Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

AI is defined as the ability of machines and systems to acquire and apply knowledge and to carry out
intelligent behaviour.
The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist and
cognitive scientist. He was one of the founders of the discipline of AI.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking,
perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that
could mimic human intelligence.
 Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
1950s: Birth of the modern AI field
• Alan Turing proposed "Turing Test" to evaluate machine intelligence
• John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence"
1960s-1970s: Early symbolic AI systems and expert systems
• Based on hard-coded rules
• Examples: DENDRAL (chemical analysis), MYCIN (medical diagnosis)
1980s: Shift to machine learning
• Algorithms like decision trees and neural networks
• Systems learn from data instead of hard-coded rules
1990s-2000s: Neural networks and deep learning
• Inspired by human brain structure and function
• Excelled in computer vision and natural language processing
21st century: AI resurgence
• Driven by large datasets (e.g., ImageNet), computing power (GPUs)
deep learning

• Algorithmic advances like deep learning

• Major tech companies invested heavily in AI research
2010s-present: Significant breakthroughs
• Natural language processing (e.g., ChatGPT by OpenAI)
ChatGPT OpenAI

• Computer vision (e.g., object detection by DeepMind)

• Reinforcement learning (e.g., AlphaGo by DeepMind)
• Widespread adoption of AI technologies across industries
Type of AI

Capability-Based Functionality-Based
Types of Artificial Types of Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence

Reactive
Narrow AI
Machine AI

Artificial General Limited Memory

Intelligence (AGI) AI

Artificial Theory of Mind

Superintelligence AI

Self-Aware AI
 The Five Branches of AI

1. Machine Learning
Technically, Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI. ML is the ability of machines to learn from data and algorithms
automatically. ML uses the essential components of AI we discussed earlier to make decisions without being explicitly
programmed by a human.
2. Deep Learning
You can think of deep learning (DL) as a subset of machine learning. At its core, DL uses artificial neural networks (ANNs)
inspired by the human brain. DL uses these neural networks to extract abstract features from the data, leading to better
performance than machine learning and often more powerful representations. With DL, there’s even less human intervention
than with ML. However, you need a much greate
3. Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the aspect of AI that allows computers to understand spoken words and written text. NLP
is arguably the most commonly used AI as it’s intertwined in many of today’s digital assistants, chatbots, virtual assistants, and
spam detection.
4. Robotics
Robotics utilizes AI to develop and design robots or machines capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-
autonomously. Generally, robotics involves other components of AI technology, such as NLP, ML, or perception.
5. Fuzzy Logic
The world is not always binary, making it difficult for AI devices to recognize whether a condition is true or false — hence
fuzziness. Fuzzy logic helps solve issues or statements and recognize if they’re true or false.
How does AI work?

Data Data Model

Collection Processing Selection

Model Training the

Deployment
Optimisation Model

Continues
learning
 Examples of Artificially Intelligent Technologies

• Robotic process automation

• Natural language processing (NLP)
• Pattern recognition
• Machine vision
• Machine learning
• Deep learning
• Robotics
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Healthcare Sector Business Sector Education Sector

Financial Sector Legal Sector Manufacturing sector

Intelligent Robots Gaming Speech Recognition

Cyber Security Agriculture E-commerce

Artificial Intelligence Tools

. ChatGPT4 Google Bard Chatsonic

Midjourney DALL-E 3 SlidesAI

Alli AI Paradox Synthesia

aiXcoder DeepBrain Textio

Concerns Related to Artificial Intelligence

• Job loss
• Ethical concerns
• Potential misuse
• Data dependence
• Lack of human traits
• High costs
• Interpretability challenges
Possible areas for AI applications in Indian conditions

• It can complement Digital India Mission by helping in the big data analysis which is not possible without using AI.
• Targeted delivery of services, schemes, and subsidies can be further fine-tuned.
• Smart border surveillance and monitoring to enhance security infrastructure.
• Weather forecasting models may become proactive and therefore preplanning for any future mishaps such as floods, and
droughts and therefore addressing the farming crisis, farmer’s suicide, crop losses, etc.
• By analyzing big data of road safety data and NCRB (National Crime Record Bureau) data for crimes, new policies can be
formulated.
• Disaster management can be faster and more accessible with the help of robots and intelligent machines.
• In the counterinsurgency and patrolling operations, we often hear the loss of CRPF jawans which can be minimized by using
the robotic army and lesser human personnel.
• AI can be used to automate government processes, therefore, minimizing human interactions and maximizing transparency
and accountability.
• It can be applied to study ancient literature on medicines and therefore help in modernizing health care with the
juxtaposition of modern machines and ancient techniques.
• In the remotest areas where the last leg of governance is almost broken, AI can do the job. For Example: in the tribal areas
and the hilly areas of the northeast.
Challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• According to studies, around 40 % of the total energy that data centres consume goes to cooling IT equipment.
Now, to reduce energy consumption, companies are moving their data centres into cooler climates such as Siberia.
• The environmental impact caused by data centres doesn’t stop at electrical consumption.
• Coolants are often made of hazardous chemicals, and battery backups at data centres – needed for when there are
power shortages – cause an environmental impact both due to mining for battery components and the disposal of
the toxic batteries afterward.
• Countries are passing stricter legislations on data security that require citizen data to be stored on servers located
domestically, picking colder climates beyond their borders is becoming a difficult option.
• Robotics and AI companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low-
income workers: self-service kiosks to replace cashiers, fruit-picking robots to replace field workers, etc.
• Algorithms based on our past digital searches creates and provides us probable solutions or alternatives which
we are looking for.
Privacy issues worries:

• AI also presents serious data privacy concerns. The algorithm’s never-ending quest for data has led to our digital footprints being harvested and sold without our
knowledge or informed consent.
• We are constantly being profiled in service of customisation, putting us into echo chambers of like-mindedness, diminishing exposure to varied viewpoints and
eroding common ground.
• Today, it is no exaggeration to say that with all the discrete bytes of information floating about us online, the algorithms know us better than we know
ourselves. They can nudge our behaviour without our noticing.
• Our level of addiction to our devices, the inability to resist looking at our phones, and the chilling case of Cambridge Analytica in which such algorithms and big
data were used to alter voting decisions should serve as a potent warning of the individual and societal concerns resulting from current AI business models.
• In a world where the algorithm is king, it behoves us to remember that it is still humans with all our biases and prejudices, conscious and unconscious who are
responsible for it. We shape the algorithms and it is our data they operate on.
Artificial Intelligence’s exponential growth in recent decade:

• GPS mapping technology

• AI has evolved with unprecedented velocity from beating human
champions at Jeopardy.
• Automation, big data and algorithms
• Eradicating hunger, poverty and disease opening up new and
hitherto
• climate change mitigation, education and scientific discovery.
Principles for the Ethical Use of AI:

• AI initiatives should align with established ethical principles, human rights, and societal values to ensure
responsible technological advancement.
• Prioritize the positive impact of AI on individuals, communities, and society, emphasizing responsible use for the
greater good.
• Design AI systems to be transparent and explainable, allowing users and stakeholders to understand operations
and decision-making processes, fostering trust and accountability.
• Mitigate biases in AI algorithms to ensure fair outcomes, preventing discrimination based on race, gender,
ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
• Uphold individuals' privacy rights by responsibly handling personal data, obtaining explicit consent, and
complying with relevant privacy laws and regulations.
• Establish clear lines of accountability for developers and organizations deploying AI systems, with mechanisms
to address errors or harmful impacts.
• Develop and utilize AI technology to enhance human well-being, address societal challenges, and contribute
positively to global progress, economies, and environmental sustainability.