Control System - Complete Revision Notes
Q1a. Define transfer functions of open and closed-loop systems.
- Transfer Function: Ratio of Laplace transform of output to input, assuming zero initial
conditions.
- Open Loop: T.F = C(s) / R(s) = G(s) H(s).
- Closed Loop: T.F = C(s) / R(s) = G(s) / (1 + G(s)H(s)).
Q1b. List standard test inputs and draw their graphs.
- 1. Unit Step Input.
- 2. Unit Ramp Input.
- 3. Unit Parabolic Input.
- 4. Unit Impulse Input.
- Diagram: Graphs of all inputs.
Q1c. Define Gain Margin and Phase Margin.
- Gain Margin: Allowable gain increase before instability.
- Phase Margin: Allowable phase lag before instability.
Q1d. Define offset and methods to eliminate it.
- Offset: Residual error in control output due to load changes.
- Methods: Increase proportional gain, manual resetting, or use integral controller.
Q1e. Classify servo systems and draw a general block diagram.
- Classification:
- 1. Based on Components: Electrical, Hydraulic, Electro-hydraulic.
- 2. Based on Driving System: AC, DC.
- 3. Based on Control Method: Open-loop, Closed-loop.
- Diagram: General servo system block diagram.
Q1f. Draw and label the time response of a 2nd order system.
- Response characteristics: Rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot, settling time.
- Diagram: Graph showing time vs. response.
Q1g. Can AC 2-phase induction motor work as a servo motor?
- Yes, with a high resistance rotor and reduced inertia.
- Design modifications like drag-cup or squirrel-cage rotors are used.
Q2a. Find state space representation for transfer function.
- State-space uses matrices A, B, C, D to describe system dynamics.
- Example: Equations converted into matrix form.
Q2b. Determine system type and steady-state error for input r(t) = 5t.
- System Type: Based on the number of poles at origin.
- Steady-state error: Calculated using system constants.
Q2c. Compare AC and DC servo motors (any 4 points).
- AC: Low power, less maintenance, no brushes, stable operation.
- DC: High power, more maintenance, brushes present, less stable.
Q2d. For a given transfer function, find poles, zeros, and plot.
- Poles: Roots of denominator equation.
- Zeros: Roots of numerator equation.
- Plot: Pole-zero diagram.
Q3a. Derive transfer function for RC network.
- Step 1: Write differential equation using Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws.
- Step 2: Take Laplace transform.
- Step 3: Solve for transfer function.
- Result: T.F = 1 / (RCs + 1).
Q3b. Find position, velocity, and acceleration error constants.
- Position Error Constant (Kp): Gain at s=0.
- Velocity Error Constant (Kv): Derivative of gain at s=0.
- Acceleration Error Constant (Ka): Second derivative of gain at s=0.
Q3c. Determine stability using Routh's criteria.
- Form Routh's array using coefficients of characteristic equation.
- Count sign changes in first column for stability determination.
Q3d. Explain AC servo system components with a diagram.
- Components: Synchro as error detector, servo amplifier, servo motor, and load.
- Diagram: Block showing connections and functions.
Q4a. Find transfer function for given differential equation.
- Step 1: Write equation in Laplace form.
- Step 2: Solve for T.F = Y(s) / X(s).
Q4b. Draw response of 2nd order system for critically damped case.
- Critically damped response: No overshoot, fastest settling time.
- Diagram: Exponential decay curve.
Q4c. Define marginal stability.
- Marginal Stability: System oscillates with constant amplitude; poles lie on the imaginary axis.
Q4d. Explain ON-OFF controller and applications.
- ON-OFF Controller: Binary control (ON=1, OFF=0).
- Applications: Thermostat, relays, temperature control systems.
Q4e. Determine range of K for stability using Routh's criteria.
- Use Routh's array for characteristic equation.
- Find conditions on K for all first-column terms to be positive.
Q5a. Derive transfer function using block diagram reduction.
- Step 1: Simplify parallel/series blocks.
- Step 2: Apply feedback loop formulas.
Q5b. Draw Bode plot for given open-loop transfer function.
- Step 1: Identify poles, zeros, and gain.
- Step 2: Plot magnitude and phase vs. frequency.
Q5c. Compare proportional and integral control actions.
- Proportional: Faster response, moderate stability.
- Integral: Removes offset, slower response, less stability.
Q6a. Draw functional diagram of DC servo system and describe.
- Components: Potentiometers for error detection, amplifier, motor, load.
- Diagram: Functional block representation.
Q6b. Find settling time and peak overshoot, draw response.
- Settling Time: Based on system time constant.
- Peak Overshoot: Calculated from damping ratio.
Q6c. Draw circuit diagram of PID controller, explain integral and derivative actions.
- Integral: Removes offset but slows response.
- Derivative: Improves stability and reduces overshoot.
- Diagram: PID circuit.
