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0101110? CHAPTER 1.1

AE73F9?

Number Binary
System System

Motivation Explanation
Why Binary System Denary System

• Any form of information needs to be converted into a binary format so that it

•
can be processed by a computer
Computer contains millions and millions of tiny switches, which can be turned
Eg. 365
on and off.
102 =100 101 =10 100 =1
• Therefore, the binary system is chosen as the way for a computer to represent any
sort of data.

3 6 5
On = 1 Off = 0
Explanation: Multiply the digit value (eg.3) by the place value (eg. 100)

(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365

Explanation Binary Denary Explanation

Binary Denary 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

Binary 1 1 1
Denary
(1x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 7 in denary

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Binary Denary Explanation Binary Denary DIY

Eg. "1011" What is the denary form of "11100"?

23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1
24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Explanation: Multiply the digit value (eg.1) by the place value (eg. 8).
Then sum it all up!

(1x8) + (0x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 11 in denary

Binary Denary DIY Denary Binary Explanation

Convert 5 to binary:
ANSWER
24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1
5

5 2 2 1
remainder

1 1 1 0 0
Read the remainder
2 1 remainder 0 from bottom to top
2 0 remainder 1
(1x16) + (1x8) + (1x4) + (0x2) + (0x1)
= 28 in denary Answer: 101

Denary Binary Explanation Denary Binary DIY

Convert 39 to binary:
What is the binary form of 42?
39
2 19 remainder
1 25 =32 24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

39
2 9 remainder
1
2 4 remainder
1 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
0
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 100111

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Denary Binary DIY

Denary System RECAP

ANSWER 102 101 100

Convert 42 to binary: (7x100) + (6x10)

7 6 5
42 + (5x1) = 765
2 21 remainder
0

42
Hundredth Tenth Ones
2 10 remainder
1
2 5 remainder
0 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
1
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 101010

Denary System RECAP Binary Denary DIY

102 101 100

(7x100) + (6x10) What is the denary form of "1010"?

7 6 5
+ (5x1) = 765 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

Binary System
22 21 20 1 0 1 0
(1x4) + (1x2)
1 1 1 + (1x1) = 7

Binary Denary DIY Denary Binary DIY

ANSWER What is the binary form of 38?

23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1 25 =32 24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 0 1 0
(1x8) + (1x2) = 10 in denary

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Denary Binary (Method 2) DIY

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N
ANSWER
Convert 38 to binary:

38
2 19 remainder
0

38
2 9 remainder
1
2 4 remainder
1 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
0
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 100110

ANSWER

Hexadecimal
System

Motivation Explanation
Hexadecimal System Hexadecimal System
Denary System Binary System

• It is a base 16 system. 102 =100 101 =10 100 =1 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

• It uses 16 digits to represent each value 3 6 5 1 0 1

(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365 (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1) = 5
Number System Digits used to represent each value

Denary 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal System
Binary 0, 1

Hexadecimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A, B, C, D, E, F ?2 =? ?1 =? ?0 =?

3 E 5

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Explanation
Hexadecimal System Conversion
Denary System Binary System

102 =100 101 =10 100 =1 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

3 6 5 1 0 1 Binary Hexadecimal
(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365 (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1) = 5

Hexadecimal System
Hexadecimal Binary
162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

3 E 5

Binary Hexadecimal Explanation Binary Hexadecimal Explanation

• Since 16 = 24 this means that FOUR binary digits are equivalent to each

101111100001
hexadecimal digit.

101 1 111 0 0 0 01

B E 1

ANSWER : BE1

Binary Hexadecimal Explanation Binary Hexadecimal DIY

10 000111111101
What is the hexadecimal form of
0111010011100?
00 10 0001 1111 1101

2 1 F D

ANSWER : 21FD

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Binary Hexadecimal DIY Hexadecimal Binary Explanation

ANSWER
F 9 3 5
0111010011100
1111 0011 0101
0000 1110 1001 1100 1001

Answer: 1111 1001 0011 0101

0 E 9 C

Hexadecimal Binary DIY Hexadecimal Binary DIY

B F 0 8
What is the binary form of
BF08?
1011 0000 1000
1111

Answer: 1011 1111 0000 1000

Binary Denary RECAP

Conversion

Eg. "111"
Hexadecimal Denary
22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

Denary Hexadecimal 1 1 1

(1x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 7 in denary

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Hexadecimal Denary Explanation Hexadecimal Denary Explanation

Eg. "45A" Eg. "C8F"

162 =256 161 =16 160 =1 162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

4 5 A C 8 F
Note: A=10 Note: C=12, F=15

(4x256) + (5x16) + (10x1) = 1114 in denary (12x256) + (8x16) + (15x1) = 3215 in denary

Hexadecimal Denary DIY Hexadecimal Denary DIY

What is the denary form of BF08? ANSWER

163 =4096 162 =256 161 =16 160 =1 163 =4096 162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

B F 0 8 B F 0 8

(11x4096) + (15x256) + (0x16) + (8x1) = 48904 in denary

Denary Binary (Method 2) RECAP Denary Hexadecimal Explanation

Convert 5 to binary: Eg. "2004"

5 2004/16 = 125

5
2004
2 2 remainder
1 remainder = 4
Read the remainder
16 125 remainder 4
2 1 remainder
0 from bottom to top
16 7 13
2 0 1
remainder
remainder
125/16 = 7
remainder = 13
16 0 remainder 7
Note: 13=D

Answer: 101 Answer: 7D4

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Denary Hexadecimal DIY Denary Hexadecimal DIY

What is the hexadecimal form of 3179? What is the hexadecimal form of 3179?

3179/16 = ? 3179/16 = 198

3179 remainder = 11 3179
16 198 remainder ? 16 198 remainder 11
16 ? remainder
? 198/16 = 12 16 12 remainder 6
16 ? remainder ? remainder = 6 16 0 remainder 12

Answer: C6B

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

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Use of hexadecimal system Discussion Time

Binary Hexadecimal
Chapter 1.2
110101111110
Use of hexadecimal 1AFD39
100111001
system
Brainstorm time: Why is Hexadecimal used?

Use of hexadecimal system Explanation Usage 1: Error Code Explanation

• One hex digit represents four binary digits • Error codes are often shown as
• The hex number is far easier for humans to hexadecimal values.
remember, copy and work with • These numbers refer to the memory
• Four uses of the hexadecimal system location of the error.
• They are generated by the computer.
• The programmer needs to know how to
interpret the hexadecimal error codes.

Usage 1: Error Code Explanation Usage 2: MAC address Explanation

• Media Access Control (MAC) address refers to

a number which uniquely identifies a device on a network.
• The MAC address refers to the network interface card (NIC)
which is part of the device
• The MAC address is rarely changed so that a particular
device can always be identified no matter where it is.

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Usage 2: MAC address Explanation Usage 2: MAC address Explanation

Form 1
00_1C_B3_4F_25_FE NN-NN-NN-DD-DD-DD

00-1C-B3-4F-25-FE

Form 2
00_1C_C3_4F_23_AE NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
Message 2
00:1C:B3:4F:25:FE
Mac address uniquely identify a device on a Local Area Network Mac Address comes with 2 forms

Usage 3: Internet
Usage 2: MAC address Explanation Protocol Addresses Explanation

• Each device connected to a network is given an address

00-1C-B3 4F-25-FE known as the Internet Protocol address
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number written in denary or
hexadecimal form e.g. 109.108.158.1 (or 77.76.9e.01 in hex)
• IPv4 has recently been improved upon by the adoption of
Identity number of Serial number of IPv6. An IPv6 address is a 128-bit number broken down into
the manufacturer a device 16-bit chunks, represented by a hexadecimal number.

Eg. 00 – 14 – 22 which identifies devices made by Dell

Eg. a8f b:7a88:fff0:0fff:3d21:2085:66f b:f0fa
00 – a0 – c9 which identifies devices made by Intel

Usage 4: HyperText Markup Overview

Language (HTML) colour code Explanation Explanation

• HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML) is used when writing

The 4 usages of Hexadecimals - EMIH
and developing web pages.
• It is not a programming language, but a markup language. 1. E - Error Codes
• A mark-up language is used in the processing, definition 2. M - MAC Address
and presentation of text.
3. I - Internet Protocol Address
4. H - HTML Colour Code

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PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

Addition of binary number Explanation

Chapter 1.3 How do we perform add and carry in denary?

1
Addition of 0+0=0 9
0+9=9 +1
binary number
9+0=9
10
9 + 1 = 10

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Addition of binary number Explanation Addition of binary number Explanation

How do we perform add and carry in denary? How do we perform add and carry in binary?

1 1
56 6+9 = 15 (>9) 0+0=0
1+5+7 = 13 (>9) 0+1=1
+79 1+0=1
1 35 1 + 1 = 10

Addition of binary number Explanation Addition of binary number DIY

How do we perform add and carry in binary? How do we perform add and carry in binary?

1 1 1
00100111 Perform

+01001010 01111110 + 00111110

0 1110 001

Addition of binary number Explanation Addition of binary number Explanation

1 11 111
The overflow condition The overflow condition 01101110
1 11 111 +11011110
01101110 1 01 001 100
+11011110 • The maximum denary of an 8-bit binary number (11111111)
is (28 - 1 ) = 255
1 01 001 100 • The generation of a 9th bit is a clear indication that the
sum has exceeded this value.
• This is known as an overflow error. The sum is too big to
be stored using 8 bits.

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Addition of binary number Explanation

1 11 111 Lesson1.4:
Chapter Objectives
Binary
The overflow condition 01101110 Shifting
Last lesson on the binary system

01101110 = 110 +11011110

1 01 001 100
BINARY SHIFTING TWO COMPLEMENTS
\ 11011110 = 222
Represent
Multiplication
negative
110 + 222 = 322 and division of
number in
322 > 255 (overflow) binary numbers
binary
The sum is too big to be stored in a 8 bit binary.

BINARY SHIFTING BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION

• Binary shift is a process that a CPU uses to perform • For a CPU to multiply a binary number, the number
multiplication and division. needs to be shifted to the left and will fill the
remaining gaps with zeros.

BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION

Examples: 111 (Binary) Examples: 111 (Binary)

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Examples: 1110 (Binary)
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Multiply by 2, shift 1 place to the left 1110
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Multiply by 4, shift 2 place to the left 11100
Examples: 11100 (Binary) Multiply by 8, shift 3 place to the left 111000
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Multiply by 2^n, shift n place to the left

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BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION

• For a CPU to multiply a binary number, the number Examples: 101100 (Binary)
needs to be shifted to the right. 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
Examples: 10110 (Binary)
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
Examples: 1011 (Binary)
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 0 1 1

BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS

Examples: 101100 (Binary) • Registers contained within the CPU often have 8-bits limits
32 16 8 4 2 1 on the amount of data they can hold at any one time.
1 0 1 1 0 0 • The multiplying shifting process can cause bits to be lost at
one end of the register, and zeros added at the opposite
end.
Divide by 2, shift 1 place to the right 10110 • This process is known as losing the most significant bit.
Divide by 4, shift 2 place to the right 1011
Divide by 8, shift 3 place to the right 101

Divide by 2^n, shift n place to the right

BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS

Examples: 10110101 (181 in denary) The same process can happen when dividing an 8-bit
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 binary number.
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Example: 10111101 (189 in denary)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
10110101 -> 01101010 Divide this number by 32 (move 5 places to the right)
106 in denary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
The bit lost is called the most significant bit, and when it The division shift produces the 11101
Least
is shifted beyond the furthest-column the binary data that binary number 101 = 5, not Significant
is stored loses precision due to overflow. 5.9 that arithmetic suggests. bit

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TWO COMPLEMENTS

Lesson1.5:
Chapter Objectives
Two
• A PROCESSOR CAN ALSO REPRESENT NEGATIVE
Complements
Last lesson on the binary system
NUMBERS.
BINARY SHIFTING TWO COMPLEMENTS • ONE OF THE METHOD THAT A PROCESS
Represent REPRESENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS IS CALLED
Multiplication
negative TWO'S COMPLEMENT.
and division of
number in
binary numbers
binary

TWO COMPLEMENTS TWO COMPLEMENTS

• TO REPRESENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO THINK

ABOUT THE PLACE VALUE OF THE FURTHEST-LEFT BIT IN A
DIFFERENT WAY.
• PROCESSOR CAN BE SET UP TO SEE THE BIT IN THE EIGHTH
COLUMN AS A SIGN BIT.

0 = POSITIVE
1 = NEGATIVE

CONVERT POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER TO A TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER DIY

Examples:13
Step 1: Convert 13 into binary.
1101 in binary
Convert 19 into a Two's complement
Step 2: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8-bit Integer
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

Step 3: Ensure that the the leftmost bit is 0 (+).

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CONVERT POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER TO A TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER CONVERT TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER TO A POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER

Examples:19 Examples: Convert 00010011 (two's complement) to denary

Step 1: Convert 19 into binary. Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
10011 in binary -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Step 2: This shows that it is a positive number, we can
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 just convert the binary into denary directly.
Step 3: Ensure that the the leftmost bit is 0 (+). Step 3: Calculate the denary value.
Answer: 00010011 (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 19

DIY CONVERT TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER TO A POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER

Examples: Convert 01010011 (two's complement) to denary

Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Convert 01010011 (two's complement) 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
to denary Step 2: This shows that it is a positive number, we can
just convert the binary into denary directly.
Step 3: Calculate the denary value.
(1x64) + (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 83

CONVERT NEGATIVE BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO'S COMPLEMENT FORMAT AND

CONVERT TO DENARY
DIY

Examples: 10010011
Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Convert 10110011 (Two's Complement)
to denary
Step 2: The left-most bit is 1, this means that it is a
negative number.
Step 3: Compute the denary value as usual.
(1x -128) + (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1)
= -128 + 16 + 2 + 1
= -109

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CONVERT NEGATIVE BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO'S COMPLEMENT FORMAT AND CONVERTING NEGATIVE DENARY NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO’S
CONVERT TO DENARY COMPLEMENT FORMAT

Examples: 10110011 Examples: -67

Step 1: Put the number into the place value column Step 1: Convert the number to positive.
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 67
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Step 2: Write the number in binary form (8 bits).
Step 2: The left-most bit is 1, this means that it is a 01000011
negative number. Step 3: Invert each binary value.
Step 3: Compute the denary value as usual. 10111100
(1x -128) (1x32)+ (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1)
= -128 + 32 + 16 + 2 + 1
= -77

DIY

Step 4: Add 1 to the binary number.

10111100
+ 1 Convert -65 to 8 bit two's complement
10111101 binary number
Step 5: This gives us -67.
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
-128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = -67

CONVERTING NEGATIVE DENARY NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO’S

COMPLEMENT FORMAT

Examples: -65 Step 4: Add 1 to the binary number.

Step 1: Convert the number to positive.
65 10111110
Step 2: Write the number in binary form (8 bits). + 1
10111111
01000001
Step 3: Invert each binary value. Step 5: This gives us -65.
10111110 -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
-128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = -65

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Summary: Convert negative denary to two's complement Chapter 1.6

Examples: -65

65 Convert to (+)

01000001 Convert to binary

10111110 Invert the digit

1 +1

10111111 Final result

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The number of bits used to represent sound amplitude in

digital sound recording, as known as bit depth

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Chapter 1.7

Measurement of Data
Storage and Calculation
of file size

Measurement Memory
of Data
Size
Storage
System
• A bit is the basic unit of all computing memory
storage terms and is either 1 or 0.
• The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a
computer.

8 bits = 1 byte
Based on the SI (base 10) system of units where
4 bits = 1 nibble 1 kilo is equal to 1000.

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Memory Memory
Size As memory size is actually measured in terms of powers of 2... Size
System System
Converting Bytes into KiB, MiB and GiB

68719476736 Bytes
= 68719476736 Bytes / 1024 = 67108864 KiB
= 67108864 KiB / 1024 = 65536 MiB
= 65536 MiB / 1024 = 64 GiB
Based on the IEC (base 2) system of units where
1 kilo is equal to 1024 (2^10).

Memory DIY
Size
System
Converting Gib, Mib, Kib into bytes Convert the size of GTA-V to bytes

64 GiB 72 GiB
= 64 x 1024 = 65536 MiB = 72 x 1024 = 73728 MiB
= 65536 x 1024 = 67108864 KiB = 65536 x 1024 = 75497472 KiB
= 67108864 x 1024 = 68719476736 Bytes = 75497472 x 1024 = 77309411328 Bytes

Calculation Calculation
of file of file
size size - Image

Image Audio Image Resolution - The number of pixels

that make up an image.

The higher the image resolution, the higher

the quality of the image.

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Calculation Calculation Example 1

of file of file
size - Image size - Image
2px

Formula
2px
00 01
image resolution (pixels) x colour depths (bits) 10 11
Total pixels = 2 x 2 = 4 Colour depth = 2

Calculation = (2x2) x 2
= 8 bits = 1 byte

Calculation Example 2 Calculation Example 2

of file of file
size - Image size - Image
Question:
Formula : image resolution (pixels) x colour depths (bits) Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080
Colour depth = 32
Question:
Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080
Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. How many photograph of
Colour depth = 32
this size would fit onto a memory stick of 64Gib.
Each image = 4423680 bytes
Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. First convert 64 Gib into bytes:
Workings:
64 x 1024 = 65536 MiB
65536 x 1024 = 67108864 KiB
1024 x 1080 = 1105920 pixels
67108864 x 1024 = 68719476736 bytes
1105920 x 32 = 35389440 bits
Answer in byte: 35389440/8 = 4423680 bytes

Calculation Example 2 DIY

of file
size - Image
Question:
Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080 Question:
Colour depth = 32 Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16
Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. How many photograph of
this size would fit onto a memory stick of 64Gib. Calculate the size of this image in Bytes.
Each image = 4423680 bytes
First convert 64 Gib into bytes = 68719476736 bytes

68719476736/4423680 = 15534 photos.

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DANSWER DIY

Question: Question:

Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048 Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048

Colour depth = 16 Colour depth = 16

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. Calculate the size of this image in Bytes (Answer: 8388608 bytes).
Answer: What is the size of the image in MiB.
2048 x 2048 x 16 = 67108864 bits
= 67108864/8
= 8388608 bytes

DANSWER Calculation Formula

of file
size - Sound
Question:
Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16
Sample Rate (in Hz) x Sample Resolution (in bits) x length of sample (in seconds)
Calculate the size of this image in Bytes (Answer: 8388608 bytes).
What is the size of the image in MiB.
8388608 / 1024 = 8192 KiB
8192 / 1024 = 8 MiB

Calculation Calculation Example 1 - Mono Sound

of file of file
size - Sound size - Sound
Question:
Sample Rate: 44100
Sample Resolution: 8 bits
Mono Sound vs Stereo Sound
Length of the music: 20 seconds
Comparison
Calculate the size of the audio in KiB.
44100 x 8 x 20 = 7056000 bits
7056000/8 = 882000 bytes
882000 / 1024 = 861.328 KiB

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Calculation
of file
Example 1 - Stereo Sound DIY
size - Sound

An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 16 bits. The An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 8 bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 60-minute recording. file size for a 25-minute recording.

44100 x 16 x 3600 = 2540160000 bits

2540160000 x 2 = 5080320000 bits
5080320000 / 8 = 635040000 bytes

635040000 / 1024 = 620156.25 KiB

620156.25 / 1024 = 605.62 MiB

DIY PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N

An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 8 bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 25-minute recording in MiB.
44100 x 8 x 1500 = 529200000 bits
529200000 x 2 = 1058400000 bits
1058400000 / 8 = 132300000 bytes

132300000 / 1024 = 129199.218 KiB

129199.218 / 1024 = 126.17 MiB

ANSWER

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DATA COMPRESSION DATA COMPRESSION

• FILE SIZE OF IMAGES AND SOUND CAN BE VERY LARGE.

• THEREFORE, DATA COMPRESSION IS NEEDED TO REDUCE
THE SIZE OF A FILE. WHAT ARE SOME BENEFITS OF REDUCING
THE FILE SIZE?

LOSSY LOSSLESS
FILE FILE
COMPRESSI COMPRESSI
ON ON

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• A COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY THAT

• FILE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM ELIMINATES REDUCES THE SIZE OF A NORMAL MUSIC
UNNECESSARY DATA FROM THE FILE. FILE BY ABOUT 90%.
• ORIGINAL FILE CANNOT BE RECONSTRUCTED ONCE IT HAS SECRET
BEEN COMPRESSED. MPEG-3 • REMOVE
• IMAGE - REDUCE THE RESOLUTION // COLOUR DEPTH SOUNDS
• SOUND - REDUCE THE SAMPLING RATE // SAMPLING OUTSIDE THE
RESOLUTION HUMAN EAR
• SOME LOSSY FILE COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS ARE: RANGE
• ELIMINATE THE
MPEG-3 MPEG-4 JPEG SOFTER SOUND
- PERCEPTUAL
MUSIC SHAPING

ALLOWS STORAGE OF MULTIMEDIA FILES A LOSSY COMPRESSION ALGORITHM USED

FOR BITMAP IMAGES. ORIGINAL FILE CAN NO
RATHER THAN JUST SOUND.
LONGER BE CONSTRUCTED
SECRET SECRET
MPEG-4 • MOVIES CAN BE JPEG • REMOVE
STREAMED COLOUR
USING THE MP4 SHADES
FORMAT (HUMAN CAN'T
WITHOUT NOTICE THEM)
LOSING ANY
REAL
DISCERNIBLE
QUALITY

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• ALL THE DATA FROM THE ORIGINAL 1. CAN BE USED FOR LOSSLESS COMPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF
UNCOMPRESSED FILE CAN BE DIFFERENT FILE FORMATS.
RUN-
RECONSTRUCTED LENGTH 2. IT REDUCES THE SIZE OF A STRING OF ADJACENT, IDENTICAL DATA.
LOSSLESS • THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR FILES WHERE LOSS ENCODING

FILE OF DATA WOULD BE DISASTROUS

3. A REPEATED STRING IS ENCODED INTO TWO VALUES.
(COMPLEX SPREADSHEET).
COMPRESSI • LOSSLESS FILE COMPRESSION IS DESIGNED
ON SO THAT NONE OF THE ORIGiNAL DETAIL
FROM THE FILE IS LOST. NUMBER OF DATA ITEM
IDENTICAL
DATA

RUN- Does not work well when no repeated data! RUN-LENGTH

LENGTH ENCODING
ENCODING IN
IN ACTION
ACTION

Each digit - 1 byte

16
Total size = 8 bytes (50% reduction in size)

bytes

3,2,5,2,4
2,4,3,4,3
1.6.1.6.2
0, 15,1

TO BE
CONTINUE

28
 07/03/2024

A LOSSY COMPRESSION ALGORITHM USED

FOR BITMAP IMAGES. ORIGINAL FILE CAN NO
LONGER BE CONSTRUCTED
SECRET
JPEG • REMOVE
COLOUR
SHADES
(HUMAN CAN'T
NOTICE THEM)
REDUCE REDUCE
COLOUR IMAGE
DEPTH RESOLUTION

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

PA S T Y E A R Q U E S T I O N ANSWER

29