CHAPTER 6:

THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA

Introduction

The history of Uganda shows many changes in the way people were treated and
the freedoms they had. In the past, some periods had respect for people’s rights,
while others had serious violations. This chapter looks at how the respect and
protection of human rights in Uganda has changed over time—from traditional
societies, through colonial rule, to modern-day Uganda. Learners will explore the
key events and governments that influenced human rights and understand the
efforts made to improve the situation.

Meaning of Human Rights

Human rights are the basic freedoms and protections that every person should
have simply because they are human.

These rights help people to live with respect, fairness, and equality. Human rights
include the right to life, the right to speak freely, the right to education, the right
to be treated equally, and the right to own property.

They are meant to protect people from unfair treatment and to ensure that
everyone lives in dignity and peace.

Definition of Rights and Responsibility

Rights are the freedoms and benefits that a person is allowed to have in a society.

These may include the right to go to school, the right to speak freely, the right to
be protected, and the right to belong to a country. Rights help people live a good
and fair life.
Responsibility means the duty or obligation that a person has to do the right
thing.

This includes respecting others, obeying laws, protecting the environment, and
helping in the community. Responsibilities go hand in hand with rights when you
enjoy your rights, you must also respect the rights of others.

Table: Rights and Responsibilities of People in Society

Rights Responsibilities

1. Right to life 1. Responsibility to respect the lives of others

2. Right to education 2. Responsibility to attend school and study

3. Right to health care 3. Responsibility to take care of one's own health

4. Responsibility to speak truthfully and

4. Right to freedom of speech
respectfully

5. Responsibility to respect other people's

5. Right to own property
property

6. Right to vote 6. Responsibility to vote wisely and peacefully

7. Right to equality 7. Responsibility to treat others fairly

8. Right to freedom of religion 8. Responsibility to respect others' beliefs

9. Right to protection by the law 9. Responsibility to obey the law

10. Right to work and earn a 10. Responsibility to work honestly and
living responsibly

The Evolution of Human Rights

The evolution of human rights is a long and gradual journey that has taken many
centuries. Although the formal concept of “human rights” is quite recent, the
ideas behind it such as fairness, justice, and respect for human life can be traced
back to ancient times. These ideas developed from religious teachings, cultural
traditions, philosophical thoughts, and legal documents around the world. This
section explores how the concept of human rights has grown over time.

1. Ancient Codes and Laws

In early civilizations, leaders created rules and laws to maintain peace and justice
in society. Some of these early laws helped shape today’s understanding of
human rights.

 The Code of Hammurabi (Babylon, around 1792–1750 BCE) was one of the
first written sets of laws. It emphasized justice, protection of the weak, and
punishment for wrongdoers.

 Other early documents included:

o The Laws of the Pharaohs in ancient Egypt

o The Charter of Cyrus from ancient Persia, which promoted freedom

of religion and respect for different cultures

o The Edicts of Asoka from India, which focused on moral living,

respect for all life, and social justice

These examples show that even in ancient times, leaders recognized the need to
treat people fairly.

2. Religious and Philosophical Influences

Many world religions have taught the importance of treating others with
kindness, respect, and fairness. These teachings laid the foundation for many
human rights values.
  Religious teachings from Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam,
and Confucianism all promote justice, compassion, and the duty to care for
others.

 Philosophers contributed ideas that deeply influenced the development of

human rights:

o Cicero and Hsün-tzu discussed moral laws and justice.

o John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced ideas of natural

rights, freedom, and equality.

o Thomas Paine argued that people are born with rights and that
governments must protect them.

These ideas formed the basis for modern political systems and legal rights.

3. National Laws and Declarations

As societies grew more organized, written laws and declarations began to protect
individual freedoms and limit government power.

Some important historical documents include:

 The Magna Carta (England, 1215): Limited the king’s power and introduced
the idea that no one is above the law.

 The Virginia Declaration of Rights (USA, 1776): Stated that all men have
certain natural rights, including life and liberty.

 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789):
Declared that all citizens are equal and have rights such as freedom of
speech and religion.

 The U.S. Bill of Rights (USA, 1791): Protected individual freedoms like
freedom of expression, religion, and fair trial.
These documents helped shape future legal systems and the fight for human
rights around the world.

4. International Law Before the 20th Century

Before the 20th century, human rights were mostly a concern within individual
countries. However, some issues became important at the international level.

 The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) allowed countries to choose their religion,

introducing the idea of religious freedom.

 Abolition of slavery became a major issue in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Many countries and leaders signed agreements to stop the slave trade.

 Humanitarian laws began to appear, especially concerning how to treat

people during war:

o The Geneva Conventions set rules for protecting the wounded and
prisoners during conflict.

o The Hague Peace Conferences also helped create rules for warfare
and protecting civilians.

These developments showed that countries could work together to protect

human dignity.

5. 20th Century and Beyond

The 20th century brought major changes and marked the beginning of modern
international human rights.

 After World War II, many people saw the need for strong human rights
laws to prevent future abuses.
  The United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945 to promote peace and
protect human rights.

 In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted.

It listed basic rights and freedoms for all people, such as the right to life,
education, freedom from torture, and freedom of expression.

Other important international and regional documents followed:

 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

 The European Convention on Human Rights

 The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights, and Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)

What is the UDHR?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document adopted by

the United Nations on 10th December 1948. It was created after the Second
World War to make sure all people in the world are treated fairly and with
respect. It explains the basic rights and freedoms that every person in the world
should enjoy, no matter their race, religion, nationality, or background

The UDHR was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights, which included
members from various political, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Eleanor
Roosevelt chaired the UDHR drafting committee.

The declaration's principles have been incorporated into the constitutions of

many nations. The UDHR is considered an agreed statement of the definition of
"human rights" as used in the United Nations Charter.
The UDHR has 30 articles (sections), each explaining a different right that
everyone should have. Although the UDHR is not a law, many countries use it to
make their own laws and protect people's rights.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)

1. Article 1: All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

2. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms in this

Declaration without discrimination.

3. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and personal security.

4. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.

5. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman, or

degrading treatment.

6. Article 6: Everyone has the right to be recognized as a person before the

law.

7. Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection
of the law.

8. Article 8: Everyone has the right to seek justice through national courts.

9. Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile.

[Link] 10: Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an

independent and impartial tribunal.

[Link] 11: Everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair trial.

[Link] 12: Everyone has the right to privacy and protection from attacks on
their reputation.

[Link] 13: Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence
within their country and to leave and return to it.
[Link] 14: Everyone has the right to seek asylum in other countries from
persecution.

[Link] 15: Everyone has the right to a nationality.

[Link] 16: Men and women of full age have the right to marry and to start
a family.

[Link] 17: Everyone has the right to own property alone or in association
with others.

[Link] 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and
religion.

[Link] 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression.

[Link] 20: Everyone has the right to peaceful assembly and association.

[Link] 21: Everyone has the right to take part in government and access
public service.

[Link] 22: Everyone has the right to social security and to the realization of
economic, social, and cultural rights.

[Link] 23: Everyone has the right to work, to just conditions, and to join
trade unions.

[Link] 24: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable
working hours and holidays.

[Link] 25: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for
health and well-being.

[Link] 26: Everyone has the right to education.

[Link] 27: Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and benefit
from scientific advancement.
 [Link] 28: Everyone is entitled to a social and international order where
these rights can be fully realized.

[Link] 29: Everyone has duties to the community and must respect the
rights of others.

[Link] 30: Nothing in this Declaration can be used to take away the rights
and freedoms it sets out.

Categories of Human Rights in the UDHR

Category Meaning Examples of Rights

- Right to life, liberty, and
security
- Freedom from discrimination,
slavery, and torture
These are rights that protect individuals'
Civil and - Right to fair trial and legal
freedom and ensure their ability to participate in
Political Rights protection
civil and political life.
- Freedom of thought,
expression, and religion
- Right to vote and participate
in government
- Right to work and earn a fair
wage
Economic These are rights that relate to work, fair wages,
- Right to join trade unions
Rights and access to resources for daily living.
- Right to rest and leisure
- Right to own property
- Right to education
- Right to health care, food,
Social and These are rights that ensure people can live with
clothing, and housing
Cultural Rights dignity and participate in cultural life.
- Right to enjoy culture, arts,
and science
- Right to live in a society that
respects rights and freedoms
- Responsibility to respect
Collective These are rights that protect the interests of
others’ rights
Rights communities and ensure a peaceful society.
- Protection against misuse of
rights

How Different Human Rights From The Categories Above Can Affect Your Life In
Society:
1. Right to Life and Security, This affects me because it protects me from
being harmed. It ensures I can grow up safely in my family, school, and
community without fear of violence.

2. Freedom from Discrimination, This right helps me feel equal in society. It

allows me to go to school, play, and work without being judged because of
my gender, tribe, religion, or background.

3. Right to Education, It gives me the chance to learn, improve my future, and

become useful to my family and country. Education also helps me
understand my rights and duties.

4. Freedom of Expression, This lets me speak freely, share my ideas in class,

or ask questions when I don’t understand. It helps me grow in confidence
and contribute to society.

5. Right to Health and Medical Care, When I get sick, this right ensures I can
visit a hospital and get treatment. It helps me live a healthy life and
continue going to school or work.

6. Right to Work and Fair Wages This gives me hope for the future. I can aim
to get a job that pays me fairly so I can take care of myself and my family
one day.

7. Freedom of Religion, This allows me to pray and practice my beliefs freely

without being forced to follow another religion. It helps me live peacefully
with others.

8. Right to Rest and Leisure, This affects me by allowing time to relax after
school, play with friends, and spend time with family. Rest is important for
mental and physical health.

9. Right to Own Property,This makes it possible for my family to own land or

a house. It gives us a place to stay and feel secure, which is important for
our well-being.
 [Link] to Participate in Government,Even though I may be young, this right
teaches me that I can one day vote and help choose good leaders who care
about our society.

[Link] from Torture or Cruel Treatment ,It protects me from being

beaten, abused, or treated unfairly by anyone – at school, at home, or in
public. It promotes kindness and justice.

[Link] to Enjoy Culture and Arts, It allows me to participate in music, dance,

language, and customs that define who I am. It helps me appreciate my
culture and respect others’.

[Link] to Respect Others' Rights, This reminds me that my freedom

ends where another person’s begins. It teaches me to be disciplined, polite,
and caring toward others in my community.

The Principle Of Human Rights

The Principle Of Human Rights Refers To The Fundamental Beliefs And Guidelines
That Govern The Rights And Freedoms Every Individual Is Inherently Entitled To,
Simply By Being Human.

The principle of human rights is based on the belief that every person, regardless
of race, nationality, gender, religion, or any other status, is entitled to certain
fundamental rights and freedoms. These principles serve as a foundation for
ensuring dignity, equality, and justice for all individuals.

key principles of human rights:

1. Universality: Human rights are universal, applying to every person,

everywhere, without discrimination based on race, nationality, gender,
religion, or other status.
2. Equality and Non-discrimination: All individuals are entitled to the same
rights and freedoms. No one should be discriminated against or denied
rights based on their background or identity.

3. Indivisibility: Human rights are indivisible, meaning that all rights—whether

civil, political, economic, social, or cultural—are of equal importance and
cannot be prioritized over one another.

4. Inalienability: Human rights cannot be taken away, revoked, or

surrendered, regardless of an individual's circumstances or any agreement.

5. Participation: Every person has the right to participate in the political and
cultural life of their country, including the ability to freely express opinions
and engage in decisions that affect them.

6. Accountability: Governments and institutions are responsible for

respecting, protecting, and fulfilling human rights. Violations should be
addressed, and those responsible should be held accountable.

7. Rule of Law: Human rights must be protected by law, and everyone has the
right to seek justice through legal processes if their rights are violated.

8. Transparency and Access to Information: People have the right to access

information and participate in transparent decision-making processes that
affect their rights.

9. Protection from Harm: Every individual has the right to be protected from
harm, including violence, exploitation, and abuse, by both state and non-
state actors.

[Link] for Dignity: Human rights are grounded in the inherent dignity of
each person. Every individual deserves to live a life free from oppression,
fear, and indignity.
Comparison Between The Human Rights In The Universal Declaration Of Human
Rights (UDHR) And Those Granted By The 1995 Constitution Of Uganda:

1. Origin and Legal Status

 UDHR: Adopted by the United Nations in 1948; it is a declaration and not

legally binding, but it serves as a global standard and has influenced many
national constitutions and laws.

 1995 Constitution of Uganda: A national legal document that is legally

binding within Uganda; it guarantees rights and freedoms enforceable by
courts of law.

2. Right to Life

 UDHR (Article 3): Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of
person.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 22): Protects the right to life and restricts the
death penalty to very limited circumstances through a fair trial.

3. Equality and Non-discrimination

 UDHR (Article 1 & 2): All humans are born free and equal; no discrimination
based on race, gender, language, religion, etc.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 21): Guarantees equality before the law and
prohibits discrimination on grounds such as sex, race, tribe, religion, and
political opinion.
4. Freedom of Expression

 UDHR (Article 19): Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 29): Grants freedom of speech, expression,

and media, but subject to restrictions like public order, morality, and
national security.

5. Freedom of Religion

 UDHR (Article 18): Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,

conscience, and religion.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 29): Provides for freedom of thought,

conscience, and belief, including freedom to practice any religion.

6. Right to Education

 UDHR (Article 26): Everyone has the right to education; primary education
should be free and compulsory.

 Uganda Constitution (Objective XVIII and Article 30): Guarantees the right
to education for all Ugandans and aims at making education accessible.

7. Right to Work

 UDHR (Article 23): Right to work, to free choice of employment, and just
conditions of work.

 Uganda Constitution (Objective XIV & Article 40): Provides for the right to
work under satisfactory, safe, and healthy conditions and equal pay for
equal work.
8. Right to Property

 UDHR (Article 17): Everyone has the right to own property alone or in
association with others.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 26): Protects the right to own property and
provides guidelines for lawful acquisition of property by the state (e.g., for
public use with compensation).

9. Freedom of Assembly and Association

 UDHR (Article 20): Right to peaceful assembly and association.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 29): Grants the right to assemble,

demonstrate, and associate freely, including forming political parties and
trade unions.

10. Protection of Family and Marriage

 UDHR (Article 16): Right to marry and to found a family; marriage must be
entered with free consent.

 Uganda Constitution (Article 31): Recognizes marriage between a man and

woman, entered with free consent, and protects the family as a natural unit
of society.

Note:

 Similarities: Both documents promote human dignity, equality, and

freedom. Many rights in the Ugandan Constitution reflect those in the
UDHR.
  Differences: The UDHR is international and broader in scope, while the
Constitution of Uganda is enforceable within the country and adapted to
local legal, cultural, and social realities. The Ugandan Constitution also
includes limitations and responsibilities tied to the enjoyment of certain
rights.

Human Rights and Rule of Law

Human rights and the rule of law are two interconnected principles that form the
foundation of democratic governance and justice in any society.

1. Definition of Human Rights

Human rights are the basic freedoms and entitlements that every individual has
by virtue of being human. They include rights like:

 Right to life

 Freedom of speech

 Right to education

 Freedom from torture

 Right to equality and non-discrimination

These rights aim to ensure that people live in dignity, freedom, and justice.

2. Definition of Rule of Law

The rule of law means that no one is above the law, and that laws must be
applied fairly, equally, and consistently to all people. It ensures that:

 Government power is limited by law

 Justice is delivered by impartial courts

 Everyone is held accountable under the law

  Rights and freedoms are protected through legal processes

How Human Rights And The Rule Of Law Work Together:

1. Protection of Rights: The rule of law ensures that human rights are not just
written in documents but are actively protected and enforced through legal
systems and courts.

2. Equality Before the Law: Both principles promote equality by ensuring that
all individuals, regardless of their status, are treated fairly under the law
and enjoy the same rights.

3. Accountability of Leaders: The rule of law holds government officials and

leaders accountable for their actions, preventing them from violating
human rights without consequences.

4. Access to Justice: Human rights include the right to a fair trial, and the rule
of law ensures people can access courts to seek justice when their rights
are violated.

5. Limits on Power: The rule of law puts limits on government power,

preventing the abuse of authority and ensuring that laws do not infringe on
human rights.

6. Legal Framework for Freedom: The rule of law provides the legal basis for
freedoms such as speech, religion, and assembly, which are key human
rights.

7. Independent Judiciary: A strong rule of law supports an independent

judiciary, which is essential for the fair interpretation and enforcement of
human rights laws.
 8. Peace and Order: Together, they create a peaceful and orderly society
where people are confident that their rights will be respected and
protected.

9. Public Confidence in Justice: When people see that human rights are
upheld by the rule of law, they trust the legal system and are more likely to
obey laws and respect others' rights.

[Link] of Democracy: Human rights and the rule of law together

support democratic governance, where citizens have a voice and leaders
are chosen and controlled through lawful means.

Relationship Between Human Rights and Rule of Law

Human Rights Rule of Law

Guarantee individual freedoms and dignity Ensures those rights are protected through a legal system

Cannot be enjoyed without legal protection Provides the framework to enforce and uphold rights

Emphasize fairness, equality, and non-

Ensures laws are applied equally and fairly to everyone
discrimination

Rule of law provides courts and legal remedies for

Require mechanisms to challenge violations
violations

Rule of law prevents abuse of power and promotes

Can be undermined by lawless governance
accountability

Difference Between Rule of Law and Rule by Law

While the phrases "rule of law" and "rule by law" may sound similar, they have
very different meanings and implications for justice, governance, and individual
freedoms.

1. Rule of Law
Definition:
The rule of law is a democratic principle that means everyone, including leaders
and government officials, is subject to the law. The law is applied fairly, protects
human rights, and ensures justice.

Key Features:

 Laws are fair, just, and protect individual rights.

 No one is above the law—not even government leaders.

 The law is used to limit power and prevent abuse.

 Independent courts ensure fairness and accountability.

Example:
If a government official breaks the law, they are arrested and tried like any other
citizen.

2. Rule by Law

Definition:
Rule by law means the government uses law as a tool of power to control the
people, often without regard for justice, fairness, or human rights.

Key Features:

 Laws may exist, but they are used to serve the interests of the powerful.

 Leaders are often above the law.

 The law may be used to suppress opposition or violate rights.

 Courts may not be independent and often support the government.

Example:
A government creates a law that allows it to arrest anyone who criticizes the
president. The law exists, but it violates freedom of expression.
Summary Table

Aspect Rule of Law Rule by Law

To ensure justice and To control the people and

Purpose of Law
protect rights maintain power

Everyone is equal before

Equality Leaders may be above the law
the law

Human Rights Protected and respected Often violated or ignored

Court Courts may be controlled by the

Courts are fair and neutral
Independence government

Power of
Limited by the law Strengthened and enforced by law
Government

Human Rights And Civil Society Organizations In Uganda

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are non-governmental, non-profit groups
formed by citizens to promote various interests and values.

These organizations work independently from the government and are involved in
advocacy, service delivery, education, humanitarian aid, and defending human
rights. They include community-based groups, faith-based organizations,
professional associations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

Civil society organizations (CSOs) play a vital role in the promotion and protection
of human rights in Uganda. These organizations act as a bridge between the
government and the citizens, advocating for justice, transparency, and equal
treatment of all individuals.
They help monitor government actions, offer legal support to victims of rights
violations, and raise awareness about human rights among the population

ypes of Civil Society Organizations in Uganda

1. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

These are formally registered organizations that engage in development,
humanitarian work, advocacy, and promotion of rights. They often receive
funding from donors.

2. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs):

These are smaller, local-level groups formed within communities to address
specific issues like health, education, or environmental protection.

3. Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs):

These are religious institutions or groups that provide social services such
as education, healthcare, and charity, often inspired by religious values.

4. Professional Associations:
These are organizations formed by individuals in a particular profession to
promote professional ethics, standards, and rights, e.g., Uganda Law
Society.

5. Trade Unions and Workers' Associations:

These defend the rights of workers and campaign for fair wages, safe
working conditions, and labor rights.

6. Advocacy and Human Rights Organizations:

These organizations focus specifically on defending and promoting human
rights, freedom of expression, gender equality, and social justice.

Examples of Civil Society Organizations in Uganda

  Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC): Although a government body,
it works closely with CSOs to promote human rights awareness and
protection.

 Uganda National NGO Forum: An umbrella body that brings together

various NGOs to coordinate and strengthen their work.

 Foundation for Human Rights Initiative (FHRI): A non-governmental

organization that advocates for the protection and promotion of human
rights through research, education, and legal aid.

 ActionAid Uganda: Works to fight poverty and injustice, especially among

women and vulnerable communities.

 Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC): A faith-based organization that

promotes peace, justice, and human rights from a Christian perspective.

 Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE): Advocates for gender

equality and women’s empowerment in governance and decision-making.

 Uganda Association of Women Lawyers (FIDA-Uganda): Provides legal aid

services and promotes women’s rights and access to justice.

 Human Rights Network-Uganda (HURINET-U): A coalition of human rights

organizations that coordinates and strengthens human rights advocacy and
response in Uganda.

Roles of CSOs in Promoting Human Rights in Uganda

1. Advocacy and Lobbying: CSOs speak out on behalf of marginalized and

vulnerable groups to ensure their rights are respected. They influence
policies and laws by engaging with government officials and advocating for
justice, equality, and fair treatment of all citizens.

2. Human Rights Education and Awareness: CSOs carry out public campaigns,
workshops, and seminars to educate people about their rights and
 responsibilities. This empowers citizens to stand up against violations and
demand accountability.

3. Legal Aid and Representation: Some CSOs, like FIDA-Uganda, provide free
or affordable legal services to people who cannot access justice. They help
victims of rights violations seek redress through the courts or mediation.

4. Monitoring and Reporting Violations: CSOs observe and document human

rights abuses across the country. They prepare reports and share findings
with relevant authorities, development partners, and international bodies
to demand action and reform.

5. Supporting Victims of Human Rights Abuse: They provide psycho-social

support, shelter, and rehabilitation services to individuals affected by
violations such as gender-based violence, torture, and unlawful detention.

6. Promoting Good Governance and Accountability: CSOs campaign for

transparency, anti-corruption measures, and ethical leadership. They push
for open government processes that respect citizens' rights and freedoms.

7. Empowering Vulnerable Groups: CSOs focus on uplifting groups such as

women, children, persons with disabilities, and the elderly by advocating
for equal rights, opportunities, and protection under the law.

8. Providing Civic Education: They teach citizens about democracy, the rule of
law, elections, and how to participate effectively in public affairs. This
promotes peaceful coexistence and informed decision-making.

9. Building Peace and Preventing Conflict: Through community dialogues,

mediation, and reconciliation efforts, CSOs promote peace and human
rights, especially in areas affected by political or ethnic tensions.

[Link] and Coalition Building: CSOs form alliances like HURINET-U to

strengthen their collective voice and coordinate human rights activities
more effectively across the country.
 [Link] and Policy Analysis: They conduct studies on human rights issues
and use the findings to propose practical policy changes to the government
and other stakeholders.

[Link] Unjust Laws and Practices: Through strategic litigation and

public campaigns, CSOs question laws, policies, or practices that are
discriminatory or violate human rights.

[Link] with Government and International Bodies: CSOs often

partner with government agencies and international organizations like the
UN to implement human rights programs and improve Uganda's
compliance with global human rights standards.

Challenges Faced by CSOs in Promoting Human Rights in Uganda

1. Limited Funding and Resources: Many CSOs rely on donor support, which is
often unpredictable and insufficient. This limits their ability to carry out
large-scale programs or reach remote communities.

2. Government Restrictions and Interference: Some CSOs face legal

restrictions, excessive regulation, or harassment by authorities. Laws such
as the NGO Act may be used to limit their operations or require complex
registration processes.

3. Lack of Public Awareness and Support: In some communities, people are

not fully aware of their rights or the role of CSOs, making it difficult for the
organizations to gain trust and mobilize community support.

4. Political Pressure and Intimidation: CSOs that criticize government actions

or expose human rights abuses may face threats, arrests, or being labeled
as enemies of the state, especially during election periods.

5. Security Risks to Staff and Volunteers: Human rights defenders and

activists often work in dangerous environments and may face physical
attacks, surveillance, or harassment by security forces or political groups.
 6. Limited Access to Media and Communication Channels: Some CSOs
struggle to get their messages across due to high media costs or biased
reporting by media outlets that favor government narratives.

7. Poor Coordination Among CSOs: There is sometimes duplication of efforts

or competition for resources due to weak networks and lack of
coordination among different organizations working on similar issues.

8. Cultural and Religious Barriers: In some communities, cultural beliefs and

religious practices may conflict with human rights principles, especially
when addressing issues like gender equality or LGBTQ+ rights.

9. Weak Legal and Institutional Frameworks: The justice system in Uganda

may be slow, underfunded, or corrupt, making it hard for CSOs to help
victims of abuse get fair and timely justice.

[Link] of Skilled Human Resources: Some CSOs face a shortage of trained

personnel in areas like law, advocacy, monitoring, and project
management, which affects the quality and impact of their work.

Human Rights Violation (Abuse)

A human rights violation (or abuse) is any act that goes against the basic rights
and freedoms to which every person is entitled.

These rights are protected by the law and international human rights standards.
When a person, group, or government denies others their rights through actions
such as violence, discrimination, unlawful arrests, or denial of justice, it is
considered a human rights violation.

Examples of Human Rights Violations in Uganda

1. Torture by Security Forces: There have been cases of torture and

inhumane treatment of suspects during arrests or while in detention,
especially during political unrest or protests.
2. Unlawful Arrest and Detention: Some individuals have been arrested
without warrants or held in detention longer than allowed by law, denying
them the right to a fair trial.

3. Suppression of Freedom of Expression: Journalists, activists, and

opposition members have been threatened, arrested, or silenced for
expressing views critical of the government.

4. Police Brutality During Protests: Peaceful demonstrators have faced

excessive use of force, including beatings and shootings, violating their right
to assemble and express themselves.

5. Gender-Based Violence: Women and girls in some parts of Uganda

experience domestic violence, rape, forced marriage, and female genital
mutilation (FGM), which violate their rights to safety and dignity.

6. Child Labor and Exploitation: Some children are forced to work under
dangerous conditions or are denied the right to education and proper care.

7. Denial of Land Rights: In some regions, people have been forcefully evicted
from their land without proper compensation, affecting their right to
property and livelihood.

8. Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities: Some individuals with

disabilities face denial of access to education, health services, and
employment, which is a violation of their right to equality.

9. Political Persecution: Opposition leaders and their supporters have

sometimes been targeted, harassed, or denied the right to freely
participate in political activities.

[Link] of Media Freedom: Some media houses have been closed, and
journalists intimidated for covering sensitive issues or exposing corruption
and abuse of power.
Causes of Human Rights Violations in Uganda

1. Abuse of Power by Authorities: Some leaders or security personnel misuse

their positions to oppress others, leading to arbitrary arrests, torture, or
harassment.

2. Lack of Awareness: Many citizens do not know their rights, which makes it
easy for others to abuse them without being challenged.

3. Corruption: Corrupt officials may ignore human rights violations or even

participate in them for personal gain, especially in law enforcement and the
judiciary.

4. Political Intolerance: Opposition voices are often silenced through violence,

arrests, or restrictions, especially during elections or political gatherings.

5. Weak Legal Systems: Slow, biased, or corrupt justice systems fail to punish
violators, encouraging more abuse of rights.

6. Discrimination: Prejudice based on gender, tribe, religion, or disability can

lead to unfair treatment and denial of services or opportunities.

7. Poverty and Inequality: Poor people may be denied basic needs like
healthcare, education, and shelter, affecting their right to a decent
standard of living.

8. Conflict and Insecurity: Violent conflicts, especially in northern Uganda in

the past, led to killings, rape, displacement, and destruction of livelihoods.

9. Cultural Beliefs and Traditions: Practices like early marriages, FGM, and
domestic violence continue due to harmful traditions that violate human
rights.

[Link] Media Freedom: If media cannot operate freely, human rights

abuses may go unreported and unchallenged.

[Link] Governance: When leaders fail to ensure accountability,

transparency, and justice, rights violations increase.
 [Link] of Strong Civil Society: In places where CSOs are weak or restricted,
human rights defenders cannot speak out or help victims effectively.

Effects of Human Rights Violations in Uganda

1. Loss of Life: Some violations, such as police brutality or torture, result in

death, leaving families in grief and fear.

2. Psychological Trauma: Victims of abuse may suffer from depression, fear,

or long-term emotional damage.

3. Breakdown of Law and Order: When authorities violate rights or ignore

them, people lose trust in the law, leading to chaos and mob justice.

4. Increased Poverty: When people are denied access to resources, jobs, or

education, they remain poor and unable to improve their lives.

5. Limited Access to Justice: Victims may not be able to report crimes or

receive fair trials, leading to more impunity.

6. Displacement of People: Evictions and conflicts force people to flee their

homes, leading to homelessness and refugee crises.

7. Poor International Image: Frequent rights violations damage Uganda’s

reputation, which can affect foreign aid and investment.

8. Stifled Freedom and Innovation: When people live in fear of being silenced
or punished, creativity, education, and free speech decline.

9. Social Unrest and Protests: Unresolved injustices often lead to public

demonstrations and sometimes violence, affecting peace and stability.

[Link] Democracy: If people are denied the right to vote, speak freely,
or participate in governance, democracy is undermined.

[Link] Inequality: Violations like gender-based violence and denial of

women’s rights keep women in a disadvantaged position.
 [Link] Trauma: Children who grow up witnessing abuse may either
fear authority or become violent themselves, passing on the cycle of
violation.

Ways to Avoid Injustices in Uganda

1. Promoting Human Rights Education: Teaching people about their rights

and responsibilities helps them understand when their rights are violated
and how to seek justice peacefully.

2. Strengthening the Rule of Law: Ensuring that laws are followed equally by
everyone—including leaders—helps prevent favoritism, corruption, and
abuse of power.

3. Supporting Free and Fair Elections: Allowing citizens to vote freely and
fairly helps them choose leaders who respect justice, democracy, and good
governance.

4. Fighting Corruption: Reducing bribery and misuse of public offices ensures

that services like health care, education, and justice are provided fairly to
all citizens.

5. Encouraging Transparency and Accountability: Government officials,

police, and public servants should be open about their actions and held
responsible when they act unfairly or abuse their power.

6. Promoting Equal Treatment for All: All people regardless of gender, tribe,
religion, disability, or political beliefs should be treated equally and fairly in
society.

7. Strengthening Civil Society Organizations (CSOs): Supporting CSOs like

FIDA and HURINET helps to protect vulnerable groups and raise awareness
about rights and injustices in the community.

8. Providing Access to Legal Aid: Making legal help available to the poor and
vulnerable helps them get justice when their rights are violated.
 9. Peaceful Conflict Resolution: Encouraging dialogue, mediation, and respect
for different views helps to prevent violence and promote peaceful
solutions to disagreements.

[Link] Communities to Speak Out: When people are encouraged to

report abuse, speak against injustice, and participate in decision-making, it
helps reduce fear and build a just society.

How Human Rights Have Been Protected in Uganda

1. Legal Aid by FIDA-Uganda: FIDA continues to provide free legal services to

vulnerable women and children, helping them access justice in cases of
domestic violence, land grabbing, and divorce.

2. Parliament Passing the Human Rights Enforcement Act (2019): This law
makes it easier for citizens to report human rights abuses and demand
accountability from individuals and institutions, including government
officers.

3. Establishment of the Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC): The

UHRC receives and investigates complaints of human rights violations and
conducts public education programs across the country.

4. Freedom of Worship: Various religious groups in Uganda are allowed to

operate freely and worship according to their beliefs, as long as they follow
the law and promote peace.

5. CSOs Promoting Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Organizations like the

National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda (NUDIPU) advocate for equal
treatment, access to services, and protection of the rights of people with
disabilities.
 6. Legal Protection Against Gender-Based Violence: The Domestic Violence
Act and Anti-FGM Act are in place, and courts continue to handle related
cases, with NGOs supporting survivors in court processes.

7. Freedom of the Press: Though not perfect, journalists and media houses
continue to operate and report on government activities, corruption, and
social issues. Some cases of media intimidation are challenged in court.

8. Access to Justice Through Mobile Courts: The Judiciary of Uganda has

introduced mobile courts in rural areas to bring justice closer to people
who cannot travel to distant court locations.

9. Court Rulings Defending Rights: Ugandan courts have ruled in favor of

individuals and groups whose rights were violated—for example, cases of
unlawful detention or land evictions.

[Link] Protests and Demonstrations: In some instances, civil society

groups and citizens have been allowed to peacefully demonstrate, such as
protests against corruption or environmental destruction.

[Link] for All Policy: Government schools offer Universal Primary and
Secondary Education (UPE/USE), promoting the right to education for all
children regardless of their background.

[Link]-19 Response with Human Rights in Mind: During the pandemic,

some CSOs monitored the enforcement of lockdowns to ensure that
people's rights to health and fair treatment were not violated.

[Link] Engagement in Constitution Review Processes: Citizens and CSOs

have been invited to give their views during constitutional amendments,
promoting the right to participate in national decision-making.

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