Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin[c][d] (born 7 October

1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence Vladimir Putin
officer who has served as President of Russia since Владимир Путин
2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008.
Putin also served as Prime Minister of Russia from
1999 to 2000[e] and again from 2008 to 2012.[f][7] He
is the longest-serving Russian president since the
independence of Russia from the Soviet Union.

Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for

16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He
resigned in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint
Petersburg. In 1996, he moved to Moscow to join the
administration of President Boris Yeltsin. He briefly
served as the director of the Federal Security Service
(FSB) and then as secretary of the Security Council of
Russia before being appointed prime minister in
August 1999. Following Yeltsin's resignation, Putin
became acting president and, less than four months
later in May 2000, was elected to his first term as
president. He was reelected in 2004. Due to Putin in 2024
constitutional limitations of two consecutive President of Russia
presidential terms, Putin served as prime minister Incumbent
again from 2008 to 2012 under Dmitry Medvedev. He
Assumed office
returned to the presidency in 2012, following an
7 May 2012
election marked by allegations of fraud and protests,
and was reelected in 2018. Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev
Mikhail Mishustin
During Putin's initial presidential tenure, the Russian
Preceded by Dmitry Medvedev
economy grew on average by seven percent per year[8]
as a result of economic reforms and a fivefold increase In office
in the price of oil and gas.[9][10] Additionally, Putin led 7 May 2000 – 7 May 2008
Russia in a conflict against Chechen separatists, re- Acting: 31 December 1999 – 7 May 2000
establishing federal control over the region.[11][12] Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov
While serving as prime minister under Medvedev, he Mikhail Fradkov
oversaw a military conflict with Georgia and enacted
Viktor Zubkov
military and police reforms. In his third presidential
term, Russia annexed Crimea and supported a war in Preceded by Boris Yeltsin
eastern Ukraine through several military incursions, Succeeded by Dmitry Medvedev
resulting in international sanctions and a financial Prime Minister of Russia
crisis in Russia. He also ordered a military intervention In office
in Syria to support his ally Bashar al-Assad during the 8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012
Syrian civil war, with the aim of obtaining naval bases President Dmitry Medvedev
in the Eastern Mediterranean.[13][14][15]
First Deputy Sergei Ivanov
In February 2022, during his fourth presidential term, Viktor Zubkov
Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which Igor Shuvalov
prompted international condemnation and led to
Preceded by Viktor Zubkov
expanded sanctions. In September 2022, he announced
a partial mobilization and forcibly annexed four Succeeded by Viktor Zubkov (acting)
Ukrainian oblasts into Russia. In March 2023, the In office
International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant 9 August 1999 – 7 May 2000
for Putin for war crimes[16] related to his alleged President Boris Yeltsin
criminal responsibility for illegal child abductions First Deputy Nikolay Aksyonenko
during the war.[17] In April 2021, after a referendum,
Viktor Khristenko
he signed constitutional amendments into law that
included one allowing him to run for reelection twice Mikhail Kasyanov
more, potentially extending his presidency to Preceded by Sergei Stepashin
2036.[18][19] In March 2024, he was reelected to Succeeded by Mikhail Kasyanov
another term.
Secretary of the Security Council of Russia
Under Putin's rule, the Russian political system has In office
been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship 9 March 1999 – 9 August 1999
with a personality cult.[20][21][22] His rule has been Chairman Boris Yeltsin
marked by endemic corruption and widespread human Preceded by Nikolay Bordyuzha
rights violations, including the imprisonment and
Succeeded by Sergei Ivanov
suppression of political opponents, intimidation and
censorship of independent media in Russia, and a lack Director of the Federal Security Service
of free and fair elections.[23][24][25] Russia has In office
consistently received very low scores on Transparency 25 July 1998 – 29 March 1999
International's Corruption Perceptions Index, The President Boris Yeltsin
Economist Democracy Index, Freedom House's
Preceded by Nikolay Kovalyov
Freedom in the World index, and the Reporters
Succeeded by Nikolai Patrushev
Without Borders' Press Freedom Index.
First Deputy Chief of the Presidential
Administration

Early life and education In office

25 May 1998 – 24 July 1998
Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Soviet President Boris Yeltsin
Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia),[26] the youngest Deputy Chief of the Presidential
of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin Administration – Head of the Main
(1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina Supervisory Department
(née Shelomova; 1911–1998). His grandfather, In office
Spiridon Putin (1879–1965), was a personal cook to 26 March 1997 – 24 May 1998
Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.[27][28] Putin's birth President Boris Yeltsin
was preceded by the deaths of two brothers: Albert, Preceded by Alexei Kudrin
 born in the 1930s, Succeeded by Nikolai Patrushev
died in infancy, and Personal details
Viktor, born in 1940,
Born 7 October 1952
died of diphtheria
Leningrad, Soviet Union
and starvation in
1942 during the Political party Independent
Siege of Leningrad (1991–1995, 2001–2008,
by Nazi Germany's 2012–present)

forces in World War Other political People's Front (since 2011)

II.[29][30] affiliations United Russia[1] (2008–
2012)
Unity (1999–2001)
Our Home – Russia
(1995–1999)
CPSU (1975–1991)
Putin, c. 1960s
Spouse Lyudmila Shkrebneva
​
​(m. 1983; div. 2014)​[a]
Putin's mother was a factory worker, and his father was
Children At least 2, Maria and
a conscript in the Soviet Navy, serving in the
Katerina[b]
submarine fleet in the early 1930s. During the early
stage of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, his Relatives Putin family
father served in the destruction battalion of the Residence(s) Novo-Ogaryovo, Moscow
NKVD.[31][32][33] Later, he was transferred to the Alma mater Leningrad State University
regular army and was severely wounded in 1942.[34] (LLB)
Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the
Leningrad Mining Institute
German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his
(Candidate of Sciences)
maternal uncles disappeared on the Eastern Front
during World War II.[35] Awards Full list
Signature

Education Website en.putin.kremlin.ru (http://en.

On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No. 193 putin.kremlin.ru)
at Baskov Lane, near his home. He was one of a few in Military service
his class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members
Allegiance Soviet Union
of the Young Pioneer (Komsomol) organization. At the
Russia
age of 12, he began to practice sambo and judo.[36] In
his free time, he enjoyed reading the works of Karl Branch/service KGB
Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Lenin.[37] Putin attended FSB
Saint Petersburg High School 281 with a German Russian Armed Forces
language immersion program.[38] He is fluent in
Years of 1975–1991
German and often gives speeches and interviews in
service 1997–1999
that language.[39][40]
2000–present
Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University
Rank Colonel
named after Andrei Zhdanov (now Saint Petersburg
State University) in 1970 and graduated in 1975.[41]
His thesis was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading 1st class Active State
Principle in International Law".[42] While there, he was Councillor of the Russian
required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Federation
Union (CPSU); he remained a member until it ceased Commands Supreme Commander-in-
to exist in 1991.[43] Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, an Chief
assistant professor who taught business law,[g] and
Battles/wars Second Chechen War
who later became the co-author of the Russian
constitution. Putin was influential in Sobchak's career Russo-Georgian War
in Saint Petersburg, and Sobchak was influential in Russo-Ukrainian War
Putin's career in Moscow.[44] Syrian Civil War
Central African Republic Civil
In 1997, Putin received a degree in economics
War
(Candidate of Economical Sciences) at the Saint
Petersburg Mining University for a thesis on energy Vladimir Putin's voice
dependencies and their instrumentalisation in foreign 0:00 / 0:00
policy.[45][46] His supervisor was Vladimir Litvinenko,
who in 2000 and again in 2004 managed his Putin declaring a "special military
operation" in Ukraine
presidential election campaigns in St Petersburg.[47] Recorded 24 February 2022
Igor Danchenko and Clifford Gaddy consider Putin to
be a plagiarist according to Western standards. One
book from which he copied entire paragraphs is the Russian-language edition of King and Cleland's
Strategic Planning and Policy (1978).[47] Balzer wrote on the Putin thesis and Russian energy policy and
concludes along with Olcott that "The primacy of the Russian state in the country's energy sector is non-
negotiable", and cites the insistence on majority Russian ownership of any joint-venture, particularly
since BASF signed the Gazprom Nord Stream-Yuzhno-Russkoye deal in 2004 with a 49–51 structure, as
opposed to the older 50–50 split of BP's TNK-BP project.[48]

Intelligence career
In 1975, Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB School in
Okhta, Leningrad.[49] After training, he worked in the Second Chief
Directorate (counterintelligence), before he was transferred to the First
Chief Directorate, where he monitored foreigners and consular officials
in Leningrad.[49][50][51] In September 1984, Putin was sent to Moscow
for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute.[52][53][54]

From 1985 to 1990, he served in Dresden, East Germany,[55] using a

cover identity as a translator.[56] While posted in Dresden, Putin worked
as one of the KGB's liaison officers to the Stasi secret police and was
reportedly promoted to lieutenant colonel. According to the official
Kremlin presidential site, the East German communist regime
commended Putin with a bronze medal for "faithful service to the
Putin in the KGB, c. 1980
National People's Army". Putin has publicly conveyed delight over his
activities in Dresden, once recounting his confrontations with anti-
communist protestors of 1989 who attempted the occupation of Stasi buildings in the city.[57]
"Putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the
mountains of useless information produced by the KGB", Russian-American Masha Gessen wrote in their
2012 biography of Putin.[56] His work was also downplayed by former Stasi spy chief Markus Wolf and
Putin's former KGB colleague Vladimir Usoltsev. Journalist Catherine Belton wrote in 2020 that this
downplaying was actually cover for Putin's involvement in KGB coordination and support for the
terrorist Red Army Faction, whose members frequently hid in East Germany with the support of the Stasi.
Dresden was preferred as a "marginal" town with only a small presence of Western intelligence
services.[58] According to an anonymous source who claimed to be a former RAF member, at one of these
meetings in Dresden the militants presented Putin with a list of weapons that were later delivered to the
RAF in West Germany. Klaus Zuchold, who claimed to be recruited by Putin, said that Putin handled a
neo-Nazi, Rainer Sonntag, and attempted to recruit an author of a study on poisons.[58] Putin reportedly
met Germans to be recruited for wireless communications affairs together with an interpreter. He was
involved in wireless communications technologies in South-East Asia due to trips of German engineers,
recruited by him, there and to the West.[51] However, a 2023 investigation by Der Spiegel reported that
the anonymous source had never been an RAF member and is "considered a notorious fabulist" with
"several previous convictions, including for making false statements".[59]

According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the

Berlin Wall that began on 9 November 1989, he saved the
files of the Soviet Cultural Center (House of Friendship) and
of the KGB villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the
would-be united Germany to prevent demonstrators,
including KGB and Stasi agents, from obtaining and
destroying them. He then supposedly burnt only the KGB
files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet
Cultural Center for the German authorities. Nothing is told
about the selection criteria during this burning; for example, The Stasi identity card of Vladimir Putin,
who worked in Dresden as a KGB liaison
concerning Stasi files or about files of other agencies of the
officer to the Stasi[60]
German Democratic Republic or of the USSR. He explained
that many documents were left to Germany only because the
furnace burst but many documents of the KGB villa were sent to Moscow.[61]

After the collapse of the Communist East German government, Putin was to resign from active KGB
service because of suspicions aroused regarding his loyalty during demonstrations in Dresden and earlier,
although the KGB and the Soviet Army still operated in eastern Germany. He returned to Leningrad in
early 1990 as a member of the "active reserves", where he worked for about three months with the
International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov,
while working on his doctoral dissertation.[51]

There, he looked for new KGB recruits, watched the student body, and renewed his friendship with his
former professor, Anatoly Sobchak, soon to be the Mayor of Leningrad.[62] Putin said that he resigned
with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 20 August 1991,[62] on the second day of the 1991 Soviet coup
d'état attempt against Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev.[63] Putin stated: "As soon as the coup began, I
immediately decided which side I was on", although he said that the choice was hard because he had
spent the best part of his life with "the organs".[64]
Political career
His political rise began in the Saint Petersburg administration (1990–1996), where in May 1990 he was
appointed as an advisor on international affairs to Mayor Anatoly Sobchak. Shortly thereafter, in June
1991, he became the head of the Committee for External Relations of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's
Office, overseeing the promotion of international ties, foreign investment, and the registration of business
ventures. Though his tenure was marred by investigations from the city legislative council concerning
discrepancies in asset valuation and the export of metals, Putin retained his position until 1996. During
the mid-1990s, he expanded his responsibilities in Saint Petersburg, serving as first deputy head of the
city administration and leading the local branch of the pro-government political party Our Home Is
Russia, as well as participating in advisory roles with regional newspapers.

Transitioning to the national scene in 1996, Putin was called

to Moscow following the electoral defeat of Sobchak, where
he assumed the role of Deputy Chief of the Presidential
Property Management Department. In this capacity, he was
responsible for managing the transfer of former Soviet assets
to the Russian Federation. His career in Moscow advanced
rapidly with his appointment in 1997 as deputy chief of the
Presidential Staff and later as chief of the Main Control
Directorate of the same department. A pivotal moment came
in 1998 when President Boris Yeltsin appointed him director Bill Clinton, Vladimir Putin, his wife
of the FSB, Russia's primary intelligence and security agency. Ludmila Putina and George H. W. Bush
In this role, Putin concentrated on reorganising and at the state funeral of Boris Yeltsin on 23
strengthening the agency after years of perceived decline, a April 2007
period that would prove formative for his later approach to
governance.

In August 1999, Putin's profile increased substantially when he was named one of the three First Deputy
Prime Ministers, and later the acting Prime Minister following the dismissal of Sergei Stepashin's cabinet.
Endorsed by Yeltsin as his preferred successor, Putin quickly capitalised on his law-and-order reputation
and rose in popularity, winning the presidential election in March 2000 and being inaugurated on 7 May
2000. Throughout his subsequent terms, alternately serving as President and Prime Minister, Putin has
overseen extensive reforms aimed at consolidating state power, restructuring federal relations, and
curbing the influence of oligarchs. His tenure has been punctuated by significant foreign policy actions,
including the controversial annexation of Crimea in 2014, military interventions in Syria, and ongoing
involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

2024–present: Fifth presidential term

Putin won the 2024 Russian presidential election with 88% of the vote. International observers did not
consider the election to be free or fair,[65] with Putin having increased political repressions after
launching his full-scale war with Ukraine in 2022.[66][67] The elections were also held in the Russian-
occupied territories of Ukraine.[67] There were reports of irregularities, including ballot stuffing and
coercion,[68] with statistical analysis suggesting unprecedented levels of fraud in the 2024
elections.[69][70][71] In March 2024, the Crocus City Hall
attack took place, causing the deaths of 145 people and
injuring 551 more.[72][73] It was the deadliest terrorist attack
on Russian soil since the Beslan school siege in 2004.[74][75]
0:00
In May 2024, Putin was inaugurated as president of Russia for
the fifth time.[76] According to analysts, replacing Sergei
Shoigu with Andrey Belousov as defense minister signals that Putin's speech on the Crocus City Hall
Putin wanted to transform the economy into a war economy attack on 23 March 2024
and is "preparing for many more years of war".[77][78] Four
Russian sources told Reuters that Putin was ready to end the
war in Ukraine with a negotiated ceasefire that would
recognize Russia's war gains and freeze the war on the then
front lines, as Putin wanted to avoid unpopular steps such as
further mobilization and increased war spending.[79]

In August 2024, Putin pardoned American journalist Evan

Gershkovich, opposition figures Vladimir Kara-Murza, Ilya
Yashin and others in a prisoner swap with western
Putin and Vietnamese president Tô Lâm
countries.[80][81][82] The 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange was in Hanoi, Vietnam, June 2024
the most extensive between Russia and United States since
the end of the Cold War, involving the release of 26
people.[83]

In September 2024, Putin warned the West that if attacked

with conventional weapons Russia would consider a nuclear
retaliation,[84] in an apparent deviation from the no first use
doctrine.[85] Putin went on to threaten nuclear powers that if
they supported another country's attack on Russia, then they
would be considered participants in such an
aggression.[86][87] Russia and the United States are the Putin with heads of delegations at the
world's biggest nuclear powers, holding 88% of the world's 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia in
nuclear weapons. [88] Putin has made implicit nuclear threats October 2024
since the outbreak of war against Ukraine. [89] Experts say
Putin's announcement was aimed at dissuading the US, UK
and France from allowing Ukraine to use Western-supplied long-range missiles such as the Storm
Shadow and ATACMS in strikes against Russia.[90]

In April 2025, US President Donald Trump criticized Putin's determination to continue the war against
Ukraine despite the horrific death toll and called for a peace deal, posting on social media: "Vladimir,
STOP! 5000 soldiers a week are dying. Lets get the Peace Deal DONE!"[91] Putin rejected a proposal by
the United States and Ukraine for an unconditional 30-day ceasefire.[92] In May 2025, Putin attended the
Victory Day parade in Moscow with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Brazilian President Lula da Silva and
other foreign leaders.[93]

In May 2025, Putin approved Alexander Novak's coal industry bailout plan.
Domestic policies
Putin's domestic policies, particularly early in his first presidency, were aimed at creating a vertical power
structure. On 13 May 2000, he issued a decree organizing the 89 federal subjects of Russia into seven
administrative federal districts and appointed a presidential envoy responsible for each of those districts
(whose official title is Plenipotentiary Representative).[94]

According to Stephen White, under the presidency of Putin,

Russia made it clear that it had no intention of establishing a
"second edition" of the American or British political system,
but rather a system that was closer to Russia's own traditions
and circumstances.[95] Some commentators have described
Putin's administration as a "sovereign democracy".[96][97][98]
According to the proponents of that description (primarily
Vladislav Surkov), the government's actions and policies In May 2000, Putin introduced seven
ought above all to enjoy popular support within Russia itself federal districts for administrative
and not be directed or influenced from outside the country.[99] purposes. In January 2010, the 8th North
Caucasus Federal District (shown here in
The practice of the system is characterized by Swedish purple) was split from the Southern
economist Anders Åslund as manual management, Federal District. In March 2014, the new
commenting: "After Putin resumed the presidency in 2012, 9th Crimean Federal District was formed
after the annexation of Crimea by the
his rule is best described as 'manual management' as the
Russian Federation. In July 2016, it was
Russians like to put it. Putin does whatever he wants, with
incorporated into the Southern Federal
little consideration to the consequences with one important District.
caveat. During the Russian financial crash of August 1998,
Putin learned that financial crises are politically destabilizing
and must be avoided at all costs. Therefore, he cares about financial stability"[100]

The period after 2012 saw mass protests against the falsification of elections, censorship and toughening
of free assembly laws. In July 2000, according to a law proposed by Putin and approved by the Federal
Assembly of Russia, Putin gained the right to dismiss the heads of the 89 federal subjects. In 2004, the
direct election of those heads (usually called "governors") by popular vote was replaced with a system
whereby they would be nominated by the president and approved or disapproved by regional
legislatures.[101][102]

This was seen by Putin as a necessary move to stop separatist tendencies and get rid of those governors
who were connected with organised crime.[103] This and other government actions effected under Putin's
presidency have been criticized by many independent Russian media outlets and Western commentators
as anti-democratic.[104][105]

During his first term in office, Putin opposed some of the Yeltsin-era business oligarchs, as well as his
political opponents, resulting in the exile or imprisonment of such people as Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir
Gusinsky, and Mikhail Khodorkovsky; other oligarchs such as Roman Abramovich and Arkady
Rotenberg are friends and allies with Putin.[106] Putin succeeded in codifying land law and tax law and
promulgated new codes on labour, administrative, criminal, commercial and civil procedural law.[107]
Under Medvedev's presidency, Putin's government implemented some key reforms in the area of state
security, the Russian police reform and the Russian military reform.[108]

In 1999, Putin described communism as "a blind alley, far away from the mainstream of civilization".[109]

Economic, industrial, and energy policies

Sergey Guriyev, when talking about Putin's economic policy,
divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his
first term (1999–2003); the "statist" years of his second term
(2004—the first half of 2008); the world economic crisis and
recovery (the second half of 2008–2013); and the Russo-
Ukrainian War, Russia's growing isolation from the global
economy, and stagnation (2014–present).[110]
Russian GDP since the end of the Soviet
In 2000, Putin launched the "Programme for the Socio- Union

Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the

Period 2000–2010", but it was abandoned in 2008 when it was 30% complete.[111] Fueled by the 2000s
commodities boom including record-high oil prices,[9][10] under the Putin administration from 2000 to
2016, an increase in income in USD terms was 4.5 times.[112] During Putin's first eight years in office,
industry grew substantially, as did production, construction, real incomes, credit, and the middle
class.[113][114] A fund for oil revenue allowed Russia to repay Soviet Union's debts by 2005. Russia joined
the World Trade Organization in August 2012.[115]

In 2006, Putin launched an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft-producing
companies under a single umbrella organization, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC).[116][117] In
September 2020, the UAC general director announced that the UAC will receive the largest-ever post-
Soviet government support package for the aircraft industry in order to pay and renegotiate the
debt.[118][119]

In 2014, Putin signed a deal to supply China with 38 billion

cubic meters of natural gas per year. Power of Siberia, which
Putin has called the "world's biggest construction project",
was launched in 2019 and is expected to continue for 30 years
at an ultimate cost to China of $400bn.[121] The ongoing
financial crisis began in the second half of 2014 when the
Russian ruble collapsed due to a decline in the price of oil and
international sanctions against Russia. These events in turn
led to loss of investor confidence and capital flight, although
Putin, Gazprom CEO Alexey Miller and
it has also been argued that the sanctions had little to no effect
Chinese president Xi Jinping. The
on Russia's economy.[122][123][124] In 2014, the Organized
Russian economy is heavily dependent
Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Putin their on the export of natural resources such
Person of the Year for furthering corruption and organized as oil and natural gas[120]
crime.[125][126]
According to Meduza, Putin has since 2007 predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become
one of the world's five largest economies. In 2013, he said Russia was one of the five biggest economies
in terms of gross domestic product but still lagged behind other countries on indicators such as labour
productivity.[127] By the end of 2023, Putin planned to spend almost 40% of public expenditures on
defense and security.[128]

Environmental policy
In 2004, Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[129]
However, Russia did not face mandatory cuts, because the Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a
percentage increase or decrease from 1990 levels and Russia's greenhouse-gas emissions fell well below
the 1990 baseline due to a drop in economic output after the breakup of the Soviet Union,[130] excluding
emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF).[131]

In 2019 Russia joined the Paris Agreement.[132] Russia's goal is to reach net zero by 2060, but its energy
strategy to 2035 is mostly about burning more fossil fuels.[133][134] Reporting military emissions is
voluntary and, as of 2024, no data is available since before the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[135]

Putin described climate change as a concerning fact with big consequences for Russia. He is not sure if it
man made or not, but said that Russia is trying and will try to reduce man made emissions with forests
and "low-emission energy", by this term he intends Natural gas, Nuclear energy and Hydroenergy in
Russia. He said that rich countries should provide finance and technology to those with less money for
lower emissions.[136] Some describe his policy as "mimicry of climate policy" and say he turned
environmentalism into tool of political influence.[137]

Religious policy
Putin regularly attends the most important services of the
Russian Orthodox Church on the main holy days and has
established a good relationship with Patriarchs of the Russian
Church, the late Alexy II of Moscow and the current Kirill of
Moscow. As president, Putin took an active personal part in
promoting the Act of Canonical Communion with the
Moscow Patriarchate, signed 17 May 2007, which restored
relations between the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox
Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Putin with religious leaders of Russia,
after the 80-year schism.[138]
February 2001
Under Putin, the Hasidic Federation of Jewish Communities
of Russia became increasingly influential within the Jewish
community, partly due to the influence of Federation-supporting businessmen mediated through their
alliances with Putin, notably Lev Leviev and Roman Abramovich.[139][140] According to the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency, Putin is popular amongst the Russian Jewish community, who see him as a force for
stability. Russia's chief rabbi, Berel Lazar, said Putin "paid great attention to the needs of our community
and related to us with a deep respect".[141] In 2016, Ronald S. Lauder, the president of the World Jewish
Congress, also praised Putin for making Russia "a country where Jews are welcome".[142]
Human rights organizations and religious freedom advocates have criticized the state of religious freedom
in Russia.[143] In 2016, Putin oversaw the passage of legislation that prohibited missionary activity in
Russia.[143] Nonviolent religious minority groups have been repressed under anti-extremism laws,
especially Jehovah's Witnesses.[144] One of the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia has a
constitutional reference to God.[145]

Military development
The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic
bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian
defense minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with
Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the
aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, would take part in the first major
navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet
times.[146][147]

Key elements of the reform included reducing the armed Putin with Russia's long-serving Defense
Minister Sergei Shoygu (left) and Chief of
forces to a strength of one million, reducing the number of
the General Staff Valery Gerasimov at
officers, centralising officer training from 65 military schools
the Vostok 2018 military exercise
into 10 systemic military training centres, creating a
professional NCO corps, reducing the size of the central
command, introducing more civilian logistics and auxiliary staff, elimination of cadre-strength
formations, reorganising the reserves, reorganising the army into a brigade system, and reorganising air
forces into an airbase system instead of regiments.[148]

According to the Kremlin, Putin embarked on a build-up of

Russia's nuclear capabilities because of U.S. president George
W. Bush's unilateral decision to withdraw from the 1972 Anti-
Ballistic Missile Treaty.[149] To counter what Putin sees as the
United States' goal of undermining Russia's strategic nuclear
deterrent, Moscow has embarked on a program to develop
new weapons capable of defeating any new American
ballistic missile defense or interception system. Some
analysts believe that this nuclear strategy under Putin has
brought Russia into violation of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Russian postage stamp honoring a
Nuclear Forces Treaty.[150] soldier killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Accordingly, U.S. president Donald Trump announced the

U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between
the two powers.[150] This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict
but that "an aggressor should know that vengeance is inevitable, that he will be annihilated, and we would
be the victims of the aggression. We will go to heaven as martyrs".[151]

Putin has also sought to increase Russian territorial claims in the Arctic and its military presence there. In
August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007, part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial
extension claim, planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole.[152] Both Russian submarines and troops
deployed in the Arctic have been increasing.[153][154]
Human rights policy
New York City-based NGO Human Rights Watch, in a report
titled Laws of Attrition, authored by Hugh Williamson, the
British director of HRW's Europe & Central Asia Division,
has claimed that since May 2012, when Putin was reelected as
president, Russia has enacted many restrictive laws, started
inspections of non-governmental organizations, harassed,
intimidated and imprisoned political activists, and started to
restrict critics. The new laws include the "foreign agents" law, Russian opposition politician Alexei
which is widely regarded as over-broad by including Russian Navalny attends a march in memory of
human rights organizations which receive some international assassinated opposition politician Boris
Nemtsov, Moscow, 29 February 2020
grant funding, the treason law, and the assembly law which
penalizes many expressions of dissent.[155][156] Human rights
activists have criticized Russia for censoring speech of LGBT activists due to "the gay propaganda
law"[157] and increasing violence against LGBT+ people due to the law.[158][159][160]

In 2020, Putin signed a law on labelling individuals and organizations receiving funding from abroad as
"foreign agents". The law is an expansion of "foreign agent" legislation adopted in 2012.[161][162]

As of June 2020, per Memorial Human Rights Center, there were 380 political prisoners in Russia,
including 63 individuals prosecuted, directly or indirectly, for political activities (including Alexey
Navalny) and 245 prosecuted for their involvement with one of the Muslim organizations that are banned
in Russia. 78 individuals on the list, i.e., more than 20% of the total, are residents of Crimea.[163][164] As
of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted for criticizing the war in Ukraine under
Russia's war censorship laws.[165]

The media
Scott Gehlbach, a professor of Political Science at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison, has claimed that since
1999, Putin has systematically punished journalists who
challenge his official point of view.[166] Maria Lipman, an
American writing in Foreign Affairs claims, "The crackdown
that followed Putin's return to the Kremlin in 2012 extended
to the liberal media, which had until then been allowed to
operate fairly independently".[167] The Internet has attracted
Putin being interviewed by Tucker
Putin's attention because his critics have tried to use it to
Carlson on 6 February 2024
challenge his control of information.[168] Marian K. Leighton,
who worked for the CIA as a Soviet analyst in the 1980s says,
"Having muzzled Russia's print and broadcast media, Putin focused his energies on the Internet".[169]

Robert W. Orttung and Christopher Walker reported that "Reporters Without Borders, for instance, ranked
Russia 148 in its 2013 list of 179 countries in terms of freedom of the press. It particularly criticized
Russia for the crackdown on the political opposition and the failure of the authorities to vigorously pursue
and bring to justice criminals who have murdered journalists. Freedom House ranks Russian media as
"not free", indicating that basic safeguards and guarantees for journalists and media enterprises are
absent.[170] About two-thirds of Russians use television as their primary source of daily news,[171] while
around 85% of Russians get most of their information from Russian state media.[172]

In the early 2000s, Putin and his circle began promoting the idea in Russian media that they are the
modern-day version of the 17th-century Romanov tsars who ended Russia's "Time of Troubles", meaning
they claim to be the peacemakers and stabilizers after the fall of the Soviet Union.[173] Since the 2022
Ukraine invasion, Putin has only once granted an interview to a Western journalist, namely Tucker
Carlson in February 2024.[174]

Promoting conservatism
Putin has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social,
cultural, and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin
has attacked globalism and neoliberalism and is identified by
scholars with Russian conservatism.[175] Putin has promoted
new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals
and writers. For example, the Izborsky Club, founded in 2012
by the conservative right-wing journalist Alexander
Prokhanov, stresses (i) Russian nationalism, (ii) the
Putin attends the Orthodox Christmas
restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and (iii)
service in the village Turginovo in
systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies.[176] Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast, 7
Vladislav Surkov, a senior government official, has been one January 2016.
of the key economics consultants during Putin's
presidency.[177]

In cultural and social affairs Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Patriarch
Kirill of Moscow, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012 stating Putin's terms were like "a
miracle of God".[178] Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the
Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an
alliance with the state".[179]

Mark Woods, a Baptist Union of Great Britain minister and contributing editor to Christian Today,
provides specific examples of how the Church has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea
and eastern Ukraine.[180] Some Russian Orthodox believers consider Putin a corrupt and brutal
strongman or even a tyrant. Others do not admire him but appreciate that he aggravates their political
opponents. Still others appreciate that Putin defends some although not all Orthodox teachings, whether
or not he believes in them himself.[181]

On abortion, Putin stated: "In the modern world, the decision is up to the woman herself".[182] This put
him at odds with the Russian Orthodox Church.[183] In 2020, he supported efforts to reduce the number
of abortions instead of prohibiting it.[184] On 28 November 2023, during a speech to the World Russian
People's Council, Putin urged Russian women to have "seven, eight, or even more children" and said
"large families must become the norm, a way of life for all of Russia's people".[185]

Putin supported the 2020 Russian constitutional referendum, which passed and defined marriage as a
relationship between one man and one woman in the Constitution of Russia.[186][187][188]
International sporting events
In 2007, Putin led a successful effort on behalf of Sochi for
the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter
Paralympics,[189] the first Winter Olympic Games to ever be
hosted by Russia. In 2008, the city of Kazan won the bid for
the 2013 Summer Universiade; on 2 December 2010, Russia
won the right to host the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and
2018 FIFA World Cup, also for the first time in Russian
history. In 2013, Putin stated that gay athletes would not face
Putin, FIFA president Gianni Infantino
any discrimination at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.[190]
and French president Emmanuel Macron
at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final in
Russia as French forward Kylian Mbappé
Foreign policy receives the best young player award

Generally, Putin's tenure experiences tensions with the

west.[191][192] Anna Borshchevskaya, in her 2022 book,
summarizes Putin main foreign policy objectives as
originating in his 30 December 1999 document which
appeared on the government's website, "Russia at the Turn of
the Millenium".[193] She presents Putin as orienting himself
to the plan that "Russia is a country with unique values in
danger of losing its unity – which... is a historic Russian fear.
This again points to the fundamental issue of Russia's identity
issues – and how the state had manipulated these to drive Putin's visit to the United States,
anti-Western security narratives with the aim of eroding the November 2001

US-led global order... Moreover, a look at Russia's

distribution of forces over the years under Putin has been heavily weighted towards the south (Syria,
Ukraine, Middle East), another indicator of the Kremlin's threat perceptions".[194][195]

Leonid Bershidsky analyzed Putin's interview with the Financial Times and concluded, "Putin is an
imperialist of the old Soviet school, rather than a nationalist or a racist, and he has cooperated with, and
promoted, people who are known to be gay".[196] Putin spoke favorably of artificial intelligence in regard
to foreign policy, "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes
with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in
this sphere will become the ruler of the world".[197]

Asia
In 2012, Putin wrote an article in Indian newspaper The Hindu, saying: "The Declaration on Strategic
Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step".[198][199] India
remains the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically
strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.[200] In October 2022, Putin described India and China as
"close allies and partners".[201]

Under Putin, Russia has maintained positive relations with the Asian states of SCO and BRICS, which
include China, India, Pakistan, and post-Soviet states of Central Asia.[202][203] In the 21st century, Sino-
Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship,
and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power
of Siberia gas pipeline formed a "special relationship"
between the two great powers.[204]

Putin and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe frequently met each

other to discuss the Japan–Russia territorial disputes. Putin
also voiced his willingness of constructing a rail bridge
between the two countries.[205] Despite numerous meetings,
no agreement was signed before Abe's resignation in
2020.[206][207]

Putin made three visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good

Putin with Indian prime minister Narendra
relations with its neighbor. Putin and his Mongolian
Modi in Moscow, 9 July 2024
counterpart signed a permanent treaty on friendship between
the two states in September 2019, further enhancing trade and
cultural exchanges.[208][209] Putin became the first Russian or
Soviet leader to visit Indonesia in half a century in 2007,
resulting in the signing of an arms deal.[210] In another visit,
Putin commented on long-standing ties and friendship
between Russia and Indonesia.[211] Russia has also boosted
relations with Vietnam after 2011,[212] and with Afghanistan
in the 2010s, giving military and economic aid.[213][214] The Putin with Chinese president Xi Jinping
relations between Russia and the Philippines received a boost and other leaders at the Shanghai
in 2016 as Putin forged closer bilateral ties with his Filipino Cooperation Organisation summit in
counterpart, Rodrigo Duterte. [215][216] Putin has good Uzbekistan on 16 September 2022
relations with Malaysia and its then Prime Minister Mahathir
Mohamad.[217] Putin also made the first Russian or Soviet
leader to visit North Korea, meeting Kim Jong Il in July 2000, shortly after a visit to South Korea.[218]

Putin criticized violence in Myanmar against Rohingya minorities in 2017.[219] Following the 2021
Myanmar coup d'état, Russia has pledged to boost ties with the Myanmar military regime.[220]

Post-Soviet states
Under Putin, the Kremlin has consistently stated that Russia has a sphere of influence and "privileged
interests" over other Post-Soviet states, which are referred to as the "near abroad" in Russia. It has also
been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests.[221] Some Russia experts
have compared this concept to the Monroe Doctrine.[222]

A series of so-called colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia
in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led
to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticized the Rose
and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet
space into endless conflict".[223]

Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine joined NATO Russia could
contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea.[224] At the summit, he told U.S. president George W.
Bush that "Ukraine is not even a state!", while the following year Putin referred to Ukraine as "Little
Russia".[225] Following the Revolution of
Dignity in March 2014, the Russian Federation
annexed Crimea.[226][227][228] According to
Putin, this was done because "Crimea has
always been and remains an inseparable part of
Russia".[229]

After the Russian annexation of Crimea, he said

that Ukraine includes "regions of Russia's
historic south" and "was created on a whim by
the Bolsheviks".[230] He went on to declare that
the February 2014 ousting of Ukrainian
President Viktor Yanukovych had been Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order:
orchestrated by the West as an attempt to 1 Armenia · 2 Azerbaijan · 3 Belarus · 4 Estonia
weaken Russia. "Our Western partners have · 5 Georgia · 6 Kazakhstan · 7 Kyrgyzstan ·
crossed a line. They behaved rudely, 8 Latvia · 9 Lithuania · 10 Moldova · 11 Russia
irresponsibly and unprofessionally", he said, · 12 Tajikistan · 13 Turkmenistan · 14 Ukraine ·
15 Uzbekistan
adding that the people who had come to power
in Ukraine were "nationalists, neo-Nazis,
Russophobes and anti-Semites".[230]

In a July 2014 speech during a Russian-supported armed

insurgency in Eastern Ukraine, Putin stated he would use
Russia's "entire arsenal of available means" up to "operations
under international humanitarian law and the right of self-
defence" to protect Russian speakers outside Russia.[231][232]
With the attainment of autocephaly by the Ukrainian
Orthodox Church in December 2018 and subsequent schism
of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople, a
number of experts came to the conclusion that Putin's policy Putin hosted a meeting of the Russian-
of forceful engagement in post-Soviet republics significantly led military alliance, the Collective
Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), in
backfired on him, leading to a situation where he "annexed
Moscow on 16 May 2022.
Crimea, but lost Ukraine", and provoked a much more
cautious approach to Russia among other post-Soviet
countries.[233][234]

In late August 2014, Putin stated: "People who have their own views on history and the history of our
country may argue with me, but it seems to me that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples are practically one
people".[235] After making a similar statement, in late December 2015 he stated: "the Ukrainian culture,
as well as Ukrainian literature, surely has a source of its own".[236] In July 2021, he published a lengthy
article On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians[237] revisiting these themes, and saying the
formation of a Ukrainian state hostile to Moscow was "comparable in its consequences to the use of
weapons of mass destruction against us"[238][239]—it was made mandatory reading for military-political
training in the Russian Armed Forces.[240]
In August 2008, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili
attempted to restore control over the breakaway South
Ossetia. However, the Georgian military was soon defeated in
the resulting 2008 South Ossetia War after regular Russian
forces entered South Ossetia and then other parts of Georgia,
then also opened a second front in the other Georgian
breakaway province of Abkhazia with Abkhazian forces.[241]

Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, German
the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of chancellor Merkel, French president
Eurasian integration. Putin endorsed the idea of a Eurasian Macron and Putin met in Paris on 9
[242][243] December 2019 in the "Normandy
Union in 2011; the concept was proposed by the
Format" aimed at ending the war in
president of Kazakhstan in 1994.[244] On 18 November 2011, Donbas
the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an
agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union
by 2015.[245] The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015.[246]

Under Putin, Russia's relations have improved significantly with Uzbekistan, the second largest post-
Soviet republic after Ukraine. This was demonstrated in Putin's visit to Tashkent in May 2000, after
lukewarm relations under Yeltsin and Islam Karimov who had long distanced itself from Moscow.[247] In
another meeting in 2014, Russia agreed to write off Uzbek debt.[248] A theme of a greater Soviet region,
including the former USSR and many of its neighbors or imperial-era states—rather than just post-Soviet
Russia—has been consistent in Putin's May Day speeches.[249][250][251]

On 22 December 2022, Putin addressed the Security Council in a speech where he did not use the term
"Special Military Operation" but instead called the fighting in Ukraine a "war". Anti-Putin activists have
called for Putin to be prosecuted for breaking a law passed to stop people calling the Special Military
Operation a war. This law carries a penalty of up to 15 years in jail.[252] On 25 December, he openly
declared in a TV interview that the goal of the invasion is "to unite the Russian people".[253]

On 14 December 2023, President Putin held a press conference where he indicated that Russian would
only negotiate with Ukraine "when we achieve our objectives". He stated that another mobilization wasn't
required as "617,000" Russian soldiers were fighting in Ukraine.[254]

During the 2024 Year-End Review, President Putin was asked if there were regrets from the "Special
Military Operation". President Putin said that he regretted not launching it at the same time as the
annexation of Crimea and with more "preparation". Saying "This decision, which was made at the
beginning of 2022, should have been made earlier. That's the first thing. Secondly, we should have started
preparing, including for the SMO. The events in Crimea were spontaneous. The events of 2022 also
began without preparation. But why did we start? Because it was impossible to stand still and endure any
longer".[255]

United States, Western Europe, and NATO

Under Putin, Russia's relationships with NATO and the U.S. have passed through several stages. When he
first became president, relations were cautious, but after the 9/11 attacks Putin quickly supported the U.S.
in the War on Terror and the opportunity for partnership appeared.[257] According to Stephen F. Cohen,
the U.S. "repaid by further expansion of NATO to Russia's borders and by unilateral withdrawal from the
1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty",[257] but others pointed
out the applications from new countries willing to join NATO
was driven primarily by Russian's behavior in Chechnya,
Transnistria, Abkhazia, Yanayev putsch as well as calls to
restore USSR in its previous borders by prominent Russian
politicians.[258][259]

From 2003, when Russia strongly opposed the U.S. when it

waged the Iraq War, Putin became ever more distant from the
West, and relations steadily deteriorated. According to Russia
scholar Stephen F. Cohen, the narrative of the mainstream
U.S. media, following that of the White House, became anti-
Putin.[257] In an interview with Michael Stürmer, Putin said
Putin with Pope John Paul II and Holy
there were three questions which most concerned Russia and
See's secretary of state Angelo Sodano
Eastern Europe: namely, the status of Kosovo, the Treaty on on 5 June 2000
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and American plans to
build missile defence sites in Poland and the Czech Republic,
and suggested that all three were linked.[260] His view was
that concessions by the West on one of the questions might be
met with concessions from Russia on another.[260]

In a January 2007 interview, Putin said Russia was in favor of

a democratic multipolar world and strengthening the systems
of international law.[262] In February 2007, Putin criticized
what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in
global relations, and "almost uncontained hyper use of force
in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no Putin with Italian prime minister Silvio
one feels safe! Because no one can feel that international law Berlusconi and U.S. president George W.
is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a Bush at the NATO-Russia Council
policy stimulates an arms race."[263] This came to be known meeting in Rome on 28 May 2002[256]
as the Munich Speech, and NATO secretary Jaap de Hoop
Scheffer called the speech "disappointing
and not helpful".[264] One single center of power. One single center of force.
One single center of decision making. This is the world of
The months following Putin's Munich one master, one sovereign. ... Primarily the United States
Speech [263] were marked by tension and has overstepped its national borders, and in every area.
a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the
Atlantic. Both Russian and American — Putin criticizing the United States in his Munich Speech,
officials, however, denied the idea of a 2007[261]
new Cold War.[265] Putin publicly
opposed plans for the U.S. missile shield in Europe and presented President George W. Bush with a
counterproposal on 7 June 2007 which was declined.[266] Russia suspended its participation in the
Conventional Forces in Europe treaty on 11 December 2007.[267]

Putin opposed Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008,
warning that it would destabilize the whole system of international relations.[268] He described the
recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will
de facto blow apart the whole system of international
relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries",
and that "they have not thought through the results of what
they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick
and the second end will come back and hit them in the
face".[269] In March 2014, Putin used Kosovo's declaration of
independence as a justification for recognizing the
independence of Crimea, citing the so-called "Kosovo
independence precedent".[270][271] Putin with U.S. president Donald Trump
at the summit meeting in Helsinki,
After the 9/11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001, Putin had good Finland, 16 July 2018
relations with American president George W. Bush, and many
western European leaders. His "cooler" and "more business-
like" relationship with German chancellor, Angela Merkel is often attributed to Merkel's upbringing in the
former DDR, where Putin was stationed as a KGB agent.[272] He had a very friendly and warm
relationship with Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi;[273] the two leaders often described their
relationship as a close friendship, continuing to organize bilateral meetings even after Berlusconi's
resignation in November 2011.[274] When Berlusconi died in 2023, Putin described him as an
"extraordinary man" and a "true friend".[275][276]

The NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011

prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world
leaders, including Putin, who said that the United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1973 is "defective and flawed",
adding: "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for
crusades".[277]

In late 2013, Russian-American relations deteriorated further

when the United States canceled a summit for the first time Putin held a meeting in Sochi with
since 1960 after Putin gave asylum to American Edward German chancellor Angela Merkel to
Snowden, who had leaked massive amounts of classified discuss Nord Stream 2 natural gas
information from the NSA.[278][279] In 2014, Russia was pipeline in May 2018.

suspended from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of

Crimea.[280][281] Putin gave a speech highly critical of the United States, accusing them of destabilizing
world order and trying to "reshape the world" to its own benefit.[282] In June 2015, Putin said that Russia
has no intention of attacking NATO.[283]

On 9 November 2016, Putin congratulated Donald Trump on becoming the 45th president of the United
States.[284] In December 2016, US intelligence officials (headed by James Clapper) quoted by CBS News
stated that Putin approved the email hacking and cyber attacks during the U.S. election, against the
Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. A spokesman for Putin denied the reports.[285] Putin
has repeatedly accused Hillary Clinton, who served as U.S. secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 of
interfering in Russia's internal affairs,[286] and in December 2016, Clinton accused Putin of having a
personal grudge against her.[287][288]

With the election of Trump, Putin's favorability in the U.S. increased. A Gallup poll in February 2017
revealed a positive view of Putin among 22% of Americans, the highest since 2003.[289] Putin has stated
that U.S.–Russian relations, already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War,[290] have continued
to deteriorate after Trump took office in January 2017.[291]

On 18 June 2020, The National Interest published a nine-thousand-word essay by Putin, titled "The Real
Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II".[292] In the essay, Putin criticizes the Western historical
view of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as the start of World War II, stating that the Munich Agreement
was the beginning.[293]

On 21 February 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction
treaty with the United States.[294] On 25 March, President Putin announced the stationing of tactical
nuclear weapons in Belarus. Russia would maintain control of the weapons. President Putin told Russian
TV: "There is nothing unusual here either. Firstly, the United States has been doing this for decades. They
have long deployed their tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of their allied countries".[295]

United Kingdom
In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom
deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political
asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris
Berezovsky.[296] This deterioration was intensified by
allegations that the British were spying and making secret
payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups.[297] A
survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2022 found Putin
to be among the least popular foreign leaders, with 8% of Putin and his wife Lyudmila meeting with
British respondents holding a positive opinion.[298] Queen Elizabeth II, her husband Prince
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Prime
Minister Tony Blair in 2005
Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
The end of 2006 brought more strained relations in the wake
of the death by polonium poisoning in London of former KGB and FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko,
who became an MI6 agent in 2003. In 2007, the crisis in relations continued with the expulsion of four
Russian envoys over Russia's refusal to extradite former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoi to face charges
in the murder.[296] Mirroring the British actions, Russia expelled UK diplomats and took other retaliatory
steps.[296]

In 2015, the British Government launched a public inquiry into Litvinenko's death, presided over by
Robert Owen, a former British High Court judge.[299] The Owen report, published on 21 January 2016,
stated, "The FSB operation to kill Mr. Litvinenko was probably approved by Mr Patrushev and also by
President Putin".[300] The report outlined some possible motives for the murder, including Litvinenko's
public statements and books about the alleged involvement of the FSB in mass murder, and what was
"undoubtedly a personal dimension to the antagonism" between Putin and Litvinenko.[301]

Poisoning of Sergei Skripal

On 4 March 2018, former double agent Sergei Skripal was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent in
Salisbury.[302] Ten days later, the British government formally accused the Russian state of attempted
murder, a charge which Russia denied.[303] After the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats (an action which
would later be responded to with a Russian expulsion of 23 British diplomats),[304] British Foreign
Secretary Boris Johnson said on 16 March that it was "overwhelmingly likely" Putin had personally
ordered the poisoning of Skripal. Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the allegation "shocking and
unpardonable diplomatic misconduct".[305]

Latin America
Putin and his successor, Medvedev, enjoyed warm relations
with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela. Much of this has been
through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela
has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from
Russia.[306] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160
bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights.[307] In
November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in
the Caribbean. Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established
Putin and Venezuelan President Nicolás
stronger ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.[308]
Maduro on 10 October 2019

"You express the best masculine qualities", Putin told Jair

Bolsonaro in 2020. "You look for solutions in all matters, always putting above all the interests of your
people, your country, leaving out your own personal issues". Political scientist Oliver Stuenkel noted,
"Among Brazil's right-wing populists, Putin is seen as someone who is anti-woke, and that is seen as
something that is definitely appealing to Bolsonaro. He is a strongman, and that is very inspiring to
Bolsonaro. He would like to be someone who concentrates as much power".[309]

Australia and the South Pacific

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia, the first Russian leader to do so in over 50 years.[310] In the
same month, Putin also attended the APEC meeting held in Sydney, Australia, where he met with Prime
Minister John Howard and signed a uranium trade deal for Australia to sell uranium to Russia. This was
the first visit by a Russian president to Australia.[311] Putin again visited Australia for 2014 G20 Brisbane
summit. The Abbott government denounced Putin's use of military force in Ukraine in 2014 as "bullying"
and "utterly unacceptable".[312]

Amid calls to ban Putin from attending the 2014 G20 Summit, Prime Minister Tony Abbott said he would
"shirtfront" (challenge) the Russian leader over the shooting down of MH17 by Russian-backed rebels,
which had killed 38 Australians.[313] Putin denied responsibility for the killings.[314]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison said the
invasion was "unprovoked, unjust and illegal" and labeled Putin a "thug".[315] New Zealand Prime
Minister Jacinda Ardern denounced Putin as a "bully".[316] Fijian prime minister Frank Bainimarama
tweeted, "Fiji and our fellow Pacific Island Countries have united as nations of peace-loving people to
condemn the conflict in Ukraine", while the Solomon Islands UN ambassador called the invasion a
"violation of the rule of law".[317]
Middle East and Africa
On 16 October 2007, Putin visited Iran to participate in the
Second Caspian Summit in Tehran,[318][319] where he met
with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[320][321] This
was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader[322] to Iran
since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in
1943, and marked a significant event in Iran–Russia
relations.[323] At a press conference after the summit Putin
said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop
Putin with Iranian president Hassan
their peaceful nuclear programmes without any Rouhani and Turkish president Recep
restrictions".[324] Putin was quoted as describing Iran as a Tayyip Erdoğan, September 2018
"partner",[260] although he expressed concerns over the
Iranian nuclear programme.[260]

In April 2008, Putin became the first Russian president to visit Libya.[325] Putin condemned the 2011
foreign military intervention in Libya, referring to the UN resolution as "defective and flawed", and
added, "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades".[326] Upon the death of Muammar
Gaddafi, Putin called it as "planned murder" by the US, saying: "They showed to the whole world how he
(Gaddafi) was killed", and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?"[327][328]

From 2000 to 2010, Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of

arms to Syria, making Damascus Russia's seventh-largest
client.[329] During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to
veto any sanctions against the Syrian government,[330] and
continued to supply arms to its regime.

Putin opposed any foreign intervention in the Syrian civil

war. In June 2012, in Paris, he rejected the statement of
Putin with African leaders at the Russia– French president François Hollande who called on Bashar al-
Africa Summit in Sochi, Russia, on 24 Assad to step down. Putin echoed Assad's argument that anti-
October 2019 regime militants were responsible for much of the bloodshed.
He also talked about previous NATO interventions and their
results, and asked, "What is happening in Libya, in Iraq? Did
they become safer? Where are they heading? Nobody has an answer".[331]

On 11 September 2013, The New York Times published an op-ed by Putin urging caution against US
intervention in Syria and criticizing American exceptionalism.[333] Putin subsequently helped to arrange
for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.[334] In 2015, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance[335]
and mobilized military support for the regime. Some analysts have summarized Putin as being allied with
Shiites and Alawites in the Middle East.[336][337]

In 2017, Putin dispatched Russian PMCs to back the Touadéra regime in the Central African Republic
Civil War, gaining a permanent military presence in return.[338][339][340][341] The first Russia-Africa
Summit was held in October 2019 in Sochi, Russia, co-hosted by Putin and Egyptian president Abdel
Fattah el-Sisi.[342] The meeting was attended by 43 heads of state and government from African
countries.[343]
In October 2019, Putin visited the United Arab Emirates,
where six agreements were struck with Abu Dhabi Crown
Prince Mohammed bin Zayed. One of them included shared
investments between Russian sovereign wealth fund and the
Emirati investment fund Mubadala. The two nations signed
deals worth over $1.3bn, in energy, health and advance
technology sectors.[344] On 22 October 2021, Putin
highlighted the "unique bond" between Russia and Israel
during a meeting with Israeli prime minister Naftali Putin met with the president of the African
Union, Macky Sall, to discuss grain
Bennett.[345]
deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to
Africa on 3 June 2022. The war in
Ukraine contributed to the 2022–2023
Public image food crises.[332]

Polls and rankings

In a June 2007 public opinion survey, Putin's approval rating
was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that
year.[346] In January 2013, at the time of the 2011–2013
Russian protests, Putin's rating fell to 62%, the lowest since
2000.[347] In a context of increased diplomatic isolation and
international sanctions on Russian officials prompted by the
Russo-Ukrainian war, Putin's approval rating reached 87% in Putin opens the Wall of Grief, a
August 2014.[348] In February 2015, based on domestic monument to victims of Stalinist
polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular repression, October 2017.
politician.[349] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed
to 89%, an all-time high.[350][351][352] Observers saw Putin's
high approval ratings in 2010s as a consequence of
improvements in living standards, and Russia's reassertion on
the world scene during his presidency.[353][354] Putin was also
highly popular in some non-Western countries, such as
Vietnam, where his approval rating was 89% in 2017.[355]

Despite high approval for Putin, public confidence in the Putin with local people in the Siberian
Russian economy was low, dropping to levels in 2016 that republic of Tuva in 2007
rivaled the lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic
crisis.[356] Putin's performance in reining in corruption is
unpopular among Russians. Newsweek reported in 2017 that a poll "indicated that 67% held Putin
personally responsible for high-level corruption".[357] Corruption is a significant problem in
Russia.[358][359]

In October 2018, two-thirds of Russians surveyed agreed that "Putin bears full responsibility for the
problems of the country", which has been attributed[361] to a decline in a popular belief in "good tsar and
bad boyars", a traditional attitude towards justifying failures at the top of the ruling hierarchy in
Russia.[362] In January 2019, the percentage of Russians trusting Putin hit a then-historic low—33%.[363]
In April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians, 20%, willing to permanently emigrate
from Russia.[364] The decline was even larger in the 17–25
age group, "who find themselves largely disconnected from
the country's aging leadership, nostalgic Soviet rhetoric and
nepotistic agenda". Putin's approval rating among young
Russians was 32% in January 2019. The percentage willing to
emigrate permanently in this group was 41%. 60% had
favorable views of the US (three times more than in the 55+
age group).[365] Decline in support for the president and Vladimir Putin's public approval 1999–
government is visible in other polls, such as a rapidly growing 2020 (Levada, 2020)[360]
readiness to protest against poor living conditions.

In May 2020, amid the COVID crisis, Putin's approval rating was 68%, when respondents were presented
a list of names (closed question),[366] and 27% when respondents were expected to name politicians they
trust (open question).[367] This has been attributed to continued post-Crimea economic stagnation but also
an apathetic response to the pandemic crisis in Russia.[368] Polls conducted in November 2021 after the
failure of a Russian COVID-19 vaccination campaign indicated distrust of Putin was a major contributing
factor for vaccine hesitancy, with regional polls indicating numbers as low as 20–30% in the Volga
Federal District.[369]

In May 2021, 33% indicated Putin in response to "who would you vote for this weekend?" among
Moscow respondents and 40% outside Moscow.[370] A survey released in October 2021 found 53% of
respondents saying they trusted Putin.[371]

Observers see a generational struggle among Russians over perception of Putin's rule, with younger
Russians more probably to be against Putin and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative
presented by state-controlled media in Russia.[372] Putin's support among Russians aged 18–24 was only
20% in December 2020.[373]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, state-

controlled TV, where most Russians get their news, presented
the invasion as a "special military operation" and liberation
mission, in line with the government's narrative.[375][376][377]
The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the
country's media to employ information only from state
sources or face fines and blocks.[378] The Russian media was
banned from using the words "war", "invasion" or
"aggression" to describe the invasion,[376] with media outlets
being blocked as a result.[379] The Levada Center survey showed that
58% of surveyed Russians supported the
In late February 2022, a survey conducted by the independent 2017 Russian protests against high-level
research group Russian Field found that 59% of respondents corruption.[374]
supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[380]
According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds,
only 29% supported the "special military operation".[381] In late February and mid-March 2022 two polls
surveyed Russians' sentiments about the "special military operation" in Ukraine. The results were
obtained by Radio Liberty.[382] 71% of Russians polled said that they supported the "special military
operation" in Ukraine.[383][382]
When asked how they were affected by the actions of Putin, a
third said they strongly believed Putin was working in their
interests. Another 26% said he was working in their interests
to some extent. In general, most Russians believe that it
would be better if Putin remained president for as long as
possible.[383][382] Similarly, a survey conducted in early
March found 58% of Russian respondents approved of the
operation.[384][385]

In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an Putin speaking at the "Russia-Africa"
unfavorable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians— parliamentary conference in Moscow on
20 March 2023. According to the
including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine—said
Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of
they did not believe any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of
the world's population live in countries
Russia.[386] A poll published on 30 March in Russia saw that are neutral or leaning towards
Putin's approval rating jump, from 71% in February, to Russia.[172]
83%. [387][388] However, experts warned that the figures may
not accurately reflect the public mood, as the public tends to
rally around leaders during war and some may be hiding their true opinions,[389] especially with the
Russian 2022 war censorship laws prohibiting dissemination of "fake information" about the military.[390]
Many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[380]
When researchers commissioned a survey on Russians' attitudes to the war, 29,400 out of 31,000 refused
to answer.[391] The Levada Center's director, stated that early feelings of "shock and confusion" was
being replaced with the belief that Russia was being besieged and that Russians must rally around their
leader.[379] The Kremlin's analysis concluded that public support for the war was broad but not deep, and
that most Russians would accept anything Putin labeled a victory. In September 2023, the head of the
VTsIOM state pollster Valery Fyodorov said in an interview that only 10–15% of Russians actively
supported the war, and that "most Russians are not demanding the conquest of Kyiv or Odesa".[392]

A poll by the independent organization Levada, which was conducted on 22–28 June 2023, showed that
42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election.[393] A public opinion poll by
the state-owned institution VCIOM, which was conducted in November 2023, found that 37.3% of
respondents would vote for Putin.[394] According to a VCIOM poll conducted in early March 2024,
56.2% of respondents would vote for Putin.[395]

The director of the Levada Center stated in 2015 that drawing conclusions from Russian poll results or
comparing them to polls in democratic states was irrelevant, as there is no real political competition in
Russia, where, unlike in democratic states, Russian voters are not offered any credible alternatives and
public opinion is primarily formed by state-controlled media, which promotes those in power and
discredits alternative candidates.[396]

Cult of personality
Putin has cultivated a cult of personality for himself with an outdoorsy, athletic, tough guy public image,
demonstrating his physical prowess and taking part in unusual or dangerous acts, such as extreme sports
and interaction with wild animals,[397] part of a public relations approach that, according to Wired,
"deliberately cultivates the macho, take-charge superhero
image".[398] In 2007, the tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda
published a huge photograph of a shirtless Putin vacationing
in the Siberian mountains under the headline "Be Like
Putin".[399]

Numerous Kremlinologists have accused Putin of seeking to

create a cult of personality around himself, an accusation that
the Kremlin has denied.[400] Some of Putin's activities have
been criticised for being staged;[401][402] outside of Russia,
his macho image has been the subject of parody.[403][404][405]
Putin's height has been estimated by Kremlin insiders to be
between 155 and 165 centimetres (5 feet 1 inch and 5 feet
5 inches) tall but is usually given at 170 centimetres (5 feet
7 inches).[406][407]

There are many songs about Putin,[408] and Putin's name and
image are widely used in advertisement and product
branding.[398] Among the Putin-branded products are Putinka
Putin driving a Formula One car, 2010
vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, the Gorbusha Putina
(video)
caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image.[409]

Public recognition in the West

In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year.[410][411] In 2015, he was No. 1 on the Time's Most
Influential People List.[412][413] Forbes ranked him the World's Most Powerful Individual every year
from 2013 to 2016.[414] He was ranked the second most powerful individual by Forbes in 2018.[415]

In Germany, the word "Putinversteher" (female form "Putinversteherin") is a neologism and a political
buzzword (Putin + verstehen), which literally translates "Putin understander", i.e., "one who understands
Putin".[416] It is a pejorative reference to politicians and pundits who express empathy to Putin and may
also be translated as "Putin-empathizer".[417]

Putinisms
Putin has produced many aphorisms and catch-phrases known as putinisms.[418] Many of them were first
made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other
people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from
studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language, often
alluding to Russian jokes and folk sayings.[418] Putin sometimes uses Russian criminal jargon (known as
"fenya" in Russian), albeit not always correctly.[419]
Assessments
Assessments of Putin's character as a leader have evolved
during his long presidency. His shifting of Russia towards
autocracy and weakening of the system of representative
government advocated by Boris Yeltsin has met with
criticism.[420] Russian dissidents and western leaders now
frequently characterise him as a "dictator". Others have
offered favourable assessments of his impact on Russia.

Otto von Habsburg, the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary

and former Member of the European Parliament, was an early
critic of Putin. In a newspaper interview[421] in 2002 and in
two speeches[422] in 2003 and 2005, he warned of Putin as an
"international threat", that he was "cruel and oppressive", and
a "stone cold technocrat".[423]

Putin was described in 2015 as a "dictator" by political

opponent Garry Kasparov,[424] and as the "Tsar of corruption"
Z symbol on a billboard reads Russian:
in 2016 by opposition activist and blogger Alexei
За Путина (lit. 'For Putin'), 24 September
Navalny.[425] He was described as a "bully" and "arrogant" by 2022.
former U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton,[426][427][428]
and as "self-centered" by the Dalai Lama.[429] In 2015,
opposition politician Boris Nemtsov said that Putin was turning Russia into a "raw materials colony" of
China.[430]

Former U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger wrote in 2014 that the West has demonized Putin.[431]
Egon Krenz, former leader of East Germany, said the Cold War never ended, adding: "After weak
presidents like Gorbachev and Yeltsin, it is a great fortune for Russia that it has Putin".[432]

Many Russians credit Putin for reviving Russia's fortunes.[433] Former Soviet Union leader Mikhail
Gorbachev, while acknowledging the flawed democratic procedures and restrictions on media freedom
during the Putin presidency, said that Putin had pulled Russia out of chaos at the end of the Yeltsin years,
and that Russians "must remember that Putin saved Russia from the beginning of a collapse".[433][434]
Chechen Republic head and Putin supporter, Ramzan Kadyrov, stated prior to 2011 that Putin saved both
the Chechen people and Russia.[435]

Russia has suffered democratic backsliding during Putin's tenure.[436] Freedom House has listed Russia
as being "not free" since 2005.[437] Experts do not generally consider Russia to be a
democracy,[438][439][440] citing purges and jailing of political opponents,[441][442] curtailed press
freedom,[443][444][445] and the lack of free and fair elections.[446][447][448] In 2004, Freedom House
warned that Russia's "retreat from freedom marks a low point not registered since 1989, when the country
was part of the Soviet Union".[449]

The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Russia as "authoritarian" since 2011,[450][451] whereas it had
previously been considered a "hybrid regime" (with "some form of democratic government" in
place).[452] According to political scientist Larry Diamond, writing in 2015, "no serious scholar would
consider Russia today a democracy".[453]

Following the jailing of the anti-corruption blogger and activist Alexei Navalny in 2018, Forbes wrote:
"Putin's actions are those of a dictator... As a leader with failing public support, he can only remain in
power by using force and repression that gets worse by the day".[454] In November 2021, The Economist
also noted that Putin had "shifted from autocracy to dictatorship".[455]

In February 2015, former U.S. ambassador to Germany John Kornblum wrote in the Wall Street Journal
that:[456]

Western nations must start the turnaround by emphatically refuting one of Mr. Putin's favorite
claims: that the West abrogated the promise of democratic partnership with Russia in the 1990
Paris Charter, a document produced by a summit that included European governments, the U.S.
and the Soviet Union, convened as Communism crumbled across Eastern Europe... The U.S.
and its allies didn't rush in after 1990 to exploit a proud but collapsing Soviet Union – a tale
that Mr. Putin now spins. I took part in nearly every major negotiation of that era. Never was
the idea of humbling Russia considered even for a moment. The Russian leaders we
encountered were not angry Prussian-style Junkers who railed against a strategic stab in the
back. Many if not all viewed the fall of the Soviet Union as liberation rather than defeat...
Contrary to Mr. Putin's fictions about NATO's illegal enlargement, the West has honored the
agreements worked out with Russia two decades ago.

In her 2017 book Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism, Kristen Ghodsee argued
that the triumphalist attitudes of Western powers at the end of the Cold War, and the fixation with linking
all leftist and socialist political ideals with the horrors of Stalinism, allowed neoliberalism to fill the void,
undermined democratic institutions and reforms, left a trail of economic misery, unemployment,
hopelessness and rising inequality throughout the former Eastern Bloc. This includes Russia, helping fuel
the rise of Putin's extremist right-wing nationalism.[457]

After the 2022 invasion of Ukraine

Following mounting civilian casualties during the Russian
invasion of Ukraine,[459] U.S. president Joe Biden called
Putin a war criminal and "murderous dictator".[460][461] In the
2022 State of the Union Address, Biden said that Putin had
"badly miscalculated".[462] The Ukrainian envoy to the
United Nations, Sergiy Kyslytsya likened Putin to Adolf
Hitler.[463] Latvian prime minister Krisjanis Karins also
likened the Russian leader to Hitler, saying he was "a deluded
autocrat creating misery for millions" and that "Putin is Protest sign in front of the Russian
fighting against democracy (...) If he can attack Ukraine, embassy in Finland. Putin has been
theoretically it could be any other European labeled a war criminal by international
country".[464][465] law experts.[458]

Lithuania's foreign minister Gabrielius Landsbergis said,

"The battle for Ukraine is a battle for Europe. If Putin is not stopped there, he will go further".[466]
President Emmanuel Macron of France said Putin was "deluding himself".[467] French foreign minister
Jean-Yves Le Drian denounced him as "a cynic and a dictator".[468] Canadian Prime Minister Justin
Trudeau called Putin "a lying, murderous dictator."[469] UK prime minister Boris Johnson also labelled
Putin a "dictator" who had authorised "a tidal wave of violence against a fellow Slavic people".[470] Some
authors, such as Michael Hirsh, described Putin as a "messianic" Russian nationalist and
Eurasianist.[471][472][473]

In March 2025, Franklin Foer of The Atlantic said that the 21st century was the "Age of Vladimir
Putin".[474] Foer wrote that:

Over the past 25 years, the world has bent to the vision of one man. In the course of a
generation, he not only short-circuited the transition to democracy in his own country, and in
neighboring countries, but set in motion a chain of events that has shattered the transatlantic
order that prevailed after World War II. In the global turn against democracy, he has played, at
times, the role of figurehead, impish provocateur, and field marshal. We are living in the Age of
Vladimir Putin.

Electoral history
Vladimir Putin has been nominated and elected as President of Russia all five times since 2000, typically
under an independent banner. In the most recent 2024 Russian presidential election, Putin achieved 88%
of the popular vote.[475] There were reports of irregularities at this election,[476] including ballot stuffing
and coercion.[477][478] Russian authorities claimed that in occupied areas of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia and
Kherson regions,[479] Putin won 88.12% and 92.83% of votes.[480] In Chechnya, Putin won 98.99% of
the vote.[70]

Personal life

Family
On 28 July 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, and they lived together in East Germany from
1985 to 1990. They have two daughters, Maria Putina, born on 28 April 1985 in Leningrad (now Saint
Petersburg), and Yekaterina Putina, born on 31 August 1986 in Dresden, East Germany (now
Germany).[481]

An investigation by Proekt published in November 2020 alleged that Putin has another daughter,
Elizaveta, also known as Luiza Rozova,[482] (born in March 2003),[483] with Svetlana
Krivonogikh.[4][484] Elizaveta studied in Paris under the name Elizaveta Olegovna Rudnova.[485] In April
2008, the Moskovsky Korrespondent reported that Putin had divorced Lyudmila and was engaged to
marry Olympic gold medalist Alina Kabaeva, a former rhythmic gymnast and Russian politician.[2] The
story was denied,[2] and the newspaper was shut down shortly thereafter.[3] Putin and Lyudmila continued
to make public appearances together as spouses,[486][487] while the status of his relationship with
Kabaeva became a topic of speculation.[488]
On 6 June 2013, Putin and Lyudmila announced that their marriage
was over; on 1 April 2014, the Kremlin confirmed that the divorce had
been finalised.[489][490][491] Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to a
daughter by Putin in 2015;[492][493] this report was denied.[492]
Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to twin sons by Putin in 2019.[5][494]
However, in 2022, Swiss media, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist,
wrote that on both occasions Kabaeva gave birth to a boy.[6]

Putin has two grandsons, born in 2012 and 2017,[495][496] through

Maria.[497] He reportedly also has a granddaughter, born in 2017,
through Katerina.[498][499] His cousin, Igor Putin, was a director at
Moscow-based Master Bank and was accused in a number of money-
laundering scandals.[500][501]
Putin and Lyudmila Putina
during their wedding on 28 July
Wealth 1983
Official figures released during the legislative election of 2007 put
Putin's wealth at approximately 3.7 million rubles (US$280,000) in
bank accounts, a private 77.4-square-meter (833 sq ft) apartment in Saint Petersburg, and miscellaneous
other assets.[502][503] Putin's reported 2006 income totaled 2 million rubles (approximately $152,000). In
2012, Putin reported an income of 3.6 million rubles ($270,000).[504][505] Putin has been photographed
wearing a number of expensive wristwatches, collectively valued at $700,000, nearly six times his annual
salary.[506][507] Putin has been known on occasion to give watches valued at thousands of dollars as gifts,
for example a watch identified as a Blancpain to a Siberian boy he met while on vacation in 2009, and
another similar watch to a factory worker the same year.[508]

According to Russian opposition politicians and

journalists,[509][510] Putin secretly possesses a multi-billion-
dollar fortune via successive ownership of stakes in a number
of Russian companies.[511][512] According to one editorial in
The Washington Post, "Putin might not technically own these
43 aircraft, but, as the sole political power in Russia, he can
act like they're his".[513] An RIA Novosti journalist argued
that "[Western] intelligence agencies ... could not find
anything". These contradictory claims were analyzed by Putin's close associate Arkady Rotenberg
is mentioned in the Panama Papers,
Polygraph.info,[514] which looked at a number of reports by
pictured 2018.
Western (Anders Åslund estimate of $100–160 billion) and
Russian (Stanislav Belkovsky estimated of $40 billion)
analysts, CIA (estimate of $40 billion in 2007) as well as counterarguments of Russian media. Polygraph
concluded:

There is uncertainty on the precise sum of Putin's wealth, and the assessment by the Director of
U.S. National Intelligence apparently is not yet complete. However, with the pile of evidence
and documents in the Panama Papers and in the hands of independent investigators such as
those cited by Dawisha, Polygraph.info finds that Danilov's claim that Western intelligence
agencies have not been able to find evidence of Putin's wealth to be misleading
 — Polygraph.info, "Are 'Putin's Billions' a Myth?"

In April 2016, 11 million documents belonging to Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca were leaked to
the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and the Washington-based International Consortium of
Investigative Journalists. The name of Putin does not appear in any of the records, and Putin denied his
involvement with the company.[515] However, various media have reported on three of Putin's associates
on the list.[516] According to the Panama Papers leak, close trusted associates of Putin own offshore
companies worth US$2 billion in total.[517] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung regards the
possibility of Putin's family profiting from this money as plausible.[518][519]

According to the paper, the US$2 billion had been "secretly shuffled through banks and shadow
companies linked to Putin's associates", such as construction billionaires Arkady and Boris Rotenberg,
and Bank Rossiya, previously identified by the U.S. State Department as being treated by Putin as his
personal bank account, had been central in facilitating this. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is
willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets".[520][521]

A significant proportion of the money trail leads to Putin's best friend Sergei Roldugin. Although a
musician, and in his own words, not a businessman, it appears he has accumulated assets valued at
$100m, and possibly more. It has been suggested he was picked for the role because of his low
profile.[516] There have been speculations that Putin, in fact, owns the funds,[522] and Roldugin just acted
as a proxy.[523] Garry Kasparov said that "[Putin] controls enough money, probably more than any other
individual in the history of human race".[524]

Residences

Official government residences

As president and prime minister, Putin has lived in numerous
official residences throughout the country.[525] These
residences include: the Moscow Kremlin, Novo-Ogaryovo in
Moscow Oblast, Gorki-9 near Moscow, Bocharov Ruchey in
Sochi, Dolgiye Borody (residence) in Novgorod Oblast, and
Riviera in Sochi.[526] In August 2012, critics of Putin listed
the ownership of 20 villas and palaces, nine of which were
built during Putin's 12 years in power.[527]
Putin receives Barack Obama at his
residence in Novo-Ogaryovo, 2009.
Personal residences
Soon after Putin returned from his KGB service in Dresden,
East Germany, he built a dacha in Solovyovka on the eastern shore of Lake Komsomolskoye on the
Karelian Isthmus in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, near St. Petersburg. After the dacha burned
down in 1996, Putin built a new one identical to the original and was joined by a group of seven friends
who built dachas nearby. In 1996, the group formally registered their fraternity as a co-operative society,
calling it Ozero ("Lake") and turning it into a gated community.[528]
A massive Italianate-style mansion costing an alleged US$1 billion[529] and dubbed "Putin's Palace" is
under construction near the Black Sea village of Praskoveevka. In 2012, Sergei Kolesnikov, a former
business associate of Putin's, told the BBC's Newsnight programme that he had been ordered by Deputy
Prime Minister Igor Sechin to oversee the building of the palace.[530] He also said that the mansion, built
on government land and sporting three helipads, plus a private road paid for from state funds and guarded
by officials wearing uniforms of the official Kremlin guard service, have been built for Putin's private
use.[531]

On 19 January 2021, two days after Alexei Navalny was detained by Russian authorities upon his return
to Russia, a video investigation by him and the Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) was published
accusing Putin of using fraudulently obtained funds to build the estate for himself in what he called "the
world's biggest bribe". In the investigation, Navalny said that the estate is 39 times the size of Monaco
and cost over 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to construct. It also showed aerial footage of the estate via
a drone and a detailed floorplan of the palace that Navalny said was given by a contractor, which he
compared to photographs from inside the palace that were leaked onto the Internet in 2011. He also
detailed an elaborate corruption scheme allegedly involving Putin's inner circle that allowed Putin to hide
billions of dollars to build the estate.[532][533][534] Since the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine,
Putin prefers to travel in an armored train to flying.[535]

Pets
Putin has received five dogs from various national leaders:
Konni, Buffy, Yume, Verni and Pasha. Konni died in 2014.
When Putin first became president, the family had two
poodles, Tosya and Rodeo. They reportedly stayed with his
ex-wife Lyudmila after their divorce.[536]

Religion
Putin's pet, named Verni, was a birthday
Putin is Russian Orthodox. His mother was a devout Christian
gift from Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow,
who attended the Russian Orthodox Church; his father was an
president of Turkmenistan, during a
atheist.[537] Although his mother kept no icons at home, she meeting in Sochi in October 2017.
attended church regularly, despite government persecution of
her faith at that time. His mother secretly baptized him as a
baby, and she regularly took him to services.[34]

According to Putin, his religious awakening began after a

serious car crash involving his wife in 1993, and a life-
threatening fire that burned down their dacha in August
1996.[537] Shortly before an official visit to Israel, Putin's
mother gave him his baptismal cross, telling him to get it
blessed. Putin has stated, "I did as she said and then put the
cross around my neck. I have never taken it off since".[34]
Putin and wife Lyudmila in New York at a
When asked in 2007 whether he believes in God, he replied, service for victims of the September 11
"There are things I believe, which should not in my position, attacks, 16 November 2001
at least, be shared with the public at large for everybody's
consumption because that would look like self-advertising or a political striptease".[538] Putin's rumoured
confessor is Russian Orthodox bishop Tikhon Shevkunov.[539] The sincerity of his Christianity has been
rejected by his former advisor Sergei Pugachev.[540]

Sports
Putin watches football and supports FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.[541] He also displays an interest in ice
hockey and bandy,[542] and played in a star-studded hockey game on his 63rd birthday.[543]

Putin has been practicing judo since he was 11,[544] before

switching to sambo at the age of fourteen.[545] He won
competitions in both sports in Leningrad (now Saint
Petersburg). He was awarded eighth dan of the black belt in
2012, becoming the first Russian to achieve the status.[546]
He was rewarded an eighth-degree karate black belt in
2014.[547]

He co-authored a book titled Learn Judo with Vladimir Putin

Putin practicing judo in Tokyo, Japan, in
in Russian (2000),[h] and Judo: History, Theory, Practice in
September 2000
English (2004).[548] Benjamin Wittes, a black belt in
taekwondo and aikido and editor of Lawfare, has disputed
Putin's martial arts skills, stating that there is no video evidence of Putin displaying any real noteworthy
judo skills.[549][550] During Putin's visit to Japan in 2000, a small Japanese girl with a green belt in judo
tossed Vladimir Putin to the floor using a judo throw.[551][552]

In March 2022, Putin was removed from all positions in the International Judo Federation (IJF) due to the
Russian war in Ukraine.[553]

Health
In July 2022, the director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, William Burns, stated they had no
evidence to suggest Putin was unstable or in bad health. The statement was made because of increasing
unconfirmed media speculation about Putin's health. Burns had previously been U.S. ambassador to
Russia, and had personally observed Putin for over two decades, including a personal meeting in
November 2021. A Kremlin spokesperson also dismissed rumours of Putin's bad health.[554]

The Russian political magazine Sobesednik (Russian: Собеседник) alleged in 2018 that Putin had a
sensory room installed in his private residence in the Novgorod Oblast.[555] The White House, as well as
Western generals, politicians, and political analysts, have questioned Putin's mental health after two years
of isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic.[556][557][558]

In April 2022, tabloid newspaper The Sun reported that based on video footage Putin may have
Parkinson's disease.[559][560][561] This speculation, which has not been supported by medical
professionals, has spread in part due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which many saw as an irrational
act.[561] The Kremlin[559] rejected the possibility of Parkinson's along with outside medical professionals,
who stress that it is impossible to diagnose the condition based on video clips alone.[561]
Awards and honours
At least fifteen countries have awarded Vladimir Putin civilian honors since 2001. Putin has been
awarded honorary doctorates and other awards from organizations across the world, but some of these
were revoked in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[562]

Explanatory notes
a. The Putins officially announced their separation in 2013 and the Kremlin confirmed the
divorce had been finalized in 2014; however, it has been alleged that Putin and Lyudmila
divorced in 2008.[2][3]
b. Putin has two daughters with his ex-wife Lyudmila. He is also alleged to have a third
daughter, with Svetlana Krivonogikh,[4] and a fourth daughter and twin sons, or just two
sons, with Alina Kabaeva,[5][6] although these reports have not been officially confirmed.
c. In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vladimirovich and
the family name is Putin.
d. /ˈpuːtɪn/ POO-tin; Russian: Владимир Владимирович Путин, pronounced [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr
ⓘ
vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] .
e. Putin, who took office as prime minister on 9 August 1999, concurrently served as acting
president of Russia from 31 December 1999 to 7 May 2000, when he took office as
president.
f. Some argued that Putin was the leader of Russia between 2008 and 2012; see Medvedev–
Putin tandemocracy.
g. Russian: хозяйственное право, romanized: khozyaystvennoye pravo.
h. Russian: Учимся дзюдо с Владимиром Путиным

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External links
Official Kremlin Personal Website: Vladimir External videos
Putin (https://web.archive.org/web/20150418
065727/http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/) Presentation by Masha Gessen on The
Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/perso
n/?80574) on C-SPAN Vladimir Putin (https://www.c-span.org/video/?
304877-1/the-man-face-rise-vladimir-putin) 8
March 2012, C-SPAN

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