2024

Formula Sheet

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Surya Prakash
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Chapter 1 Force Formulas
(1) Moment of force = force × perpendicular distance of force from a given point
(2) 1 Nm = 10⁷ done cm

(3) 1 gf = 980 done cm

(4) At equilibrium,

sum of anticlockwise movement = sum of clockwise movement

(5) Force = mass × acceleration
F = ma
(6) Centrifugal force =( mv²) /r
Where, m – mass of object,

v – velocity of object
r – radius of circular path

Chapter 2 Work , Energy and Power Formulas

(1) Work = force × displacement of the point object in the direction of force
W=F×S
W = F S cos θ
Where, θ – angle between force and displacement

(2) Components of force along direction of displacement – F cos θ

(3) Components of displacement along direction of force – S cos θ
(4) Work = Components of force along direction of displacement × displacement
(5) Case 1:
θ = 0⁰, cos0 = 1,
Workdone = FS
If the direction of force and displacement is zero then there will be maximum work done.
(6) Case 2:
θ = 90⁰, cos90 = 0
Workdone = 0
If the direction of force and displacement is perpendicular to each other then there will be no
work done.
(7) Case 3:
θ = 180⁰, cos0 = -1,
Workdone = -FS
If the angle between force and displacement is 180° then there will be a maximum negative
Workdone.
(8) Work done by force of gravity,
Workdone = mgh.
Where, m – mass of object,
g – acceleration due to gravity =9.8 m/s²
h – height of object
(9) 1 joule = 1 Newton × 1 metre
(10) 1 erg = 1 dyne1 × centimetre

(11) 1 joule = 10⁷ erg

(12) Power = workdone/ time
P = W/t
(13) Power = force × average speed
P=F×v
(14) 1 watt = 1 joule /1 second
(15) 1 horse power = 746 watt = 0.746 KW

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(16) 1 watt hour = 3600 Joule = 3.6 KJ
(17) 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 10⁶ joule
(18) 1 kilo calories= 4180 J.
(19) 1 electron volt = 1.6 × 10-19 J
(20) U = mgh
Where, U – Gravitational potential energy
m- mass of object,
g – acceleration due to gravity
h – height of the object
(21) KE. = ½ mv²
Kinetic energy = ½ mass ×(velocity)²
Where, K.E. kinetic energy,
m – mass of object,
v – velocity of object
(22) Gain in potential energy = final potential energy – initial potential energy.
Gain in potential energy = mgh2 – mgh1
Where
m- mass of object,
g – acceleration due to gravity
h2 , h1 – corresponding heights.
(23) Momentum = mass × velocity
P = mv
(24) K = p² / 2m
Where, K – kinetic energy,
p – Momentum,
m – mass of object
(25) Work Energy theorem.
Workdone = change in kinetic energy.
W = ½ mv² – ½ mu²
Where,
W- workdone,
m – mass of object,
v – final velocity,
u – initial velocity
(26) Mass energy relation.
Energy = mc²
Where,
m – mass of object,
c – velocity of light in air = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
(27) Total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
T.E. = K.E. + P.E.

Chapter 3 Machines Formulas

(1) Mechanical advantage = Load/ Effort
M.A. = L/E
(2) Velocity ratio = (velocity of effort) /( velocity of load)
V.R. = VE /VL
(3)
V.R. = dE /dL
Where,
dE– distance moved by effort
dL – istance moved by load
(4) Work input = work done by effort
(5) Work output = workdone on load
(6) Efficiency (η) = (Work output/ work input) × 100%
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(7) Input energy = effort × displacement of the point of application of effort
(8) Output energy = Load ×displacement of the point of application of effort
(9) Output energy = input energy.
(10) The relationship between efficiency mechanical advantages and velocity ratio.
Mechanical advantage = velocity ratio × efficiency.
M.A. = V.R. × η
(11) L/E = FA/FB
Where,
L – load,
E – Effort,
FB – load arm,
FA – effort arm.
(12) M.A. = ( effort arm FA) / (load arm FB)
(13) Single fixed pulley:
A) E = L/E
B) M.A. = 1
C) V.R. = 1
D) η = M.A./V.R. = 1 = 100 %
Where,
E – effort
L – load,
M.A. – advantage
V.R. – Velocity ratio
η – efficiency
(13) Single movable pulley:
A) E = L/2
B) M.A. = 2
C) V.R. = 2
D) η = M.A./V.R. = 1 = 100 %
Where,
E – effort
L – load,
M.A. – advantage
V.R. – Velocity ratio
η – efficiency
(14) Combination of pulleys
I) One fixed pulley and other movable pulleys
a) M.A. = 2n
b) E = L/ 2³
c) V.R. = 2n
d) η = M.A./V.R. = 1 = 100 %
Where,
E – effort
L – load,
M.A. – advantage
V.R. – Velocity ratio
η– efficiency
n – no of pulleys
II) Several pulleys in two blocks
A. = n
R. = n
η = 1 = 100 %
Where,
E – effort
L – load,
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 M.A. – advantage
V.R. – Velocity ratio
η – efficiency
n – no of pulleys

Chapter 4 Refraction of light at plane surface formulas

(1) Speed of light (c) = 3 ×10⁸ m/s
(2) Refractive index
(sini)/(sinr) = 1n2
Where,
1n2-Refractive index of medium 2 with respect to refractive index of medium 1
(3) λ = v/f
Where
λ- Wavelength
v – velocity
f – frequency
(4) Refractive index of medium with respect to air,
1n2 = (velocity of light in air)/(velocity of light in medium)
(5) Refractive index of glass with respect water,
waternglass = (velocity of light in water)/(velocity of light in glass)

(6) Deviation = (incident angle + emergent angle) – (r1 + r2 )

(7) Apparently depth = real depth/ (anm )
Where
anm–Refractive index of medium with air.
(8)
Shift = real depth × [1 –1/(anm ) ]
(9) Relationship between critical angle and Refractive index:
SinC = 1/ (ang )
Where,
ang – Refractive index of glass with air
C – critical angle

Chapter 5 Refraction through a lens Formulas

(1) Lens formula
1/v – 1/u = 1/f
Where, v – object distance
u –image distance
f – focal length
(2) Linear magnification = v/u
u – image distance
v – object distance
(3) Power of lens = 1/focal length
(4) Least distance of distinct vision = 25 cm
(5) Magnifying power = 1 +D/f
Where,
D – least distance of distinct vision
f – focal length

Chapter 7: Sound formulas

(1) fλ = v
Where
λ – Wavelength
v – velocity
f – frequency
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(2) f = 1/T
Where T – period
(3) V = (yp/d)1/2
Where y- ratio of two specific heat,
p – pressure,
V – speed
d –density
= (yp/d)1/2
Where y- ratio of two specific heat,
p – pressure,
(4) V= (T/m)1/2
Where V- velocity of transverse wave
T – tension
m – mass per unit length
(5) Speed of sound by method of echo.
V = 2d/t ,
Where v – speed of sound
d- distance
t – time
(6) Frequency of pendulum
f = 1/2π (g/l)1/2
Where,
g = 9.8 m/s²,
l – length of string.
(7) Relationship between loudness and intensity.
L = K log10 I
Where,
L – loudness
K – constant of proportionality

Chapter 8 Current electricity Formulas

(1) I = Q/t
Where,
I – electric current,
Q- charge
t – time
(2) 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb /1 second.
(3) Q = ne
Where,
Q – charge,
n – Number of charges
e – charge on electron = 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb.
(4) V = W/Q
Where,
V – voltage
W – workdone
Q- charge
(5) 1 volt = 1 joule /1 coulomb.
(6) Potential difference between point a and point b =Va– Vb = W/Q
(7) Ohm’s law,
V = IR
Where,
V – voltage
I – current
R – resistance
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(8) Conductance = 1/resistance
(9) Specific resistance
R = ρ l/a
Where
R – resistance
ρ – Specific resistance of the material
l – length
a – area.
(10) Emf= E = w/q
(11) Voltage drop in a cell = w/q
(12) Resistors in series
R = R1 + R2 + ——+ Rn
If R1 = R2 = ——= Rn = R
R (series ) = nR
(13) Resistors in parallel
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + —— + 1/Rn
If R1 = R2 = ——= Rn = R
R(parallel) = R/n
(14) Workdone = vIt
Where,
I – current,
v- voltage
t – time
(15) Electric power = voltage × current
P = v×I
(16) Electric power = I²R
(17) Resistance of the appliance in use = (voltage rating on appliance)²/ (power rating)
(18) Safe current = (power rating on appliance)/(voltage rating on appliance)
(19) Electric energy = power (kW) × time (hour).
(20) Cost of electricity = electric energy in kWh × cost per kWh
(21) Heat = I²rt

Chapter 10 Electromagnetism Formulas

(1) F = IBL
Where,
F – force on conductor
I – current
B – magnitude of magnetic field.
L – length of conductor
(2) Frequency of household current = 50 hZ

Chapter 11 Calorimetry Formulas

(1) 1 cal = 4.2 J
(2) Temperature in Kelvin = 273⁰ + t ⁰C
(3) Heat capacity = amount of heat energy supplied / rise in temperature
(4) Q = cmΔt
Where,
C – Specific heat capacity
Q – heat
Δt–change in temperature
(5) Specific heat capacity = Q/(m ×Δt)
(6) Q = mcΔt
Where,
m-mass
C- Specific heat
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 Δt – change in temperature
(7) Heat lost by hot body = heat gained by cold body
(8) Specific latent heat (L) = Q/ m
Where ,
Q- heat energy.
m – mass

Chapter 12 Radioactivity Formulas

(1) E = Δm c²
Where, E- energy
Δm – mass
C- velocity of light = 3 ×10⁸ m/s
(2) 1 a.m.u. =931 MeV.
Where,
a.m.u – Atomic mass unit,
MeV – mega electron volt.

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