SD Tutorial 1- Programming Languages
Match the programming language to its characteristics in the table
below:
Programming Characteristics
Language
1GL – Machine language
Machine Level Language:
Written in binary (0s and 1s),
directly understood by the
computer's hardware.
Machine Level Language:
Written in binary (0s and 1s),
directly understood by the
computer's hardware.
Platform Specific: Tied to a
specific type of computer or
processor.
No Portability: Programs
written for one machine
cannot run on another without
modification.
2gl assembly language One-to-One Translation: Each
assembly language instruction
corresponds directly to a
single machine language
instruction.
Platform Specific: Tied to a
specific type of computer or
processor.
Maintenance and Debugging:
Easier than 1GL but still quite
complex.
No Portability: Programs
written for one machine
cannot run on another without
modification.
computer program Early s
written for specific machines,
such as ENIAC.
Assembly Languages: Uses
symbolic names (mnemonics)
instead of binary code,
making it slightly easier to
read and write than 1GL.
Difficult to Write and Debug:
Requires detailed knowledge
of the computer's
architecture.
Constraint-Based
Programming: Often focuses
on problem-solving using
constraints and rules rather
than traditional algorithms.
Low Level of Abstraction: Still
closely tied to the hardware
but more understandable than
binary.
latform Specific: Like 1GL,
assembly language is specific
to a particular
3GL – High Level Language High-Level Languages:
Provide a higher level of
abstraction from the
hardware.
Fortran: Used extensively in
scientific computing.
COBOL: Primarily used in
business, finance, and
administrative systems for
companies and governments.
Compiled or Interpreted:
Source code is either
compiled into machine code
or interpreted by a virtual
machine.
Java: Known for its portability
across different platforms via
the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).
Python: Highly readable and
widely used for rapid
development and scripting.
High-Level Languages:
Provide a higher level ofkl
abstraction from the
hardware.
Human-Readable Syntax:
Uses more English-like syntax
and constructs, Automatic
Theorem Proving: Some
languages support automatic
theorem proving and
advanced logic inference.
making it easier to learn and
use.
Declarative Syntax: Often
describes what the program
should accomplish rather than
detailing the steps to achieve
it.
C: A powerful general-purpose
programming language.
• Mercury: A functional logic
programming language used for
real-world applications that
require precise control of logic
and performance.
4GL – Report Generator`s Knowledge-Based Systems:
Utilized in building systems
that simulate human
reasoning and decision-
making.
ABAP: Used for
programming the SAP
application server, a part
of its business applications.
SQL (Structured Query
Language): Used for
querying and managing
data in relational
databases.
Maintenance and
Debugging: Easier than
1GL but still quite complex.
Human-Readable Syntax:
Uses more English-like
syntax and constructs,
making it easier to learn
and use.
Database Integration:
Frequently used for
database management and
querying.
RPG (Report Program
Generator): Used for
business applications and
report generation on IBM
systems.
Highly Efficient: Runs very
fast and uses minimal
memory.
5GL – Artificial I Artificial Intelligence and
Logic-Based: Primarily used in
the development of artificial
intelligence (AI) and expert
systems.
Prolog (Programming in
Logic): Used in AI for solving
problems with a set of logical
rules.
Lisp (List Processing): Often
used in AI research and
development, though it
straddles the line between
4GL and 5GL.
Human-Readable Syntax:
Uses more English-like syntax
and constructs, making it
easier to learn and use.
User-Friendly: Designed to be
more accessible to people
without a deep understanding
of computer science.
Improved Productivity:
Facilitates quicker and more
efficient coding.
Portable: Programs can often
run on different types of
hardware with minimal
modification.
PRT
LDA
Machine Level Language: Written in binary (0s and 1s), directly
understood by the computer's hardware.
Platform Specific: Tied to a specific type of computer or processor.
No Portability: Programs written for one machine cannot run on
another without modification.
Assembly Languages: Uses symbolic names (mnemonics) instead of
binary code, making it slightly easier to read and write than 1GL.
Highly Efficient: Runs very fast and uses minimal memory.
Platform Specific: Like 1GL, assembly language is specific to a
particular computer architecture.
Constraint-Based Programming: Often focuses on problem-solving
using constraints and rules rather than traditional algorithms.
x86 Assembly for Intel processors or ARM Assembly for ARM
processors.
One-to-One Translation: Each assembly language instruction
corresponds directly to a single machine language instruction.
Low Level of Abstraction: Still closely tied to the hardware but more
understandable than binary.
Difficult to Write and Debug: Requires detailed knowledge of the
computer's architecture.
Maintenance and Debugging: Easier than 1GL but still quite
complex.
computer program Early s written for specific machines, such as
ENIAC.
Machine Level Language: Written in binary (0s and 1s), directly
understood by the computer's hardware.
Platform Specific: Tied to a specific type of computer or processor.
No Portability: Programs written for one machine cannot run on
another without modification.
