UNIT I - Basics of Java & Control Structures
1. What are the four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Answer: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.
2. Define type casting in Java.
Answer: Converting one data type into another (e.g., int to float).
3. List any three tokens in Java.
Answer: Keywords, Identifiers, Literals.
4. What is the purpose of the break statement in loops?
Answer: Exits the current loop or switch block immediately.
5. How is user input handled in Java?
Answer: Using Scanner class (e.g., Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);).
6. What is the significance of command-line arguments in Java?
Answer: Pass input values to the main method using String[] args.
7. Differentiate between while and do-while loops.
Answer: while checks condition first; do-while runs once before checking.
8. Explain the use of escape sequences in Java with an example.
Answer: Special characters in strings. Example: \n for newline ("Hello\nWorld").
9. What are the types of comments in Java?
Answer: Single-line (//), Multi-line (/* */), Documentation (/** */).
10. Why is programming style important in Java development?
Answer: Improves readability, maintainability, and debugging.
UNIT II - Classes, Objects, and Constructors
1. What is the purpose of a constructor in Java?
Answer: Initializes objects when they are created.
2. Define access control in Java classes.
Answer: Determines visibility using modifiers like private, public, protected.
3. What is the difference between a class and an object?
Answer: Class is a blueprint; object is an instance of the class.
4. What does the static keyword do in a Java class?
Answer: Makes variables or methods belong to the class, not instances.
5. How do you declare a nested class in Java?
Answer: class Outer { class Inner { } }
6. What is the role of the this keyword in Java?
Answer: Refers to the current object of a class.
7. Differentiate between method overloading and constructor overloading.
Answer: Both have same name but different parameters; constructors initialize objects.
8. What is the significance of the final keyword in Java classes and methods?
Answer: Prevents method overriding, inheritance, or value reassignment.
9. How are arguments passed in Java: by value or by reference?
Answer: Java passes all arguments by value (object references are passed by value).
10. What are recursive methods? Give an example.
Answer: A method that calls itself.
int factorial(int n) {
if(n == 1) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
UNIT III - Inheritance and Polymorphism
1. What is an array in Java?
Answer: A data structure to store multiple values of same type in a single variable.
2. How do you declare and initialize a one-dimensional array in Java?
Answer: int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
3. What is method overriding in Java?
Answer: Redefining a superclass method in a subclass.
4. Define inheritance and its importance in Java.
Answer: Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties of another, promoting reusability.
5. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?
Answer: Abstract classes can have method bodies; interfaces only have abstract methods (before
Java 8).
6. What is the super keyword used for in inheritance?
Answer: Refers to superclass constructor or method.
7. List the types of inheritance supported in Java.
Answer: Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical (Java doesn't support multiple inheritance with classes).
8. How does polymorphism work in Java?
Answer: Same method behaves differently based on the object (via overloading and overriding).
9. What is an interface, and how is it different from a class?
Answer: Interface has only abstract methods; class has fields and methods with implementation.
10. Can an interface extend another interface? If yes, how?
Answer: Yes. interface B extends A {}
UNIT IV - Packages and Exception Handling
1. What is a package in Java?
Answer: A namespace that organizes classes and interfaces.
2. How do you import a package in Java?
Answer: import java.util.Scanner;
3. What are access modifiers, and how do they affect member access in a package?
Answer: They control visibility of class members: public, private, protected, default.
4. What is the difference between throws and throw in Java?
Answer: throw is used to throw exception, throws declares it in method signature.
5. Define exception handling and its importance in Java.
Answer: Manages runtime errors, improves program stability.
6. What are the different types of exceptions in Java?
Answer: Checked and Unchecked exceptions.
7. What is the purpose of the finally block in exception handling?
Answer: Executes code regardless of exception occurrence.
8. How does multiple catch block handling work in Java?
Answer: Allows handling multiple exception types individually.
9. What is the difference between byte stream classes and character stream classes?
Answer: Byte stream handles binary data, character stream handles text data.
10. How do you create a user-defined exception in Java?
Answer: class MyException extends Exception {}
UNIT V - Strings and Multithreading
1. What is the difference between String and StringBuffer in Java?
Answer: String is immutable, StringBuffer is mutable and thread-safe.
2. How can you compare two strings in Java?
Answer: Using equals() method.
3. What is the purpose of the CharSequence interface?
Answer: Represents a sequence of characters used by String, StringBuilder, etc.
4. How do you extract a substring from a given string in Java?
Answer: Using substring(start, end) method.
5. What is multithreading, and why is it important?
Answer: Concurrent execution of two or more threads to improve performance.
6. What are the different states of a thread in Java?
Answer: New, Runnable, Running, Blocked, Waiting, Timed Waiting, Terminated.
7. How do you create a new thread in Java using the Thread class?
Answer: Extend Thread class and override run() method.
8. What is inter-thread communication, and why is it needed?
Answer: Allows threads to communicate using wait(), notify() etc.
9. What is synchronization in multithreading?
Answer: Ensures only one thread accesses a critical section at a time.
10. What is Spring Boot, and why is it used in Java development?
Answer: Framework for creating standalone, production-grade Spring applications easily.
