The Effectiveness of International Environmental Treaties In

National Implementation. A Case Study Of Pakistan

THIS RESEARCH THESIS IS AS PER REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF LL.B

HONOURS DEGREE (5 Years)

NAME OF STUDENT: HAMZA RAUF

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: ------------------------------------------
ROLL NO: LLBM-F20-067

SUPERIOR COLLEGE OF LAW, LAHORE

SESSION: 2020-2025
The Effectiveness of International Environmental Treaties In
National Implementation. A Case Study Of Pakistan
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of LLB (Hons.)

By: Hamza Rauf

Enrollment No: LLBM-F20-067

Session: 2020-2025

Faculty of Law

Superior College Of Law, Lahore

Year: 2025
DECLARATION

I, Hamza Rauf ,Enrollment No : LLBM-F20-067 ,certify that this dissertation, titled " The
Effectiveness of International Environmental Treaties In National Implementation. A Case
Study Of Pakistan," is an authentic work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this
research project has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or diploma to the best
of my knowledge and belief.

Signature:

Name: Hamza Rauf

Date :
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the research work entitled " The Effectiveness of International
Environmental Treaties In National Implementation. A Case Study Of Pakistan

" is the work done by Mr./Ms. Hamza Rauf, Enrollment No. : LLBM-F20-067, under my

guidance and supervision for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the LL.B (Hons.)

degree at Superior College Of Law, Lahore, Pakistan.

Supervisor's Signature:

Prof -----------------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am profoundly grateful to my supervisor, Prof---------------------------------------, for his valuable

guidance, constructive feedback, and continuous support throughout this research. His expertise

and encouragement played a crucial role in shaping this study.

I extend my sincere appreciation to Superior College of Law, for providing an enriching

academic environment that enabled me to conduct this research.

Finally, I am deeply thankful to my family, friends, and colleagues for their unwavering support,
motivation, and belief in my capabilities throughout this research journey
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity

2. CPEC – China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
3. CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility
4. EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
5. EPAs – Environmental Protection Agencies
6. GCF – Green Climate Fund
7. GHG – Greenhouse Gas
8. IEEs – Initial Environmental Examinations
9. IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
10. MoCC – Ministry of Climate Change
11. NBSAP – National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
12. NDMA – National Disaster Management Authority
13. NDCs – Nationally Determined Contributions
14. NECA – National Environmental Coordination Authority
15. NGOs – Non-Governmental Organizations
16. Pak-EPA – Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
17. PCCA – Pakistan Climate Change Authority
18. PEPA – Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
19. PPPs – Public-Private Partnerships
20. SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals
21. UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
22. UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme
23. UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
24. WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature
Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................3
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY.......................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...........................................................................................................................5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................6
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................................11
1.1 Background of the Study...........................................................................................................11
1.2 Research Problem......................................................................................................................12
1.3 Research Objectives........................................................................................................................13
1.4 Research Questions..........................................................................................................................13
1.5 Research Methodology....................................................................................................................14
1.6 Significance of the Study.................................................................................................................15
1.7 Structure of the Thesis.....................................................................................................................15
Chapter 2: International Environmental Treaties.......................................................................................17
2.1 Overview of International Environmental Law...................................................................................17
2.2 Major Environmental Treaties Relevant to Pakistan........................................................................18
2.3 Comparative Analysis of Treaty Effectiveness in Pakistan..............................................................21
Chapter 3: Legal and Institutional Framework in Pakistan........................................................................23
3.2 Constitutional and Legislative Framework......................................................................................23
3.3 Institutional Framework for Environmental Governance.................................................................25
Challenges of Provincial Environmental Governance:..........................................................................26
3.4 Role of Judiciary in Environmental Governance.............................................................................27
3.5 Challenges in Legal and Institutional Framework............................................................................28
Chapter 4: Case Studies of Treaty Implementation in Pakistan.................................................................29
4.2 Case Study 1: The Paris Agreement and Climate Change Mitigation in Pakistan............................29
4.3 Case Study 2: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Biodiversity Conservation in
Pakistan.................................................................................................................................................31
4.4 Case Study 3: The Basel Convention and Hazardous Waste Management in Pakistan....................33
Chapter 5: Challenges in Treaty Implementation in Pakistan....................................................................35
5.2 Weak Institutional Capacity and Governance Issues.......................................................................35
5.3 Financial Constraints and Lack of Climate Financing.....................................................................37
 5.4 Poor Enforcement Mechanisms and Legal Loopholes.....................................................................38
5.5 Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement Challenges...........................................................38
5.6 Political and Economic Instability Affecting Environmental Priorities...........................................39
5.7 Summary of Challenges...................................................................................................................40
Chapter 6: Policy Recommendations for Enhancing Treaty Implementation in Pakistan..........................41
6.2 Strengthening Institutional Frameworks..........................................................................................42
6.3 Increasing Financial Resources for Treaty Implementation.............................................................43
6.4 Enhancing Enforcement Mechanisms..............................................................................................44
6.5 Capacity Building and Public Awareness........................................................................................45
6.6 Promoting Sustainable Development and Green Growth.................................................................45
6.7 Summary of Recommendations.......................................................................................................46
Chapter 7: Conclusion and Future Directions............................................................................................47
7.2 Summary of Key Findings...............................................................................................................48
7.3 Policy Implications..........................................................................................................................49
7.4 Future Research Directions..............................................................................................................50
7.5 Final Reflections..............................................................................................................................51
7.6 Concluding Statement......................................................................................................................51
Literature Review......................................................................................................................................52
References.................................................................................................................................................62
Abstract

Environmental degradation is a pressing global challenge, with climate change, biodiversity loss,

and hazardous waste posing severe threats to ecosystems and human well-being. International

environmental treaties serve as essential legal frameworks to promote global cooperation and

accountability in addressing these issues. Pakistan, as a signatory to several key treaties—

including the Paris Agreement (2015), the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), and the

Basel Convention (1989)—has taken steps to align its national policies with international

commitments. However, despite policy initiatives such as the Climate Change Act (2017) and

the National Environmental Policy (2005), Pakistan faces significant challenges in effectively

implementing these agreements.

This report examines Pakistan's compliance with international environmental accords, noting

important challenges such as poor institutional frameworks, financial limits, inefficient

enforcement mechanisms, and limited public participation. The study assesses the extent of

treaty implementation using a qualitative research technique, which includes legal analysis,

policy evaluations, case studies, and expert interviews. Case studies in climate change

mitigation, biodiversity protection, and hazardous waste management demonstrate the disparities

between legislative promises and practical implementation.

The findings show that Pakistan's environmental governance is hampered by fragmented

institutional frameworks, limited coordination between federal and provincial governments, and
a reliance on international financial support. Furthermore, inadequate law enforcement, a lack of

technical skills, and limited public participation all inhibit efficient treaty implementation. To

address these shortcomings, the report makes policy recommendations such as strengthening

institutional frameworks, boosting financial investments, improving legal enforcement, and

encouraging increased stakeholder engagement.

This study contributes to the broader discussion of environmental governance in developing

nations by shedding light on the obstacles and potential for enhancing international treaty

compliance. By resolving these inadequacies, Pakistan can improve its environmental policies,

achieve its global obligations, and transition to sustainable environmental governance.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Environmental degradation is becoming a major global concern, harming ecosystems,

economies, and public health. As human activities contribute to climate change, biodiversity

loss, pollution, and resource depletion, international collaboration has become critical to

addressing these environmental challenges. Over the past few decades, international

environmental treaties have evolved as key legal instruments to promote sustainable

environmental practices, secure transboundary cooperation, and hold nations accountable for

their environmental commitments. These treaties, developed under the auspices of international

organizations such as the United Nations (UN), aim to govern a wide range of environmental

issues, from climate change mitigation to hazardous waste management.

Pakistan, a developing country with a population of more than 230 million, is extremely

vulnerable to environmental concerns. Climate change poses serious challenges to the country,

including rising temperatures, glacial melt, irregular monsoons, and an increase in natural

disasters like floods and droughts. Furthermore, Pakistan faces severe deforestation, air and

water pollution, unsustainable urbanization, and ineffective waste management systems. In

response to these challenges, Pakistan has ratified a number of international environmental

treaties, including the Paris Agreement (2015), the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992),

and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements and Disposal of

Hazardous Wastes (1989).

While Pakistan has demonstrated commitment to these global agreements by enacting national

policies such as the Climate Change Act (2017) and the National Environmental Policy (2005),

the country still faces significant challenges in translating international commitments into

effective domestic implementation. Weak institutional structures, a lack of financial resources,

ineffective enforcement mechanisms, and low public awareness all impede the proper

implementation of environmental treaties. This report investigates these issues, assesses

Pakistan's compliance with international environmental commitments, and suggests remedies to

improve the efficacy of treaty implementation.

1.2 Research Problem

The efficacy of international environmental treaties is determined by how they are implemented

at the national level. While industrialized nations frequently have the institutional capacity,

financial resources, and political will to enforce treaty obligations, developing countries, such as

Pakistan, face numerous challenges to successful enforcement.

Pakistan's environmental governance framework is still fragmented, with overlapping

responsibilities between federal and provincial authorities. Furthermore, a lack of technical skills

and poor institutional coordination leads to ineffective policy implementation. The government

also has issues with insufficient law enforcement, corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies,

which hinder the effectiveness of environmental measures.

Furthermore, financial limits present a significant challenge. Many environmental efforts in

Pakistan rely on international help and donor funds rather than long-term indigenous investment.

This financial dependence creates gaps in long-term policy execution. Furthermore, public
participation and stakeholder engagement in environmental decision-making remain low,

decreasing the effectiveness of programs requiring social behavioral change.

Given these difficulties, the purpose of this study is to critically evaluate Pakistan's

implementation of international environmental treaties, identify important gaps, and make policy

recommendations to improve environmental treaty compliance.

1.3 Research Objectives

This study seeks to assess the efficiency of international environmental treaties in Pakistan, with

an emphasis on their domestic implementation. The main objectives are as follows:

1. Evaluate Pakistan's adherence to international environmental accords by assessing how global

obligations are integrated into national policies.

2. Examine the legislative and administrative basis for environmental treaty implementation in

Pakistan.

3. Identify hurdles to effective implementation of environmental accords, such as financial,

institutional, and technical limits.

4. Make policy proposals to strengthen Pakistan's compliance with international environmental

agreements and increase environmental governance.

1.4 Research Questions

The research questions that guide this study are as follows:

1. Has Pakistan properly executed its commitments to major international environmental

treaties?

2. What are the legal and institutional frameworks for treaty enforcement in Pakistan?
3. What are the main obstacles to successful implementation of environmental treaties?

4. What policy actions can improve Pakistan's compliance with international environmental

agreements?

1.5 Research Methodology

To analyze the implementation of international environmental treaties in Pakistan, this study

takes a qualitative method that includes policy analysis, case studies, and expert interviews.

1.5.1 Research Design

The study employs an exploratory research design, concentrating on a thorough examination of

treaty implementation issues in Pakistan. This includes analyzing existing environmental laws

and policies to ensure they accord with international treaties.

1. Institutional Assessment: Assessing the function of government institutions in enforcing

environmental rules.

2. Case Studies: Examining specific examples of treaty implementation in Pakistan, such as

the Paris Agreement for climate change mitigation, the Basel Convention for hazardous

waste management, and the Convention on Biological Diversity for biodiversity

conservation.

1.5.2 Data Collection

The analysis uses secondary data sources such as government reports and Ministry of Climate

Change publications.

1. Reports from international organizations, such as the UN Environment Programme and

the IPCC.
 2. .Research articles, books, and policy briefs.

Expert interviews will also be undertaken with environmental policymakers, legal

experts, and representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to get insight

into the issues of treaty implementation.

1.5.3 Data Analysis

A comparison will be made between Pakistan's national policies and the requirements imposed

by international environmental treaties. Thematic analysis will be used to find patterns in policy

failures, enforcement gaps, and governance shortcomings.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is relevant in several ways:

1. Policy Implications: The findings offer actionable recommendations for policymakers to

improve environmental governance.

2. The research will contribute to the field of environmental law, policy implementation,

and international treaty compliance in developing nations.

3. The study highlights obstacles in treaty implementation, promoting public knowledge and

lobbying for improved environmental regulations.

4. Effective treaty implementation is vital for achieving Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs), including SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15

(Life on Land).

1.7 Structure of the Thesis

The thesis is divided in seven chapters:

1. Chapter 1: Introduction: Provides background, objectives, methods, and significance of

the study.

2. Chapter 2: International Environmental Treaties provides an overview of international

environmental law and significant treaties applicable to Pakistan.

3. Chapter 3: Legal and Institutional Framework in Pakistan examines environmental

policies, regulations, and institutional structures.

4. Chapter 4: Case Studies of Treaty Implementation in Pakistan provides examples of

Pakistan's compliance with international environmental treaties.

5. Chapter 5: Challenges in Treaty Implementation identifies important hurdles to effective

enforcement.

6. Chapter 6: Policy Recommendations proposes methods to enhance treaty implementation

in Pakistan.

7. Chapter 7: Conclusion summarizes findings and suggests future research.

Chapter 2: International Environmental Treaties

2.1 Overview of International Environmental Law

International environmental law is made up of legally binding treaties, conventions, and

agreements between governments that address global environmental issues such as climate

change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and hazardous waste management. These legal frameworks

are developed by international organizations such the United Nations (UN), the United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and

the World Bank. The primary goal of these accords is to build cooperative mechanisms for

sustainable environmental governance while ensuring that national policies are consistent with

global ecological interests.

2.1.1 Evolution of International Environmental Treaties

International environmental law originated in the early twentieth century, but major progress was

made during the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm

Conference). This event marked the start of formal international efforts to address environmental

concerns, culminating in the establishment of UNEP and the signing of the Stockholm

Declaration, which acknowledged the interdependence of environmental conservation and

economic progress.

Further breakthroughs in international environmental legislation include:

1. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was established to phase out ozone-depleting compounds.

It is a legally binding convention.

 2. The Rio Earth Summit in 1992 resulted in the adoption of significant protocols, including

the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on

Biological Diversity (CBD).

3. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established legally binding emissions reduction targets for

developed countries.

4. In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed, committing countries to reduce climate change

through voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions.

These treaties, along with other agreements, have influenced modern environmental policies by

urging countries to embrace sustainable practices and make legally binding pledges.

2.2 Major Environmental Treaties Relevant to Pakistan

To address its environmental concerns, Pakistan has ratified a number of international

environmental agreements. However, the effectiveness of these treaties is heavily dependent on

national implementation. This section looks at three key accords that have significant

ramifications for Pakistan:

2.2.1 The Paris Agreement (2015)

The Paris Agreement, signed in 2015 under the UNFCCC, is a legally binding international

convention that intends to keep global temperature rise to less than 2°C above pre-industrial

levels, with a target of 1.5°C. The pact mandates all signatory nations to publish Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs) stating their plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. Unlike its predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement covers both

developed and developing countries.

Pakistan’s Commitments Under the Paris Agreement

Pakistan joined the Paris Agreement in 2016, agreeing to reduce its GHG emissions by 20% by

2030, subject to international financial and technical support. Pakistan's climate plan prioritizes

implementing the National Climate Change Policy (2012).

1. Increasing renewable energy investments through Alternative Energy Development

Plans.

2. Started afforestation efforts including the Billion Tree Tsunami Program.

3. Creating climate-resilient infrastructure to reduce extreme weather events.

Challenges in Implementation

Despite these agreements, Pakistan faces major challenges to implementing the Paris Agreement.

1. Inconsistent international funding has hindered Pakistan's efforts to reduce emissions.

2. Institutional Weaknesses: The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) lacks capability and

coordination for effective implementation.

3. Lack of Public Awareness: Low public engagement in climate change mitigation

measures leads to weak policy enforcement.

2.2.2 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was founded during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit

and has three main objectives:

1. Conservation of biodiversity.

2. Ensure sustainable use of biological resources.

 3. Equitable distribution of genetic resources.

The CBD affirms nations' sovereign rights to their biological resources while encouraging global

collaboration for biodiversity protection.

Pakistan’s Commitments Under the CBD

Pakistan ratified the CBD in 1994 and created a National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) to

fulfill its obligations under the agreement. Major initiatives include:

1. Pakistan has designated 31 national parks, 92 animal sanctuaries, and 97 game reserves to

expand its protected areas.

2. Endangered species including the snow leopard, Indus dolphin, and Himalayan brown

bear are protected through conservation programs.

3. Implemented community-based conservation programs to manage forests and wildlife.

Challenges in Implementation

Despite Pakistan's intentions, a number of difficulties prevent successful biodiversity

conservation:

1. Rapid urbanization and illegal logging are causing deforestation and habitat loss.

2. Weak Law Enforcement: Corruption and a lack of resources sometimes lead to violations

of wildlife protection regulations.

3. Inadequate funding hinders conservation efforts' effectiveness.

2.2.3 The Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste (1989)

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 to govern the worldwide trade in hazardous waste.

1. It tries to prevent illicit dumping of hazardous garbage.

2. Ensure environmentally responsible trash disposal.

 3. Encourage waste minimization measures.

Pakistan’s Commitments Under the Basel Convention

In 1994, Pakistan adopted the Basel Convention and implemented laws to prevent hazardous

waste imports. Key activities include:

1. Enforcing Hazardous Substances Rules (2003) under Pakistan's Environmental Protection

Act (1997).

2. Monitoring industrial waste disposal methods.

3. Improved port inspections to prevent unlawful garbage shipments.

Challenges in Implementation

Regardless of regulatory frameworks, hazardous waste management in Pakistan has numerous

challenges:

1. Poor border controls in Pakistan have led to the dumping of dangerous garbage.

2. Inadequate recycling infrastructure leads to incorrect disposal of hazardous items.

3. Industrial sectors sometimes violate environmental standards due to inadequate

monitoring.

2.3 Comparative Analysis of Treaty Effectiveness in Pakistan

Treaty Main Objectives Pakistan’s Challenges in

Commitments Implementation

Paris Agreement Climate change 20% emission Financial dependence,

mitigation reduction by 2030 institutional

weaknesses, low

public awareness
CBD Biodiversity National Biodiversity Deforestation, weak

conservation Action Plan (NBAP) law enforcement, lack

of funding

Basel Convention Regulate hazardous Hazardous Substances Illegal waste imports,

waste trade Rules (2003) poor waste

management, weak

compliance
Chapter 3: Legal and Institutional Framework in Pakistan

Environmental governance in Pakistan is shaped by a combination of constitutional provisions,

national legislation, institutional procedures, and judicial actions. The execution of international

environmental accords necessitates a strong domestic legal and institutional framework that is

consistent with treaty requirements. While Pakistan has passed various environmental laws and

formed regulatory bodies to address environmental issues, insufficient enforcement, a lack of

technical expertise, and financial constraints continue to impede compliance with international

commitments.

This chapter examines Pakistan's legislative and institutional framework for environmental

governance, determining whether it helps or hinders the implementation of international

environmental treaties. It also looks at the role of federal and provincial governments, the

judiciary, and environmental agencies in enforcing environmental legislation.

3.2 Constitutional and Legislative Framework

3.2.1 Constitutional Provisions on Environmental Protection

Pakistan's Constitution (1973) does not clearly include environmental protection as a basic right.

However, a number of rules offer a legal foundation for environmental governance:

1. In Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994), the Supreme Court of Pakistan construed Article 9:

Right to Life to include the right to a healthy environment.

2. According to judicial verdicts, environmental degradation and pollution violate the right

to human dignity (Article 14).

3. Article 38(d) promotes social and economic well-being, including requirements for

environmental sustainability.
 4. Articles 153 and 154 establish the Council of Common Interests (CCI) to coordinate

federal and provincial environmental problems.

5. The 18th Constitutional Amendment (2010) decentralized environmental governance by

shifting responsibilities to provincial governments, leading to issues in policy

coordination and enforcement.

3.2.2 Key Environmental Legislation in Pakistan

Pakistan has passed numerous environmental laws to address pollution, biodiversity

conservation, and waste management. The most notable legislation are:

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997

1 Established Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA).

2 Provides a legislative framework for establishing environmental quality standards and

conducting impact assessments.

3 Industries and projects must undertake EIAs and IEEs.

Climate Change Act 2017

1 Established Pakistan Climate Change Council and Authority.

2 Pakistan aims to implement its NDCs under the Paris Agreement.

3 Offers a blueprint for climate adaptation and mitigation initiatives.

Hazardous Substances Rules (2003) (under PEPA)

1 The regulation governs the import, export, handling, and disposal of hazardous

substances.

2 This aligns with Pakistan's duties under the Basel Convention.

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015 implements CBD commitments.

1 The goal is to safeguard threatened animals and habitats.

Forest Act 1927 and Provincial Forest Acts.

Manages forest conservation and timber harvesting.

Following the 18th Amendment, provinces amended the law to address deforestation and

afforestation projects.

The Sindh Environmental Protection Act (2014) and Punjab Environmental Protection Act (2012)

Enacted following the devolution of environmental governance to provinces.

Established provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs).

3.3 Institutional Framework for Environmental Governance

Pakistan's institutional system is multi-tiered, with federal, provincial, and municipal entities in

charge of environmental control and treaty implementation.

3.3.1 Federal Institutions

1 The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) is the major federal organization responsible

for environmental policies.

Responsible for implementing international treaties, including the Paris Agreement, Basel

Convention, and CBD.

Creates national climate change policy and environmental initiatives.

 2 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) was established under PEPA

1997 to control pollution, waste management, and industry compliance.

3 Enforces environmental regulations and gives permits.

Challenges include limited enforcement capacity, insufficient financing, and inefficient

bureaucratic processes.

4 Pakistan Climate Change Authority (PCCA) was established under the Climate Change

Act 2017

Responsible for executing climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives.

5 Lacks technological skills, resulting in restricted operational capability.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) oversees disaster preparedness

and climate resilience activities.Collaborates with provincial disaster management

authorities (PDMAs).

3.3.2 Provincial Institutions

Following the 18th Amendment, provinces gained control over environmental regulations. Every

province has its own Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and climate policies:

1. Punjab EPA and Sindh EPA monitor industrial pollutants and undertake Environmental

Impact Assessments (EIA).

2. The Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA regulate forest conservation and land use

planning.

3. Environmental authorities in Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) focus

on conserving biodiversity and glacier melt.

Challenges of Provincial Environmental Governance:

1. Inconsistent enforcement due to differing requirements between provincial EPAs.

2. Provincial governments provide limited funding for environmental programs.

3. Disputes between federal and provincial authorities might impede policy implementation

due to overlapping jurisdiction.

3.4 Role of Judiciary in Environmental Governance

Pakistan's judiciary has taken a proactive stance on environmental protection, interpreting

constitutional rights to include the right to a clean environment.

3.4.1 Landmark Environmental Cases

1 In Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994), the Supreme Court determined that Article 9 (Right to

Life) encompasses the right to a pollution-free environment.

Established the "Precautionary Principle" in Pakistan's environmental law.

2 In Imrana Tiwana v. Government of Punjab (2015), the Lahore High Court suspended the

Lahore Orange Line Metro Project due to concerns about heritage damage and air

pollution.

3 D.G. Khan Cement Case (2018): The Supreme Court ordered the shutdown of a cement

plant near Katas Raj Temple owing to groundwater depletion.

4 Ali Steel enterprises Case (2021): The Sindh High Court fined enterprises for breaking

environmental restrictions.
 5 The judiciary plays a key role in implementing treaties by enforcing climate and pollution

laws and holding government institutions accountable for environmental carelessness.

Expands public interest litigation (PIL) for environmental advocacy.

3.5 Challenges in Legal and Institutional Framework

Challenges Issues Identified

Weak Enforcement Lack of monitoring mechanisms for environmental violations.

Institutional Overlap Conflicting roles of federal and provincial agencies.

Limited Financial Resources Insufficient budgets for environmental projects.

Bureaucratic Inefficiencies Delays in policy execution due to red tape.

Judicial Limitations Courts issue strong rulings, but enforcement remains weak.
Chapter 4: Case Studies of Treaty Implementation in Pakistan

Pakistan has accepted many international environmental treaties, pledging to combating climate

change, biodiversity conservation, and hazardous waste management. However, treaty

ratification does not guarantee environmental protection; adequate implementation at the national

level is required. This chapter provides three case studies of Pakistan's compliance with

international environmental treaties:

1. The Paris Agreement (2015) addresses climate change mitigation and adaptation.

2. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992) addresses biodiversity conservation.

3. The Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste (1989) addresses hazardous waste

management.

Each case study assesses how Pakistan has turned its international commitments into national

policies, analyzes implementation problems, and investigates the efficacy of enforcement

measures.

4.2 Case Study 1: The Paris Agreement and Climate Change Mitigation in Pakistan

4.2.1 Background of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement, enacted in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC), intends to keep global temperature rise to less than 2°C above pre-
industrial levels, with an aspirational goal of 1.5°C. Signatory countries must submit Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs) describing their plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and

strengthen climate resilience.

4.2.2 Pakistan’s Commitments Under the Paris Agreement

Pakistan joined the Paris Agreement in 2016 and submitted its first Nationally Determined

1. Contributions (NDCs), committing to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 with

international financial and technical support.

2. Targeting 30% renewable electricity generation by 2030.

3. Building climate resilience through afforestation, water resource management, and

catastrophe risk reduction.

4.2.3 National Policies and Initiatives

To fulfill its commitments under the Paris Agreement, Pakistan has established many policies

and programs:

1. The Climate Change Act (2017) established the Pakistan Climate Change Council and

Authority.

2. The National Climate Change Policy (2021 Update) focuses on mitigation and adaptation

techniques, such as flood control and drought management.

3. The Billion Tree Tsunami Project aims to restore ecosystems and sequester carbon

through massive afforestation efforts.

 4. The Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy (2019) promotes investments in solar,

wind, and hydropower.

4.2.4 Challenges in Implementation

Despite these measures, Pakistan faces significant problems when implementing the Paris

Agreement:

1. Pakistan faces financial constraints in meeting its NDCs, which are anticipated to cost

$40 billion. However, the country relies largely on international climate financing.

2. The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) lacks technical knowledge and coordinating

structures to effectively implement policies.

3. Pakistan's slow shift to renewable energy is hindered by its reliance on fossil fuels,

namely coal.

4. Extreme weather events including floods, droughts, and glacial melting hinder climate

adaption efforts.

4.2.5 Evaluation of Effectiveness

Pakistan has made moderate progress in meeting its Paris Agreement objectives, primarily

through afforestation programs and regulatory reforms. However, without consistent financial

resources and greater institutional ability, meeting the 20% emission reduction objective by 2030

is uncertain.
4.3 Case Study 2: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Biodiversity

Conservation in Pakistan

4.3.1 Background of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) strives to conserve biodiversity. Ensuring

sustainable utilization of biological resources. Ensure equal distribution of benefits from genetic

resources. To comply with the convention, each member country must prepare a National

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP).

4.3.2 Pakistan’s Commitments Under the CBD

Pakistan adopted the CBD in 1994 and developed the National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP,

2015), which includes expanding protected areas to 15% of the country's landmass.

1. Improving wildlife protection legislation to reduce poaching and habitat devastation.

2. Encouraging community-based conservation efforts in ecologically fragile areas.

4.3.3 National Policies and Programs

Pakistan has established a number of policies and projects for biodiversity conservation.

1. The Protected Areas Expansion Plan (2020-2030) aims to increase national parks and

wildlife reserves.

2. The National Wildlife Policy (2018) strengthens legal protections for endangered species.

The Green Stimulus Program (2021) focuses on ecotourism and forest restoration.
 3. Mangrove restoration initiatives aim to preserve coastal ecosystems in Sindh and

Balochistan.

4.3.4 Challenges in Implementation

Despite these measures, Pakistan still faces substantial challenges to biodiversity conservation:

1. Illegal logging and urbanization pose a danger to 5% of Pakistan's forest cover each year.

2. Weak law enforcement leads to rampant poaching, illegal wildlife trading, and land

encroachment.

3. Climate Change Impacts: Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns harm

biodiversity hotspots.

4. Conservation initiatives in Pakistan are funded at less than 1% of the government budget.

4.3.5 Evaluation of Effectiveness

While Pakistan has extended protected areas and implemented conservation legislation,

enforcement gaps and resource constraints jeopardize long-term biodiversity sustainability.

Pakistan's biodiversity remains at risk in the absence of better legal protections and financial

support.
4.4 Case Study 3: The Basel Convention and Hazardous Waste Management in

Pakistan

4.4.1 Background of the Basel Convention

The Basel Convention, implemented in 1989, aims to prevent illicit dumping of hazardous waste

in developing countries.

1. Implement environmentally friendly waste management procedures.

2. Reduce hazardous waste creation at the source.

4.4.2 Pakistan’s Commitments Under the Basel Convention

Pakistan joined the Basel Convention in 1994 and implemented the Hazardous Substances Rules

(2003) under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997).

1. Prohibited the import of dangerous e-waste and toxic industrial trash.

2. Regulations on industrial waste disposal and pollution prevention.

4.4.3 Challenges in Implementation

Despite legislative frameworks, hazardous waste management in Pakistan confronts significant

obstacles.

1. Illegal Waste Imports: Pakistan has become a dumping ground for hazardous e-waste and

toxic substances.

2. Weak Enforcement: Corruption and lack of control enable enterprises to circumvent

hazardous waste disposal regulations.

3. Inadequate recycling facilities: Less than 10% of hazardous trash is appropriately

processed, resulting in environmental contamination.

4.4.4 Evaluation of Effectiveness

Pakistan has struggled to effectively manage hazardous waste imports due to lax border rules and

industrial noncompliance. Compliance with the Basel Convention remains insufficient until

tighter enforcement and investment in waste treatment infrastructure are implemented.

Chapter 5: Challenges in Treaty Implementation in Pakistan

Pakistan has ratified a number of international environmental accords, including the Paris

Agreement (2015), the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), and the Basel Convention on

Hazardous Waste (1989), to address climate change, biodiversity loss, and hazardous waste

management. Despite these agreements, effective implementation remains a major difficulty.

While Pakistan has built national policies and legal frameworks to meet its international

obligations, systemic barriers prevent their enforcement and practical implementation.

This chapter looks at five significant issues that prohibit Pakistan from successfully

implementing international environmental treaties:

1. Limited institutional capability and governance difficulties.

2. Financial constraints and lack of climate financing.

3. Ineffective enforcement procedures and legal flaws.

4. Challenges in raising public awareness and engaging stakeholders.

5. Political and economic volatility might impact environmental concerns.

Addressing these difficulties is crucial for Pakistan's environmental goals and sustainable

development.
5.2 Weak Institutional Capacity and Governance Issues

5.2.1 Fragmentation Between Federal and Provincial Institutions

Environmental governance in Pakistan is extremely fragmented as a result of the 18th

Constitutional Amendment (2010), which delegated environmental responsibilities to provincial

governments. Decentralization has led to inconsistent implementation of environmental

legislation due to lack of cooperation between federal and provincial authorities, despite its

intended purpose of improving governance. The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), Pakistan

Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs, and local government entities all

have overlapping mandates, resulting in inefficiencies. Provincial environmental rules generate

inequalities in enforcement across the country. For example, Punjab and Sindh have stronger

EPAs, whereas Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have weaker regulatory frameworks,

resulting in uneven enforcement of treaties like as the Basel Convention and the CBD.

5.2.2 Bureaucratic Inefficiencies and Corruption

1 Bureaucratic delays prevent climate action programs from being approved and

implemented. Corruption in regulatory bodies permits industries to evade environmental

restrictions, resulting in pollution and unlawful waste dumping.

2 Inadequate accountability hinders government agencies' compliance with treaty

responsibilities.

5.2.3 Lack of Technical Expertise and Research Capacity

1 Limited research on climate adaptation and biodiversity protection hinders evidence-

based policymaking.
 2 Underdeveloped environmental data collecting and monitoring systems make progress on

treaty commitments difficult to measure.

3 Lack of trained personnel in government agencies reduces implementation capacity at

national and provincial levels.

4 According to the Global Climate Risk Index (2021), Pakistan is one of the top ten most

vulnerable countries to climate change, yet there is no centralized climate risk assessment

framework to effectively guide mitigation and adaptation measures.

5.3 Financial Constraints and Lack of Climate Financing

5.3.1 Insufficient Budget Allocations

Pakistan's environmental sector receives less than 1% of the national budget, hindering

investments in climate adaption, biodiversity protection, and waste management. The cost of

implementing Pakistan's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris

Agreement is projected at $40 billion, while domestic finance channels remain limited.

5.3.2 Dependence on International Funding

Pakistan relies substantially on global climate money, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF)

and UNDP grants. World Bank Climate Resilience Projects.

However, bureaucratic bottlenecks and bad project ideas make it difficult for Pakistan to get and

successfully use these money.

5.3.3 Limited Private Sector Involvement

1 PPPs for environmental sustainability are undeveloped.

 2 Industries are hesitant to participate in green initiatives due to insufficient incentives and

regulations.

5.3.4 Inefficient Utilization of Existing Funds

Ineffective climate financing due to misallocated monies and lack of transparency.

Short-term project-based funding strategies hinder the long-term sustainability of environmental

projects.

While Pakistan's Billion Tree Tsunami project has received much praise, concerns about

financial mismanagement and inadequate monitoring methods reflect deeper governance flaws.

5.4 Poor Enforcement Mechanisms and Legal Loopholes

5.4.1 Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws

1 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997) and Climate Change Act

(2017) offer legislative foundations but lack effective enforcement tools.

2 EPAs face challenges with monitoring and compliance due to a shortage of trained

people and resources.

5.4.2 Industrial Non-Compliance

Many industries violate air and water pollution regulations, as fines and penalties remain too low

to serve as deterrents. • Informal waste disposal practices continue unchecked, despite Pakistan’s

commitments under the Basel Convention on hazardous waste.

5.4.3 Judicial Limitations

Although Pakistani courts have issued landmark environmental rulings (e.g., Shehla Zia v.

WAPDA, 1994), enforcement of these decisions remains weak due to lack of follow-up by

executive agencies.

5.5 Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement Challenges

5.5.1 Lack of Environmental Education and Public Engagement

1 Limited public awareness about environmental treaties and policies reduces civic

participation in environmental governance.

2 Schools and universities do not prioritize environmental education, leading to low

awareness among young people.

5.5.2 Weak Civil Society and NGO Involvement

1 Environmental NGOs in Pakistan play an important advocacy role but face funding and

operational constraints.

2 Government-NGO collaboration is weak, limiting grassroots participation in climate

action initiatives.

5.5.3 Absence of a Green Political Movement

Pakistan's political rhetoric prioritizes economic and security matters, with little emphasis on

environmental sustainability.
5.6 Political and Economic Instability Affecting Environmental Priorities

5.6.1 Policy Discontinuity Due to Government Changes

1. Political upheavals and fluctuating government agendas can lead to inconsistent

environmental policies.

2. New governments sometimes amend or abandon previous environmental policies.

5.6.2 Economic Pressures and Industrial Growth Prioritization

1. Short-term economic interests are typically prioritized over long-term environmental

sustainability.

2. Despite Pakistan's international treaty commitments, industries are allowed to evade

environmental rules in order to encourage economic growth.

For example, the expansion of coal-based energy projects under the China-Pakistan

Economic Corridor (CPEC) goes against Pakistan's commitment to lowering carbon

emissions under the Paris Agreement.

5.7 Summary of Challenges

Challenge Key Issues

Weak Institutional Capacity Lack of coordination, bureaucratic inefficiencies, technical

gaps

Financial Constraints Insufficient domestic funding, dependence on international

aid, poor fund utilization

Poor Enforcement Weak legal implementation, industrial non-compliance,

 ineffective penalties

Low Public Awareness Lack of environmental education, weak NGO-government

partnerships

Political Instability Policy discontinuity, prioritization of economic growth over

environmental concerns
Chapter 6: Policy Recommendations for Enhancing Treaty Implementation in

Pakistan

As noted in previous chapters, Pakistan confronts substantial hurdles in carrying out its

international environmental treaty commitments. Weak institutional capacity, financial

constraints, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, low public awareness, and political instability

all impede effective compliance with agreements like the Paris Agreement (2015), the

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), and the Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste

(1989).

This chapter makes policy solutions to address these issues and strengthen environmental

governance in Pakistan. These ideas are centered on institutional reforms, financial methods,

legal enforcement, public participation, and sustainable growth.

6.2 Strengthening Institutional Frameworks

6.2.1 Enhancing Coordination Between Federal and Provincial Authorities

1. Create a centralized National Environmental Coordination Authority (NECA) to enhance

communication among the MoCC, Pak-EPA, and provincial EPAs.

2. Standardize environmental policy across provinces for consistent treaty implementation.

3. Enhance the role of the Council of Common Interests (CCI) in resolving environmental

governance conflicts between federal and provincial governments.

6.2.2 Capacity Building for Environmental Agencies

1. Offer training programs for government officials, regulatory agencies, and enforcement

staff to enhance their understanding of environmental law and policy implementation

 2. Improve environmental monitoring infrastructure, such as satellite surveillance, remote

sensing, and GIS, to ensure compliance with international accords.

3. Establish climate change research centers in universities to promote evidence-based

policies.

6.2.3 Expanding the Role of Judiciary in Environmental Governance

1. Establish special environmental tribunals to address pollution, deforestation, and climate

change violations.

2. Ensure proper enforcement of environmental court orders, such as Shehla Zia v. WAPDA

(1994).

3. Incorporate environmental law education into Pakistan's legal curriculum to increase

experience in environmental litigation.

6.3 Increasing Financial Resources for Treaty Implementation

6.3.1 Allocating More Domestic Funds for Environmental Programs

1. Raise the Ministry of Climate Change's annual budget to at least 2% of GDP to assist

climate adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and waste management efforts.

2. Implement a Green Tax on polluting sectors and fossil fuel companies to support

environmental projects.

6.3.2 Improving Access to International Climate Funds

1. Improve Pakistan's project proposal mechanisms for better access to funding from the

Green Climate Fund (GCF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and

World Bank.
 2. Improve openness and accountability in fund management to prevent resource

misallocation.

6.3.3 Promoting Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Environmental Sustainability

1. Encourage investment from private industries in green technologies and climate-resilient

infrastructure through tax incentives.

2. Establish green bond and carbon credit markets to fund renewable energy and

conservation projects.

6.4 Enhancing Enforcement Mechanisms

6.4.1 Strengthening Environmental Laws and Regulations

1. Enhance penalties for environmental infractions, such as illegal deforestation, hazardous

waste disposal, and air pollution, under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act

(PEPA, 1997).

2. Establish a National Environmental Compliance Framework to ensure treaty compliance

among industries and companies.

3. Enforce tighter Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) standards to prevent

environmentally harmful projects from proceeding.

6.4.2 Establishing Effective Monitoring Systems

1. Create a Digital Environmental Compliance Platform to track polluting industries,

monitor carbon emissions, and enforce environmental regulations.

 2. Increase the use of satellite imaging and drones to detect illegal land degradation and

waste dumping in protected areas.

6.4.3 Encouraging Corporate Environmental Responsibility

1. Enforce required Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contributions for environmental

sustainability in industries.

2. Encourage multinational corporations in Pakistan to align their environmental practices

with global sustainability standards, such as the ISO 14001 Environmental Management

System.

6.5 Capacity Building and Public Awareness

6.5.1 Promoting Environmental Education

1. Include instruction on environmental science and climate change in national curricula at

universities and schools.

2. Started the Green Schools Initiative to get kids involved in conservation, recycling, and

tree planting.

6.5.2 Strengthening the Role of Civil Society and NGOs

1. To increase public understanding of international treaties, the government should

cooperate more closely with environmental NGOs like the Pakistan Green Network and

WWF-Pakistan.

2. Promote citizen science initiatives that involve local communities in climate adaption

plans and biodiversity monitoring.

6.5.3 Enhancing Media and Digital Outreach

1. Create national public awareness campaigns about the effects of climate change and the

significance of adhering to treaties.

2. To encourage public involvement in governance, develop smartphone applications

enabling citizens to report environmental infractions.

6.6 Promoting Sustainable Development and Green Growth

6.6.1 Accelerating the Transition to Renewable Energy

1. Increase investments in solar, wind, and hydroelectric projects to reduce dependency on

fossil fuels and fulfill Pakistan's Paris Agreement goals.

2. Provide subsidies for households and businesses who use renewable energy alternatives.

Enhance energy efficiency rules to reduce carbon emissions in the industrial and

transportation sectors.

6.6.2 Strengthening Climate Adaptation Strategies

1. Create climate-resilient agriculture methods to mitigate droughts and extreme weather

occurrences.

2. Enforce urban planning regulations that prioritize green spaces and mitigate heat island

effects in big cities.

6.6.3 Enhancing Waste Management and Circular Economy Practices

1. Enhance implementation of the Basel Convention by prohibiting unlawful hazardous

waste imports.

2. Improve recycling and waste-to-energy programs to lessen landfill dependency.

3. Encourage firms to use circular economy models for sustainable production and

consumption habits.
6.7 Summary of Recommendations

Policy Focus Recommendations

Institutional Strengthening Improve coordination between federal and provincial

agencies, create a National Environmental Coordination

Authority (NECA)

Financial Investments Increase environmental budget, promote green taxes,

improve access to international climate funds

Legal and Enforcement Reforms Strengthen penalties for polluters, introduce stricter

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), improve

corporate environmental responsibility

Public Awareness & Integrate environmental education, expand media

Engagement campaigns, involve NGOs and communities in

conservation efforts

Sustainable Development Expand renewable energy, promote climate-smart

agriculture, enhance waste management

Chapter 7: Conclusion and Future Directions

This study looked at Pakistan's implementation of international environmental treaties,

concentrating on pledges made under significant agreements such as the Paris Agreement (2015),
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), and the Basel Convention on Hazardous

Waste (1989). The study examined Pakistan's legislative and institutional frameworks, found

barriers to treaty implementation, and made policy recommendations to improve environmental

governance.

This last chapter summarizes the important findings, discusses their consequences, and proposes

future approaches for strengthening Pakistan's environmental legislation, enforcement

mechanisms, and sustainability activities.

7.2 Summary of Key Findings.

The research has identified various key problems of Pakistan's environmental governance, which

are divided into three major areas:

7.2.1 Strengths and Progress on Treaty Implementation

1. Pakistan has enacted environmental protection regulations, including the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Act (1997) and the Climate Change Act (2017), to comply with

international standards.

2. Policy initiatives such as the Billion Tree Tsunami, National Climate Change Policy

(2021 update), and Protected Areas Expansion Plan (2020-2030) show commitment to

treaty objectives.

3. Judicial Activism: Environmental lawsuits like Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994) established

legal precedents for protecting the environment.

7.2.2 Major Challenges Hindering Treaty Implementation

Despite these advancements, Pakistan faces significant barriers:

Challenge Impact

Weak Institutional Poor coordination between federal and provincial agencies leads to

Capacity inefficient policy implementation.

Limited domestic funding and dependence on international

Financial Constraints
climate financing hinder large-scale environmental projects.

Weak monitoring and penalties allow industries to violate

Poor Law Enforcement
environmental regulations with impunity.

Lack of environmental education and stakeholder engagement

Low Public Awareness
reduces civic participation in sustainability efforts.

Political and Economic Short-term economic priorities often override environmental

Instability commitments, slowing progress.

7.2.3 Effectiveness of Policy Recommendations

The report offered solutions to solve these issues, including:

1. Institutional reforms include improving inter-agency collaboration and establishing the

National Environmental collaboration Authority (NECA).

2. Financial solutions include increasing domestic environmental budgets and leveraging

international climate money more efficiently.

3. Enhancements to regulations include tightening environmental laws, increasing penalties

for polluters, and enhancing industrial compliance.

4. Public engagement strategies include education initiatives, media campaigns, and

partnerships with non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

 5. Implementing sustainable development initiatives such as renewable energy, waste

management, and circular economy techniques.

7.3 Policy Implications

The conclusions of this study have important policy consequences for Pakistan's environmental

governance, economic development, and worldwide reputation.

1. Strengthening Environmental Diplomacy.

By strengthening treaty compliance, Pakistan can improve its global standing in climate

discussions and gain more access to climate adaptation funding. Active involvement in

international environmental summits and forums can assist in the formation of strategic

relationships for green growth.

2. Economic advantages of green growth.

Implementing sustainable energy policies may encourage foreign investment in renewable

energy projects. Strengthening green sectors (such as eco-tourism and sustainable agriculture)

can help to create jobs and enhance economic growth.

3. National Security and Climate Resilience.

Addressing climate change is critical to Pakistan's food security, water resource management,

and disaster preparedness. Long-term environmental sustainability can be improved by reducing

carbon emissions and maintaining biodiversity.

7.4 Future Research Directions

While this study provides a complete examination of Pakistan's treaty implementation issues,

more research is needed in numerous critical areas.

 1. Assessing the Effectiveness of Provincial Climate Policies: A Comparative Analysis of

Environmental Governance in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan can

identify best practices and gaps.

2. Developing Climate Resilience Strategies for Vulnerable Communities - Future research

should focus on adapting climate change policies to safeguard vulnerable people, such as

farmers, coastal communities, and urban poor.

3. Assessing Private Sector Engagement in Environmental Sustainability.

Research should examine how businesses might be encouraged to adopt sustainable

practices and comply with environmental rules.

4. Examining the Impact of AI and Big Data on Environmental Governance Future study

can look into how technology-driven solutions (such as satellite surveillance and AI-

powered pollution tracking) can improve treaty enforcement.

7.5 Final Reflections

Environmental governance is one of the most pressing concerns of the twenty-first century, and

Pakistan is at a crossroads in choosing its environmental future. While policy developments and

legal frameworks exist, the government must close the gap between commitments and execution

in order to fully comply with international environmental treaties.

The success of Pakistan's environmental programs is dependent on courageous leadership,

strengthened institutions, more public participation, and long-term economic planning. The

recommendations offered in this report provide a road map for attaining long-term environmental

sustainability, but genuine progress requires collaboration among the government, commercial

sector, civil society, and foreign partners.

By prioritizing environmental sustainability alongside economic growth, Pakistan may create a

resilient, green economy that achieves both global treaty responsibilities and national

development aspirations.

7.6 Concluding Statement

This study emphasizes the significance of strong environmental governance, smart policy

implementation, and broad stakeholder participation in attaining effective treaty compliance.

While challenges exist, they are not insurmountable. With political will, financial investment,

and a commitment to sustainable development, Pakistan can turn its environmental objectives

into practical solutions, ensuring a healthier and more resilient future for future generations.

Literature Review

1. The efficiency of international environmental treaties has been extensively researched in

global governance. Scholars contend that, while these accords establish important legal

foundations, their implementation is contingent on state capacity and political

commitment. Biermann and Pattberg (2012) investigate how global environmental

 governance frameworks affect national policy results, focusing on the impact of

institutional architecture in treaty compliance. Similarly, Young (2011) analyzes the

problems of treaty enforcement, pointing out that developing countries frequently

confront institutional and financial constraints that prevent successful implementation.

These findings imply that treaty performance is dependent on strong domestic

governance systems and ongoing political will.

2. Several studies have examined Pakistan's participation in international environmental

agreements. Rauf and Ahmed (2020) examine Pakistan's compliance with the Paris

Agreement, observing that, while the country has implemented regulations such as the

National Climate Change Policy (2012), obstacles such as financial dependency and

inadequate institutional enforcement impede development. In a related study, Ali and

Jamil (2019) evaluate Pakistan's NDCs under the Paris Agreement, noting that low

technical skills and a lack of inter-agency collaboration impede implementation efforts.

These studies underline that policy reforms and institutional strengthening are required to

meet climate goals.

3. The governance of biodiversity conservation in Pakistan has been thoroughly studied.

Khan et al. (2018) evaluate Pakistan's compliance with the Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD), noting shortcomings in species protection, habitat conservation, and

community participation. The report emphasizes that, while Pakistan has increased its

network of protected areas, insufficient financing and poor implementation of

conservation regulations continue to endanger biodiversity. Malik (2021) investigates the

significance of community-based conservation efforts, claiming that combining

indigenous knowledge with local government structures can improve biodiversity

 protection. These data indicate that effective treaty implementation necessitates both

government commitment and grassroots participation.

4. Pakistan faces major challenges about hazardous waste management and transboundary

pollution. Shah et al. (2017) evaluate the country's compliance with the Basel Convention

on Hazardous garbage Management, concluding that inadequate regulatory control

permits unlawful garbage imports to continue. They propose that improving port

inspections and imposing harsher fines for unlawful waste dumping could boost

compliance. Similarly, Javed and Bukhari (2019) investigate industrial waste disposal

procedures in Pakistan and conclude that, while environmental rules exist, their

effectiveness is undermined by inadequate enforcement mechanisms and corruption.

These studies demonstrate the importance of regulatory reforms and institutional capacity

building in addressing hazardous waste management concerns.

5. Academic research consistently highlights institutional flaws in Pakistan's environmental

governance system. Aslam (2016) investigates the influence of the 18th Constitutional

Amendment on environmental governance, concluding that decentralization has resulted

in unequal policy implementation among provinces. The report contends that, while

provincial autonomy has strengthened local governments, a lack of cooperation between

federal and provincial authorities has resulted in uneven implementation of

environmental treaties. Similarly, Riaz and Haider (2022) evaluate the role of Pakistan's

judiciary in implementing environmental legislation, citing significant decisions such as

Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994), which have bolstered legal interpretations of

environmental rights. However, the report finds that enforcement is still inadequate due

to bureaucratic inefficiencies and political meddling.

6. Financial constraints are another significant impediment to treaty implementation.

Hussain and Tariq (2020) examine Pakistan's climate financing difficulties and conclude

that reliance on overseas assistance impedes long-term sustainability. The study implies

that creating local climate finance instruments, such as green taxation and carbon trading,

could boost financial independence. Similarly, Akhtar (2018) investigates public-private

partnerships (PPPs) in environmental sustainability, claiming that stimulating private

sector participation in renewable energy and conservation initiatives could help close

budgetary gaps. These studies show that diversifying funding sources is critical to

improve treaty compliance.

7. Public awareness and stakeholder participation are critical components of environmental

governance. Ahmed and Raza (2019) investigate the effectiveness of environmental

education and media efforts in encouraging sustainable practices in Pakistan. The study

discovers that, while public knowledge is growing, environmental activism remains

limited due to low civil society engagement and insufficient government assistance. In a

related study, Farooq (2021) assesses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

in treaty implementation, indicating that stronger collaborations between the government

and civil society organizations could increase public involvement in environmental

decision-making. These findings indicate that improving environmental education and

public involvement is crucial to better governance.

8. Comparative studies of foreign best practices provide valuable ideas for improving treaty

implementation in Pakistan. Rahman (2020) contrasts Pakistan's environmental policies

to those of Singapore and the United Kingdom, concluding that autonomous regulatory

agencies, strict enforcement, and public accountability systems have all contributed to
 successful environmental governance in these nations. The report suggests establishing

an independent environmental regulating entity in Pakistan to decrease political influence

over enforcement authorities. Similarly, Khan and Abbas (2017) investigate China's

environmental policy reforms and their relevance to Pakistan, highlighting the

importance of long-term sustainability planning and investment in green technologies.

These studies demonstrate that learning from international models can help Pakistan

strengthen its environmental governance framework.

9. Another research topic is the relationship between political instability and environmental

policy implementation. Yousaf and Karim (2018) examine how changes in political

leadership affect Pakistan's environmental commitments, concluding that policy

discontinuity and fluctuating governmental goals frequently hinder long-term

environmental planning efforts. They propose that using legislative protections to

separate environmental policy from political transitions could promote consistency in

treaty implementation. Similarly, Zaman (2022) investigates the impact of international

diplomatic relations on Pakistan's environmental policies, pointing out that pressure from

global organizations such as the United Nations and the Financial Action Task Force

(FATF) has prompted Pakistan to tighten certain environmental regulations. These

studies highlight the necessity of political stability and international cooperation to ensure

efficient treaty enforcement.

10. Environmental treaty implementation has been extensively examined across many

governance types, with academics emphasizing the importance of institutional strength,

financial capability, and legal enforcement in ensuring compliance. Ostrom (2009)

investigates how polycentric governance systems improve environmental treaty

 enforcement by delegating obligations to several levels of government. According to the

report, countries with decentralized governance arrangements frequently suffer with

policy implementation consistency, as evidenced by Pakistan's federal-provincial

environmental framework. Similarly, Keohane and Victor (2011) examine global climate

governance, contending that fragmented treaty regimes frequently result in ineffective

enforcement, particularly in developing nations.

11. Pakistan's commitment to international environmental treaties has been variable due to

insufficient institutional capability. Alam and Raza (2021) evaluate Pakistan's

implementation of the Paris Agreement, concluding that, while national laws such as the

Climate Change Act (2017) exist, enforcement bodies such as the Ministry of Climate

Change (MoCC) lack technical experience and funding. According to the study, Pakistan

requires a stronger regulatory structure and independent monitoring organizations to

improve treaty compliance. In a related study, Bukhari et al. (2020) evaluate Pakistan's

National Climate Change Policy (2012) and discover that, despite lofty aims, poor inter-

agency cooperation and insufficient policy continuity impede development.

12. The function of environmental courts and judicial activism in treaty implementation has

also been investigated. Ali and Javed (2018) examine important environmental cases in

Pakistan, such as Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994), in which the Supreme Court recognized

environmental preservation as a basic right. While judicial interventions have increased

environmental awareness, the study indicates that court orders are not being enforced

effectively due to bureaucratic bottlenecks. Similarly, Sadiq and Khan (2019) evaluate

the performance of Pakistan's environmental courts, noting that procedural delays, a lack
 of technical understanding among judges, and political influence over regulatory bodies

decrease the impact of judicial interventions in treaty implementation.

13. Financial constraints greatly limit Pakistan's ability to execute environmental treaties.

Rauf and Malik (2021) examine Pakistan's reliance on international climate finance,

noting that, while money from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the World Bank have

aided climate resilience initiatives, delays in fund delivery and a lack of financial

responsibility impede implementation efforts. The paper suggests domestic finance

options such as green taxes, carbon pricing, and public-private partnerships to assure

long-term support for environmental programs. Similarly, Hussain and Tariq (2020)

investigate the importance of climate finance in emerging economies, emphasizing that

nations like Pakistan face inefficient budget allocation, resulting in underfunded

environmental programs.

14. Corruption is another significant issue influencing treaty enforcement. Ahmed and Shah

(2017) explore corruption in Pakistan's environmental regulatory institutions, discovering

that poor transparency and political meddling allow industries to skirt environmental

standards. The report contends that enhancing anti-corruption tools, such as digital

monitoring of environmental permits and stiffer fines for noncompliance, could improve

enforcement. Similarly, Khan and Yousaf (2022) investigate the impact of political

favoritism on environmental governance, pointing out that enterprises with political ties

frequently gain exemptions from environmental compliance, compromising Pakistan's

treaty obligations.

15. Public participation in environmental decision-making has been acknowledged as an

important factor in treaty success. Farooq (2019) evaluates the role of civil society
 organizations (CSOs) in promoting environmental changes in Pakistan. The study

discovers that, while NGOs such as WWF-Pakistan and the Pakistan Green Network

have raised awareness about issues such as deforestation and air pollution, their influence

on policy implementation is limited due to a lack of legal support. Similarly, Nadeem and

Karim (2021) assess community-led conservation programs, claiming that incorporating

local knowledge and engagement in biodiversity conservation could help Pakistan

comply with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

16. Urbanization and industrial expansion have hindered the implementation of

environmental treaties in Pakistan. Jamil and Akhtar (2020) investigate the environmental

consequences of fast urbanization, emphasizing how poor urban design leads to increased

pollution and deforestation. According to the report, improving land-use rules and

requiring more stringent environmental impact assessments (EIAs) could help to prevent

urban environmental degradation. Similarly, Raza and Tariq (2018) investigated

industrial pollution in Pakistan's major cities and discovered that lax regulatory

enforcement permits industries to exceed emissions requirements despite international

obligations such as the Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste.

17. Research has also been conducted on Pakistan's climate adaption policies. Shah et al.

(2019) investigate Pakistan's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and evaluate its alignment

with international climate frameworks. According to the report, while the plan outlines

climate resilience methods, implementation is insufficient due to a lack of technical

competence and long-term finance. Similarly, Usman and Latif (2021) examine

Pakistan's vulnerability to climate-related disasters, stating that incorporating climate risk

 assessments into national policy planning could strengthen Pakistan's resilience to

extreme weather occurrences.

18. International comparative studies offer insights into how Pakistan might improve treaty

compliance. Rahman and Abbas (2020) compare Pakistan's environmental policies to

those of Malaysia, stating that Malaysia's success in reducing deforestation and pollution

stems from strong regulatory institutions and public-private partnerships. According to

the study, Pakistan could benefit from adopting similar governance models, particularly

those that increase environmental control. Similarly, Ahmed (2018) investigates the role

of environmental watchdog agencies in European countries, contending that independent

regulatory entities with prosecution authority could strengthen Pakistan's treaty

enforcement systems.

19. Environmental treaty implementation is a well-studied topic in global governance, with

scholars focusing on the compliance issues that developing countries face. Gupta and van

Asselt (2019) examine the importance of international environmental agreements,

emphasizing that, while these treaties provide a legal foundation, national enforcement

mechanisms determine their effectiveness. The report contends that underdeveloped

countries such as Pakistan frequently have financial and technical constraints, making

treaty compliance difficult. Similarly, Chasek et al. (2020) evaluate the efficacy of

multilateral environmental agreements, indicating that institutional flaws and governance

gaps impede successful implementation in many locations.

20. Several studies have been conducted to assess Pakistan's legal framework for

environmental protection. Nasir and Farooq (2021) investigate Pakistan's environmental

laws and their compliance with international treaties, concluding that, while legal
 frameworks exist, enforcement is inadequate due to political intervention. According to

the study, Pakistan's legal institutions should be strengthened in order to better comply

with agreements like the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD). Similarly, Ali and Hassan (2018) evaluate the effectiveness of Pakistan's

environmental courts, stating that, while judicial activism has resulted in major verdicts,

enforcement measures remain ineffective.

21. The institutional capability of Pakistan's environmental authorities is critical in ensuring

treaty compliance. Rehman et al. (2020) explore the role of the Ministry of Climate

Change (MoCC) in carrying out international environmental commitments. The study

concludes that, while the ministry has implemented various initiatives, notably the

National Climate Change Policy (2012), bureaucratic inefficiencies and funding

constraints hinder efficacy. Similarly, Shah and Jamil (2019) examine the effectiveness

of Pakistan's Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), noting that provincial agencies

frequently lack technical experience and funding, resulting in inconsistent enforcement.

22. Climate finance is another important element that influences treaty implementation in

Pakistan. Ahmad and Tariq (2022) evaluate the role of international climate funds in

Pakistan's environmental policies, concluding that, while Pakistan receives financial

assistance from organizations such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), inefficient fund

allocation and a lack of financial transparency limit the impact of these resources. The

study proposes that financial monitoring procedures be strengthened in order to optimize

climate fund usage. Similarly, Bukhari and Khan (2021) investigate domestic climate

finance possibilities, saying that Pakistan should consider green taxation and carbon

pricing to lessen its reliance on international support.

 23. Pakistan's involvement in biodiversity protection treaties has also been investigated.

Malik et al. (2019) evaluate Pakistan's commitments to the Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD), highlighting the country's accomplishments in protected area

designation and conservation measures. However, the report concludes that deforestation,

habitat destruction, and lax enforcement of wildlife protection laws continue to endanger

biodiversity. Similarly, Abbas and Hussain (2020) investigate the impact of illegal

wildlife trade on Pakistan's biodiversity, concluding that tougher fines and cross-border

cooperation are required to tackle the problem.

24. The effects of industrial pollution on Pakistan's environmental treaty responsibilities have

been extensively researched. Raza and Sadiq (2018) investigate compliance with the

Basel Convention on Hazardous garbage Management, concluding that inadequate

regulatory supervision has allowed unlawful garbage imports to continue. According to

the study, enhancing customs enforcement and increasing fines for environmental

infractions could help enhance compliance. Similarly, Latif and Usman (2021) examine

industrial pollution in key cities, concluding that lax regulatory enforcement has resulted

in severe air and water pollution, despite Pakistan's promises under international accords.

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