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1. INTRODUCTION

The beginning of the twenty-first century has ushered in the era of green buildings. Normal
buildings use energy inefficiently, generate large amounts of waste in their construction and
operation, and emit large quantities of pollutants and greenhouse gases. In contrast to conventional
buildings, green buildings seek to use land and energy efficiently, conserve water and other
resources, improve indoor and outdoor, air quality, and increase the use of recycled and renewable
materials. While green buildings still constitute a tiny subset of existing buildings, their numbers
are increasing rapidly. Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building)
refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction,
operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the
contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building
practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort. Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and
skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human
health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through
passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees through green
roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as
using low-impact building materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of
conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.
While the practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly evolving and may
differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived:
siting and structure design efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, materials efficiency,
indoor environmental quality enhancement, operations and maintenance optimization and waste
and toxics reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these
principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may
work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a
building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are
several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local
sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Definitions:
the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water,
and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better
siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal—the complete building life
cycle.
The practice of creating structures and using processes that is environmentally responsible and
resource- efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle from siting to design, construction,
operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements
the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
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LCA evaluates building materials over the course of their entire lives and takes into account a full
range of environmental impacts, including a material’s embodied energy; the solid waste
generated in its extraction, use, and disposal; the air and water pollution associated with it; and its
global-warming potential. LCA is an important tool because it can demonstrate whether a product
used in a green building is truly green. The Most Important Element: The Efficient Use of Energy
Buildings can incorporate many green features, but if they do not use energy efficiently, it is
difficult to demonstrate that they are truly green. In fact, given that the term “green building” can
be somewhat vague, some people prefer to use the term “high performance building.” A high-
performance building is a building whose energy efficiency and environmental performance is
substantially better than standard practice. Although green buildings, on average, use less energy
than conventional buildings, energy efficiency remains elusive. In fact, there is a growing debate
whether buildings that achieve some level of LEED certification are more efficient in their use of
energy than regular buildings. It suffices to say that if a building is not energy-efficient, it cannot
be said to be green.
The Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings although green
buildings represent the next phase of buildings, the reality is that the vast majority of buildings
are not green, and these buildings will continue to be used for many years to come. Improving the
energy efficiency of existing buildings typically involves a process called retrofitting, which can
mean anything from installing more energy-efficient fixtures to increasing the amount of
insulation in a building. While greening existing buildings does not receive the attention that new
green buildings do, it is certainly more important when looking at reducing the environmental
impacts of buildings nationwide.

Impacts of Conventional Buildings That Green Buildings Seek to rectify the environmental
impacts of buildings are enormous. They are responsible for large greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions as well as emissions of other harmful air pollutants. They also generate large amounts
of construction and demolition (C&D) waste and have serious impacts on plants and wildlife.
Energy Use in Buildings Worldwide, buildings consumes massive amounts of energy. The United
Nations Environment Programme has reported that 30–40 percent of all primary energy produced
worldwide is used in buildings. In 2008, the International Energy Agency released a publication
that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40 percent of the world’s total
primary energy consumption and for 24 percent of global CO2 emissions.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Indoor Air Pollution Given that buildings use large amounts of
energy, and given that most of this energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels. Unfortunately,
greenhouse gases are not the only harmful pollutants that buildings emit. Indoor levels of air
pollution may greatly exceed outdoor levels. Indoor air pollution is particularly important given
that we spend most of our time indoors. It estimated that indoor levels of pollution may be two to
five times higher, and occasionally more than 100 times higher, than outdoor air pollution levels.
This pollution can come from a wide variety of sources. One way to reduce the presence of these
toxins is to ensure that indoor air is frequently replaced by outdoor air and to ensure that this
outdoor air is properly filtered.
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Further, wastewater from buildings typically goes into municipal sewer systems rather than being
treated on-site or used for non-potable purposes. Buildings also usually displace vegetation that
can capture and absorb precipitation. The net result is that municipal sewer systems are often
overburdened. During rainfall events, billions of gallons of water flow into these sewer systems as
runoff, carrying contaminants with them. Many older municipalities have combined sewer systems
that capture both storm water runoff and wastewater from buildings. These combined sewer
systems are not designed to treat the massive amounts of water that flow into them during heavy
rainfall events. Thus, they are equipped with combined sewer overflows (CSOs), which act as
safety valves and deposit much of this water, which contains raw sewage and other contaminants,
into waterways.

Land Use and Consumption Many millions of acres of land in this country have buildings
constructed on them. Although buildings themselves use large amounts of land, this is not the
primary issue. Rather, it is the poor siting of buildings that leads to large amounts of land (and
other resources) being consumed. For example, buildings that are not built in existing residential
or commercial areas require the construction of new roads, sewer lines, utility poles, and other
infrastructure to reach them, which can lead to, among other things, habitat destruction. In
addition, many buildings are not reachable by public transportation and thus require the
construction of parking lots or garages. Most significantly, buildings that are built on the fringes
of existing urban or suburban areas often contribute to the problem of sprawl. Although sprawl can
have many definitions, generally speaking, sprawl is the spreading of a city or, more typically, its
suburbs to previously undeveloped or lightly developed areas. Between 1982 and 1997,
approximately 25 million acres (39,000 square miles) of rural land—which includes forest,
rangeland, pastures, cropland, and wetlands—were developed. From 1970 to 1990, the 100 largest
urbanized areas expanded over an additional 14,545 square miles. Green buildings can address the
problems of sprawl.
Construction Materials Building construction is a multibillion-dollar industry and requires the
constant production and harvesting of millions of tons of a variety of raw materials to meet
worldwide demand. By any measure, the amount of raw materials used in buildings is mammoth.
Worldwide, construction activities consume 3 billion tons of raw materials each year, and it has
been estimated that the construction industry consumes half of all products produced by volume.
A crucial part of green buildings is the material that is used in their construction. Although
definitions vary, green building materials are generally composed of renewable rather than
nonrenewable resources and are environmentally responsible because their impacts are considered
over the life of the product. In addition, green building materials generally result in reduced
maintenance and replacement costs over the life of the building, conserve energy, and improve
occupant health and productivity. Green building materials can be selected by evaluating
characteristics such as reused and recycled content, zero or low off-gassing of harmful air
emissions, zero or low toxicity, sustainably and rapidly renewable harvested materials, high
recyclability, durability, longevity, and local production.
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2. OBJECTIVES

A truly sustainable built environment re-integrates humanity into nature. In a natural system
there is no such thing as waste and each individual’s waste products become inputs for someone
else. It is possible for humanity to once again become part of these natural cyclical systems.
Buildings that take their cue from nature and their surroundings can support, strengthen and
improve the functioning of natural systems while also improving their own functionality.

2.1. CONSERVING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Structures and infrastructure tend to disturb the natural environment and ecosystems significantly.
Topsoil, vegetation, water cycles, animal behavior and biodiversity in general are impacted on by
the built environment. All of these systems are necessary for the healthy functioning of the
planetary systems that are needed for our survival.

2.2. OPTIMUM USE OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Building materials utilize natural resources. Obtaining these materials requires timber harvesting,
cultivation, mining and quarrying. Many of these activities are currently degrading the
environment. Once obtained, these materials need to be processed, manufactured and transported.
Using local materials as far as possible is an easy way to be greener.
It is therefore imperative to specify the most sustainable building materials possible and to use
them in the most efficient way.

2.3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

It is estimated that around 40% of the energy used on the planet is by buildings. By far the majority
of energy is generated using non-renewable sources such as coal, gas and oil. Being non-
renewable, these resources will get depleted and, as they become scarcer, become more expensive
and more difficult to extract. The process of converting these fossil fuels into energy in most cases
produces greenhouse gases (GHGs) which contribute to global warming.
Energy efficient buildings contribute significantly to lowering humanity’s overall energy
requirements, which in turn reduces the building sector’s carbon footprint.

2.4. WATER EFFICIENCY

Fresh water is increasingly being recognized as a scarce resource and water systems are becoming
increasingly polluted. It is estimated that buildings consume 40% of all fresh water that is used.
This water is used for drinking, cooking, sanitation, cleaning and for the industrial processes that
take place in many buildings.

Appropriate water harvesting, recycling and conservation can make a significant impact in
preserving this most precious commodity.
2.5. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Buildings generate an ongoing amount of waste during their lifetimes and in their eventual
deconstruction. This waste can be liquid, solid or gas and places a burden on the environment
because it can’t be safely and healthily disposed of.
Recycling is one of the best ways of managing waste. Not only can the continuous waste
generated by the building be recycled but the actual building itself is able to be recycled when
no longer required. In effective recycling waste from one function becomes a resource for
another.
The careful management of consumption, clever design and appropriate material choice can
significantly reduce waste output.

2.6. SOCIETY AND THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Buildings have a profound effect on their occupants and users – influencing and shaping the way
in which we live, learn, work, play, contemplate and relax.
The design, resolution and ongoing condition of buildings can either improve or detrimentally
impact on the wellbeing of the occupants.
A built environment that promotes human dignity, safety, security, hygiene, ease of use and sound
community values will promote wellbeing on an individual and collective level.Well adjusted,
balanced and cared about people and societies are sustainable.

2.7. HEALTH
Buildings effectively create an internal environment which profoundly affects its occupants. Air
quality, light quality, acoustics, temperature and hygiene can promote or hinder health, depending
on how they perform.
It has been found that buildings that are environmentally sustainable tend to promote health, which
in turn improves the wellbeing of its occupants as well their productivity. There are many case
studies proving that the increased productivity of occupants has been the most lucrative result of
a greening process.

2.8. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability includes financial and economic sustainability. Resource-hungry buildings are
costly to produce and use, and this places a strain on the overall socio-economic fabric of society.
The costs of energy, water and materials are going to continue to increase as they become
rq1scarcer and an efficient building can contribute hugely towards the financial sustainability of
its users or owners.
Poverty and financial hardship in the world are increasing and a thoughtful and efficient built
environment could realize benefits for many levels in society.
 3. DESIGN OF GREEN BUILDING

Green building is defined as an integrated process that focuses on the relationship between the
built and the natural environment. It seeks to minimize negative environmental effects and
maximize value during the whole life-cycle of the building from design, construction, operation,
maintenance, to renovation and demolition. Rather than being only a consumer, it becomes a
producer of resources and energy.

3.1. The orientation of the building

Orientation is the building’s positioning concerning the path of the sun and wind patterns. It is one
of the passive design techniques for improving thermal comfort inside the building. Orientation
regarding climatology is the key in the initial stages of planning and helps in optimizing the heating
and cooling needs throughout the building.

Orientation of the building

[Fig . 3.1]
3.2. Solar shading
Solar control and shading directly impact on the energy efficiency of the building. The cooling
load can be minimized to one-fourth of the building’s load. Shading devices such as fins and
chajjas (overhangs) are designed to get a minimum exposure of the sun in summer while allowing
the winter sun inside the space. This helps in regulating and reducing the electrical load on the
building. Solar orientation is important to consider while designing an effective shading device.
Some solar shading elements can be trees, hedges, overhangs, vertical fins, low-shading
coefficient glass, blinds, and louvers.

[Fig. 3.2]
3.3. Building material choices
Material selection for the building’s construction plays a crucial role in deciding its impact on the
environment. Locally available materials that are non-toxic and sustainable should be selected for
the construction to reduce the environmental impact of transportation. Recycled materials can also
minimize waste products from the environment. UV-reflective paints can be used on the exterior
walls to reduce the heat gain of the building. Material on the roof also plays a major role in the
energy efficiency of the building. China mosaic white finish, vermiculite concrete, and polystyrene
insulation are some materials that can be used as a roofing material. The lighter the color of the
material used on the roofs, the lesser the heat gain for the building.

[Fig. 3.3]
3.4. Building envelope
The building envelope is the division or a barrier between the interior of a building and the exterior.
It controls the exchange of air, water, heating, and cooling in the building’s interior. Therefore, it
is important to consider the components that make up the envelope. It includes the roof, walls,
doors, windows, and foundations of the building. Besides experiencing various structural loads, it
also accounts for air, heat, and moisture loads. Also, the building’s exterior such as color and
texture contributes to the heat gain/loss for the building. An envelope can be either tight (in cold
climates) or loose (in hot climates) based on the location in which the building is built. A loose
envelope lets air flow freely throughout the building while a tight envelope controls the airflow in
and out of the building.

Building Envelope

Building Envelope

[Fig. 3.4]
3.5. Window-wall ratio (WWR)
The Window-wall ratio is the ratio of the window area to the exterior wall area of the facade. It is
an important value in determining the energy performance of the building. Since windows cause
energy loss twice more than the wall, it has impacts on heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation.
Thus, the size and number of windows should be designed according to the climatic conditions.
Besides, interior and exterior shading, along with high-performance glazing systems can reduce
the undesirable solar heat gains through the windows.

Window wall ratio

[Fig. 3.5]
3.6. Structure design efficiency
The building and construction sector accounts for almost half of the total usage and consumption of
raw material, thus causing exhaustion of natural resources available. Thus, the optimization and
selection of structural systems concerning the minimal weight of the structure help to minimize the
exhaustion of natural resources. Also, structure-wise typical shapes, cross-sections, and varieties are
being developed to optimize the structure.

Typical cross section of green building

[Fig. 3.6]
3.7. Efficient lightning
Lightning comprises both the artificial light sources (bulbs, CFLs, LEDs, etc.) and the daylight from
the sources such as windows, skylights, or bay windows. A slight flaw in deciding the light for space
can cause negative health and psychological effects. Problems such as headache, decreased work
efficiency, reduced comfort level, and increased blood pressure can arise by a poor lightning design.
Thus, energy-efficient lightning-like CFLs or LEDs should be used instead of incandescent bulbs,
which will reduce not only energy consumption but also heat pollution.

[Fig. 3.7]
3.8. Water efficiency
Regulating water consumption and maintaining water quality are the fundamental goals in a green
building. Thus, dual plumbing design may be sought as a solution to protect and safeguard water
throughout the life cycle of the building. Water-conserving plumbing fixtures can also be used to
reduce water wastage. The recycled gray water can be utilized for toilet flushing and landscaping.
Proper drainage infrastructure and water harvesting pits need to be designed to ensure the least wastage
of water possible.

[Fig. 3.8]
3.9. Renewable energy systems

The renewable integrated systems are now being used like a solar water heater and solar chimneys to
cool the inside temperature. The electricity can be harnessed through solar energy with the help of
photovoltaic systems at the rooftop or the facades. After meeting the needs of the building, it can go
off-grid, which has multiple benefits such as reduced electricity cost, a power source for the
neighborhood along with keeping the environment clean. Geothermal energy is still in the developing
phase for its effective use at the building level.

3.10. Waste management

Waste management is required to reduce the burden of waste generated by the residents to the landfills.
It is done by implementing, by reducing, recycling, and reusing the waste generated by the building.
Therefore, initial planning is required for dedicated space requirements during early design stages.
The generated waste needs to segregate on-site as degradable and non-degradable. Therefore,
wastewater collection systems and plumbing systems are required to be well-thought and well-
designed. The construction stage is the one where all the waste management strategies are
implemented. Sufficient site accommodation is required for the waste and recycling systems.
 4. METHODOLOGY
A green building is an environmentally sustainable building, designed, constructed and operated
to minimize the total environmental impacts. To measure the impact of the building on the
environment, rating tools are available. The evaluators evaluate the building with the help of these
rating tools and rate the building accordingly. In India, most commonly used rating tools are
GRIHA and LEED India.

4.1GRIHA
Most of the internationally devised rating systems have been tailored to suit the building industry
of the country where they were developed. TERI, being deeply committed to every aspect of
sustainable development, took upon itself the responsibility of acting as a driving force to
popularize green buildings by developing a tool for measuring and rating a building’s
environmental performance in the context of India’s varied climate and building practices. This
tool, by its qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria, would be able to ‘rate’ a building on
the degree of its ‘greenness’. The rating shall evaluate the environmental performance of a
building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what
constitutes a ‘green building’. The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental
principles, seeks to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both
national and international. The guidelines/criteria appraisal may be revised every three years to
take into account the latest scientific developments during this period. On a broader scale, this
system, along with the activities and processes that lead up to it, will benefit the community at
large with the improvement in the environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions,
improving energy security, and reducing the stress on natural resources. The rating applies to new
building stock – commercial, institutional, and residential – of varied functions. Endorsed by the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India as of November 1 2007, GRIHA
is a five star rating system for green buildings which emphasizes on passive solar techniques for
optimizing indoor visual and thermal comfort. In order to address energy efficiency, GRIHA
encourages optimization of building design to reduce conventional energy demand and further
optimize energy performance of the building within specified comfort limits. A building is
assessed on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle from inception through operation.
GRIHA was developed as an indigenous building rating system, particularly to address and assess
non-air conditioned or partially air conditioned buildings.
GRIHA has been developed to rate commercial, institutional and residential buildings in India
emphasizing national environmental concerns, regional climatic conditions, and indigenous
solutions. GRIHA stresses passive solar techniques for optimizing visual and thermal comfort
indoors, and encourages the use of refrigeration-based and energy-demanding air conditioning
systems only in cases of extreme thermal discomfort. The GRIHA rating tool consists of 34
various criteria divided under 7 different categories, such as sustainable site planning, health and
well-being during construction, material management and so on. GRIHA integrates all relevant
Indian codes and standards for buildings and acts as a tool to facilitate implementation of the same.

4.2 LEED India

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) was developed and piloted in the US in
1998 as a consensus based building rating system based on the use of existing building technology.
The rating system addresses specific environmental building related impacts using a whole
building environmental performance approach. The Indian Green Building Council has adapted
LEED system and has launched LEED India version for rating of new construction. In addition,
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has launched several other products for rating of different
typologies of buildings including homes, factories, among others. The following are key
components of the LEED system.

1. Sustainable sites (construction related pollution prevention, site development impacts,

transportation alternatives, storm water management, heat island effect, and light pollution)

2. Water efficiency (landscaping water use reduction, indoor water use reduction, and waste
water management strategies)

3. Energy and atmosphere (commissioning, whole building energy performance optimization,

refrigerant management, renewable energy use, and measurement and verification)

4. Materials and resources (recycling collection locations, building reuse, construction waste
management, and the purchase of regionally manufactured materials, materials with recycled
content, rapidly renewable materials, salvaged materials, and FSC certified wood products)

5. Indoor environmental quality (environmental tobacco smoke control, outdoor air delivery
monitoring, increased ventilation, construction indoor air quality, use low emitting materials,
source control, and controllability of thermal and lighting systems)

6. Innovation and design process (LEED accredited professional and innovative strategies for
sustainable design).

METHODOLOGY

To generate the weights, first the criteria have to be decided. In order to do that, rating tools has
to be studied and then, the criteria which are suitable has to be short listed and then needs to be
verified from the accredited experts of the respective rating tools. Once criteria have been
verified, comparison between these criteria has to be made to generate weights according to the
relative importance. In order to do that, we shall the use the AHP (Analytic Heirarchy Process)
technique to make comparison between the criteria.
A questioner shall be issued to the respective experts for the comparison and generating relative
importance of the criteria. After collecting the data, using the AHP technique, we can generate
the weights for the criteria.

CRITERIA FRAMEWORK

After studying the rating tools, a criteria framework has to be prepared by selecting the criteria
which are most suitable criteria have been selected under 7 different categories, after the studying
the rating tools. The following table shows a comparative study of the three rating tools under each
column. This gives us a brief idea about the criteria covered under each of these rating tools. It
also helps us to know which criterion has been missed out under a particular rating tool.

List of criteria

Serial Criterion Details Source

number Number of
criterion

Group A – Sustainable site planning (SSP)

1. A1 Site selection GRIHA

2. A2 Preserve and protect the landscape during GRIHA

construction/compensatory depository forestation.

3. A3 Soil conservation GRIHA

4. A4 Design to include existing site features GRIHA

5. A5 Reduce hard paving on site GRIHA

6. A6 Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency GRIHA

7. A7 Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation GRIHA

efficiency

8. A8 Storm water design LEED

Group B- Health and well-being (HW) during construction

9. B1 Provide, at least, minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for GRIHA

construction workers

10. B2 Reduce air pollution during construction GRIHA

 Group C - Material Management

11. C1 Utilization of fly-ash in building structure GRIHA

12. C2 Reduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting GRIHA

efficient technology, for example pre-cast systems, ready-mix
concrete and so on

13. C3 Use low- energy materials in interiors GRIHA

14. C4 Renewable energy based hot-water system GRIHA

15. C5 Use of low VOC paints/adhesives/sealants GRIHA

16. C6 Materials Reuse LEED

17. C7 Regional Materials LEED

18. C8 Rapidly Renewable Materials LEED

Group D – Water

19. D1 Reduce landscape water requirement GRIHA

20. D2 Reduce building water use GRIHA

21. D3 Efficient water use during construction GRIHA

22. D4 Waste water treatment GRIHA

23. D5 Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater) GRIHA

24. D6 Ensure water quality GRIHA

25. D7 Water use reduction LEED

Group E – Energy

26. E1 Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand GRIHA

27. E2 Optimize energy performance of building within specified GRIHA

comfort limits

28. E3 Renewable energy utilization GRIHA

29. E4 Energy audit and validation GRIHA

Group F – Health and well-being (HW) post construction

 30. F1 Minimize ozone depleting substances GRIHA

31. F2 Acceptable indoor and outdoor noise levels GRIHA

32. F3 Tobacco and smoke control GRIHA

33. F4 Universal accessibility GRIHA

34. F5 Operations and maintenance protocol for electrical and GRIHA

mechanical equipment

35. F6 Thermal comfort LEED

36. F7 Daylight and views LEED

Group G – Waste Management

37. G1 Reduction in waste during construction GRIHA

38. G2 Efficient waste segregation GRIHA

39. G3 Storage and disposal of waste GRIHA

40. G4 Resource recovery from waste GRIHA

41. G5 Construction waste management LEED

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), since its invention, has been a tool at the hands of decision
makers and researchers; and it is one of the most widely used multiple criteria decision-making
tools. Many outstanding works have been published based on AHP: they include applications of
AHP in different fields such as planning, selecting best alternative, resource allocations, resolving
conflict, optimization, etc., and numerical extensions of AHP. The specialty of AHP is its
flexibility to be integrated with different techniques like Linear Programming, Quality Function
Deployment, Fuzzy Logic, etc. This enables the user to extract benefits from all the combined
methods, and hence, achieve the desired goal in a better way. Analytic Hierarchy Process is a
multiple criteria decision-making tool. This is an Eigen value approach to the pair- wise
comparisons. It also provides a methodology to calibrate the numeric scale for the measurement
of quantitative as well as qualitative performances. The scale ranges from 1/9 for least valued
than, to 1 for equal and to 9 for absolutely more important than covering the entire spectrum of
the comparison. Some key and basic steps involved in this methodology are:
1. State the problem.
2. Broaden the objectives of the problem or consider all actors, objectives and its outcome.
3. Identify the criteria that influence the behavior.
4. Structure the problem in a hierarchy of different levels constituting goal, criteria, sub-criteria
and alternatives.
5. Compare each element in the corresponding level and calibrate them on the numerical scale.
This requires n (n-1)/2 comparisons, where n is the number of elements with the considerations
that diagonal elements are equal or 1 and the other elements will simply be the reciprocals of the
earlier comparisons.
6. Perform calculations to find the maximum Eigen value, consistency index CI, consistency
ratio CR, and normalized values for each criteria/ alternative.
7. If the maximum Eigen value, CI, and CR are satisfactory then decision is taken based on the
normalized values; else the procedure is repeated till these values lie in a desired range.
AHP helps to incorporate a group consensus. Generally this consists of a questionnaire for
comparison of each element and geometric mean to arrive at a final solution. The hierarchy method
used in AHP has various advantages.

DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

A survey questionnaire has to be developed based on AHP method. This step of the methodology
requires the criteria identified to be weighed against one another. In an AHP model, researchers
can assume that although there might be multiple criteria when making a decision, not all the
criteria may have the same impact on the final decision. It is then the task in this step to
determine the criteria weights as perceived by the respondents.
A comparison between the two criteria has to be made over a scale on 1 to 9. This scale is known
as Saaty scale.
The following table shows what the score on the saaty scale mean. By studying the table, the
expert respondent can mark the relative importance of the category and its criteria.

The comparison scale

Value Meaning Importance

1. Equal

2. Between Equal to moderate

3. Moderate

4. Between Moderate to strong

5. Strong
 1

6. Between Strong to Very

7. Very strong

8. Between Very strong to

Extreme

9. Extreme

2 An example is shown below to give a clear understanding of the comparative method of the
3 criteria.

4 Sustainable site planning Health and well-being during construction

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5
6 Similarly a comparison has to be made of the sub criteria
7
8 Site selection Preserve and protect landscape during construction

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9
10 Likewise the questionnaire shall contain a comparison between all the 7 main categories and then
11 comparison between the sub criteria shall also be made on saaty scale to determine their relative
12 importance on the saaty scale of 1-9.
13 After getting the responses from the experts, matrices shall be generated and the weights of each
14 criteria, based on the relative importance, could be generated. These weights shall be utilized for
15 the development of score points for the Green Building Rating Tool.
 5. Cost Analysis

This study will enlist the parameters responsible for cost incremental or decremental factors which
are additionally associated due to a green rating. The post occupancy or operational stage is not
considered for study.

5.1. Environmental parameters

A brief: 2000 – 2013 The parameters for environment friendly constructional practices have been
always a part of the bye laws and the literature of corporations. The environmental status reports
have been a strong proof for the same. The parameters were never highlighted as a separate entity
but always a part of the integrated construction process. The need for a recognized methodology
and degree of greenness was realized and so the concept of green ratings was introduced in the
country. International protocols and growing awareness in the global scenario also created the
need in the Indian market. The rating tool offered a similar concept which was associated with
project branding and measurement of green status. The concept of green buildings picked up pace
after year 2000 in India. The authority organizations presented their voluntary assessment systems
to the citizens which were propagating the green construction practices from design to operational
phase. For its proliferation several offers and benefits including monetary benefits were attached
to the rating systems. The globally recognized rating LEED made a way in India with its Green
Homes rating which was further modified to Indian context by Confederation Of Indian Industry
[CII]. The rating was termed as IGBC Green Homes, where IGBC is Indian Green building
Council clearly highlighting the localized sense.
Eco Housing India, IGBC Green Homes and Griha are the ratings that were presented to the city
of Pune during the past decade. Environmental parameters influence the distribution, abundance
and activity of animals and plants. Local meteorological conditions such as air temperature,
rainfall or sunlight may affect the behavior of terrestrial organisms, and water current, dissolved
oxygen, suspended material and river bed topography may influence aquatic species.
Green building rating systems In India, there are rating systems like LEED, IGBC, Eco Housing
and GRIHA. They have a predefined set of criteria that have intent towards direct applicable
environment aspect with points against each of them. Few points are mandated while others are
voluntary as per the choice of the project. Buildings are required to fulfill the defined criteria and
achieve a certain number of points to be certified. In addition to these rating systems, there are
codes that are applicable to defined projects. These codes are not mandated till date but might be
a mandate to go with in near future. Energy Consumption Building Code [ECBC] has a direct
implication with measurable energy savings. With all these guidelines there is National Building
Code [NBC] which provide instructions on the energy consumption of buildings. All buildings in
India need to comply with the guidelines set up by ECBC and the NBC.
 We can define Green Buildings as structures that ensure efficient use of natural resources in
construction. Use of ecofriendly building materials, savings in water & energy and other resources
with minimal generation of non-degradable waste are key parameters for green buildings. Further
to the basic systems in the defined green way, technology support enhances the greenness quotient
of the project. Technologies prove very helpful to help measure the actual savings that reflect in
the system. Examples like efficient cooling systems with sensors that can sense the heat generated
from human body and automatically adjust the room temperature, prove much more beneficial
than only limiting to system installations, further saving energy. The same applies to the lighting
systems too resulting in saving of energy against lighting. Green buildings have a smarter lighting
system that automatically switches off when no one is present inside the rooms. Simple
technologies like air based flushing system in toilets that avoids water use by 100%, use of energy
efficient LED’s and CFL’s instead of conventional incandescent lamp, new generation appliances
that consume less energy, and many other options help in making the buildings green and make
them different from conventional ones. In Pune city, all the four rating systems are predominantly
noted. Due to the applicable benefits to the region, the city experiences a large green building
footprint in the country with LEED, IGBC and GRIHA combined footprint.

i. Green building parameters: There are several parameters on which a building is evaluated
before being awarded with a final certification. The overall parameters can be categorized as
following major heads:
ii. Efficiency of site selection and planning: The site selection and planning section addresses
the ecology and environment concerns related to residential construction and site
development activities including the design of landscape.
iii. Water management: Efficient water and waste water management for reducing water usage
demand on fresh water sources is the prime focus. The residential sector is one of the
significant water consumers, after agriculture. The certification parameters encourage water
usage in a self-sustainable manner through reduce-recycle-reuse concept.
iv. Energy efficiency: Reducing demand of conventional energy by optimization of building
design and structure is the prime focus. Incorporating renewable sources of energy and
renewable energy based systems such as solar water heater to reduce the use of conventional
energy are evaluated and applied in the project under this head.
v. Materials: Efficiency in selection of sustainable materials for construction and the
technologies considered is evaluated.
vi. Indoor environmental quality: Enhancement of indoor environment quality like indoor air
and thermal quality is evaluated including daylight parameters.
vii. Innovation: The credits that are performing exemplary in few of the above criteria can avail
additional points under innovations. Also if the project attempts any beneficial activity that is
not mentioned in the rating but that can help to prove positive benefit to the environment they
can claim additional points under this head.
viii. Audit & maintenance Optimization of operation and maintenance:

To compare green and conventional buildings, major parameters that will be under consideration
include those areas where the Green element shall make an impact. There are many parameters
which will have common considerations as per the sanctioning mandates or by the environmental
committee suggestive mandates. Only those parameters that are additional for green building will
be accounted for this study.

ix. Case study analysis: A brief survey was carried out for a sample of 150 where the
preference of the developers and buyers was asked for the rating to be opted for while doing a
green building. Looking at the popularity of the ratings in the building sector in private and
government sector both, IGBC and GRIHA prove to make a mark in the Indian industry.
Similarly for the city of Pune both these ongoing ratings are prominent and exceed the
footprint than other ratings. We can thus study the two prominent ratings in Pune, i.e. IGBC
and GRIHA; for the preferential weight age catered to each of the criteria as defined by
Green norms. As per the defined categories of the ratings, the following table is identified
with the weight age in terms of points given to each criterion under that category. From the
above tables it can be realized that the prevalent rating systems in India give most priority to
the Building design and comfort parameters. Average high priority is for the materials and
water and waste management is given considerable weight age. Significant points lie with the
 main credits but the supporting credits are designed in such ways that they have great influence
on main points. With their minor number they can assume greater impact on main points
further adding green quotient to the project. Further detailed analysis for these parameters is
carried out on the basis of their cost impact against each of the criteria. Cost impactive
parameters for green and conventional buildings.

In residential sector for most preferred ratings of IGBC & GRIHA many projects can be identified
that have reached a benchmark for study. Considering the parameters of conventional and green
buildings, a detailed study is carried out for GRIHA and IGBC criteria to understand the impactive
credits for the entire project. The cost impact shall only be considered for first costs impact, either
increasing or decreasing cost for conventional against green building. The overall study has been
divided in two parts. The first part of the study is the identification of the variables of the cost
parameters for conventional against green. Whilst the second part is the actual set of certified
buildings are studied for the impacted cost. Here the detailed checklist for both rating systems is
analyzed for the first cost impact that is probable for both the conventional and green. Below
analyses helps us to identify how the cost increment or decrement is impacting the green against
the conventional case. This analysis is made against each sub part of the criteria for both ratings
and segregated under heads as mentioned in the figures below. It is noted that the parameters
related to site and energy show a significant increase in cost parameters with green attempted
criteria whilst there is also a significant decrease observed with the parameters of materials
specifically under the structural head. With the increase in cost there is a high scope for cost
decrease also with the attempt of right technology and correct material selection.
Simultaneous decrease is also observed under the water and site credit with the responsible
parameter of landscape.
x. Cost analysis Case studies: The identified variables in the above study were further
applied to a group of certified buildings which were studied for comparison of their own
conventional and green case for cost impacts. As a standard the conventional case was
considered as the case without the green implication for the same project in similar situation.
Thus cost impact was taken nullified for that particular credit and the cost for conventional
was considered less than the value against the green case. Similarly the cost positive areas
were considered for the value which was reduced from the conventional case. The overall
impact is the resultant value that is notified in the table. The cost data collected for 15 sites
were analyzed in great detail to understand the difference in conventional and green cost of
the construction. Also, the activities which contribute in these differences were studied and
presented in the following section. Table 2 presents the details of the cost data based all 15
sites under study. The conventional cost of the sites ranged 1,021 – 1,402 Rs./sq.ft. with the
mean Rs. 1,238 [± 113]. Whereas, the mean green cost of the sites were Rs.1,253 [±117] per
sq.ft. It was observed that the green cost of the sites were higher than the conventional cost.
On an average there was an increase of 14.80 Rs./sq.ft in green cost, which accounted for 1.2
% increase over conventional cost. However, the mean percent increase in green cost over
conventional cost was highest for medium projects [1.6 ± 0.6] followed by small projects [1.3
± 0.2]. Percent increase in green cost for large projects was only 0.6 [± 0.3], which was less
than half of the increased observed in small and medium projects [Figure 5]. The difference
in green cost of projects across the groups was statistically significant as indicated by the test
statistics of non-parametric Kruskal Wallis Test.
 6. DETAILED ESTIMATE

6.1. Item-wise Detailed Estimate

(For a 2000 sq.ft Residential G+1 Building with basic green features)
S.N Rate Amount
Description of Work Unit Quantity
o (INR) (INR)

1 Site Clearing and Earthwork sq.ft 2000 15 30,000

Foundation (eco concrete with fly

2 cu.m 15 6,000 90,000
ash)

3 Brickwork (fly ash bricks) cu.m 40 5,500 2,20,000

4 RCC (Columns, Slab, Beams) cu.m 35 7,000 2,45,000
5 Roofing with thermal insulation sq.ft 2000 200 4,00,000

Doors & Windows (recycled

6 sq.ft 400 450 1,80,000
wood/UPVC)

7 Plastering (eco-friendly materials) sq.ft 4000 25 1,00,000

8 Flooring (vitrified + bamboo options) sq.ft 2000 100 2,00,000

9 Plumbing (low-flow fixtures) LS — — 80,000

10 Electrical (LED + smart switches) LS — — 1,00,000
11 Solar Panel System (3 kW) kW 3 70,000 2,10,000
12 Rainwater Harvesting System LS — — 60,000
13 Grey Water Treatment Unit LS — — 75,000
14 Paint (Low VOC, eco-friendly) sq.ft 4000 20 80,000
15 Landscaping + Green Roof sq.ft 500 120 60,000

6.2. Total Project Cost

Subtotal - ₹16,40,000
 Add 5% Contingency - ₹82,000
Total Estimated Cost - ₹17,22,000

Notes:
 Prices are indicative (as of 2025) and vary by location.
 Labour charges are included.
 GST extra if applicable.

6.3. Cost Comparison with Conventional Building

S.No Component Conventional Building Green Building

Construction Cost per sq.ft ₹1,500 ₹1,700 – ₹1,800

1

2 Solar Power System Not included ₹70,000 – ₹1,50,000

3 Rainwater Harvesting System Not included ₹50,000 – ₹80,000

4 Grey Water Treatment Not included ₹75,000 – ₹1,00,000

5 Energy-efficient Materials & Lights Standard materials 10–15% higher cost

6 Annual Energy Bill (approx) ₹40,000 ₹20,000 – ₹22,000

7 Annual Water Bill (approx) ₹12

Analysis:
 Initial Cost Difference: Green building construction cost is approx 10–15% higher than a conventional
building.
 Payback Period: The additional cost is typically recovered within 5–7 years through energy and water
savings.
 Life Cycle Savings: Over a 25–30 year life span, green buildings save 20–30% in operational costs.
 Conclusion:
Although green buildings require slightly higher initial investment, they are economically viable in the long
term. Moreover, they offer non-monetary benefits like better air quality, thermal comfort, environmental
responsibility, and higher resale value.
 7. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
7.1. Carbon Footprint Reduction
Carbon footprint refers to the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases released
due to building activities (construction, energy use, material transport, etc.).

Conventional Building:

 Uses grid electricity (mainly from coal) ➝ high emissions.

 Non-renewable materials like cement and steel.
 Poor insulation ➝ higher AC/heater use.

Green Building:

 Solar panels provide clean electricity.

 Materials like fly ash bricks, bamboo, and recycled wood emit less carbon.
 Efficient design reduces energy needs.
Reduction Example: From ~10 tons/year CO₂ (conventional) to ~5.5 tons/year (green) ➝ ↓45%
emission

7.2. Water and Energy Savings

These are critical resources affected by building use.

Water Savings:
 Green buildings use rainwater harvesting, low-flow fixtures, and greywater recycling.
 This drastically cuts the use of fresh water.
Water Use Drop: From ~200 KL/year to ~110 KL/year ➝ ↓45%.
Energy Savings:
 Passive solar design, natural lighting, LED lights, and solar power lower energy demand.
 Insulation keeps interiors cooler/warmer naturally.
Electricity Use Drop: From ~12,000 kWh/year to ~7,000 kWh/year ➝ ↓40%–45%.

7.3. Long-Term Sustainability Analysis

Green buildings are designed to perform efficiently over decades, not just in the short term.
Long-Term Benefits:
 Lower operating costs (energy, water, maintenance).
 Increased durability from high-performance materials.
 Healthier indoor environment (no VOCs, better ventilation).
 Higher resale value due to energy ratings and certifications.
 Supports global goals like climate action and clean water.
What the Figure Shows (Bar Graph
Explanation)
Conventional Green
Building Building
Parameter

Carbon Footprint (tons/year) 10.0 5.5

Water Usage (KL/year) 200 110

Energy Usage (kWh/year) 12,000 7,000

The bars clearly show that green buildings consume much less of each resource — which means
less pollution, less strain on utilities, and more savings.

summary

Aspect Conventional Building Green Building Benefit

Carbon Emissions High Low ↓ 45%

Water Consumption High Low ↓ 40–50%

Energy Consumption High Low ↓ 40%

Long-Term Cost Higher (over time) Lower ✔️

Environmental Impact Negative Positive ✔️

 8. BENEFITS

Environmental and economic performance: Green construction methods when integrated while
design and construction provide most significant benefits. Benefits of green building include
many of the following.

Environmental Benefits:
i. Reduce wastage of water
ii. Conserve natural resources
iii. Improve air and water quality
iv. Protect biodiversity and ecosystems

Economic Benefits:
i. Reduce operating costs
ii. Improve occupant productivity
iii. Create market for green product and services.

Social Benefits:
i. Improve quality of life
ii. Minimize strain on local infrastructure
iii. Improve occupant health and comfort

Energy Efficiency & Water Conservation

i. Optimizing energy and water resources will not only decrease the use of natural resources
but will also decrease your water and electric bills.
ii. Improved Indoor Air Quality

Breathe easy with fresh air indoors. We believe in helping to bring refreshing breaths of air to
you, your children, employees, as well as elderly or sick members through upholding our mantra
of separate, ventilate and filtrate.

Reduced Carbon Footprint

i. Keep your project and the environment clean and green by producing less waste and
reducing the release of harmful gasses.
ii. Increased Property Values

Green built properties are in demand for their sustainable components that lower maintenance
costs and keep those within it smiling, feeling guilt-free, and healthy. So go green, and then get
the green in return!
Increased Employee Productivity
With clean air to breath, natural light flowing in, and energy resources being put to good use, those
working in green built properties can better focus on their work and become more productive.

Improved Employee Attendance

An environmentally friendly workplace creates positive vibes, while the natural resources
increase the health benefits for those within the property. Employees stay happy, healthy, and
excited to go to work every day.

Environmental
One of the most important types of benefit green buildings offer is to our climate and the natural
environment. Green buildings can not only reduce or eliminate negative impacts on the
environment, by using less water, energy or natural resources, but they can - in many cases - have
a positive impact on the environment (at the building or city scales) by generating their own energy
or increasing biodiversity.

At a global level:
i. The building sector has the largest potential for significantly reducing greenhouse gas
emissions compared to other major emitting sectors – UNEP, 2009.
ii. This emissions savings potential is said to be as much as 84 gigatonnes of CO2 (GtCO2)
by 2050, through direct measures in buildings such as energy efficiency, fuel switching
and the use of renewable energy – UNEP, 2016.
iii. The building sector has the potential to make energy savings of 50% or more in 2050, in
support of limiting global temperature rises to 2°C (above pre-industrial levels) – UNEP,
2016.
iv. At a building level:
v. Green buildings achieving the Green Star certification in Australia have been shown to
produce 62% fewer greenhouse gas emissions than average Australian buildings, and
51% less potable water than if they had been built to meet minimum industry
requirements.
vi. Green buildings certified by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) results in energy
savings of 40 - 50% and water savings of 20 - 30% compared to conventional buildings
in India.
vii. Green buildings achieving the Green Star certification in South Africa have been shown
to save on average between 30 - 40% energy and carbon emissions every year, and
between 20 - 30% potable water every year, when compared to the industry norm.
 viii. Green buildings achieving the LEED certification in the US and other countries have
been shown to consume 25 per cent less energy and 11 per cent less water, than non-
green buildings.

Economic
Green buildings offer a number of economic or financial benefits, which are relevant to a range
of different people or groups of people. These include cost savings on utility bills for tenants or
households (through energy and water efficiency); lower construction costs and higher property
value for building developers; increased occupancy rates or operating costs for building owners;
and job creation. Since the publication of World GBC’s groundbreaking 2013 report, The
Business Case for Green Building, we have sought to strengthen the link between green buildings
and the economic benefits they can offer.

At a global level:
i. Global energy efficiency measures could save an estimated €280 to €410 billion in
savings on energy spending (and the equivalent to almost double the annual electricity
consumption of the United States) – European Commission, 2015.
ii. At a country level:
iii. Canada’s green building industry generated $23.45 billion in GDP and represented nearly
300,000 full-time jobs in 2014 – Canada Green Building Council / The Delphi Group,
2016.
iv. Green building is projected to account for more than 3.3 million U.S. jobs by 2018 – US
Green Building Council / Booz Allen Hamilton, 2015.
v. At a building level:
vi. Building owners report that green buildings - whether new or renovated - command a 7
per cent increase in asset value over traditional buildings – Dodge Data & Analytics,
2016.

Waste Reduction
 What it means: Minimizing the amount of waste sent to landfills during construction and building
operation.
 How green buildings help:
o Use of recycled and locally sourced materials reduces raw material extraction and
transportation emissions.
o Implementation of construction waste management plans ensures proper segregation, reuse,
and recycling of waste materials.
 Impact: Less landfill waste means reduced soil and water contamination and decreased greenhouse
gas emissions from waste decomposition.
 Preservation of Natural Habitats
 What it means: Protecting ecosystems and biodiversity during and after construction.
 How green buildings help:
Designing with minimal site disturbance and preserving existing trees and vegetation.
Creating green spaces, green roofs, and vertical gardens that provide habitats for birds, insects, and plants.
 Impact: Supports urban biodiversity and maintains ecological balance.

Reduction of Heat Island Effect

 What it means: Urban areas tend to be hotter than surrounding rural areas due to heat-absorbing
materials like concrete and asphalt.
 How green buildings help:
o Use of reflective and cool roofing materials that reflect sunlight.
o Incorporation of green roofs and walls that absorb less heat and provide cooling through
evapotranspiration.
 Impact: Lowers urban temperatures, reducing the need for air conditioning and improving outdoor
comfort.
 9.Certification of green building

9.1. What is Green Building Certification?

Green Building Certification is a formal recognition awarded to buildings that meet specific standards
of environmental performance, sustainability, and resource efficiency throughout their life cycle—
from design and construction to operation and maintenance.
It provides a verified proof that a building has been planned and built using sustainable principles that
reduce environmental impact, improve occupant health, and optimize resource use.

9.2. Why is Green Building Certification Important?

 Standardization: It creates a common framework and standards for measuring a building’s

environmental performance.
 Verification: Ensures that green design claims are independently verified by an impartial third party.
 Market Recognition: Certified buildings often have better market value, attract tenants, and qualify
for incentives.
 Environmental Impact: Encourages adoption of practices that reduce carbon footprint, conserve water
and energy, and minimize waste.
 Health and Comfort: Promotes better indoor air quality, lighting, and thermal comfort for occupants.
 Government and Corporate Compliance: Helps meet regulatory requirements and corporate
sustainability goals.

There are several internationally and nationally recognized certification programs, each with their own
set of criteria and rating levels. Some of the most prominent ones include:

9.3. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

 Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).

 One of the most widely used green building rating systems globally.
 Applies to all building types: residential, commercial, institutional.
 Rating Levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum.
 Categories Assessed: Sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and
resources, indoor environmental quality, innovation, and regional priority.

9.4. BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment

Method)
 Originated in the UK, used internationally.
 Assesses environmental performance across categories like energy, water, materials, waste, ecology,
and pollution.
 Rating Levels: Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent, Outstanding.
 Focuses on lifecycle assessment and building management.

9.5.WELL Building Standard

 Focuses primarily on occupant health and wellness.

 Assesses air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, and mind.
 Can be combined with other certifications like LEED.

9.6. IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

 India’s leading green building certification body.

 Includes rating systems for residential, commercial, townships, and more.
 Tailored to Indian climate and local practices.
 Rating Levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum.

9.7. Green Star

 Developed in Australia by the Green Building Council of Australia.

 Emphasizes sustainability in design, construction, and operation.
 Categories similar to LEED.
 10. CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION

Despite the growing awareness and benefits of green buildings, their implementation still faces
several significant challenges. These hurdles slow down the widespread adoption of sustainable
construction practices, especially in developing countries like India. Some of the key challenges
are:

10.1. High Initial Cost

One of the biggest barriers to green building adoption is the high initial investment. Eco-friendly
materials, advanced energy systems (like solar panels or rainwater harvesting systems), and smart
technologies often cost more than traditional construction materials and methods. Although the
long-term savings are significant, the upfront cost discourages many developers and homeowners.

10.2. Lack of Awareness

Many people, including builders, contractors, and end-users, are not fully aware of the advantages
of green buildings. Due to a lack of proper knowledge, green construction is often misunderstood
as unnecessary or expensive, which prevents its popularity and acceptance.

10.3. Limited Availability of Green Materials

Sustainable construction requires specific eco-friendly materials like fly ash bricks, recycled steel,
bamboo, low-VOC paints, etc. However, these materials are not always readily available in all
regions, especially in rural or remote areas. This leads to delays and higher costs.

10.4. Shortage of Skilled Professionals

Designing and constructing a green building requires expertise in energy modeling, environmental
engineering, and sustainable architecture. Unfortunately, there is a shortage of trained
professionals with this specialized knowledge, which makes proper execution difficult.

10.5. Lack of Policy Support & Incentives

Although the Indian government has introduced policies and rating systems (like IGBC, GRIHA),
the support is still limited. There is a need for more subsidies, tax benefits, and fast approvals for
green projects to motivate builders and owners.
10.6. Resistance to Change

Conventional construction practices are deeply rooted in the industry. Many stakeholders resist
shifting to newer, more sustainable methods due to fear of risk, complexity, or extra effort required
to learn new systems.

10.7. Difficulty in Measuring Performance

It is often challenging to track and measure the actual performance of green technologies after
implementation. For example, improper maintenance of systems like solar panels or rainwater
harvesting can reduce their effectiveness over time.

Conclusion:

To overcome these challenges, there must be a collective effort involving government support,
awareness campaigns, training programs, and a change in mindset. Only then can green buildings
become the norm rather than the exception.
 11. FUTURE OF GREEN BUILDINGDS IN INDIA
India, being one of the fastest-growing economies, is witnessing rapid urbanization and industrial
growth. This brings with it increased energy demand, water consumption, and environmental
challenges. In such a scenario, green buildings offer a sustainable solution. The future of green
buildings in India looks promising and transformative, owing to several positive developments,
innovations, and initiatives.

11.1. Government Support and Policies

The Indian government has recognized the importance of sustainable construction. Several
policies and schemes are being introduced to promote green infrastructure, such as:

 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) – mandates energy-efficient practices in building

design.

 Green Rating Systems like GRIHA and IGBC are being integrated into building approval
processes.

 Smart Cities Mission and PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana) are encouraging the use of green
building techniques.

 Incentives such as tax benefits, fast-track approvals, and floor area ratio (FAR) relaxations are
being offered to green-rated buildings.

11.2. Technological Advancements

With advancements in technology, the construction industry is adopting smart and

sustainable systems, such as:

 AI and IoT-based energy management systems

 Building Information Modelling (BIM) for precise and efficient design

 Smart sensors for lighting, HVAC, and water usage control

 Eco-friendly building materials such as self-healing concrete, phase change materials, and
insulated panels

These innovations are making green buildings more efficient, user-friendly, and affordable.

11.3. Rise in Green Building Certifications

More builders are now aiming for certifications like:

 LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

 IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

 GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)

India is among the top three countries globally in terms of the number of LEED-certified green
buildings. This trend is expected to grow rapidly as awareness spreads.

11.4. Growing Demand for Sustainability

The younger generation and corporate sector are increasingly environmentally conscious. MNCs
and IT companies demand sustainable workspaces, while home buyers are also looking for eco-
friendly homes with features like:

 Low utility bills

 Better air quality

 Rainwater harvesting

 Solar panels

This shift in consumer mindset is pushing the construction industry towards sustainable solutions.

11.5. Focus on Retrofitting Existing Buildings

In addition to new constructions, there is an increasing trend to convert existing buildings into
green buildings through retrofitting. This includes:
 Installing energy-efficient lighting and appliances

 Adding solar power systems

 Improving insulation

 Using water-efficient fixtures

This approach will play a crucial role in transforming urban infrastructure.

11.6. Market Growth and Employment Opportunities

The green building sector is expected to grow exponentially, creating vast employment
opportunities for:

 Architects & Engineers

 Sustainability consultants

 Energy auditors

 Green material suppliers

By 2030, green construction is projected to become a multi-billion-dollar industry in India.

Conclusion

The future of green buildings in India is not just a trend but a necessity. With strong policy
backing, technological growth, and rising environmental awareness, India is moving steadily
towards a greener, cleaner, and more sustainable built environment. By embracing green
construction today, India is building the foundation for a better tomorrow.
 12. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GREEN BUILDINGS
Effective waste management is a key pillar of green building design. In traditional construction
and building operation, a large amount of waste is generated, including construction debris, daily
household waste, packaging materials, and more. Green buildings aim to minimize, manage, and
reuse this waste in a way that protects the environment and conserves resources.

12.1. Objectives of Waste Management in Green Buildings

Reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills

Reuse and recycle maximum materials

Lower environmental pollution

Encourage responsible consumption and material use

Promote circular economy practices

12.2. Construction Waste Management

During construction, a huge quantity of waste like concrete debris, wood, metals, plastics, and
packaging is generated. Green buildings follow practices to reduce and manage this waste:

 Segregation at Source – Waste is sorted as biodegradable, recyclable, hazardous, etc.

 Reuse of Materials – Bricks, tiles, and wood can be reused in landscaping or interior works.

 Recycling – Metal, glass, plastic waste is sent for recycling.

 Design for Minimal Waste – Modular design and prefabrication reduce on-site wastage.

12.3. Operational Waste Management

After the building is occupied, daily activities generate municipal solid waste (MSW). Green
buildings incorporate systems to manage this efficiently:

 Two-bin or three-bin systems for segregation (wet, dry, hazardous)

 Composting units to convert kitchen/garden waste into organic manure

 Recycling zones within premises for plastic, paper, and e-waste

 Encouraging residents/users to reduce use of disposables and non-biodegradable items

12.4. E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Handling

Modern buildings generate electronic waste (e.g., used batteries, printers, mobile phones) and
hazardous waste (e.g., paints, cleaning agents). Green buildings:

 Install e-waste collection points

 Partner with authorized recyclers

 Use eco-friendly and low-toxic products to reduce hazardous waste generation

12.5. Innovative Waste Management Techniques

On-site Biogas Plants: Convert organic waste into gas and compost

Waste-to-energy technologies

Greywater reuse systems to minimize wastewater discharge

Building Information Modeling (BIM) to plan waste reduction during design

12.6. Benefits of Efficient Waste Management

Reduces environmental impact and landfill burden

Saves costs through material reuse and reduced waste hauling

Promotes cleaner surroundings and better health

Helps in achieving green building certifications like IGBC, GRIHA, or LEED

Enhances the sustainability image of the building or organization

Conclusion
Waste management in green buildings is not limited to just disposal—it is a comprehensive
strategy to reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover materials at every stage of a building’s life. With
the right planning, technologies, and public participation, green buildings can become models of
zero-waste living and construction.
 13. CASE STUDIES
Green buildings in India are setting remarkable examples of sustainable design, resource
efficiency, and environmental responsibility. Here are three inspiring case studies:

13.1. Case Study 1: CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad

Overview:

 Location: Hyderabad, Telangana

 Developed by: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

 Built-up Area: ~20,000 sq.ft

 Rating: First building outside USA to get LEED Platinum rating

Green Features:

 100% of the building’s energy requirement is met by renewable sources (solar panels and
biogas).

 Use of fly ash bricks and recycled steel during construction.

 Rainwater harvesting system and greywater reuse reduce water demand by over 50%.

 Efficient HVAC and lighting reduce energy consumption by 55%.

 Landscape includes native plants requiring minimal irrigation.

Impact:

 Energy savings: ~185,000 kWh/year

 Water savings: ~35% reduction compared to conventional buildings

 Serves as a demonstration project for architects, engineers, and students

Basic Details:
 Name: CII–Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII–GBC)

 Location: Hyderabad, Telangana

 Built by: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in collaboration with Godrej Group

 Built-up Area: Approx. 20,000 sq.ft

 Year of Completion: 2004

 Rating Achieved: First LEED Platinum building outside the USA

13.2. Objective & Vision:

CII–GBC was established as a demonstration project to showcase the viability and effectiveness
of green building technologies in India. The vision was to create a state-of-the-art, resource-
efficient office that would also function as a training and awareness hub for green construction
practices in the country.

13.3. Design and Construction Features:

13.3.1. Energy Efficiency:

 Achieved 50% lower energy consumption than conventional buildings.

 Use of daylighting design, with building orientation to maximize natural light and reduce heat
gain.

 Installation of energy-efficient HVAC systems and appliances.

 Solar panels installed on rooftop to generate renewable electricity.

13.3.2. Water Conservation:

 Use of low-flow fixtures reduced water usage by over 35%.

 Rainwater harvesting system and greywater treatment used for landscaping and flushing.

 Zero-discharge campus — no wastewater is sent to municipal drains.

 13.3.3. Sustainable Materials:

 Construction used fly ash bricks, recycled steel, bamboo flooring, and low-VOC (Volatile Organic
Compound) paints.

 More than 90% of construction waste was segregated and recycled.

13.3.4. Indoor Environmental Quality:

 Fresh air ventilation system ensures high indoor air quality.

 Non-toxic paints, adhesives, and sealants used throughout the building.

 Large windows and courtyards offer natural views and daylighting, enhancing occupant comfort.

13.4. Performance Highlights:

Aspect Performance

Energy Savings ~50% less than a conventional office

Water Savings ~35% reduction through conservation

Renewable Energy 100% on-site (solar + biogas)

Indoor Air Quality Superior, due to natural ventilation

Construction Waste Reuse ~90% waste reused or recycled

13.5. Significance and Impact:

Became India’s first LEED Platinum-certified green building.

Acts as a training center and consultation hub for green building professionals.

Inspired many builders, architects, and developers across India to adopt sustainable practices.
 Reduced operating costs significantly while offering a comfortable and healthy workspace.

13.6.Visual Highlights (optional in report):

Solar panel-covered rooftop

Open courtyards with natural daylight

Rainwater harvesting tanks

Charts showing energy & water savings

Conclusion:

CII–Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre is a landmark in India's green building movement. It
not only proves the technical and economic feasibility of green practices, but also serves as a
living laboratory for students, professionals, and policymakers. It truly exemplifies the future of
sustainable development in India.

14. Case Study: 2 Infosys Campus, Mysuru (Green Building Example)

14.1. Basic Details:

 Name: Infosys Technologies Ltd. – Mysuru Development Centre

 Location: Mysuru, Karnataka

 Area: Over 350 acres (includes multiple buildings and facilities)

 Certifications:

o IGBC Platinum Rated

o LEED Platinum Certified

 Primary Use: Office, training, and accommodation for new recruits

 14.2. Vision & Objective:

Infosys aimed to build one of the most energy-efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable IT campuses
in India. The goal was to:

 Minimize environmental impact

 Promote energy and water efficiency

 Create a healthy work and learning environment

 Set a benchmark for corporate sustainability

14.3. Green Building Features

14.3.1. Energy Efficiency

 Double-glazed glass windows to reduce heat gain and allow natural light

 Advanced Building Management System (BMS) to control lighting, AC, and fans

 Use of energy-efficient HVAC systems with high COP (Coefficient of Performance)

 Installation of motion sensor lighting, daylight dimming systems

 Use of solar panels and solar thermal systems for electricity and hot water

Impact:

 44% energy savings compared to conventional campuses

 Reduction of ~9,000 tons of CO₂ emissions per year

 14.3.2. Water Conservation

 Rainwater harvesting systems collect and store water for landscaping and non-potable use

 Low-flow faucets, dual-flush toilets, and sensor-based taps

 On-site sewage treatment plant (STP) with 100% recycling of greywater

 Drip irrigation systems for gardens and landscapes

💧 Impact:

 Over 50% reduction in freshwater usage

 Zero water discharge from the site

14.3.3. Materials & Waste Management

 Use of eco-friendly materials: fly ash concrete, recycled steel, low-VOC paints

 Segregation of waste at source (organic, plastic, paper, e-waste, etc.)

 Composting units for food and garden waste

 Tie-up with authorized recyclers for electronic and plastic waste

14.3.4. Indoor Environmental Quality

 High air quality due to fresh air systems and use of non-toxic materials

 Large windows for natural daylighting in more than 90% of occupied spaces

 Ergonomic furniture and spacious interiors to improve employee well-being

14.3.5. Smart Campus Approach

 Smart metering and real-time monitoring of energy/water

 Green dashboards that display real-time resource usage

 Training for employees and awareness campaigns to promote green practices

Performance Summary

Parameter Impact

Energy Savings ~44% lower than traditional buildings

Water Consumption ~50% less usage via reuse and harvesting

Renewable Energy Solar PV + Solar Thermal

Carbon Footprint Reduced by 9,000 tons/year

Occupant Comfort Improved air quality & daylight access

Green Certifications LEED Platinum + IGBC Platinum

14.4. Significance & Learnings

 One of India’s largest green corporate campuses

 Demonstrates how large-scale IT infrastructure can be sustainable

 Acts as a model for other companies looking to go green

 Highlights the role of leadership and vision in corporate sustainability

Conclusion:
The Infosys Mysuru Campus stands as a shining example of how environmental sustainability
and business efficiency can go hand in hand. With its cutting-edge design, smart systems, and
responsible use of resources, the campus is not only eco-friendly but also highly cost-efficient and
employee-centric. It is a role model for future green developments in the IT and corporate sectors.
 CONCLUSION
Green buildings represent a revolutionary shift in how we design, construct, and operate our built
environment. In the face of rising environmental challenges — such as climate change, water
scarcity, and energy crises — green buildings offer a sustainable and intelligent solution.

They are not just about buildings with solar panels or plants on rooftops, but about a holistic
approach to minimizing environmental impact, maximizing efficiency, and improving human
well-being. From site selection to design, construction, operation, and even demolition — every
stage is planned with environmental responsibility in mind.

Key Takeaways:

Energy Efficiency: Green buildings consume up to 30–50% less energy, reducing dependence
on fossil fuels and lowering carbon footprints.

Water Conservation: Efficient plumbing, rainwater harvesting, and greywater recycling help
reduce water use by 30–60%.

Material Optimization: The use of recycled, local, and non-toxic materials reduces
environmental damage and promotes the circular economy.

Waste Management: Waste is minimized at source, reused, or recycled — making the buildings
zero-discharge or low-waste.

Health & Comfort: Green buildings enhance indoor air quality, natural light, and thermal
comfort, directly benefiting occupants' productivity and well-being.

Cost Savings: Though initial costs are slightly higher, the long-term financial savings from
lower energy, water, and maintenance costs far outweigh the investment.

Environmental & Social Impact:

Green buildings reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve precious natural resources, and help
cities become more resilient and sustainable. They also contribute to social goals like better public
health, affordable housing, and urban livability.
 🇮🇳 Relevance to India:

For a developing country like India, where rapid urbanization is putting pressure on land, water,
and energy resources, green buildings are not optional — they are essential. With the rising
demand for infrastructure, if all future buildings adopt green practices, India can:

 Significantly reduce carbon emissions

 Improve air and water quality

 Create green jobs and industries

 Build climate-resilient smart cities

The Way Forward:

The future lies in making green building practices mainstream — not just in commercial and
elite projects, but in affordable housing, schools, hospitals, and rural buildings. This requires:

 Stronger government policies and incentives

 Public awareness and education

 Skill development and green technology access

 Integration of green concepts in architecture and civil engineering education

Final Thought:

Green buildings are not just structures — they are a commitment to sustainability, a promise
to future generations, and a pathway to a cleaner, healthier, and more equitable world. By
adopting green practices today, we are investing in a better tomorrow.
 REFERENCES

Purpose of References:

The References / Bibliography section is a critical part of any academic or technical report. It
shows that:

 Aapne apne content ke liye authentic sources ka use kiya hai.

 Jo data, case studies, images ya facts use kiye gaye hain, unka origin traceable hai.

 Aapne copy-paste nahi kiya, balki informed research kiya hai.

Types of Sources to Include:

1. Books:

o Standard textbooks on green buildings, sustainable architecture, environmental

engineering, etc.

o Example:

“Green Building Principles and Practices in Residential Construction” – Abe Kruger & Carl
Seville

2. Research Papers & Journals:

o Published in reputed journals like Elsevier, Springer, or IGBC/TERI whitepapers.

o Example:

"Energy Efficiency in Indian Green Buildings" – International Journal of Sustainable

Construction

3. Websites (Authoritative):

o Official websites of green rating systems and organizations.

o Use only trusted websites like:

  www.igbc.in

 www.usgbc.org

 www.grihaindia.org

 www.mnre.gov.in (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)

 www.unep.org (United Nations Environment Programme)

4. Government Reports:

o Policies, building codes, and case studies from government agencies.

o Example:

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India

5. Case Study Sources:

o Specific websites or publications of the buildings you discussed.

o Example:

“CII Godrej GBC – Case Study” – Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

“Infosys Sustainability Report” – www.infosys.com

Proper Format for Referencing:

You can use APA Style (widely accepted in academic writing). Here’s how it’s structured:

For Books:

Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the Book. Publisher Name.

Example:

Kruger, A., & Seville, C. (2010). Green Building: Principles and Practices in Residential
Construction. Cengage Learning.

For Websites:

Author/Organization. (Year, Month Date). Title of the Webpage or Article. Website Name. URL

Example:

Indian Green Building Council. (2024). IGBC Green New Buildings Rating System. IGBC.
https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showratingSysnosign

For Research Papers:

Author(s). (Year). Title of the paper. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page Numbers. DOI or URL

Example:

Singh, R., & Jain, V. (2023). Green Building Trends in India. International Journal of Civil and
Environmental Research, 9(2), 45–52.

Final Example of Bibliography

Kruger, A., & Seville, C. (2010). Green Building: Principles and Practices in Residential
Construction. Cengage Learning.

Indian Green Building Council. (2024). IGBC Green New Buildings Rating System.
https://igbc.in

Singh, R., & Jain, V. (2023). Green Building Trends in India. International Journal of Civil
and Environmental Research, 9(2), 45–52.

GRIHA Council. (2024). GRIHA Rating System Overview. https://grihaindia.org

Infosys Ltd. (2023). Sustainability Reports & Green Building Initiatives.

https://www.infosys.com/sustainability

CII–Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre. (2023). Green Building Case Study.
https://www.ciigbc.org

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). (2022). Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC).
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India. https://beeindia.gov.in

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2021). Global Status Report for Buildings
and Construction. https://www.unep.org