**"Mathematics is the music of reason.
" – James Joseph Sylvester**
Here’s a comprehensive crib sheet for the topics you've outlined. This
guide provides formulas, methods, examples, and explanations for each
concept:
---
### 1. **Number Concepts, Place Value, and Rounding**
**Place Value:**
Each digit in a number has a place value depending on its position.
- **Example**: In the number 4,582, the 4 is in the "thousands" place,
representing 4,000.
**Rounding**: Round to the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, etc., based
on the digit in the next place value.
- **Example**: Round 4,582 to the nearest thousand → 5,000.
---
### 2. **Represent Any Number up to One Million (Numerals & Word
Names)**
- **Numerals**: Write the number as digits.
**Example**: 245,678
- **Word Names**: Write the number in words.
**Example**: Two hundred forty-five thousand, six hundred seventy-
eight.
---
### 3. **Represent a Number Up to One Million (Multiple Models)**
- **Concrete Model**: Use objects like base-ten blocks to show
quantities.
- **Pictorial Model**: Use pictures or drawings of groups to represent
numbers.
- **Symbolic Model**: Use numerals and number names (e.g., 478,543 or
four hundred seventy-eight thousand, five hundred forty-three).
---
### 4. **State the Value or Place Value of a Digit**
In the number 245,678, the place value of the 6 is 6 tens, or 60.
---
### 5. **Sequence Number Names and Numerals**
List numbers in order from smallest to largest or vice versa.
- **Example**: Sequence of numbers: 3, 5, 7, 9.
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### 6. **Compare Whole Numbers (Using > or < Symbols)**
- **Example**: 245,678 > 123,456
- **Explanation**: The left number has a higher value.
---
### 7. **Order Numbers in Ascending or Descending Order**
**Ascending**: Smallest to largest.
**Descending**: Largest to smallest.
- **Example**: Ascending order: 123,456, 245,678, 876,543.
- **Descending order**: 876,543, 245,678, 123,456.
---
### 8. **Identify Missing Numbers in a Sequence or Number Line**
Fill in the blank spaces.
- **Example**: 10, ___, 12, 13 → Missing number is 11.
---
### 9. **Express a Whole Number in Expanded Notation**
Write a number as the sum of its place value components.
- **Example**: 3,542 = 3,000 + 500 + 40 + 2
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### 10. **Write the Numeral for Given Expanded Notation**
- **Example**: 4,000 + 300 + 50 + 8 = 4,358
---
### 11. **Round to the Nearest Thousand**
- **Example**: Round 4,567 to the nearest thousand → 5,000.
---
### 12. **Factors and Multiples**
- **Factors**: Numbers that divide evenly into a number.
**Example**: Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
- **Multiples**: Products of a number and integers.
**Example**: Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ...
- **Prime Numbers**: Numbers with exactly two distinct factors: 1 and
itself.
**Example**: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
- **Composite Numbers**: Numbers with more than two factors.
**Example**: 4, 6, 8, 9
- **Square Numbers**: Numbers that are the square of an integer.
**Example**: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 (1², 2², 3², 4², 5²)
---
### 13. **Square of a Number up to 12**
- **Example**: 12² = 144
---
### 14. **List Square Numbers Up to 144**
- 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144
---
### 15. **Solve Addition & Subtraction Problems (Up to 4-Digit Numbers)**
- **Example**: 4,567 + 3,432 = 7,999
- **Example**: 7,654 - 2,345 = 5,309
---
### 16. **Real-Life Word Problems (Addition & Subtraction)**
- **Example**: If you have $12.50 and spend $7.25, how much is left?
**Solution**: 12.50 - 7.25 = 5.25
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### 17. **Solve Multiplication and Division Problems (2–4 Digit by 1–2
Digit)**
- **Example (Multiplication)**: 236 × 12 = 2,832
- **Example (Division)**: 4,500 ÷ 15 = 300
---
### 18. **Unitary Method (One-Step Problems with Money)**
- **Example**: If 1 pen costs $2, how much do 5 pens cost?
**Solution**: 5 × 2 = $10
---
### 19. **Multiplication and Division Procedures (Word Problems)**
- **Example**: If each person gets 3 slices of pizza and there are 12
people, how many slices are needed?
**Solution**: 12 × 3 = 36 slices
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### 20. **Multi-Step Multiplication & Division with Money**
- **Example**: If a book costs $15 and you buy 4 books, then get a
discount of 10% off the total, how much do you pay?
**Solution**:
Total = 4 × 15 = $60
Discount = 10% of 60 = $6
Final price = 60 - 6 = $54
---
### 21. **Explain Procedures for Multiplication (Words & Diagrams)**
- **Example**: 24 × 3 = 72
- **Step-by-step**: Multiply 24 by 3: (20 × 3) + (4 × 3) = 60 + 12 = 72
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### 22. **Explain Procedures for Division (Words & Diagrams)**
- **Example**: 56 ÷ 4 = 14
- **Step-by-step**: Divide 56 into 4 equal parts: 56 ÷ 4 = 14
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### 23. **Interpret Remainders**
- **Example**: 29 ÷ 4 = 7 remainder 1
- **Interpretation**: There are 7 whole parts with 1 left over.
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### 24. **One-Step Word Problems (Any Operation)**
- **Example**: 15 + 7 = 22
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### 25. **Multi-Step Word Problems (Any Combination of Operations)**
- **Example**: Sarah has 15 apples. She buys 7 more and then gives 5
to her friend. How many apples does she have left?
**Solution**: 15 + 7 - 5 = 17 apples.
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### 26. **Estimation in Problem Solving**
- **Example**: Estimate 123 + 88. Round each number to the nearest
ten:
120 + 90 = 210 (Estimation).
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