Mathematical Analysis II
Assignment 10
1. (i) Let A = [a, b] × [c, d] be a rectangle in R2 , and f : A → R
be Riemann integrable. Show that the sets
n Z d Z d o
x ∈ [a, b] f (x, y)dy 6= f (x, y)dy ,
c c
n Z b Z b o
y ∈ [c, d] f (x, y)dx 6= f (x, y)dx
a a
have measure zero in R1 .
(ii) Let A = [a1 , b1 ] × [a2 , b2 ] × · · · × [an , bn ] be a rectangle in
Rn , and fi : [ai , bi ] → R be Riemann integrable function for
Qn
i = 1, · · · , n. Let f (x) = fi (xi ), where x = (x1 , · · · , xn ).
i=1
Show that f is Riemann integrable over A and
Z n Z b1
Y
f (x)dx = f1 (x1 )dx1 .
A i=1 a1
2. Define a set S ⊆ [0, 1] × [0, 1] by
n p k o
S= , ∈ [0, 1]×[0, 1] m, p, k ∈ N, gcd(m, p) = 1, 1 ≤ k ≤ m−1 .
m m
Show that
Z 1Z 1 Z 1Z 1
1S (x, y)dy dx = 1S (x, y)dx dy = 0
0 0 0 0
but 1S is not Riemann integrable on [0, 1] × [0, 1].
3. Let f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] be given by
22n , if (x, y) ∈ [2−n , 2−n+1 ) × [2−n , 2−n+1 ), n ∈ N,
f (x, y) = −2 2n+1
, if (x, y) ∈ [2−n , 2−n+1 ) × [2−n−1 , 2−n ), n ∈ N,
0, otherwise.
Z 1 h 1
(i) Show that f (x, y)dx = 0 for all y ∈ 0, .
Z0 1 2
(ii) Show that f (x, y)dy = 0 for all x ∈ [0, 1).
0
Z Z1 1
(iii) Justify if the iterated (improper) integrals f (x, y)dxdy
Z Z1 1 0 0
and f (x, y)dydx are identical.
0 0
4. An interval [a, b] ∈ R is called Z-asymmetric if b + a 6= bbc +
bac + 1, where b·c is the floor function.
(i) Let R be a 2-dimensional Z-asymmetric rectangle (i.e., that
both of its sides are Z-asymmetric). Define
1 1
ψ(x, y) = x − bxc − y − byc − .
2 2
Z
Show that ψ(x, y)dA = 0 if and only if at least one side
R
of R has integer length.
N
S
(ii) Suppose that R = Rj where Rj ’s are Z-asymmetric,
j=1
nonoverlapping rectangles. Prove that if each Rj has at
least one side of integer length and R is Z-asymmetric,
then R has at least one side of integer length.
Z
2 2
5. (i) Show that e−(x +y ) d(x, y) = π by transforming the in-
R2
tegral to polar
Z ∞ coordinates.
2 √
(ii) Show that e−x dx = π.
Z−∞
2 n
(iii) Show that e−kxk dx = π 2 .
Rn
6. Let ωn denote the volume of the n-dimensional unit ball. That
is,
Z 1 Z √1−x21 Z √1−x21 −···−x2n−1
ωn = √ ··· √ dxn · · · dx1 .
−1 − 1−x21 − 1−x21 −···−x2n−1
We have shown that
Z 1
n−1
ωn = 2ωn−1 (1 − x21 ) 2 dx1 , n ≥ 1.
0
2ωn−2
(i) Show that ωn = π for n ≥ 3 and deduce the recur-
n
rence formula
n−1
(2π) 2
ω1 , if n is odd,
n(n − 2) · · · 3
ωn = n−2
(2π) 2
ω2 , if n is even.
n(n − 2) · · · 4
(ii) The Gamma function is defined as
Z ∞
Γ(t) = xt−1 e−x dx, t > 0
0
1 √
Show that Γ(1) = 1, Γ = π and Γ(x+1) = xΓ(x), ∀ x >
2
0. n
π2
(iii) Show that ωn = n+2 , ∀ n ∈ N.
Γ( 2 )
(iv) Let x = (x1 , · · · , xk , · · · , xn ) ∈ Rn . Show that
Z
ωn
x2k dx = , ∀, n ∈ N.
D(0,1) n+2
7. Let M ∈ R∗ , Zthe extended real number system. The im-
M
proper integral f (x, y)dx is said to converge uniformly on
m
a bounded set A ⊆ R if for each ε > 0, there exists r0 ∈ [m, M )
such that
Z M
f (x, y)dx < ε, ∀ y ∈ A, r ∈ [r0 , M ).
r
(i) Let f : (a, b) × [c, d] be a continuous function, where a, b ∈
Z b
∗
R and c, d ∈ R. Suppose that F (y) = f (x, y)dx con-
Z da
verges uniformly on [c, d]. Show that f (x, y)dy is im-
c
properly integrable over (a, b) and
Z Zd b Z bZ d
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dydx.
c a a c
(ii) Give an example to show that uniformly convergence is
an essential condition, that is, find an counterexample for
the above argument when the improper integral does not
converge uniformly.
