Data Communication and Computer Network

1 By: Pralhad Dani Chhetri

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 2 Chapter Overview :
Data Communication and Computer Network
➢Introduction to Data and Information
➢Introduction to communication system,
➢Mode of Communication,
➢Introduction to Computer Network,
➢Types of Computer Network,
➢LAN Topologies,
➢Transmission Media,
➢Network Devices,

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 3 Introduction to Data and Information
➢ What is Data ?
▪ Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It
can be used in a variety of forms like text, numbers, media,
bytes, etc. it can be stored in pieces of paper or electronic
memory, etc.
▪ Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means
'single piece of information.' It is plural of the word datum.
▪ In computing, Data is, raw fact and figure that can be
translated into a meaningful or understandable form for
specific movement and processing.

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 4 Introduction to Data and Information
➢ What is Information ?

The word “information” is used to refer to a number of

different phenomena. These phenomena have been
classified into three groupings:

▪ Anything perceived as potentially signifying something

(e.g. printed books);

▪ The process of informing; and

▪ That which is learned from some evidence or

communication.
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 5 Introduction to Data and Information

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 6 Introduction to Communication System
➢ Communication system is a system
model describes a data or
information exchanges between two
stations (transmitter and receiver) or
two parties (sender and recipient).

➢ Signal or information passes from

source to destination through, called
channel, which represents a way that
signal use it to move from source
toward destination.
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 7 Introduction to Communication System

Figure : Block diagram of Digital Communication System

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 8 Types / Modes of Communication
Types / Modes of
Communication

Based on parties Based on Based on modes Based on

involved Formality applied Channels used

Internal External Formal Interpretative Verbal

Communication Communication Communication Communication Communication

Vertical Horizontal Informal Presentational Non Verbal

Communication Communication Communication Communication Communication

Downward Interpersonnel
Communication Communication

Upward
Communication

Diagonal
Communication

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 9 Introduction to Computer Network
▪ A computer network is a group of computer systems and other
computing hardware devices that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and
resource sharing among a wide range of users
▪ A computer network can serve several distinct purposes sharing
resources (e g files, applications or hardware, an Internet
connection, etc communication between people (e g e mail, live
discussions, etc communication between processes (e g between
industrial computers), guaranteeing full access to information for a
specified group of people (i e networked databases), and
multiplayer video games

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 10 Introduction to Computer Network

Fig. Typical Computer Network

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 11 Types of Computer Network
Computer Networks can be categorized depending on size, complexity,
level of security, or geographical range. Some of the most popular
computer network are as follows;

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 12 Types of Computer Network
➢ PAN (Personal Area Network)
▪ PAN is the interconnection between devices
within the range of a person’s private space,
typically within a range of 10 meters If you have
transferred images or songs from your laptop to
mobile or from mobile to your friend’s mobile
using Bluetooth, you have set up and used a
personal area network.
▪ A person can connect her laptop, smart phone,
personal digital assistant and portable printer in Fig. Personal Area Network (PAN)
a network at home This network could be fully Wi
Fi or a combination of wired and wireless.

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 13 Types of Computer Network
 Characteristics of PAN
➢ Its range is generally short.
➢ The coverage gap is between 10 m and 100 m (infrared &
Bluetooth) in a Wireless PAN network.
➢ Bluetooth is used for data transmission between devices, primarily
used for low data rate applications in home automation.
➢ PAN has the architecture of star and mesh.
➢ Infrared, Bluetooth, etc. PAN systems are used for low data rate and
short distance applications.
➢ In IoT (Internet of Things) networks, PAN wireless technologies have
become quite popular.
➢ Devices in one PAN Network will connect to another PAN Network
device in the range.
➢ Some of the examples of Wireless Personal area network are like
Wireless keyboards, Wireless printers, Gaming consoles, TV remotes,
Bluetooth, Smartphones, Wireless charger, Wireless USB, Wireless
Mouse, etc.
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 14 Types of Computer Network
 Advantages of PAN
▪ Wireless networks save customers from the burden of cable management,
often complicated and unwanted floor space So no extra space is
required.
▪ Bluetooth PAN allows users to conveniently control their computers and
systems so that errors can be repaired quickly with far more security.
▪ Fast wireless system access and control to boost performance For instance,
a business can send and collect information to its staff using intelligent
devices, all with a single PAN.
▪ Easy and efficient Bluetooth enabled computer data synchronization and
communication.
▪ Cost savings and easier to repair bugs and faults in a PAN connection due
to its easy structure which is portable also.
 Disadvantages of PAN
▪ PAN uses a short range Bluetooth communication that is capable of
supporting only a few devices nearby.
▪ Often PANs can communicate on the same bandwidth with other wireless
devices and interrupt the communication.
▪ Due to Bluetooth connections, PANs operate slower than other networks

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 15 Types of Computer Network
➢ Local Area Network (LAN)
▪ LAN or Local Area Network is a wired network spread over a single
site like an office, building or manufacturing unit.
▪ LAN is set up to when team members need to share software and
hardware resources with each other but not with the outside world.
▪ Typical software resources include official documents, user
manuals, employee handbook, etc.
▪ Hardware resources that can be easily shared over the network
include printer, fax machines, modems, memory space, etc.
▪ This decreases infrastructure costs for the organization drastically.
▪ A LAN may be set up using wired or wireless connections.
▪ A LAN that is completely wireless is called Wireless LAN or WLAN.
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 16 Types of Computer Network

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 17 Types of Computer Network
➢ Characteristics of LAN
✓ LAN's are private networks, not subject to tariffs or other regulatory controls.
✓ LAN's operate at relatively high speed when compared to the typical WAN.
✓ There are different types of Media Access Control methods in a LAN, the
prominent ones are Ethernet, Token ring.
✓ It connects computers in a single building, block or campus, i.e. they work
in a restricted geographical area.
➢ Applications of LAN
✓ One of the computer in a network can become a server serving all the
remaining computers called clients. Software and other resources can be
stored on the server and it can be used / shared by the remaining clients.
✓ Connecting Locally all the workstations in a building to let them
communicate with each other locally without any internet access.
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 18 Types of Computer Network
➢Advantages of LAN ➢Disadvantages of LAN
✓ Resource Sharing ✓ High Setup cost
✓ Software Applications ✓ Privacy violations
✓ Easy and Cheap ✓ Data Security threats
Communication ✓ Covers Limited area
✓ Centralized Data
✓ Data Security
✓ Internet Sharing

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 19 Types of Computer Network
➢ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
✓ It was developed in 1980s.It is basically a bigger version of LAN. It is
also called MAN and uses the similar technology as LAN. It is
designed to extend over the entire city. It can be means to
connecting a number of LANs into a larger network or it can be a
single cable. It is mainly hold and operated by single private
company or a public company.
✓ Objective of MAN is to share hardware and software resources,
thereby decreasing infrastructure costs. MAN can be built by
connecting several LANs. The most common example of MAN is
cable TV network.

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 20 Types of Computer Network

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 21 Types of Computer Network
➢ Characteristics of MAN
✓ It generally covers towns and cities (50 km).
✓ Communication medium used for MAN are optical fibers, cables
etc.
✓ Data rates adequate for distributed computing applications.
➢ Advantages of MAN
✓ Extremely efficient and provide fast communication via high speed
carriers, such as fiber optic cables. It provides a good back bone for
large network and provides greater access to WANs.
✓ The dual bus used in MAN helps the transmission of data in both
directions simultaneously. MAN usually encompasses several blocks
of a city or an entire city.
➢ Disadvantages of MAN
✓ More cable required for a MAN connection from one place to
another.
✓ It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers and industrial
espionage(spying) graphical regions.
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 22 Types of Computer Network
➢ Wide Area Network (WAN)
✓ It is also called WAN. WAN can be private or it can be public
leased network. It is used for the network that covers large distance
such as cover states of a country. It is not easy to design and
maintain.
✓ Communication medium used by WAN are PSTN or Satellite links.
WAN operates on low data rates.

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 23 Types of Computer Network
➢ Characteristics of WAN
✓ It generally covers large distances(states, countries, continents).
✓ Communication medium used are satellite, public telephone networks which are
connected by routers.
➢ Advantages of WAN
✓ Covers a large geographical area so long distance business can connect on the one
network.
✓ Shares software and resources with connecting workstations.
✓ Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network. These messages
can have picture, sounds or data included with them(called attachments).
✓ Expensive things(such as printers or phone lines to the internet) can be shared by all
the computers on the network without having to buy a different peripheral for each
computer.
✓ Everyone on the network can use the same data. This avoids problems where some
users may have older information than others.
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 24 Types of Computer Network
➢ Disadvantages of WAN
✓ Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from
entering and disrupting the network.
✓ Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow
and complicated. The bigger the network the
more expensive it is.
✓ Once set up, maintaining a network is a full time
job which requires network supervisors and
technicians to be employed.
✓ Security is a real issue when many different people
have the ability to use information from other
✓ computers. Protection against hackers and viruses
adds more complexity and expense.

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 25 Network Topologies
➢Network Topology
▪ Topology is derived from two Greek words topo and logy, where
topo means 'place' and logy means 'study'. In computer networks,
a topology is used to explain how a network is physically
connected and the logical flow of information in the network. A
topology mainly describes how devices are connected and
interact with each other using communication links.
▪ In computer networks, there are mainly two types of topologies,
they are:
✓ Physical Topology
✓ Logical Topology

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 26 Network Topologies
➢Types of Computer Network Topologies
▪ Network topology defines the layout, virtual shape, or structure of the
network, not only physically but also logically. A network can have one
physical topology and multiple logical topologies at the same time.
▪ In a computer network, there are mainly six types of physical
topologies, they are:
▪ Bus Topology
▪ Ring Topology
▪ Star Topology
▪ Mesh Topology
▪ Tree Topology
▪ Hybrid Topology
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 27 Network Topologies
➢Bus Topology
✓ Bus topology is the simplest kind of topology in which a common bus or channel is
used for communication in the network. The bus is connected to various taps and
droplines. Taps are the connectors, while droplines are the cables connecting the
bus with the computer.
✓ In other words, there is only a single transmission line for all nodes. When a sender
sends a message, all other computers can hear it, but only the receiver accepts
it(verifying the mac address attached with the data frame) and others reject it. Bus
technology is mainly suited for small networks like LAN, etc.
✓ In this topology, the bus acts as the backbone of the network, which joins every
computer and peripherals in the network. Both ends of the shared channel have
line terminators. The data is sent only in one direction and as soon as it reaches the
end, the terminator removes the data from the communication line (to prevent
signal bounce and data flow disruption).
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 Network Topologies
28 ➢ Advantages Bus Topology
✓ Simple to use and install.
✓ If a node fails, it will not affect other nodes.
✓ Less cabling is required.
✓ Cost efficient to implement.
➢ Disadvantages of Bus Topology
✓ Efficiency is less when nodes are more(strength of signal
decreases).
✓ If the bus fails, the network will fail. A limited number of
nodes can connect to the bus due to limited bus length.
✓ Security issues and risks are more as messages are
broadcasted to all nodes.
✓ Congestion and traffic on the bus as it is the only source
of communication.
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 29 Network Topologies
➢Ring Topology
✓ Ring topology is a topology in which each computer is connected to
exactly two other computers to form the ring. The message passing is
unidirectional and circular in nature.
✓ This network topology is deterministic in nature, i.e., each computer is given
access for transmission at a fixed time interval. All the nodes are
connected in a closed loop. This topology mainly works on a token based
system and the token travels in a loop in one specific direction.
✓ In a ring topology, if a token is free then the node can capture the token
and attach the data and destination address to the token, and then
leaves the token for communication. When this token reaches the
destination node, the data is removed by the receiver and the token is
made free to carry the next data.
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 30 Network Topologies
➢ Advantages Ring Topology
✓ Easy Installation. Less Cabling Required.
✓ Reduces chances of data collision(unidirectional).
✓ Easy to troubleshoot(the faulty node does not
pass the token).
✓ Each node gets the same access time.
➢ Disadvantages of Ring Topology
✓ If a node fails, the whole network will fail.
✓ Slow data transmission speed(each message has
to go through the ring path).
✓ Difficult to reconfigure(we have to break the ring).

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 31 Network Topologies
➢Mesh Topology
✓ Mesh topology is a computer network
topology in which nodes are interconnected
with each other. In other words, direct
communication takes place between the
nodes in the network.
✓ There are mainly two types of Mesh:
▪ Full Mesh : In which each node is connected
to every other node in the network.
▪ Partial Mesh : In which, some nodes are not
connected to every node in the network.
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 32 Network Topologies
➢Advantages of Mesh Topology
✓ Dedicated links facilitate direct communication. No congestion or traffic
problems on the channels.
✓ Good Fault tolerance due to the dedicated path for each node.
✓ Very fast communication.
✓ Maintains privacy and security due to a separate channel for
communication.
✓ If a node fails, other alternatives are present in the network.
➢ Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
✓ Very high cabling required.
✓ Cost inefficient to implement.
✓ Complex to implement and takes large space to install the network.
✓ Installation and maintenance are very difficult.
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 33 Network Topologies
➢Tree Topology
✓ Tree topology is a computer network topology in which all the
nodes are directly or indirectly connected to the main bus cable.
Tree topology is a combination of Bus and Star topology.
✓ In a tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments,
which can be easily managed and maintained. There is a main
hub and all the other sub hubs are connected to each other in this
topology.
✓ Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form
of network topology in use presently. This topology imitates as
extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus topology.
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 34 Network Topologies
➢ Advantages of Tree Topology
✓ Large distance network coverage.
✓ Fault finding is easy by checking each hierarchy.
✓ Least or no data loss.
✓ A Large number of nodes can be connected directly or indirectly.
✓ Other hierarchical networks are not affected if one of them fails.
➢ Disadvantages of Tree Topology
✓ Cabling and hardware cost is high.
✓ Complex to implement.
✓ Hub cabling is also required.
✓ A large network using tree topology is hard to manage.
✓ It requires very high maintenance.
✓ If the main bus fails, the network will fail.
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 35 Network Topologies
➢Hybrid Topology
✓ A Hybrid topology is a
computer topology which is a
combination of two or more
topologies. In practical use,
they are the most widely
used.
✓ Hybrid topology inherits merits
and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies.

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 36 Network Topologies
➢Advantages of Hybrid Topology
✓ It can handle a large volume of nodes.
✓ It provides flexibility to modify the network according to our
needs.
✓ Very Reliable(if one node fails it will not affect the whole
network).
➢ Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
✓ Complex design.
✓ Expensive to implement.
✓ Multi Station Access Unit(MSAL) required.

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 37 Transmission Media
There are two types of Transmission (connecting) media. They are;
1. Guided or Bounded or Wired Transmission Media
2. Unguided or unbounded or Wireless Transmission Media
1.Guided or Bounded or Wired Transmission Media
✓ A transmission media where data signals are transmitted along a
specific path through cable is known as Guided or bounded or wired
Transmission Media. It transfer data from one place to another with
the help of wire.
✓ There are 3 types of cable (wire) used for wired network . They are :
▪ Twisted pair cable
▪ Co axial cable
▪ Fiber optic cable
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 38 Transmission Media
➢ Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of insulated copper wire twisted around
each other. The twisted pair cable is mostly used for connecting computers on
the network. The twisted pair cable comes into 2 categories:
a. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
▪ A UTP cable is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists of 4
twisted pairs of metal wires (8 wires). Adding RJ 45 connector at both ends of
the cable it becomes a LAN cable that we generally use.
b. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
▪ A Shielded twisted pair cable is similar to UTP but it has metallic covering
placed just underneath the plastic casing. It is more expensive than UTP
cable offer the best protection form interference. It can support data transfer
rate from 16 to 500 Mb/s.
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 39 Transmission Media

Fig. Twisted Pair Cable (STP & UTP)

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 40 Transmission Media
➢ Co axial Cable
✓ Co axial cable have wide bandwidth an
noise immunity These are widely used in
long distance telephone lines and cable
television.
✓ It’s transmission speed in much higher than
twisted pair cables.
✓ Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has
an inner conductor surrounded by an
insulating layer, surrounded by a
conductive shielding Electrical signal flows
through the center conductor.
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 41 Transmission Media
➢ Optical Fiber
✓ Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light
pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass.
✓ Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as
signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by
electromagnetic interference.
✓ The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light.
The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along
with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of
transmission.
✓ Single mode fiber is used for long distance transmission, while multimode fiber is
used for shorter distances.
✓ The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires.

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 42 Transmission Media

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 43 Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
✓ An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves
without using any physical medium. Therefore it is also known as
wireless transmission.
✓ In unguided media, air is the media through which the
electromagnetic energy can flow easily.
✓ Unguided transmission media is broadly classified into three
categories:
▪ Radio Waves
Wifi, LiFi and Mifi
▪ Microwaves
▪ Infrared

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 44 Transmission Media
➢Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Radio Waves Transmission
✓ Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in
all the directions of free space.
✓ Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in
all the directions.
✓ The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 Mhz.
✓ In the case of radio waves, the sending and receiving antenna are
not aligned, i.e., the wave sent by the sending antenna can be
received by any receiving antenna.
✓ An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

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 45 Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
✓ Advantages of Radio Waves
▪ Radio waves are omnidirectional
(propagated in all directions).
▪ It can penetrate walls.
✓ Radio Waves Uses
▪ Mostly used for wide area networks and
mobile cellular phones
▪ Radio waves uses for multicasting (one to
many)
✓ Radio Waves Examples
▪ Television Transmission
▪ FM radio Transmission
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 46
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Microwaves Transmission
✓ Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful when
unicast(one to one) communication is needed between the sender and the
receiver.
✓ It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need
to be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is
directly proportional to the height of the antenna.
✓ Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.
✓ Microwaves transmission are of two types:
▪ Terrestrial Microwave Transmission
▪ Satellite Microwave Transmission

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 47
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media

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 48
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Microwaves Transmission
✓ Terrestrial Microwave Transmission
• Terrestrial Microwave transmission is a technology that transmits the focused
beam of a radio signal from one ground-based microwave transmission
antenna to another.
• Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves having the frequency in the
range from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.
• Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and receiving antenna is to be
aligned, i.e., the waves sent by the sending antenna are narrowly focussed.
• In this case, antennas are mounted on the towers to send a beam to another
antenna which is km away.
• It works on the line of sight transmission, i.e., the antennas mounted on the
towers are the direct sight of each other.
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 49
Transmission Media
▪ Unguided Transmission Media
➢ Microwaves Transmission

Fig. Terrestrial Microwave Transmission

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 50
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Microwaves Transmission
✓ Satellite Microwave Transmission
• A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the earth at a known
height.
• Satellite communication is more reliable nowadays as it offers more
flexibility than cable and fiber optic systems.
• We can communicate with any point on the globe by using satellite
communication.
✓ How Does Satellite work?
• The satellite accepts the signal that is transmitted from the earth station,
and it amplifies the signal. The amplified signal is retransmitted to another
earth station.
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 51
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Microwaves Transmission

Fig. Satellite Microwave Transmission

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 52
Transmission Media
➢ Unguided Transmission Media
▪ Microwaves Transmission
✓ Infrared Microwave Transmission
• An infrared transmission is a wireless
technology used for communication over
short ranges.
• The frequency of the infrared in the range
from 300 GHz to 400 GHz.
• It is used for short-range communication such
as data transfer between two cell phones, TV
remote operation, data transfer between a
computer and cell phone resides in the same
closed area.
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 53 Computer Network Devices
▪ Network devices are called hardware
devices that link computers, printers, faxes
and other electronic devices to the
network.
▪ Such devices easily, safely and correctly
transfer data over one or other networks.
▪ Inter-network or intra-network devices may
be available. Some devices such as the NIC
card or the connector RJ45 are mounted
on the device, while some are a network
component such as a router, switch, etc. Fig. Network devices

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 54 Computer Network Devices
▪ Access Points
✓ An access point is a device that creates a wireless local area network, or
WLAN, usually in an office or large building.
✓ An access point connects to a wired router, switch, or hub via an Ethernet
cable, and projects a Wi-Fi signal to a designated area.

▪ Router
✓ A router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with an
internet connection. It is used to receive, analyze and forward the
incoming packets to another network.
✓ A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference model. A
router forwards the packet based on the information available in the
routing table. It determines the best path from the available paths for the
transmission of the packet.

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 55
Computer Network Devices
▪ Switch
✓ Switch is a network device that connects other devices to Ethernet
networks through twisted pair cables.
✓ It uses packet switching technique to receive, store and forward data
packets on the network.
✓ The switch maintains a list of network addresses of all the devices
connected to it.

▪ Hub
✓ The hubs link various networking devices. A network also functions as
amplification by amplifying signals that deteriorate over cables after long
distances.
✓ In the network communication system family, a hub is the easiest, as it links
LAN components with the same protocols. Hubs do not process or address
packets; they only send data packets to all connected devices.
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 56 Computer Network Devices
▪ Modem
✓ Modem is a device that enables a computer to send or receive data
over telephone or cable lines. The data stored on the computer is
digital whereas a telephone line or cable wire can transmit only analog
data.
✓ The main function of the modem is to convert digital signal into analog
and vice versa.
✓ Modem is a combination of two devices − modulator and
demodulator.
✓ The modulator converts digital data into analog data when the data is
being sent by the computer.
✓ The demodulator converts analog data signals into digital data when it
is being received by the computer.
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 57 Computer Network Devices
▪ Gateway
✓ Gateway is a network device used to connect two or more
dissimilar networks. In networking parlance, networks that use
different protocols are dissimilar networks.
✓ A gateway usually is a computer with multiple NICs connected to
different networks.
✓ A gateway can also be configured completely using software. As
networks connect to a different network through gateways, these
gateways are usually hosts or end points of the network.
▪ Bridge
✓ Bridges link two or more hosts or network segments. Bridge
processing and transfer of frames between the various bridge links
are the key roles in the network architecture.
✓ Bridges can transmit the data or block the crossing by looking at
the devices’ MAC addresses connected to each line.
✓ It is also possible to connect two physical LANs with a wider
theoretical LAN with bridges.

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 All People Seem To Need Data Processing
58 OSI Reference Model of Computer Network

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 59 TCP/IP Reference Model of Computer Network

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 60

Thank you

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