u il^^Istar Assur-i-iii ad-ki-e e-mu-ki-ia si-ra-a-te Ha
^^»Asur u ili^htar u-mal-lu-u katu^^-u-a a-na "^^ttiMtt-stir 21

mattiKu-ti-si u§-te-e$-se-ra hdr-ra-mi.

TRANSLATION
Against the kings (and) governors, whom in Egypt, the
father who begat me had installed, to slay, to plunder and
to seize Egypt he marched. Against them he went in and
settled himself in Memphis, a city which the father who
begat me had conquered, and to the border of Assyria had
annexed. A swift Nineveh came, and in-
messenger into
formed me concerning these matters. My heart was wroth
and stirred was my spirit. I raised my hands; I prayed
unto Asur and Istar of Assyria; I summoned my supreme
forces, which Asur and Istar had filled in my hands, (and)
to Egypt and Ethiopia I directed the way.
5
66

ANALYSIS
eli preposition, against, on, upon, concerning.
Sarrani noun, plu. masc. of sarrii, king, gov. by eli.

ainelu determinative for male persons.

kipani noun, plu. masc. of kipu, governor, gov. by eli.

$a rel. pron. referring to sarrani and kipani.

kirib preposition, in, within.

mdtu determinative for countries.

Musur Egypt.
upakidu third masc. sing. Pret. Paal, variant of iipakkid,
from the verb pakddii, to entrust, II, to install.

abii father.

bantla participle Qal, from the verb banfi, to create, to beget,

with first per. sing, suff., my begetter.

ana preposition, to.

daki infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb ddkii, to slay.

habate infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb Ijabdlii,

to plunder.

n conjunction.
eklmii (for eketnu) infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb
eke inn, to seize.

illika third masc. sing, Pret. Qal, with overhanging a (see

p. 68) from the verb aldku, to go, to march. The sub-
ject of the verb is really abji.

sTriiUun preposition sir, on, upon, against, phonetic us, pron.

suffix ^un, them, for ana ^iri-sun, see § 66, 4.

erilmma variant for eri'ib + ma. Third masc. sing. Pret. Qal,
from the verb erebu, to go; with the conjunction via.

The subject is abn.

nSib third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb asdbu, to

dwell, to settle. The subject is abn.

 67

alu is determinative for cities. The next alu is an ideo-

gram, meaning city,

iksuduma third masc. sing, Pret. Qal from the verb kaMdu,
to conquer. The subject is abu. ma is a conjunction.

mi^ir construct of the noun inisni, border. It is dependent

upon the foUov^ing noun matii.

iit^A^ur is the Assyrian name of Assyria, meaning, with matu,

the "land of the god Asur".
ki is a determinative suffixed to names of places,

uifrru third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb tarn, to
turn, IIj to annex.
allakii noun in the absolute, messenger.

l^antu adjective following its noun, swift, originally kamtii.

*

ina kirib compound preposition, into.

iliikamma, see above; the first rn is a phonetic complement.

tisanna third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb Mnu, to
repeat, IIj to inform.

iati accusative of the pers. pron. first pers. sing.

ipseti plu. of the noun ipiUti, matter, thing,

annati fem. plu. of the dem. pron. anml, this.

libbi noun from libbii, heart, with pron. suff. of first pers.

sing.

igugrna third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb agagu,
to be angr3^
i^saruh third masc. sing. Pret. Nifal from the verb ^arahu,
to cry aloud, IVj to be stirred.

kabitti noun sing, with first pers. pron. suffix, from the noun
kabittu, spirit.

asH first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb 7iasri, to left up.

kataii-ia noun dual with first pers. pron. suffix; from the
noun katu, hand.
US alii first sing. Pret. Paal from the verb salu, IIj to pray to.
5=^
 .

68

ASsurftu, the ending zUc indicates a gentilic noun,

ad^e first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb dik?7, to summon.
emukia noun pKi. from emilku, might, with first pers. pron.
suffix.

pirate adjective plu. , following its noun, from ^tru , high,

supreme.
umallti third masc. plu. Pret. Paal from the verb main,
to fill.

7iUeUera first sing. Pret. Ishtafal from the verb eseru, Illg
to direct (the way). The a is an example of the
final

way in which all forms of the verb which end in a

consonant may take one of the three short vowels a,

i, or u as an overhanging letter; [but originally the

forms ending in a dire the modus of continuation (-a
from -an, ct)mp. illikam-ma for illikan-md). F. H.]
katua "in my hand", see § 66, 4; for ana katla.
Jjarramt noun, direct object of the preceeding verb, mean-
ing way.

This text is taken from Asurbanipal's Rassam-Cylinder,

I, 57 — 68; repeated in p. 7 i f
 69

CHRESTOMATHY

TITLES AND DEEDS OF HflMMURHBI

•^11 HI -^IT -^I M) '"'

If ^I <h S?? -*f ^T
19)
<KM -+ a^T SIT -^!
'"'
^T m
(11)
^iB
^h -!I<T
'"

'-'
m<m ^i t^}

ET 4s -^I A4f
-m <m
T^
'"

'-^'
^m
E-^TT :::
^j}

^4f '" -iT<i <T- Ml '•''

m <hm <^v^ -m]i

MJ '^°'
B ^I :^l
II -!fTf
'"'
1} ^I ^I 1^1 -M
<igf
•"'
m A^m -iM J} ^ ET
'^''
^m ^i
<^y^ <tt 4i4f ''^'
m <]-m <III <- ->J^TI
'"'

'^"
}h'i=^ ^ E-^II ;^ ""
-.^l ^ ET -<-^
ti:?S ^11 HI ^11 -^I ^I '^''
If ^T <I-
Ss --f ^I
'^''
<hm -+ <;::^I t?IT --T
""'
1}

1 1^1
'^"
^i t^} -}m <m '''
<hm ^^} -h^
70

'^''
T^ ^T ^TI -^TT 1} -^^•V "' m <hm -^ <h
IdJ
'^"
}}< i^ ^ E-^IT :^ ''''
<tt WTA Sff

-f ^T
''''
-^T E-^II t;^ -f <:=J^T
'«'
T? -^T :^
''"'
-^! '"
^IT ::^TT ^T <IIT ^EIT TI -iT"^
'-' '"'
tg:?s tiss tiSS -^TI -EI fcU S? <T-M
u.
y^ ^y .4^ ^y ^ j^ ;:Ey^
«.
^^yy ^^^ :^yy
*'"
M-!^ 'i?- ^I
^I <!II (Br.Mus., No. 122 15 and
comp. L. W, King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Ham-
murabi, III, p. 177 — 179; line 42 is to be transcribed iarrii
in Sar-rl "a king for the kings", var. iarrn in iarrl-iti).

II

THE SIEGE OF DAMASCUS AND THE TRIBUTE

OF JEHU
- <m I— B
^T^

-^T -ITA EH<

^^^ I
-^v
W }}

^^A
A-+
\} I—
-tw
-4-
<i^

I ^il
W iif

t^TIT
^I^
}\

U
-\v
I T^

ET

T^ V 4f ^ ^jn ^T -^TI V ^Tf V ^- ^T V

^TT^ ^I -^T W ^T :^TT]^ -s^ --I< I C^IT -T^-W
^T ^T< I t^ ^vv A ::T <I^ <T- I ^
-!4i-fF <^ <r- ^^ T— -<T< XA m I - ^T

M T-- tlTI:^ ^^I!!:^ :^!TT I <T- T T- «I ^! B

T-- I V f- T< ^ITII - Igy I ^T -<T< ^\ EI

^ I ^W <^I I T{ -^I ^I -^11 ^^ ^Y^ I

 7«

I t]} ^m]J t:""^} I <T-TT<I ^^T <W- - -tTT

<T^ ^ mil --JJ « -I< I ^1} ^-ffl I tT fcEH

y_ I ^0 <2<i If <T£^ V t|^ V }}< tmt E-^TT

.^y^ y^ ^yy ^ -^^T T— <I^ ^^ C- -ET

.^TT '^ Tl ^T -El ET s.: ^ IgJ -ET T^ <T^

-^IT^ ^T <y^ T^ IH ?^ <^TT « --I< I^ - ^^TIT

t^^t^J^^Jhlt] ET t?n -E^T TV a
E-^IT i^ i^ V tElT ::^T -^T IHf T T :^ET^ s^TIT^

!^ t^ -I<T <!IT -TM

-E t^ ^^ (B. M., Nos. n4<z
and 114/;, Salm. Ill; see also Del., Ass. Les., 5. ed., p. 60).

Ill

flSURBANIPflL'S FIRST EGYPTIAN CflMPHIGN

::E ^T -^II -TM t:!^ El^< -T!<T ^t]} ]} ^T
V "pIIT :r^ < V !- tTIT< ^^< M < ^H IH T
^ ::Szi ^]]]c « V ^ <^ < V lEj iryyyir ^yy

^11 T -^A ^ - « V -^A <IEJ tET -.^T

^ < l,^ <^ <^ ^yy igy ^ ET

T
i^E -< Mv
.>^n <T-M JI < T -c ;:^-H ^11 ^I -+
-fx^--+ <W < -HP T— EI- I— -II
T---

ttj} A4 <T- E! ^T t^TIT a I^ -^T -Tl -tf^

E"^!! « -E I cy^ -E^yy ^e:^ y-- e:?s <IEy

12

m !^T -t] ^<]]]] ^i t^iT T{ <m }}< -^!

<m i^TIf -^TT T- A4f ^I- --]] V tET t^ < Tl

;:yiT;r ^t^f ^jn tl<j -ET M }h -^m^m

ti]]} ^':^ m :^^TI IH :^ E! ^ITf:^ V -+
^1 T{ tt]] ]} ^I< <-tH Hf ^ -If -T< -HP

A-W -^H ^TTTT -I< ^ <V JItt ^ETI t:W

^ -E^IT -+A < -f <7? -^ :^E ^I tt] <m
^]} t'^ t]} ^ m m} tt]] t-^]] ]} ^i V
^fA < -^ <W Sf:I < JTtt < Tf
i^ITI:^ M !]!

^] ^ >^ it^ix^m < ^]] ^! ^I <« ^

E-^IT A^ E-^TT ^ - y- -T< -T<T^ t}V -II<T

jTETI « ]] -^ TT tE:??^ I-- V II A ^I -^"V

^ISil ^I -OV < -^I -.^I -^11 -s^I T—

^11 CT ^ S?: tEl} t^III tll^ fc^III I ^ -tH
tllll ^I - -^11 -II<I t-t]} t^]] JI <::^I EI

tlll^ ^I ^ <!- t^:z\ <HI tElf i^:?S I— V

]} ^I ^ II <It^ ^]} >^ m\>^^] "^IIT I—

J ^ ^ ^y .^^ < ^I -^I -^11 ^I -I<
^lAif tEii iH -i<i * ^11 ^ j^iii!^ V ^:sl
:^!III .>^II ^ -I< If ^I ^I E^^II ^jn < -I<
Vi< \<

^m ^ <::^ -tty T— t?f- ^TT D^ R?:

mWA
<

tB]} C^TT <MT<T <Ttfc i^Tt^ ET ::I<J

IH T^ <y!^ -^11 ^^TI^ -^ ^ -I< T -^ t^:zi

t]]]z fcE;^-^ V -^ a < V iEi< >^Ti <M m
--II I- 4i.4f ^I- N ^JII El^ -II<I ::eI^ j^II I-

t]} ET I^ -^I :^I{ B}}< E<2<<J tl lEI I-- <T-M

-J2E3 - -^11 -II<I -EU -^H I^ e:?s ^I
-1 I—- -ISE^ I - -I< -'^A -f -II -4- M
^ .^ y_
Ej. y.._ ^11 y__ ^ty^ y^ .^gyy

^ ^y <y. <y. ^^ 4i.in I -^ C^^^ < - <U

:II^ -t]J y ^4f ^I- ::^II EI I^ t:^^ ^I ^N
^1 A]} I -M-^ -II<I -II<I ->yA < -f <W -I

^I<I ^^- I EI t<^lJ ^E^II -::H -^11 -I<T IH

K <;^II I- tE:?|i < -i< ^EI^ -I<I^ -^I ^ I ET

^i ^^i --f <iEi -tj] h A^- ^h m^ f -^

EI ^I M -^11
I^ ^<P -11^ -^>^ I t^SS ^I
I^ ^I <IEI
::IIII :riy^ ^^yy ^ ^i^jp- ^tH JJ II
^y tz^ ^ ^1 ^yf -ty^ -yyy- ^ -yy^ -yyy- ^ y.
tt ^j ^iii tij ^m -iii^ 8^^ -^11 1-

^4.y- ^y^ < ^tii 4s ynn ti:^ M^ -II<I

^;?S -^11 :^Eii A--f- ^- 1 -^I- V -+ -I<I ^:in

74

ti;^ ^tir ^! tt] -y<T t]j]t ji^-^m m

I t^- m B}h -<!< t^SS -5=11 }} A-HF- "5^

y tyyy:r ^j^^^ ^:^ -t]] ^y ^r^y -y<y tyyyir

y A^ -^yy -m t]} i s^;?^ -:=yy ^} ^ ^\\\^

^y< y t^^ tyyy;: y{ y^ Ey ^^ ^tyy <> ^is?^

<yt^ <y^ y .^yy -^yy ^'^ j:^-^ ^^ -tyy ^^^

<y. ^jn y t: ^y ^-yyy ^y< ti^ -^yy ^- '>^

^^ I ^^ t.^^ i^y ^y ->f s?: A-+ ^y-

fci;5s -tyy A-yyy :«= y hi -<y< a^ <y^ ^w
I ti:^ -tyy ^y^ ^^< ^t\ -y< -y<y ^jn t^w} ^v
m y ^y A--yyy -y< -y<y ^jn ^f -^yy ^
^^ ^tyy ^y- :^irii <y:t A->f y^ y
*^- v s^
:??: idy ti:?s --yy ^ 4i-yyy ^ -y< y t^yy }\<

\} ^^ ^jryy <y- t^tw \}<^\\ -^y y- ^^ ^y

ti^ ^tyy 44. ^ :?f: y ;:^yy ^y- ey y^ W\

^^ -^yy j^yyy yn^ s^ -^ -y< y-
y ^y -+
41 ty^ fcgSff -^yy t??= ^-f ti^ y— -+

?^ ^y< t-^ A<\^ y— E^ <^ t^ y^ ^

^yy mm v -^ <::^ tyyy:r i^ <lEy t5<y ir^y

^^ ^
-^y 9^ V < y^
-ty E^ ^f -.y< ^y y

^^^\ ^v m
< j^yyy i ^\}} x-\\y + ^^ W
 73

^m -T< I ^J}} - f ^T tE I m ttj tTTT .^!T

^ ^r< V -^ <;::: v m < ^^11 V J^ET ^ < ]}

-I<T<^ ^I ir^T I^ -^I <« M -<V s?w ^ -II

-fflf T— tH -miJ W ^1 h ^^ tiJJJ^

^y ^y< .y<y t^ ^y< ^y A-^f <Tt^ i!!^ -El

-y< -^H -Till -T< 1"^ T— Vr -m E-^TI Tif

-^y <m <m t^i^} ^ ^-^ t ^ -t^

-.y< Ey -EI ttj m 1:^1 - Tf <T£^ -Ell A-Iff

m -III- -El 1^1 C-^ m EI -K -H^ I EI-
y.._ ^^^ ::j^ <^. ^.y,y ^^yy ^ ^y, ^^ j

EI ^III -^I I ^ -^I< -I<I^ ^- ^I ^ <I-IH ^I

^yy ^ ^y< ^ ^^yy y^ ^y< ^y ^^ ^^^ ty

<-t IH -EI lEy ::^^ ^^ .£^yy ^ ^^yy «

I ^m <iii EI I ^ ^^H <ti^ ^i <m tiif V
^ a -E ^I I^III < EI ::EI -^I ^]} W
-^I ^h tt -^ t]} -^11 I -. tr:^ tm^
« V ^ ^yy tyyy^r y^ ^y ^^ ;:^^ y| <yc^ ::y| <

^ -E^yy y- ^yyy^ ei A-^f ^n ^jn e:?s c-

:::; -H I -Ilf <III EI -^11 c^^>^<-a -ii<i

^:^ ^ ^] w mil El s^ s^s?^ t^} -V.U

E -II 11 lf< I—- V It^ 4». -11 -^I Vi ^ --II
^^-M EI ]} II tH -^I <l- -
- -II<I t^rs? ^
76

W^ <Iiy EI - <^^ ]} ^I -^1

AVr V k4- ^
<^ i:]} ^^ ^11 -T< ::t]} W
^ -^I ^TII -!!<T
I ^ :^] ^Ti^ --TI ;:^TI ^r ^
a--^ < u v

yr
.^y .^ ^y y^ *^y ::^yy >^ < b:^ ^^ ti t]}

I iryil y^ <y^ y^ e-^TT I^ -I< I ^ :^T -- < <^I

ET :^T^ ^ ^JII tU ^JU ^ E-^IT y^ </y I t]}}

ti;^ y---- -f ^ -^y ::y ^ < <::^y ei - iz:

-!H -T< -+^ c^TI -T -T< -++ t:]]jt ^y y^

-T<T JItt < <^!T El -^^ « -f T-— -T<T^

-^

^ -I< El T 4i.-IfI dEI ^

JI ^^-M .^IT
y^ <y^ t]} ^f

tTI^ iryyyt
I — —T <^
^^y ^-^f' tt El
EV r

^I{ ^-
jJtt
<

^-T<T
I

.^11 ^ -i< t^] m t^^^i <]^m m r—

^tyy ^ yf y^ ^:ryy
^-y^
^:^ <y^ <y^.: .^yy ^^1!

A-Hf- "7^ <MEII -^11 ^T -r< -^IT !— ET

-ET ^I ^r< I -^ •^TI^ "t?^ -T<^ ^- ^T <Mfcr

^T i:^ < EI- ^ ^I lEJ K-- tlll:r irlH^ MI
^m ^]} ^I N I- <^^ -EI :^!f -Ilt^ *^^- - ^III

;:^ e;^ I--^ I -. :rE - -I -Ilk^ MM —

<I- <I- .^11 I [^ V ::^II -]I<I -III- m
-E^II ^^- feE^ -^11 « I—- -^ -7^ -<!< V
<I-ItI -eEI ::^it ^^i :^ a-+ < U ^I ^^1 AI^
A
V -f <lEy .^y.^ ULEI v^-m _^ii ^- If ^i
 1

^^el m Vi <\^- -tElI -IM tt]} tmz :r^tT

A^ !— <?^ -TT4i ^m- <r <m ^ m vi

^Vr I —HI -^ + I- ^ T A--m -^11

..^t^ EI ::eI il< UI a I :i^I^ V E-^TI

V-- t^J^^ Itth-^ K-^ 1} ^I ^jn !:;il

-II -I< 1 1^ <3<i ..^11 1:^ M -^I -=^11=^ I™

tEl^ ESS -]<V^ I— U -^I ::III -IM I ^I
-I< I SeE^H :^EI ^ < II - -XII ?«
EV II

II II II -^I m:^ < -I< HI tin !:^I Cii^l If

-^T + .^I XE I tlll:^ ^^t:|||| I <MiII I -^

^ -^^^ -^ ^ t^l]} ^I -XII ll< XEI ||<
^II<I ^^I tt] irlll<^> <Hf ^^I XH -^11
V XEI ^ XEII XIII^ T ^Xllll EI XI} ^- ^-I<I

.^11 ^ ^ t-^:^i XIIIX If eEH tE;SS XX][ -E^I

E-^II ^JII -< XI lEJ .f A ^11 :rEn XI -I<I tCt
I EI :r<^II IH -I<I^ -^ <I- I ::^^l ^ I IH
t_-ll EI ^: XII x&; I W --^I M < xlllx l^
^
78

^} A]} -ETi ^E I-- \^ -4- Am UJi <i^

I ^Tll T— W ]} -mi ^ ^Vr -^IT Ss EI -I

-^T t^IIT ^ ^-I<I }} I ^m E^ II MI }}<

-*f M II ^T <E<! m(VR

ttt]] IH !=A EI
^y<Iv- ^^] ]} tEll II -^I< ,:52-2:27).

IV
ACCESSION PRHYER OF NEBUCHHDREZZflR II

TO MflRDUK
<t^ -EI >/- m -II <- ^i II --I <h EI

II^I tl^ W^ t^III E'^II t;^ -^ EI :£III

^I :^ t^- <ym -11^^ <m s?^ JI -^11 -II

-£^II -^H t?II II -if- -^I Si^I ^I <« ^

^ JI <III JI IK E-^II ^I tt ^H ^I s^III
t^ t]]] -^11 T^ ^I lEJ tin y- <MEII EI -M
E-^ii -thi t^ ^ -i< m^ -i<-^H ^Ei t^iii
t^IIT -^I ^I -^ ^ EI E^H ^an r^K <IEI
i^Ti -^11 tEi ^ <i- t^iii m^-*^^ <m
EI ^i <iii m -tM -< M ^11 -^i 14^1 ^i
Idl n: ^jn -IIA <-t ss »Ey :ry^,^ ^< :eii ^r

--H *^-III< -<I< M -IM A-^ A4f t^ EI

 79

•^11 ]} tt ^T ^Iir tEl? JI IH A-< ET ^TT

m ^^T IdJ ^I- <« (I R 53. Col. I 55-n ,).

V
FROM ISTAR'S DESCENT INTO HADES
Tt -^! V ^ M}A Vl ^ -T -TM [<-• 3 signs]

2 Signs] '^'
-yy -y^-ffl Ey :r^ ^ ^^yi
<« tyyyt

^^yy ::y^^ [^ c. . signs]

<^'
y^ ^y iryyyy ^]^ <y^
:ry^ jy ^ -f s?? tyy^ ^ey
'='
y^ -^y tyyyy -^yy
-!^ -IM ^- 1 -Ey y{ t-^ tyyyt '^'
y^ ^y a^
E>^yy ^ "^yy y^ ^jn j^yyy v ^Ey t^yyy yi y}

.yy^ '^'
y^ ^y tyyyy ^yy t]} -yy<y ^^ i ^^yy
<yyy ^ i^yyy:: ^ tyyyc E-^yy '«
y? ^tj ::<yy

^y^ ^. ^^. <^.yi ^^yy ^ y^ ^yy^ jy ^ <y^

^y HH '''
>^ m^ ^^ Ey ^jn -
^jn <ty^
ty^ m -T< ^ -^T
"°'
m ^i Ey oy ty ^^
4f<Tt^^ -< t:^ ^y- *"'
<-^H ty -y<y^ < t\
T^
^^ A-ffi tiy ^^n '"'-tyvT T^
^yy^ ^^
^y ^^\ V -r^ ^yy^ yf - -^h v <Tt^ V
'-'
y^ ^y e:?s s^ ^^ -.^I Tf 1:1 W Ey :r^ig ty

E^ ^yy^
•^'
e:^ s^ ^^ T- ^T^ ^T- t^ITT T]^ -^T
^^\ .^H "='
^T- t^iTT y? -.^y ::::y --H Ey m
8o

!^ni If --T !^ ^- -EI ^ ^aii ->^i i^ ^i m

•'^'
It^ -hi ^f< <sE -ii<i -m II i^ ^jn I?

^HI A-^ '''

I^ -KI Vy< ^S "^II HI ii?-

EI ;rlll:r T — I^ -III ^I -I<I^- I— ""^III:^

'i^ I^III -El I^ <:::: -eEI -<I< -rrT^T I— --Ii^

M -^I<
'""
<--]y -^I^ m^ --I< -E EI A-+
ti<I <tt -eEI ^i< '"'
e;?s S? t^ £^ It I -E V-
:i^I EI tE t^^ ti
'-'
t] EB -::H E-^ii i{ -^i
EI^ ^I< -vf -^yy ^ «'
-E -11^^ -ir^ - t:^iii

-i< -EI j£iii -^i -^11 ^ <i-

'-'
m <^i^ IH
-^ <IEy lEU T ->f :s= 1} -^I eEH e-^ii -l<

-*f T^EI <IEI EI- avR3i).

VI
• R LftMENTATION
-.^I -f I— y-III< t^ -E^II
^I ::EI

^Ei tEi ^i tEii l'^^^'^^tB]]J^

-< <t "^J ^ ^ t]} -<I<
^I m
-^I -^I ::EI -tH -EI I

I- ^-III< *^I -<^ -II- -IIA EM ^^} ^ ^1

<III ^ -^ ::^II t^III -IM ::^I^ 7 ^I SII

I{ V ;r<:^II « EI -EI tE <I^ -I<I < I
-< ^^III
^lE ^ y^ ^^ "tf ^y -^^^^ T^ ^y -^y ^jn |

^I tt]-^11 -^^ M tiS^ ::1 V ::E -E^II

V ^11 1^ ^- -E^II ^^- V -+ 5?: i
-< T^^III
 8i

^<i< <tj^ -m ^T <nT -t]] A^m -T!<t i^y ei

<tT^ y^ ^<t ^ <^ t^IE V ET mT< I

[T- t:]}

Sff (K 4931).

VII
RN 0BSERV7\TI0N OF THE MOON

m -m ^ ^T
E! j^TiT PI ^y <m
-> -+ <« ^ j^ITI -IT- -HP -]& < -f ^jn
T{ ^i ^:^ -II irETi iH tin ^- ^11 1 ^i
^/-<I^'^II-tII^IIT--II(K7.6).

VIII

HSSYRIflN LETTERS

I.

I^ -^I ti:si -^H I ^I ^-

-II :^Ei^ -:r^i

< If -HP -C--f -4- <ir^^I If -^I i^^ -II !^Elf

IH ^jn tj^- ^T ^ A-< "^11 -:^f ^^ ^^ II
^ ^Ilf -til -II ^ --^I - -I t^H "^11 -+
--T -- I<J -E -^I ^*) ^III- -^11 lEH ^ -E
^II^(K55').
*) For this form see the Glossary s. v. mahatu.
 1

82

2.

-^^ IEII< <T:^ ^

^T « -II tETI -+ T^

-II -^ ^ -+ <W ^11 -:^TT <ml -+ <V/ "^TT

tim <M <It^ ^ -TT<T T{ ^T « -II ^tj} ]}

m « ]} ^m « iH ^jn ^- ^^ ^m t:^ M
m ^^ i^-< T—
^y ^11 .yyy y^ >^yy ^^
Tf -^T « -II i^^l} <^ <T!t

^ <I^ y^
.]t

t:t]} y ^^ ^ -+ tgE -^ yi E^yy t^ra T

«
-^ y— e:^ ^ ^H <2<i !^ -^ t^:?^ - <I-
tt]} tE ^1 *^yyf Ey y^ t^y tyyy:: y^ -v -^y <iEy

^f < Ey y^ f e;5s ^^ I— "^yy JItt I

^yy<y y^ tj}

<yy !^y^ v E-^yy y— - jyn i -^^ tt ^} -m

< s?- ^y -yT<y iiy j^yyy:^ j^ ^ ^ .y-< .< .^<

"^yy -:^yy ke^ a-< ^ .^yy Ey ]} -^y m -i^^f
<T!^ -^T I ^ Ey yf tEy tyyyt y^ m I- ^Tf -H^<
-II -w ^i! fei:^ yi t^yyy y^ -E^y E-^yyt^ y-

y^ -yy<y ih i^ ^ :^tii^ ^y y^ -+ ^ i^^yy -

^ -+ t^:^ -II :rEyi ^^y<y -^yy ;:: -Ey ^ i
^;^ -< Sf: 7 ti<j jy <igf tE ^yy y^ y- -^y
< s? Ti ^y « -II ttj} t^^^ t-Bi m
^ jy < -:ryy w ^ttt^ yn yi y^ -s:^y y--
tE 1:^1 igy ^y y -n - ^yyy :^ jy -^^ -Ey tyyyt
 83

^/ ^ ?^ t: ^T <IEJ <T< ^ "^IT ^f C-ET

-TTI "^TI -f n <m <J^ ^ -IT<T ^TT tm

^:^ -< s?: -E^TI 4i.-fyy A 4<T ^T Sf: 1

tH -i^}:^}}}} <]^ ^ t^SS -II ^t]} -EI ^

6*

a.
84

SIGN LIST*)
SYLLABIC IDEOGRAMS
SIGN VALUES
as, I'll in, dil, til ina, in; (V) ^ (<Ig[),
Assur, the land of As-
syria: it is used also
for the god Assur, also
for nadanu, to give, and
for aplu , son, heir;

fcI)-'^^T.(-T)--<T<.
kussu, throne.

2. hal '^, sometimes used as

sign for plural (e. g.

^^ ^"', sumati, lines);

^Jjppf >^, barii, seer;

T^ ]& »^ ^, Idiklat,
the Tigris.

3. '^f- niuk, milk buk.

puk
4. -^T ba »^j, kasu. to give.

5. -.^TT zu »^II, idil, to know; Itfi,

u'ise; ^^11 ^t^i, ^/5?7,

abyss.

*) The numbers are those to be found in Delitzsch.

 ;

85

SYLLABIC
SIGN VALUES IDEOGRAMS

6. ^ su, kus, kjlS maSkii, skin ; eribu, to in-

crease; ^^^S\ "^^IsT'

Ipuialpn , fpii$al}l}u , fa-

mine.

Hit, inn, rug, ink,

ruk

bal, pal palU, year of reign; na-

balkutu, to cross over;
eiul, to make void; ita-

kn, to pour out (a li-

bation), to offer (a sacri-

fice); ^upilu, to con-

quer; >-^V ^ <IS'

the city ASSnr,

:. —TIT ad, at, at, gir patru, dagger; »^*^!n ^'

akrabu , scorpion

lightning.

bul, pul (paSarji, to loosen.)

11. ^^ tar, kilt, kud, kitt, nakasu, to cut off; pa-

kut, HI, ^as, h^iz rasu, to decide; silkii,

street.

12. ^f an ////, god; ^amil, heaven;

f- ^T, anahi, lead;

^A^ >^, parzillu, iron;

^^ t^TTl ^^?7, high;

>-A^ ^S^, ^/^//7, eclipse;

^>^ ^^, ^eni, field

(orig. Gir or Sumug,

the god of the field).
 ;

86

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

13- .^ (•-HP) •^'^, ^^^/^r, the

god; ^::yy -^, ^^.

i/^;-, the city; V ^>^
«I^), A^iur, the coun-
tr}^

14- -tH ka /^/7, mouth; sinmi, tooth;

amatu, word; ^^tl
^IIIA /^/<^/7, to speak;
kibitu , command
-^H ^^ (EI), ..-

/?///;^ date; *^t-]^

^tJ, y^/^r//, battahon.

\a. -rfi^^TTT ^2////, incantation; jiad?!,

to pronounce a spell.

15. wi/ii, breath; E^ttt '"^]3T

^1^1 !, kaS^apu, sorc-

• erer; -1^ ^Xi^ ^^yy,

kassaptu, sorceress.

17- -m tahdzii
No.
,

71).
battle (comp.

18. -ti^ //j^7;/?/, tongue; (V) ^^^JfcJ

IeJ, Sumer.

19. ^m nag, nak. nak Satil, to drink.

20.
-^I2l akdlu, to eat.

21. -^TI er {ri, see p. 70) rt/^^, cit}^

23- -tM ukkin ptilpru, unkeniiu, totality,

full strength.
 f ;

87

SYLLABIC
SIGX VALUES IDEOGRAMS
4. ^>- (::y) »-::y^?Tjy, pasm-n,
. dish.

TttI
the south wind, and
comp. 185.

zikaru, male; ardit, slave;

-*f -t^T E^TI, Ura,

the plague-god; ^n~

-tty t>;=yy ty-, the
god Ura-gaL
28. ^'iZZj ^r^//, month; e. g., ^^—
^^, Kislev.

sahil, wild boar.

31. -EI la

{pin) «i.yw , foundation ; E^f^

^^ I
, ikkaru, gardener.

mah ^iru, exalted; ^>^ *^HI'

htai\

34. -m til erebu, to enter; ^gE[ *^| <| j

suinmatu, dove.

35- -E^II ^I *"£^j I,

burasu, pine-
tree.

36. >v bab, pap, kiir, ^ur nakdru , to be hostile

nakru, hostile; nakiru,
enemy; nap^ar, total;
in proper names it
means al}u brother, ,

and nasdrUy to protect.

7. >^, ^<^ /^///, ^/^/, /ml, zir zeni, seed.

 ;

88

SYLLABIC IDEOGRAMS
SIGN VALUES

37- ^ mu siiinu,name; zakdru, to

name; zikni, name; -ia,
first pers. pron.; in

proper names, nadaini,

to give; ^ (»-HF"

^-^\), satin, year; ^

^I^, musaru, inscrip-
tion.

T ka ka, a measure.

39. •I I
kad, kat, kat

40. gil, kil

41. -III kat, kad

43 , ^jn ru, Sub, Sup nadil, to cast; Sumkutu,

to conquest.

44. ^< be, bat, bat, bad, inatu, to die; inltii, pagru,
bit, mit, init, mid, corpse ; da t/i u, blood
til, ziz ^A- ^, En-lil, Ea.

na (t?f-1I) '^^T "^ Tf nam,

inscribed stone tablet.

4b. '^<^ Sir -<^ ET -ET <©,

Lagas\ ^>\- ^I >^<^,
SamaS; Slh<T H *"^>^

El>^, parutu, alabaster.

48. My<, >^]< tt laku, Ijkfi, to take; *^<y<

(»-ET), balatu, to live.

 89

SYr.LABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

49- 4- a^aridu, chief; ^^) Hp,

mas Ninib; ^>^ A^ >^,
Nergal; \} ^ ^
f^
Diktat, Tigris.
^^, Idiklat,

. -^ mi Id, ul, not; ^almu, image;

^?;/(f/ 2/;-^^', nukaribbu,

gardener; ^>7- ^
dim-mud {Ea).

52. ^]A sibtu, revenue; *^\^ ^^^>

j?w//?/, dream.

53. -TA-W kun, gun zibbatu, tail.

54. -VI -!I hu, pag, pak, bag, i^^uru, bird.

bak

55. -T<^^' -11^^ nan, nam, sim Umtu, fate; pa^dtu, pi-

hatu , district ; Elffi

^I<I'^, pahdtu, gov-

ernor; >^I<I^ *^I<T, .y/-

nuntu, swallow.

56. -!<!<-, -11^ ig, ik, ik bam, to be; (^J) >^H^»

daltu, door.

58. -MA, 7nud, milt, mui

59- ^TV rad, rat, rat

60. -11^ zi «^//j?/^, life; '^TI'^ ^TI'

/w;/«, right; ktnu, true.
 A ;

96

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

6 1. -I! ^2 (comp. 182) ^^Jji^ ^^\

kanil, reccl;
kdnu, to stand; kinn,

firm-IIx^:r^::ir,
dipdru, torch.

6.. -M -Til ;7, ia'^/, /(tz/, fa/

63. -ITTI. -TTT. nun, zil, sil rubu, noble; ^^UII I»^, ab-
kallu , wise , master

^IIII<IEJ,^r/^^.;^HF-
^\V[\^^\^'^Jgigi\
comp. too ^yyyi <yT,
tarbasu, womb, hurdle.

65. -Ill kab, kap ^umelu, left.

66. -IHI hub, l}up

67. Hh kat, kadygat, kuni, (I^J) f , kitil, cloth.

kuin, gum
68. -C'V tiin, dim

69. -IT^ mun /^to, kindness.

70. -I^ ag, ak, ak epesii, to make; <^«//?7, to

build; ^Ar "^^ and

71 tahazu , battle (compare

No. 17).

72. -II en be/u, lord; ^<//, up to;

-II -Tin (-^i). --

^artn, watch; ^JJ 'i?'!

I,
ku^^u, cold; ^n~
II --II. ^11
 Qi

SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

-^yy, Sin; -HF- "-IL

/^•/;
41 i^yyy <ig[,

^^IN Ipazajtrm, gov-

ernor.

73. -IMI dar (rare)

74- ^ i//r, 5//r

75- >WM SUj}

76. ^I
78, >4s sa

79- »5sT kar, kan ^i^/?/, field.

80. >^ tik, hk, {gu) kiSadu, neck, bank; f^^

Ey^, gi'g^llit, director;

Kiltil, Cuthah.

81. >^^^^ tiir, diir, tu7'

biltu, tribute, talent.

83. -A! dispu, honey

gur, kur tdrii, to turn; a measure.

85. -^TI St karnu, horn; ^\\ y^^^

eSeru, to be straight;

<y^, ,,,..
A4y. >pyy
nu, iltami, the North^

Wind; c^y) "^yy v

sigam, lock, cage.
 ;

92

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

86. ^^TAT far (and comp. burriimu, brightly colour-

241) ed; birnin, brightly col-
oured cloth.

87. "^TT^ iak, sak, sag, riS, riSu, head; '^||^ J^|,
ris
kakkadu, head; *^| [t^

^JlY, aSaridu , chief;

E>^ M tf^, sakfi, ruler

ty "^ITt^ ^^, sikku-

rii, bolt.

88. pTTI md M *^In» elippu, ship;

E^ "^IIT lif ina-

la^ii, sailor.

"==TTT^ dir, tir, tii\ mal

90. tab, tap, dap, tab

arbau, irbitti, four; (^^| |)

tt ^HP (<Pf), Arbd-

ilu, Arbela.

92. ^^ tak, tak, tag, ^um, lapatu, to turn, to over-

Sun throw.

93- ab, ap, eS

94. nab, nap

95- :f-+ mul kakkabu, star.

96. Vi^T
g^^ tig, uk, uk

97- az, as, a^

erU, copper.
 93

SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

oo. ^^l /^^/^//, gate; t-X^ Ej*^,

abullu, city-gate; ^tf^y

^//?/, Babylon.

lOI. tjilj, Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.

.03. <Tm dup duppu , tablet ; tabaku ,

to pour out; ^>^|il|

>^y<y^, dup-Hmti, tablet

of destiny; (EJffl)

^arru, scribe.

104. t^ITT ta istu, ultu, from; t^J JI IT

^^, determinative af-

ter numbers and meas-
ures.

105. .-:r naidu, nadu, exalted;

kuppu , askuppatu ,

threshold.

107. -; kan, gan determinative after num

bers (see 231); ^^
^pK, h^gallu, abun-
dance.

see ^^<
94

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS
:o8. tur $a}}ru, sitru, small; maru,
son; ^^ Cif^Tl (^phi,

maru, son; ^gf: V?^?

martu, bintii, daughter;

(>-y<y4^) X^, marUtu,

sonship.

109. ad, at, at abii, father.

1 10.

106. ia

1 1 1. :>m in

1 12. rab, rap

114. t^>^m Sarru, king; *"n t^Iffi'

Marduk.

IIS. sar, sar, Sir, ^ir Satdru, to write; ^j ^1^'

/^m7, plantation ;
^I^
^^ tl ' kuta^suru , to
collect, to rally.

16.

mttu, dead.

17 se, Slim nadanu, to give; ^y

^I^, sfimiL, onion.

kas, ras, ras }}arrdnu, way; ^ ,

gtrru,

campaign ; {^ 'i?'>^j

biru, space of two hours.

120. gab, gap, kab, daJj, irt2i, breast; Jr'i^ >^yT<T (!!)'
duj}, ta^, tu}p gabru, mahiru, rival.
 95
SYLLABIC
SIGN IDEOGRAMS
VALUES
121. ^^} ??ru, field; sir, against.

123- i^ am rimu, wild ox; t^ "^IJ,

pfni, elephant.

124. >::^^ $fru, flesh; oracle.

125. t^^] ne, te, de, bil, pil, iSatu, fire; eSiu, new; >^>7-

kum, kum, bi
t^] -yy^i,, Gibtl,
fire-god.

126. t:^^] bil, pil eiiu, new.

127. ::<^ zik, zik, sip

128. ^<3s:T ^<5Sy <M, Uruk, Erech.

129. t^i ku, kum
130. tx^ ^ gaz, gas, ga^, kas ddku, to slay.

132. t<^^] rain rainu, to love.

131. -<3i<I Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.

133. ^>^TI ur stlnu, loins; ^>^ JZ^yy*

isid Same, the horizon.

134. t^M iSdu, foundation.

135. ^^11 il

136. fc^T du, gup, kup, ^up, alaku, to go; nazazu, to

gub, kub, kub, stand; kanu, to stand;
kin klnu, true; ^y ^y>
italluku, to go.

138. turn, dum, {ib)

 «

96

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS
39- iineni, ass, a measure;

horse; Cl^i^ I^^-T

*~^\,parn, mule; C^lt^

'V Spf-j, gamma lu, ca-

mel.

arkil, situated behind; fu-

ture; arki, behind, after.

.4.. ^11 ^1 -ii_, kardnu, wine.

142. Ifl^T zikaru, male; suSsu, sixty.

.43. :::^TT epiru, eprii, dust.

144- >— d!\ kaS, gas, kas Sikaru , date - wine ; >^
^Iitp, kurunrnt , se-
same-wine.

45- TT Hm, rik, rik, rig rikkii, a sweet -smelling

wood ; fcy ) >^Cl^I I

^^^yy. burasu, pine-

tree.

146. t:^} kib, kip, kit, kip

tak, iak, dak ^<5;?«, stone.

148. ^ kak, kak, da z^rtw??,

make;
to build;
kalii, all.
epeSii, to

149- S?= ni, zaly sal, ^al, samnu, oil; EhPFF HFf- ^'
L li /<?/??, porter. Comp. too
^ Sf^, /-/?, my god.
 97

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS
150. ^
151- ^I mal
rapdSu, to be broad; rapSu,
broad; rupSu, breadth;
ummu, mother.
153. CS^' i^^] kisallu, platform; Samnu,
oil.

154- !!
^^^^^ ^ I
^^^SS] ,
guStlru ,

beam.

:50- IT milku, counsel.

157- Kfflf dak, dak, tak, par

.58. ^ pa, Ipat, hat ^I R-, hattu, sceptre;

^ "i^y "^yy, i^^akku,

ruler; >->^ t^, Nabii,

elat Same, the zenith.

59- t^'^'^ par^u, command.

160. :^tll ^ab, sap, sap

.6.. ^m •^HP ^I^' Niisku,

.62. :^M sib, sip (E^) ^IHI, reu, shep-

herd.

63. -! iz, is, i^, gis i^u, wood; SuteSuru, to

direct (other wise *^I I

^y^); ::y jgy, kakku,

weapon; iukultu, help;

see]^;::y^^,?/w-
tu, boundary, end, sculp-
ture; ^y ^^^, ^illu.
 ,

SYLLABIC IDEOGRAMS
SIGN VALUES
shadow ; t\ "^IT^
*^'^, sikkfiru, bolt; ^j
I
, tukumtii, tukuntu,
tukmatii , opposition

battle; >-HP ^I HP'

Gibil, fire -god; isatii,

fire.

164. t^I^ alpu, ox.

165. m al

166. t-J^ u5, up, ar kibratu, quarter of heaven.

.67. ^TT- mar V tiv -^l «M).

mat amujri, the West-

ernland; i^^f ^IT'^

^^^ I
, amurrfi, the west-

wind; see 4^Tr-

168. t]} ^ «IEJ)'

bylon.
Babilu, Ba-

169. -T^^ duk, lud, lut lut karpatu, pot, vessel.

170. tlli^ inbu, fruit.

.71. ^]}} un ni$u, people; "^ ^iTT

!» »>» , Hgreti, women
of the palace (^ J^ F. H.),

172. tm kid, kit, kid, kit,

git, sal}, sih, lil
 1;

99

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

^jn rid, rit, Hd, Sit, \

minilUi, number; (E^^)
lak, lak, mis,
^U, Sangu, priest;

^^^ ^211, kiimikku,

seal; »->f- ^ffl, i^/^r-

.74. ^m:^ ?/, Sam, San ritti, fodder;ammatu, an

ell; Sammu, plant.

.75. ^IIT^ g^ Sizbii, milk.

.76. m^m nasU, to raise.

.77. m< lalp. Hi}, luh, rij} sukkallu, minister.

.78. m kal, rib, lab, lap,

lib, lip, dan, tan.
dannu, mighty;
exceedingly ^»7^ ^Ilr ;
dannis,

lamassu, sacred colossal

bull; ^y ^llf uSU, a

precious wood; (EhPHf)

Hlf, idlu, man, lord.

1-9. JrlM ^>^ ^TT*^f ^^du, sacred

colossal bull ; KJeJ

Hl^^T' karasu, camp.

.80. tniT bit, bit, pit] e (rare) bltu, house; ^inl n '

j^«^?7 ,
priest ; ^J J 1

E ^ I , ekalhi ,
palace

^iT IT ''^^ ekurru, tem-

pie; tITII ^\X iga-

ru, wall.

8.. tm^ mr

7*
lOO

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

82. ^TI^ ^/(rare), comp. bi ^W^ {]]), tar., to

turn.

83. E^II ra

185. ^HHPF amelii, man; E^fp^ ^^ITTl

JEIJ, amelu, man.

186. t:^i SIS, Sis, StS, SIS ^^?/, brother; nasaru, to

protect >^>7-
;
^Iffl^

^J.^{ , Nannaru , Sin ;

e:?s^ :^<3<iy <!!,

6^;7, the city Ur.

87. E^< (^^<) zak, zak imnu, right; pcltu, bound-

ary; putii, front, face.

see fc^fcj

see {jf Y

188. ^
189. ^I ^'^, //, it idu, hand; ^^T •-y<I,

naSru , eagle ; p^xl

*^|<|-^, liu, strong.

190. E<^< HI

191. E<^| kablu, midst, battle.

192. ^yy da, ta t^I I *^^il, daril, ever-

lasting; ^11 'ife^, dan-

nu, mighty.

'93 •^ as
 lOl

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

194, EI ma ET £?II, matu, land; Ej

Ef*^, adannii, exceed-

ingly; Ej >"^I, maun,

maneh.

195 . EI- gal, kal rabil, great; Ej*^ ^^^ITT"^'

nsumgallu , monster-
viper; E;?SET--::H
fc^tJ, rab-ki^ir, cap-

tain; tC^ t]- >^,

an officer (chief of the

bakers); E^ El*^ tij

^tq^, rab-saki, an of-

ficer (cup-bearer?) EtfflF;

ET*" K >^I<, rab-esre-

ti, chief over ten, de-

curio; E^ Ej-^ T^
^»^||, rab-ase, chief-
astrologer.

196. EI^ bar parakku, shrine.

197. m bis, pis, kir, gir

.98. tWl mir agu, crown; tzzu, angry,

terrible.

'99 .
m (Elffi) EjII^,
commander.
nagiru,

200. EV bur, pur

see ^T (136)
102

SIGN
^viLUK :
IDEOGRAMS

201. '^, \i^ <5<f//w, lady.

202. ^L \AT* ar^u, yellow, green.

203. dud, tup

204. ^TT
-5. S] Su, kat, kat ! >^J^?/, hand; ^] *^j I,
?//^^-

nu, finger; ^'>\-

,£]
'-^\ «I^), Babylon;

>ET CLT ' napharu,

total; E:?S JI ^T
•^11^, siitsake, officer.

207 . jit //// , lib , lip,

I
E>^ >E 1^, zainmeru, male
lup, i)aU, nar musician ;
'V?' »p|^ ?

zammeriu, ndrtu, female

musician; ^[>^ |Y, -f^-

libu, fox.

-6. ^^tW? sa (rare) damdku, to be favourable;

^'/z, date-palm.

208. J^/C:-^ ^almii, image.

209. "M^W V ^"^V «IEJ), Akkad

(sometimes Urartu, Ar-
menia).

210. v gatn, kain,gur

see 20 and
202
 103

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

II. V kur, mat, mad, mdtu, land, country; $a-

iad, Sa/, sat, lat, dil, mountain; kaSadu,
nat, nad, kin to conquer; napaku, to
shine forth; iadil, the
east-wind.

212 .
'^ se ^eu, "^ (^TII^)^
grain;
magaru, to be obedient
to; ¥" ^i E^, Samai-
Saminu, sesame-seed.

213- bu, pu, sir, {Ht), ^•^ (^11), arku, long.

git, kit

2 14. t-V] uz, us, us

2X5. ^-ffi Sud, hit, sir ruku, distant.

2,6. ^-^fl< inuL sir ^iru ,

serpent ;
^*"tTT^
4i,\t^, muSrushl, red
dragon (comp. Revel.
12, 3).

-7. -^-m tzr kiStu, wood.

2.8. -i^I te temenu, foundation-stone;

tahU. teiptl, to be near;

^1 1 '
gallu, devil;

r '^h see 293.

219 kar karu, wall; eteru, to pro-

tect.

220 lis, lis

104

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

221, a sign used for marking

the division of words
(orig. for equation).

222 ^T ud, ui, lit, u, tu, ilmii, day; uimi, dragon;

ta m, bir, par, pir, samsu, sun; ^Itu, exit;
la}}, li^, ^is, (pis
pi^U, white; ^>^ ^\
Samas] ^\ >^\, asil,

to go forth; >^>^ ^J

[ ^>^| ,
^It saniH, sun-

rise; -^ ^T I Tf
ereb samsi, sun- set; T

^^-JilJ n~' siparru,

bronze; ^J ^<3<lT
^IeJ, Lars am-, ^\ Jl^f

-TUT <M, ^^z/^'^;

T^ & ^T :^^ -TTTT

(^IeJ), Purdtu, Euphra-
tes; T ^TT» urru, light.
-3. ^T' pi, /rt:/(rare),babyl. z^2^«2^, ear.

also ya, yi, wa,

wi (later ma, mi)

224. ^!TT lib libbu, heart; "^TTT """^T^

^^T^' ^^P^^ph descen-

dant;(^:ryT)^TTT-^ir.
the city Assur.

225. ^ICmT rti'tii, rutu, spittle.

 ;;

105

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS
22 6. ^? ^ab, ^ap, zab, bir, (Ehfw) T» ^abu, warrior;
pir, lah, lib
T \4^It), umma?iu,
host; ^} t^, niraru,
helper.

pir u, offspring.

227. i^ zib, zip, ^ip

i

^•A ! hi. ii. sar ki^satu, host, the world;

^ (-Ilk), tabu, good;

^^'T" ^, the god As-

sur; V -HF- A <M»
Assyria; '-^JJ i^

> J . > ) .> :

229. A»-HF- rt, 2, u, a , z , u

ab, ib, ub

231. A"^ kam, ^^w determinative after num-

bers (= '^^, comp.
107).

232. ^^ im mru, wind; i^^f *^^ITTT

^E|[. j^//^, south-wind;

tanu, iltdnu, north-wind

A4f ^W -EiT.
amurru , west - wind

east - wind ; -oi.Tr

\[»^^r I,
imbullu, evil
I06

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES TDEOdRAMS

wind; »^HF~ ^4f' the

god Adad (babyl. Ram-
man); ^^
irpitu, urpatu,
^]]]l
cloude;

-oi,^ it, naidu, na-

du, exalted.

233. J$ktiB dir, pir sapdlpn, to bring to naught.

234- A^ Ipar, ^ir, J^ur, mui\ ^^ '^IT^, $adt7,

kin mountain-range.

235- 4<^ huS, ruS ruSSu, red; izzu, angry

(and comp. 216).

237- ATI ^un ma ddn , mddu, many;

sign of phiral.

'3^- < (>^HP") ^' the god Adad

or Rammdn.

239. <--H muh eli, over, upon.

240. <^^TT ^Hh <^!l NergaL

24.. <^]A] (comp. 86) ^Hh ^*>^T^L ^^i(^r, god-
dess; htar.

242. "(^ lid^ Hi, lit, rim

243. <^M kir

244. <2s kiS, kis, kis kiSiatu, host, the world.

245. K^^ mi mU^u, night; ^almu, dark.

246. «rf gul, kul, kul, SU71

i
 I07

SYLLABIC
SIGN VALUES IDEOGRAMS

^I ^^^^4^, irSu, couch.

nim, mim\ turn (V) <::^I ET <IgI, Elam.

(rare)

turn

lam, limQ)

zur, ^ur »-Hf- ^ ^], Marduk.

(IHIX^, ?^^M offering,

^54. <^ ban, pan t^l ^^ It kastu, bow.

-'55. <^I kirn, gini, dim kima, like, as.

357. <^ j'^///, foot; (Et^) <^

^^I , ^akkanakku, sak-
kanaku, governor; \^
^"^ fc:<y y^«^, bones;
»^HP ^^» -y^^^, field;

NergaL

258. <E^ kabtu, heavy.

259. <m}A ^^V, ^^/^ marsu, sick.

260. -(!»- $i, lim fnu, eye; panu, face;

ma^rUy front; am am,
to see; \l*^ f ,
^w^-
r?^, to see; \I*^ \|^>
abiktu, defeat; »-HF" ^T*"

^y, M;///^, NergaL

 ;

io8

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

^6.. <MT<T ar

tukultu, help; ittu, sign.

264. <h^} damaku, to be favourable;

dam kit , favourable
diunku, dunku, favour;

^) ^I'^^f daimktu,
mercy, favour.

265. <ym «, and; tj <I-M JEJ,

a^uhu, a tree.

266. KKItT limnii, evil; k^) \r itj'

Ihnuttu, evil.

267. <I^, I^ di, ti ialamu, to be complete;

Sulmu, prosperity ; \ Pp
1

^*^, daianu ,
judge;

\|H- ^^tJ, sattukkii,

regular offering; \f>+^

11, sananu, to equal;

-H^ <I:^ El >^, sui.

manu, the god Sulmdn.

^68. <m <m till, til tilu, mound.

269. m ki ir^itu, earth;

///^ with;
aSru, place;

^JEJ ::yyf
damiatu, distress; \J£|

t^lll, Saplu, under

part, low; ^JEJ t^^
 «

tog

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

(or >-II) >-yy4l, Sumer;

<IB[ !§[' Subtil, dwell-
ing; ^I^y f", ^ukultu,
weight (?).

270. ^TTT sign of repetition, ditto.

271. ^ din, tin balatu, to live ; ^ i^^l^]^

\1eJ, Babilu, Babylon.

272. <yi Sik, hk, sik, zik, var. of' JJ.

pik, pik

273. <}-}}}} dun, sul, sul

274. <}} ellu, bright; <^} ^Jl^,

hurasu, gold;
kaspu, sarpu, silver.
^ ^J,

275. <y pad, pat, pat, suk, kurummatu , food ; \ y

Suk ^
*-] Vh nindabii, free-
will offering.

276. <w imnu, right; ^f-« ^j|,

2.?/«;' ,
goddess , Istar
(number fifteen).

277. man, nis Same, king; SainaS (num-

ber twenty).

278««< es, sin (^*1^) \\\, Sin (number

thirty); ^^^H^, purus-
su, decision.

278^ f ^*^*^) % ^nl^l (number

fifty).
no
SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDItOGRAMS

79. T cits, tis, tis, tis, ana, to; iUen, one; enu-
ana ma, when; determina-
tive before proper na-
mes.

280. r lal, la ^akdlu, to weigh; ^imittu,

yoke; kamu, to bind, to
catch. Comp. no. 269.

282. D kil, kil, gil,

rin , J}ab
rim,
hap,
,

kir

283. B IT ]05 ndru, river.

284. ^ ^I J^y, fiarkabtu, chariot.

285. t3^ IT T >H-^T . iddil, bitumen;

n TB2f ^T !5<T If
knpru, bitumen.

286.
m zar, sar

287. m^ u M^ M A
sheep.
If mu,

288. 117 pu, till bUru, well, spring.

289. M bul, pul

290. m zuk, ziik, suk

291. ca puUhurii, to collect; >Hl

JLhL-T, naplparu, whole,

total.

292. m]<< annanna, "so and so".

 1

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

293 • T' me, Hb, hp^ sip 1*^ is sometimes used for

r^*^ ;
r ^1, simtu,
ornament (simat worthy
of).

294- I"^^. I' mes, mis sign of the pluraL

.95. HI ib, ip

296. M ku, dnr, tuk (rare), tukultu, help; subatu, gar-

tus ment; ambu, to dwell;

IeJ I^IIE, ulinnu, a

garment; ^y JEJ, kakku,
weapon ; 7irkarinnu ,

box-tree; ^J JEJ "^^^

mittu, club(?).

17. m lu, dib, tibj tib ^abdtu,

sheep;
to take;

^Tf ^>^,
senu,

im-
meru, lamb, sheep.

299. MI ki, kin, kin Sipru, letter; mu uru, to

send, to rule.

300. MIE sik Hpdiu, wool; sdrtu, hair.

301. mw-w ^T I^II^TTT' ^rinu, ce-

dar.

302 • I Su kissatu, host, the world;

•^HF" L Marduk.
303- 1'^'^ $iptu, incantation.

i^ dij ti Salamu, to be complete,

etc.; see \I^^, no. 267

1^:.^^- see ::^I^.

112

SYLLABIC IDEOGRAMS
SIGN
VALUES
304. I^ sardpu, to burn.

305. lEinH ^1 l^ill^S' '^i^i'u, yoke.

306. vmi ^idiltu, joy.

307- ^ i

sal, sal, rag, rak, siimis , sinnistu , female,

miuj mini wife; V"
'

>\-, nukurtu,

hostility; ^ ^T*^-^^'

see<KK-<T-IH.
iimuttu, evil; "^ E[,
mimma , anything.
Comp. too 171.

308. ^^ su, rik

309. ^t] nin ^^//2/, lady; »-Hh I^ET

^I^ -EV, Allatti, a

goddess ; >^^ l^El

tjyy, M«-/?7 (wife of
En-lil).

310. ^^T dam, tarn a^Satu, wife.

311. ^^ gu ^I "i?"^ YY, kiissil, throne;

^^ V{ I*"' guzaln,
shepherd (?), messenger;
^>{- ^^ »-El, Bau.

313. 1^ naggaru, nangaru, a work-

man (smith?).

312. ^v amat (only in Ti- amtu, maid.

am at)
 113

SIGN SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

3.4. t-Itl mkf Ilik

3.5. ^m el

3.6. T^t luvi, Ifuin-, kt/s{?)

3.7. ^-4ii libittu, brick; lipittu, en-

closure.

II see 272 <II

3US. TT number two.

319- Ifc fuk, t7ik isii , to have; used in

proper names for ^iib-

sil, to create.

20. Ifc! ui% Ilk, Itk, taS, ^r I

*^^j[j[, 7ie$u, lion;
tas, das, das, tis,

tiz, tis
IH HP E -IL barba-

ru, wolf; IH "^IT^'

kardii, karradu, strong;

Ijy ]^, ^^/^«, dog;

y^l ^, Hdimmu^),
raging hound (name of
a star).

3-'. TK« Sumelu, left (number hund-

red fifty).

323. ]} mil, water; aplu, son;

mdru, son; if ^n~'

zananu, to rain; |T^n~»

t^III Tl -+, deter-

minatives after numbers

and measures; jy ^t|

 114

SYLLABIC
SIGN
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

^^I , tiamatu , tamiu^

tanidu, sea; [y ^HT'

?«f/«, flood; lY ^rsc^,

?^^^r//, land; Jf ^JJI,

^/^/?/, field; y]r ^T*^*
bakil, to weep; bikttu,

weeping; |Y 0, w^;7/,

river; J^ ]^ J^f •-JI'-,

Puratu, Euphrates; [y

]^, see ISST; 1^

I^^[::;^TTf see

asi2, seer; EJ^ J^

*"^^|-^, ndk-ine, irriga-

tor; E^ H I^H, w^r-

Hpri, messenger.

at ^*T~ IT if ^h a goddess.

za, ^a S^<^ ^]r V, ukntl, lapis

lazuli; :^^]f ]] V
f--^, j//>;'?/, a kind of
lapis lazuli.

32 6. If< ba m'lnu, fish; }}< [f, ^^Z^-

-^//, to be destroyed.

327. ^^<e=;Ty g^g

II sik, sik, sik, zik, see no. 272 (var. \\<\).

pik^ piJ?
 115

SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES IDEOGRAMS

lib hammamu, quarter of

heaven.

^ Hklu, shekel.

3.9. !TT«< Sarru, king.

330. w ^a, gar Sakanu, to set; Hknu,

image; akalu, food; y
^111^, makkilru, pro-
perty; Y >^|, kudur-
ru, boundary, service;

^ ^\<\t, bum, pro-

perty; Y it, meSril,

v^ealth; (E>?5) T > -f^^-

;z?^, governor; ^J Y
VPy hattu, sceptre.

332 . w ia (number five) '^'^ W II Ig^gi^ the

spirits of heaven.

333- TTT ai number six.

 ii6

QLOSSHRY

aplutti, sonship

apparu, swamp
Abdlu, to bring, Illg ztssibil
arddu, to go down, set out
ahatti, to do thoroughly, IV, to flee
arbau, four
abiktu, defeat
ar^w, slave
abltu, will, command
arjiu, month
abii, father
arkdnu, afterwards
adannil, greatly
alabu, to dwell
adi, together with, as far as
alar, where
adi, compact
asdru, to besiege (comp. cs'eru)
admanu, house
airu, place
agdgu, to be enraged
aUuritu, the Assyrian
agdru, to hire
a^u, go out, to go up
afiamii, each other
ataru, to increase (and comp. iutttru)
afidzu, to hold
a]}inna = ahi, side, and anna, this
attMii, as for us

aliu, side

aim, hostile
akdlu, to eat, food eberu, to cross, III2 to extend over
alaktu, way edu, alone, one
aldku, to go elenu, upper
aldlu, to hang up eli, more than
ali-ma, where ? elu, to be high, to depart, IIj to raise,
allaku, courier IIIj to bring up
allu, a chain emldu, IIj to erect

amdru, to see emukii, force, army (comp. imulfu)

amdtu, affair, word epelu, to do, make (comp. ipiltu)
af7ielu, man epiru, dust, earth (comp. ipru)
a««, to epiitu, plu. iplatu, deed
annulim, now erebtt, to enter (comp. irub)
a//«, son eserti, to besiege (comp. asdru)
 117

dent, to ^uidc, Tllg direct, make straight ur}iit, road

ellutUy newness urk'ttu, green herb
ete^u, to march (and comp. metiku) urruhii, quickly
ezebu, to leave, to deliver, TIIj to save tiimanu, camj)
ezezu, to make strong uzmi, ear

idti, side ia'w, II J to seek

idu, to know Ja^M, gate

ihzu, hilt ^a-^M, to weep

ikimu, seize balatu, live, spare

///, against balkatn, IIIj to tear down

ilippit, ship baltti, alive

ihi, god banat, mother

ilutzt, divinity 5a«w, to found, to build, to make

iinu^u, power, force (comp. emeku) balu, to be, to happen, IIIi place

ina, in, with battibatti, in the neighbourhood

mil, eye behc, to take possession of, to rule; lord

ipilUi, deed (comp. epiltu) beltu, lady

ipru, dust (comp. epiru) biltu, present

irsitu, earth bilu, to take possession of, see belu

iruhvia, irtimnia, comp. erebu birinni, between us

iiarti, straight biritu, bond
ilaru, III2 see ^Jf?rz<
birmi, variegated (stuffs)

ilatti, fire bitiiallu, saddle-horse

ilhatu, fetter bltM, house

is^uru, bird bubutu, bread

iltaritum, a goddess
intent* in, I3 to devise (of JlUli^)

z^zf, wood gafnru, complete

z'/^z^, with gappu, feather

//«, darkness gdiilu, stake
gibiUf multitude
gimru, all

uba to seek (see 5a' z7) girru, expedition

i, of ny^>
iillanu, without
tiltii, out of
z^z«a, so dabdbuy to device
lunmanu, people, i)lu. troops dababtu, device
nmnni, mother dagalu, to see
uDiii, day dagalu pan, to be subject to

umi{, ina nmeitima, at that time daku, to muster

umussn, daily daku, to kill
ii8

dalht, door ta}}U, to approach

dama^u, to be favourable tehu, to draw near, to approach

damiktM, favour timii, understanding, news

dam^arzi, name of a profession tittu, clay
dam^u, favourable tubbu, joy, health
dandnu, might
dannu, mighty, strong K
dannutu, fortress kabattit, liver

ddru, ana ddrdtim, continuously, for ever kabittu, mind

diku^ assemble kakku, weapon, arms
dimtu, tears kaldlu, to fulfil

dtJiii, judgement kalbu, dog

duni^u, mercy kalmatti, insect
dunltu, favour kam, after ordinal numbers
duru, wall kamdsu, kamdru, to take one's stand

kamii, to conquer, to take

kanaiu, to prostrate, to submit
za^anM, to adorn (see §a7m) kdnu, to stand
za^dpzi, to set up (and 11^) kardbu, be propitious, bless, be gracious
zakdrti, to address, to speak kdru, wall
zananu, to send rain kaiddu, capture, approach, conquer;
zikaru, man ik-lu-us-su-mc-ti for ik-iu-ud-su-nu-ti

zikrti, name katdfnu, cover

zufnmii, deprived kibratu^ plu. ktbrati, region
kidinii, protection
// khna, according to, like

fiabahi, plunder ktpu, governor

liadu, to rejoice kirbu, midst

halabu, cover kiru, park, plantation

hamat, aid kiiddu, bank of a river

liamtUy }iantuy swift kiiiaiu, hosts

fiaradu, be victorious (?)

i&/Jf/«, wood
kitru, assistance, aid
Jiarrdnu, path, way (and Jiardmi)
liarii, to dig out
kurmatu, nourishment
}iatu, to sin ktder, becoming

hifitu, sin

^ubiUf plunder
hurasu, gold labdru, to be old
labdlti, to clothe

lapan, before
tdbtti, the good libbu, heart

tabu, to be pleasant, to be good limnu. evil

tabuy good Ihmittu, evil

 IIQ

liiami, tongue, si^ccch tnigru, darling

hibultUy clothing tnilammu. lustre

7nilku, counsel
M wm/, how ?
tna'adii, ana ma* adil, in great numbers mi^ru, territory

ma'adii, much mitiku, progress (comp. metiktt)

ma'ad7i, to swarm, to be many mtiu, the dead

ma'dii, much WM plu. w?, water

mada(t)t7i, tribute muhliu, top part

magaru, to be favourable, to favour, midarkis, doer (from rakasu)

to obey Ttiulpalu, depth

mahdru, to receive
mu^u, an exit

ma^asu, to smite, I2 itndah^is, to fight m.ulu, night

mahazu, city, fortified-city

mutu, death

ma/j^ur, forward
inajiru, first, former
?nakatUf to fall, Ij {i-tu-]ziit for imtal^tit) nabalu, dry land, island
idem, IIIj to overthrow nabdlu, to destroy
mala, as many as nahmtu, creation
maldkti, to counsel «a3^7, to call, name
malii, to fill nadanu, to give

mama, any nadu, cast down

mamttti, oath nakaru, foe, enemy
mana, maneh na^dru, destroy, lay waste
mandatti, gift nakasu, to cut down
mantna, any nakiru, enemy
manii, to number, to count nalbalu, garment
markasti, cord namdrti, to be bright
marsu, sick namririi, brilliance
mdrtu, daughter napiitti, life

mdru, IIj to send nardmu, beloved

maru, son nardrti, help
ma^artu, a guard, watchman, observation narkabtu, plu. chariot
maldru, IIj to leave w5r2/, river, canal

malkanu, station, place nasdjiu, drive away

malku, skin naldku, to kiss
mdltitu, a drink na^dru, to keep, observe, keep watch,
ma^u, to find guard
fnaiu, to forget naldlu, to move (?) p. 80, line 23
mdtu, to die waifw, to lift up
matti, laud nazdzti, to stand (still), to station

w^, enclitic particle W///7/, peaceful, fern, nlhtu

meti^ti, course (comp. ^-/J/^w and mitil?u) nindaggara, see magdrti

 120

7tlru, yoke
niUi, people, men ^abatti, to take, to grasp, to set forth
nurii, light ^abe kidinni, temple-servant
sahu^ warrior, servant, soldier, man
^almu, image
sahapn, to cast down ^alu, III beseech

safiarny lll^ to surround ^amddu, to yoke

sakapu, to cast down sdmi, IIj to adorn, to favour (or za'dmi)
salu, to pray sardhu, IVj was angiy
sapanu, to overcome ^dtti, wn si' die, da3's of old

sikkuru, bolt ^eheru, to be young

s'lrntu, insignia ^ifiru, small
sipp7i, threshold ^iru, a plain

sisu, horse ^Iru, noble

sittu, rest siruUun, against them
su^u, street ^ubdtu, garment
surraiUy sedition
K
kabal tdnitim, midst of the sea

padami, way kablu, fight

pagru, corpse kabu, hihu, to speak, utter, say

pahadu^ to grant, to appoint ^a^^adu, head

palafiu, to fear kakharu, place, ground

/<7/?7, year of reign kapddu, to plan

panu^ face, former kdpu, to entrust to

par^u, command • hardbu, to draw near; a battle

paru, mule hdlu, to present

parzillu, iron ^dtu, hand

palahu, be at rest h'lbttu, to command

palaru, to annul i^z6z7, to speak

pataru, to release
patrti, dagger

/?/i7, porter ro*M, great

rakdbii, to ride
pifiatu, prefect

pilfititi, appointment rakdsit, to bind (and comp. tmdarkJs)

rakbu, messenger
///«, to open
ranidnilu, himself
pu, mouth
pulujitu, fear ramu, to place

rdmu, to love, IIl/lIi incline unto com

piirussu, decision
putu, face, entrance
passion
rapUi, broad
rahi, to grant, show
raUibtu, might
 121

rdiu, head, summit lemu, to hear (and limu)

rimu, grace iepu, foot
riksM, bond iibbu, girdle
rittu, hand iitntu, fate
rubu, prince, fern, rubatic, princess iimz'ru, a ring
rii^u, distant 1/»?M, to hear, see Semii
rukubu, carriage Upru, a dispatch
liptu, incantation

lipu, foot (see iepu)

ia, as (it appeareth), who llrtc, flesh (heart), body

ia'alu, to ask itibiti, constr. Hibat, dwelling, seat

iabdru, to shatter hikalulu, to swing

iadu, satu, mountain lulmu, peace, safety, well

iafiatu, to strip lumma, if

iakanu, to set, to place Hi?nu, name

laknu, governor ItLparlaku (or better Sui-Soi^i), general
lakii officer, see luparu liiparu, ruler

lalalu, to carry off, to pkmder Ittrbu, exalted

ialamu, to be well, to prosper luru, ox

lalatu, to pierce Jf/?/«, belonging to, see iuparu
iallatu, spoil, booty Suttiru, mighty (comp. atdru)
Sa/mii, peacefully
Salputu, misfortune
iamit, heaven
tabdkuy to pour out
ianttu, time, repetition
ta^azu, battle
lanu, another
taf}tu, overthrow
ianu, declare, II^ to inform
takdluy to trast
lapahu, to spread
tamd^u, to seize, to hold
iaparu, saparu, to send
tamartu, gift
laplu, lower
tdmtu, tdmdu, sea
lara^M, to grant
larapu, to burn
/arz^, return, to turn, to fall; II| add
teniietu, mankind
larratu, queen
teslitu, tellltUy prayer
larru, constr. la;-, king
larrutu, royalty
tibu, to rise, to come
tibutu, the advance
lalmu, battle
tidukUy warrior
iataruy to wjite
tillu, pit
latu, to drink
tukultu, help
lelibu, fox
 22

CORRIGENDH
Page 14, 1. II, for tif^y^ read tihy-

„ 15, 1. 9, for j;3ni^ read j;^-^^-

16, § 16, 1. 6, for contraction read harmony.

„ 19, § 19, 1. 8, for X^ lead

^J^} ; 1. n, for
^ ^\ read
^^JJ; and

for ^>3;0 read F>a;^ T ; 1. I2, for transscription read transcription.

. 23, 1. 3, for 4^t\\ read <;::y^; also 1. 4.

24, 4, 1. I, for in read is.

„ 26, § 37, 1. 12, for

^t^y read ^>^y|; for tl^ lead E^-
„ 31, 1. 2, for
-(l^^ read CtEJ; 1- 4, f^"'
*^!TT '"^''^^
^n*
for read
„ 33, 1. 6,
*^i ^JJ.
„ 37, 1. 9, for ;^ read
>jp_I-
» 39, § 55, 1- 5, for
::J<J
read X^.
„ 42, § 61, 1. 9, for »-Ty read ^-yy.
„ 43, 1. 24, for ibnikuna read ihnikimu.

„ 44, 1. 3, for
J^ read
^y^-
„ 49, § 78, 1. II, for -^ read ^^.
„ 53, 1. 4, for
^y read tr<yy.

„ 55, § 96, 1. 5, before t^ insert 4^^.

„ 62, 1. 4, for »^yy V read >^yy'!<^.

„ 64, 1. 2, for >-yy< read »-yy<y.

„ 67, 1. 29, for left read lift.

/"

941
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