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The MCA Montessori School recognizes

the fact that Science, as a discipline, opens
minds to the vastness of life and of living
spaces, as it presents a world of potentials and
endless possibilities. These four (4) units of
comprehensively researched lessons in Science
had been compiled into one book for the second
graders.

The e-book aims to provide students with a

wealth of information on Living Things, Matter
and Motion, the Earth and the Solar System.
The lessons and activities herein are organized
to appeal to young and curious minds.

It is hoped that by the end of each unit the

students will have learned basic science
principles that will set them up to seek and crave
for more information, that will quench their thirst
and appetite for more learning.

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Unit 1 Human Beings
LESSON 1 SENSE ORGANS …………………………………………………. 6
LESSON 2 CHANGES WHEN YOU GROW ………………………..... 30
LESSON 3 BASIC NEEDS OF MAN ………………………………………. 38
- THE FOODS WE EAT
LESSON 4 The Essential vitamins and Minerals ………………. 44
- DESIRABLE HEALTH AND EATING HABITS
- ILLNESS AND DISEASES SLOW DOWN GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
LESSON 5 A Healthful and Safe surroundings …………………. 49
LESSON 6 Things that can be Recycled ……….…………………. 57

Unit 2 Plants and Animals

LESSON 1 LIVING AND NON-LIVING THINGS ……………………… 60
LESSON 2 BODY PARTS OF ANIMALS …………………………………. 68
LESSON 3 CLASSIFYING ANIMALS ……………………………………… 74
LESSON 4 USES OF ANIMALS ……………………………………………. 80
LESSON 5 BASIC NEEDS OF ANIMALS ………………………………… 84
LESSON 6 HARMFUL ANIMALS …………………………………………… 88
LESSON 7 SAFETY IN CARING FOR ANIMALS ……………………… 92
LESSON 8 COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF PLANTS ……………. 95
LESSON 9 CKLASSIFYING PLANTS ……………………………………… 98
LESSON 10 PLANTS PRODUCE NEW PLANTS ……………………… 102
LESSON 11 USES OF PLANTS …………………………………………….. 105
LESSON 12 CARING AND CONSERVING PLANTS …………………. 110
LESSON 13 PROPER HANDLING OF PLANTS ………………………. 113

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Unit 3 Matter, Energy & Motion
Chapter 1: ALL ABOUT MATTER
LESSON 1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER …………………………………….. 117
LESSON 2 STATES OF MATTER AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS …. 121
LESSON 3 GOOD EFFECTS OF MATTER ………………………………… 121
LESSON 4 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MATTER …………………………… 130
LESSON 5 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN HANDLING
CERTAIN SUBSTANCES …………………………………………… 134s

Chapter 2: LIGHT ENERGY

LESSON 1 SOURCES OF HEAT AND LIGHT ……………………………… 139
- ELECTRICITY
- FIRE AND FRICTION
LESSON 2 LIGHT STRIKES A SURFACE ………………………………...... 144
LESSON 3 LIGHT AND THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MATERIALS ……. 147
LESSON 4 THE WHITE LIGHT …………………………………………………… 150
LESSON 5 LUMINOUS AND NONLUMINOUS OBJECTS ………………. 153
LESSON 6 WHY YOU SEE COLORS IN OBJECTS ………………………. 156
LESSON 7 BENT LIGHT RAYS ……………………………………………………. 158
LESSON 8 HOW SHADOWS ARE FORMED …………………………………. 161

Chapter 3: SOUND ENERGY

LESSON 1 THE DIFFERENT SOUNDS YOU HEAR ……………………….. 165
- HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED
LESSON 2 HOW SOUNDS TRAVEL ……………………………………………… 169
LESSON 3 ECHOES AND REVERBERATION …………………………………. 171
LESSON 4 PROTECTING OURSELVES FROM HEAT,
LIGHT and SOUND ………………………………………………..... 174

Chapter 4: FORCE AND MOTION

LESSON 1 WHAT IS FORCE ………………………………………………………… 178
LESSON 2 FORCE MAKES MOTION ……………………………………………… 180
LESSON 3 FORCES ACTING ON AN OBJECT ………………………………… 183
LESSON 4 LAWS OF MOTION ……………………………………………………… 186

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Unit 4 The Solar System
Chapter 1: THE EARTH
LESSON 1 KNOWING ABOUT LAND, WATER and AIR ………… 189
LESSON 2 WHERE SOIL COMES FROM ………………………………. 193
LESSON 3 KINDS OF SOIL …………………………………………………. 195
LESSON 4 LAYERS OF SOIL ……………………………………………….. 199
LESSON 5 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL ………………………………………… 201
LESSON 6 SOIL POLLUTION ……………………………………………….. 203
- SOIL EROSION
LESSON 7 CARE AND CONCERN FOR SOIL …………………………. 210

Chapter 2: THE WATER

LESSON 1 WATER FORMATION ……………………………………………… 213
LESSON 2 SOURCES OF WATER ……………………………………………. 216
LESSON 3 IMPORTANCE OF WATER ………………………………………. 219
LESSON 4 WATER POLLUTION ………………………………………………. 221
LESSON 5 CONSERVING THE WATER ENVIRONMENT ……………. 224

Chapter 3: WEATHER AND YOU

LESSON 1 WEATHER AND CLIMATE ……………………………………….. 228
LESSON 2 ELEMENTS/FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHER …………. 230
LESSON 3 EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON PEOPLE ………………………. 235
LESSON 4 ANIMALS IN DIFFERENT WEATHER CONDITIONS ……. 238
LESSON 5 PLANTS IN DIFFERENT WEATHER CONDITIONS ……… 240
LESSON 6 WEATHER RELATED DISEASES ………………………………… 242

Chapter 4: SUN
LESSON 1 THE SUN MOVES ………………………………………………………. 250
LESSON 2 THE SUN AS SOURCE OF HEAT AND LIGHT ………………. 252
LESSON 3 THE EFFECTS OF THE SUN ………………………………………. 255
LESSON 4 PROTECTIVE MEASURES FROM THE SUN’S HEAT ……. 259
LESSON 5 EARTH AND ITS NEIGHBORING PLANETS …………………. 261

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Unit 1: Human Beings
Lesson 1
SENSE ORGANS

When you wake up in the

morning, do you switch off the alarm
clock, see the sunlight, listen to the radio
and eat your breakfast?

All of these activities are

associated with the senses. Humans and
animals have sense organs to help them
get information from their surroundings.
These information could guide them in
their daily activities.

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SENSE OF FEELING
The organs protect the body. What helps you know when it’s hot
or cold? What helps you determine if an object is rough or smooth?
The skin covers the whole body. It protects the person from
dangers in the environment. When it is hot, the skin produces sweat to keep
the body cool. When it is cold, your hair rise to keep the body warm.
The skin is composed of three layers—the epidermis (upper
layer), the dermis (lower layer) and the subcutaneous layer

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin which is

composed mostly of the dead cells. Millions of dead cells are peeled off
when taking a bath or scratching. These dead cells are replaced by new
ones. The color of the skin is determined by the amount of melanin in the
skin. Melanin is the brownish-black pigment contained in the skin. A person
with darker skin have more melanin than a person with light complexion.
Melanin is important in preventing skin cancer.

The table below shows the parts of the skin and their functions:

Parts of the Skin Function

A. Epidermis It produces melanin (the pigment that gives skin its color) and
protects the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet rays.

B. Dermis It protects the inner layer of the skin.

1. Nerve Receptors They send messages to the brain.

2. Blood Vessels They bring oxygen and nutrients to the skin and carry way
wastes.
3. Oil Glands They produce sebum, the skin’s natural oil.

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 LEARNING EXERCISES
A. Draw and label the parts of the skin on a clean bond paper.

B. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer
before the number.
A B

______1. They produce sebum. A. Blood Vessels

______ 2. They produce perspiration. B. Dermis
______ 3. They send messages to the brain. C. Epidermis
______ 4. They bring oxygen and nutrients D. Melanin
to the skin.
______ 5. It protects the surface of the skin. E. Nerve Receptors
______ 6. It protects the inner surface of F. Oil Glands
the skin. G. Sweat Glands

C. Answer the following questions.

1. How does the skin protect you?

_____________________________________________________________

2. How does the skin tell you how things feel?

____________________________________________________________

3. What would you happen if you lose your sense of touch?

____________________________________________________________

4. How does the skin work?

____________________________________________________________

5. Why is our skin important?

____________________________________________________________

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 The dermis is a thicker layer found under the epidermis. The
dermis is composed of different glands, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil
glands and fat cells. It also gives support and strength to the epidermis.

The subcutaneous is the fatty layer under the dermis. It supplies

the nutrients needed by the two top layers. It also protects the body from too
much heat or cold of the environment.

You can feel pain, hot or cold because of the nerve receptors
that are present in the dermis. The nerve receptors pick up sensations of
heat, cold, pressure, touch or pain. These sensations are sent to the brain.
The brain gives meaning and decides what action should be done.

CARE FOR THE SKIN

1. Exercise regularly.

2. Eat a well-balanced diet.

3. Take a bath everyday.

4. Use gloves of pot holders when handling hot objects.

COMMON SKIN PROBLEMS

Boil: also known as “pigsa.” It is caused by

staphylococcus bacteria. It is characterized by an inflamed
nodular swelling with pus, located at the site of a hair follicle.
This ailment is painful and hard to touch until the pus is
discharged. It usually develops at the back of the neck, the

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face, armpits, buttocks and groin. A sty or “kuliti” is a boil located at the base
of an eyelash. Ordinarily, treatment is unnecessary, other than the use of
measures to keep the affected area clean and protected from further
infection.

SCABIES: A skin inflammation accompanied

by a severe nighttime itching caused by
parasite. This is a contagious disease.
Transmission is by skin to skin contact or
contamination of the clothing or bedding. A
paste of kamias leaves and oregano and the
roots and bark of madre cacao are good for
itches. When infected, consult a skin
specialist immediately.

FUNGAL INFECTION such

as an-an, alipunga, hadhad and buni.
This ailment is acquired when proper
hygiene is not practiced. Fungal
infection may be prevented by avoiding
the use of other’s personal grooming
things. Anti-fungal ointment may also be
used to eliminate this.

RINGWORM is a very itchy, red, ring-like

patch on the skin. It appears as a single
patch or as a patches on the different parts
of the body.

ECZEMA is a condition when the skin

becomes rough, red and dry. Sores also
appear in the skin. It commonly occurs on
the front of the elbow or at the

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 ▪ The skin is the largest organ of the body. It is your sense of
touch
▪ The skin covers your whole body. It protects the body against
germs, colds, heat and injury.
▪ The skin also helps regulates the body’s temperature.
▪ Your skin needs utmost care to keep them soft, smooth and
healthy

CHECK UP
A. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answers on the space provided.

_________ 1. The brain tells you what you feel.

_________ 2. Dead cells are found in the epidermis.
_________ 3. The nerve cells tell you what you feel.
_________ 4. The dermis is the inner layer of the skin.
_________ 5. The epidermis is the inner layer of the skin.
_________ 6. The skin is the largest organ of the body.
_________ 7. The hair is the outer covering of body.
_________ 8. Bathing cleanses and opens the pores of the skin.
_________ 9. The skin is composed of three layers.
_________ 10. The subcutaneous is the fatty layer under the dermis.

ACTIVITY
How do you take care of your skin? Look for magazine clippings
on how you should take care of your skin and paste it below.

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SENSE OF SIGHT
You can appreciate the beauty of things around because of your
eyes. The eyes help you see things around you. You can tell the color,
shape, size and form of an object through these. The eyes are the sense
organ for sight.

PARTS OF THE EYES

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 LEARNING EXERCISES
A. Match each function of the eye in column A with the correct part in column
B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

A B
______1. It focuses light to produce an a. cornea
image on the retina.
______ 2. It transmits light to the retina b. iris
______ 3. It controls the size of the pupil c. lens
______ 4. It carries messages from the d. optic nerve
retina to the brain.
______ 5. It controls the amount of light e. pupil
entering the eye.
______ 6. It receives images from the lens f. retina
that are sent to the brain through
the optic nerve.

B. On the blank, draw a happy face ☺ if the statement shows the proper way
of caring for the eyes and sad face  if does not.

_______ 1. Rub your eyes.

_______ 2. Read in good light.
_______ 3. Look directly at the sun.
_______ 4. Read while in a moving vehicle.
_______ 5. Have a regular eye checkups.
_______ 6. Use your handkerchief and towel.

C. What is the treatment for each skin ailment below? Write your answer on
the space provided.

1. Acne _____________________________________________________
2. Dandruff ___________________________________________________
3. Ringworm __________________________________________________
4. Rash ______________________________________________________
5. Scabies ____________________________________________________

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D. Interview your school physician or nurse. Ask him / her about other
common skin ailments. Complete the table below.

Your eye is made up of millions of

cells that are sensitive to light. One eyeball is
attached to six muscles which help your eye to
move in different directions.

When you look at an image, the light that strikes the object
travels to your eyes. The image of the object enters the pupil and passes
through the lens of each eye. The light focuses the image on the retina and
makes an upside-down image of the object on the retina of each eye. The
nerve cells in the retina are connected to the optic nerves which carry the
messages of the two upside-down images to the brain. The brain interprets
the two upside-down images into one right-side up image.

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 COMMON EYE PROBLEMS
Far-sightedness

When the reflected light of the object

that enters the eye meet behind the retina.
As a result, a person with this problem
could see far objects better than seeing
anything close to him.
Eye glasses with convex lens are
recommended for use by a person with
farsightedness.

Near-sightedness

When the reflected light of the object

that enters the eye meet before they reach
the retina. As a result a person see things
which are near more clearly than far
things. Eye glasses with convex lens are
recommended for use by a person with
near-sightedness.

Sore Eyes

Also known as keratitis is an

infection of the eyes. It is an inflammation
of the cornea, the transparent portion of
the eyeball that is in front of the iris and
pupil. Itchiness, pain, redness, swelling
sometimes discharge from the eyes are
symptoms of sore eyes.

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 Strabismus ( cross eye/walled eye )

Failure of the eyes to align properly

on the object that a person on the object
that a person seeks to direct his look. One
eye may be directed inward, towards the
other eye (cross-eye or exotropia)
outward, away from the other eye (walled
eye or exotropia)

Color Blindness

It is an eye defect where a person

cannot distinguish one color from another.
It cannot be cured but it does not worsen.

D. CARE FOR THE EYES

1. Make sure you have proper source of lightning while reading or doing
other activities.
2. Never read while lying down or in a moving vehicle.
3. Don’t rub or scratch your eyes with your hand. Use clean handkerchief
or wash with clean water if dust penetrates the eyes.
4. Take a pause in between reading or studying by closing your eyes for a
while.
5. Eat food rich in Vitamin A such as carrots, papaya, and squash.
6. Wear sunglasses when you go out or sunny days.
7. Sit at least three meters away from a television set when watching.
8. Take time to rest your eyes.
9. For problems that you may have with your eyes, see an
ophthalmologist.

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 ▪ Your eyes are your sense of sight.
▪ The eyes have many parts. Each parts performs a specific
work.
1. The iris controls the amount of light which enters the eye.
2. The lens focuses the image on the retina.
3. The retina makes an upside-down image of the object
you see.
4. The optic nerves carry the message to the brain.
5. The eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids protect your eyes
from harm.
• You should take extra care of your eyes.
• Practice desirable health habits to keep your eyes healthy and
prevent common eye ailments.

CHALLENGE!
Identify which part of the eye is being described. Write your
answers on the blank.

_________ 1. A nerve fiber that sends messages to the brain.

_________ 2. A black round opening where light passes through.
_________ 3. It forms an upside down image in the retina.
_________ 4. It protects and covers the eye.
_________ 5. It is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of
light that enters the eye.
_________ 6. The cornea, iris and pupil resemble this part.
_________ 7. It stops dust particles entering the eyes.
_________ 8. It is the outer transparent covering of the eye.
_________ 9. It is the inflamed eye part when you have some sore eyes.
_________ 10. It is where the image seen by the eye is formed.

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CHECK UP!
Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
Write your answers on the space provided.

_________ 1. Eyebrows stop sweat from running down the eyes.

_________ 2. Half of the eyeball is set inside the brain.
_________ 3. An eye defect where a person cannot distinguish one color
from another is called color blindness.
_________ 4. Our eyes can see clearly without light.
_________ 5. Sore eyes is also known as keratitis.
_________ 6. Never look directly at the sun.
_________ 7. Avoid watching too much television and sitting too close to the
television, computer or IPod.

SENSE OF HEARING
You hear different sounds around made by various objects and
animals. Some sounds are loud and irritating or frightening as an explosion
or thunder. Other sounds are soft and pleasant such as the birds’ chirping or
good music. You communicate with other people by listening to what they
are saying. Your ears help you discover about all these things. Do you know
how you can hear sound?

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 The ear is a sense organ of hearing. It consists of three main
parts: the outer ear (collecting part), the middle ear (transmitting part) and
the inner ear ( the interpreting part).

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The auditory nerve carries this sound vibrations in a form of electric impulses
to the brain. The brain will then interpret or give meaning to the sound waves
that enter into your ear.

PART DESCRITION and FUNCTION

A. Outers Ear It is the visible part of the ear that catches the sound
waves.

1. pinna/auricle/earflaf A funnel shape that directs sound waves to the ear

canal.

2. ear canal A waxy and hairy tube that carries the sound waves to
the ear drum.
B. Middle Ear It receives the sound waves from the outer ear.

1. eardrum A thin membrane that vibrates when sound strikes it.

2. hammer, anvil The three small bones that carry sound vibrations to the
and stirrup inner ear.
C. Inner Ear It sends the message of what you hear to your brain
through the auditory nerves.

1. coclea A spiral snail shell-shapes that sends signals to the

brain. It is filled with fluids and contains the auditory
nerve.

2. semi-circular canals A fluid-filled chamber that maintains balance.

CHECK UP!
Match the description of an ear part in column A with the correct part in
Column B. Write you answer on the space provided.

A B
___1. These send the sound signals to the brain. a. Semi-circular canal

___2. This contains three tiny bones. b. Outer ear

___3. This contains the cochlea and semi-circular canals. c. Inner ear

___4. This consists of the earflaf and the ear canal d. Middle ear

___5. A fluid-filled chamber that maintains balance. e. Auditory nerves

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COMMON EAR AILMENTS

1. Infection—This problem happens when foreign materials such as soil,

dirt or germs enter the ear. Symptoms include high fever, inflammation of the
ear, abscess and loss of hearing.

2. Earache—This problem could be a symptom of another ailment like flu,

fever, tooth problem or even throat infection. If earache persists even without
the mentioned ailment, inform the elderly people for help.

3. Partial deafness—This may be caused by an infection in the middle ear,

a buildup of earwax, or an accident. An infection causes the formation of
fluid in the middle ear. This condition may only be temporary and so can be
remedy.

4. Total deafness—This is a rare condition. Children whose mothers had

German measles during the first three months of pregnancy may suffer total
deafness.

5. “Bells ringing” - This is an condition that causes a person to hear a

ringing, buzzing or whistling sound inside his/her ear. This may be caused
by a buildup of earwax.

CARE FOR THE EARS

1. If you have colds, be sure not to blow your nose
too hard. Blowing hard can make you lose your hearing.
2. Use cotton buds to clean your ears. Never use a
sharp, pointed object to remove wax or dirt from you ears.
3. Do not shout into the ear of another person. Loud
sounds may damage the eardrum
4. Lower the volume of your radio or music player when
listening to music.
5. Immediately consult an ear doctor when an insects or
a small objects get into your ears.

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6. Never strike or punch a person’s ear. You may
hurt the sensitive parts of his ear.
7. Cover your ear when there are loud sounds
or music or during a long, loud explosion. Be
sure to open you mouth also.

▪ Your ears are you sense of hearing.

▪ The ear has three main parts. Sound waves are transmitted
from one part to the others.
1. The outer ear or pinna collects the sound waves.
2. The auditory canal connects the outer ear to the middle
ear.
3. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the
nasal cavity and throat.
4. The auditory nerves send the messages or signals to the
brain.

CHECK UP!
On the blank, answer Yes or No if the statement gives the functions of each
part correctly.

_________ 1. The eardrum recognizes the sounds that are heard.

_________ 2. The ear canal has wax and tiny hair that keep dust from
entering the ear.
_________ 3. The brain picks up the sounds.
_________ 4. The auditory nerves send the message to the brain.
_________ 5. The cochlea is like a small shell that is attached to the nerve
cell.
ACTIVITY
Identify the kind of smell each item would have. Write P for pleasant and U
for unpleasant on the space provided.
_____1. gasoline _____3. baby powder
_____2. dirty rag _____4. newly baked bread

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_____5. Shampoo _____8. scented pen
_____6. Rotten fish _____9. canal water
_____7. Sampaguita _____10. uncollected garbage

CHALLENGE!
Answer the following questions.

A. Why should you clean your ears every other day?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

B. Why are each part of your ear important?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

SENSE OF SMELL
PARTS OF YOUR NOSE

Your nose has two

openings. They are called nostrils.
The air you breathe passes through
these nostrils. A closer look inside
your nose will let you see some
hair. They are called cilia. These
hairs are connected to the sensory
cells. The hair filters the air you
breathe in. They are also
moistened with mucous that secretes
mucous materials to trap germs.

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 Then, the air passes over the mucous
membrane and reaches the olfactory nerves.
These nerves send the message or signal to the
brain. Again, the brain tells you what you have
smelled.

The nerve cells of the nose can tell

four odors. They can tell a burnt smell such as a
toast or fire. It can distinguish a fragrant or sweet smell from a rancid one as
a moldy bread or garbage. Acid or sour as in vinegar or a green mango can
also be identified by your nose. Sometimes, a continuous exposure to one
odor causes your sensory cells to become insensitive to that odor. So, it
becomes odorless or have no smell at all. You smell objects because they
give off vapors that mix with the air you breathe.

COMMON NOSE PROBLEMS

Nose bleeding—This occurs when a person has a high

fever or if the temperature in the environment is high. It
may also be caused by a wound inside the nose or blood
pressure and other abnormalities. Most nosebleeds can
be prevented by leaning forward in order to avoid
swallowing of blood. Pinching the soft portion of the nose
for a few minutes, or by applying cold packs to the bridge of the nose can
also help.

Rhinitis—A continuous runny nose due to reaction to allergic materials.

Nasal polyp—This is caused by abnormal growth of the bony tissue inside

the nose. Surgery is recommended here for recovery.

CARE FOR THE NOSE

Your nose needs care, too. Here are some ways by which you can take care
of it:

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 Blow your nose gently. When you have nose
bleeding, do not blow it too hard. Put something cold as
ice pack on the bleeding side of the nose.

Use a soft cloth or tissue paper to clean your

nose.

Cover your nose when you pass by dusty

roads. Avoid sniffing obnoxious smell of gasoline, plastic cement and other
insecticides.

Never put small objects such as seeds, buttons or nuts and

sharp objects inside your nostrils.

Use a soft cloth or tissue paper to clean your nose.

▪ The nose is your sense of smell.

▪ Smell can be detected by sensory cells.
▪ The olfactory nerves send the message of the odor smelled by
the nose to the brain.

CHECK UP
Match Column A with Column B. Write the correct letter of the
correct answers on the blank.

Column A Column B
_______ 1. Organ for hearing. a. auricle
_______ 2. A thin membrane that vibrates
when the sound waves strike it. b. cotton buds
_______ 3. A spiral-shell shaped that sends
signal to the brain. c. ears
_______ 4. It directs sound waves to the ear canal. d. ear drum
_______ 5. It is used to clean the ears. e. auditory nerve
_______ 6. Carries sound impulses to the brain. f. outer ear

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_______ 7. The transmitting part of the ear. g. cochlea
_______ 8. A fluid-filled chamber that maintains h. semi-circular
balance canals
_______ 9. It interprets and gives meaning to i. middle ear
the sound waves.
_______ 10. It is the collecting part of the ear. j. brain

CHALLENGE!

Check (√) the statement if it describes the ears and (x) if it

describes the nose. Write your answers on the blank.

_________ 1. A sensitive organ that can detect thousands of

different smell.
_________ 2. It has a waxy and hairy tube that carries sound waves.
_________ 3. It has a part that warms the air and traps the germs.
_________ 4. It is the organ of hearing and balance.
_________ 5. It has three small bones namely, anvil, hammer and stirrup.

SENSE OF TASTE

The journey of food begins when you

place it inside your mouth.

As food enters the mouth, the sense

organ that functions is your tongue. It is the one
responsible for sensing taste. The tongue is a
muscle that allows you to taste and eat food. It
also helps you to pronounce or utter words.

There are four basic tastes: sweet, bitter, sour and salty. Why is
this happening? Because the tongue is covered with taste buds. The taste
buds have nerve endings that send messages to the brain. The brain gives
the meaning of the message and tells the taste of the food. there are around
3,000 taste buds all over the tongue. That is why our tongue is rough.

26
 The surface of your tongue has papillae. Papillae are the small
reddish-pink taste buds.

Your senses of smell and taste work together closely. When you
eat food, it is important you smell it too. Smell enhances the taste or flavor of
the food you eat. It is often difficult to distinguish taste from smell. Does the
food taste as good as it does when you can smell the food as you taste it?
This is why when you have colds, you don’t seem to like the taste of the
foods you eat.

COMMON TONGUE PROBLEMS

1. Tongue-tie—congenital shortening of the mucous membrane under the
tongue. It does not interfere with either feeding or speaking and usually
needs no treatment.
2. Stomatitis— it is a viral disease causing the formation of blisters and
inflammation of the tongue. Oral antiseptic is advised to use to treat this
ailment.
3. Halitosis— it is the medical term for bad breath or breath that does not
smell good.
4. Candidiasis— it is an infection that appears as white and round spots on
the tongue. It is caused by a very small living thing called fungus, which
grows and spreads very fast.
CARE FOR THE TONGUE
1. Gargle with mouthwash after brushing your teeth.
2. Never take food or water that is too hot or too cold.
3. Brush your tongue too when brushing your teeth. Food accumulates and
spoils fast in-between taste buds causing bad breath, tooth decay, and
worse, gum and mouth disease if not properly attended to.

▪ The Tongue is your sense of taste.

▪ The tongue has four areas of taste. The tip of the tongue is for
sweet; the sides for sour and salty; and the base taste bitter
foods.
▪ Papillae are the small reddish-pink taste buds.

27
CHECK UP!
Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is correct. If it is false,
underline the word that makes it wrong and write the correct answer on the
space.

_________ 1. There are around 3,000 taste buds in the tongue that help us
taste our foods.
_________ 2. The tongue is not a muscle that allows you to taste and eat
the food.
_________ 3. The tongue is rough because of its numerous taste buds.
_________ 4. The hands help you shape the word.
_________ 5. Oral antiseptic is used to treat stomatitis.

Write the letter of the correct answers on the space.

1. The nerve cells that carry odor impulses to the brain is __________.
a. olfactory b. optic
c. auditory d. taste buds

2. The eye lens is __________.

a. convex b. double convex
c. double concave d. concave

3. It is a part of the eye where images are formed.

a. iris b. retina
c. lens d. optic nerve

4. Which does not belong to the group?

a. cornea c. cilia
b. iris d. pupil

5. Outer part of the eye that prevents dust particles from entering the
eyeball.
a. eyelid c. eyebrow
b. eyelashes d. eyeball

28
6. ________ is a thicker skin layer that contains the blood vessels, sweat
glands, oil glands and fat cells.
a. epidermis c. dermis
b. subcutaneous layer d. follicle

7. A funnel-shaped thing that directs sound waves to the ear canal is _____.
a. pinna c. cochlea
b. hammer d. anvil

8. An eye problem that is characterized by itchiness, pain, redness and

swelling.
a. cross eye c. near-sighted
b. astigmatism d. sore eyes

9. A spiral snail-shaped ear part that sends signals to the brain is called
_______________.
a. sub cutis c. cornea
b. eardrum d. cochlea

10. A skin inflammation that is accompanied by severe itching at nighttime

caused by a parasite is called ___________ .
a. pus c. scabies
b. athlete's foot d. an-an

29
 Lesson 2
CHANGES WHEN YOU GROW

Describe the pictures. Did you undergo changes like those

shown in the pictures?
When you were less than one-year old, you could not walk
alone. You needed help. You could not even talk, sing a song or recite a
poem.
But now, what are the things that you can do? You can do a lot of
things. You will be surprise to know that as you grow older, you change.

A. PHYSICAL CHANGE
Did you notice that you are taller and bigger now than a
few years ago? How do you know? Can you still wear
your baby clothes and shoes?

Because you have grown physically, you can

do more activities. Can you dance? play volleyball?
swim? bike? play jumping rope?

30
B. SOCIAL CHANGE
Do you have friends? Who are they? Is
your seatmate your friend? Do you have friends in
your neighborhood?

What are the things that you do with

your friends? Do you eat together? Do you share
things with them? Do you study as a group? What
kinds of games do you play with your friends.

ACTIVITY
Read each sentences and identify the kind of growth it indicates. Write P for
physical growth, M for mental growth and S for social growth on the blank.
_____1. Christine can read a story aloud.
_____2. Rose can take a bath on her own.
_____3. Ruby has gained two kilograms.
_____4. Jasmine shares her things with her sister.
_____5. Michael can write simple short poems.
_____6. Maria can draw simple human figures.
_____7. Gina plays with her new friends at a birthday party.
_____8. Lorenzo has a complete set of teeth.
_____9. April joins her community in cleaning their street.
_____10. David can already reach things in the cabinet by himself.

Can you say now that you have changed physically and socially? To find out,
do the following activity.

CHALLENGE!
On the space provided, write some activities that you do when
you were two years old and write also some activities that you can do now.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

31
EMOTIONAL AND MENTAL CHANGE

As you grow, there are changes on the things you like or dislike.
The food you eat, the games you play and even your circle of friends
become bigger as you grow older. Even your attitude and emotions or
feelings toward people change. You learn the values of friendship and
cooperation. You know now how to share your things with others. You also
know how to wait for your turn.

You also grow mentally. You don’t stammer anymore when you
speak. You have learned to read and write not only ABCs but even write your
own stories and poems. Some of you even have developed the talent in
drawing or singing. Your mathematical ability has even improved. What other
mental activities can you do now?

Physical, social, emotional and mental growth does not happen

in just a day. It takes time to happen. But everything you say or do must help
you grow for the better. It must help you to become a better and well
rounded person.

32
FACTORS THAT AFFECT GROWTH

As you grow, you undergo changes. But

have you noticed how you have changed differently
from the others?

All of us are born differently. Thus, we

don’t grow equal. Even twins that are seen the same
are still two different people.

Some can read and write better than the

others.
Some people have the ability to dance
gracefully. Others have talent in drawing.

These differences are due to some factors that affect how you
change and develop. These are heredity, food, health habits, rest and
recreation and clean surroundings.

HEREDITY

Look at your family picture. Do you notice your similarities to

your father and mother? In some ways, you look like them. You may have
the same nose as your mother or the same eyes as your father. These
similarities are due to physical traits which you inherited from your parents.
Others inherit mental traits. This is why intelligent parents usually have
intelligent children.

The sum of all the qualities and features that you get from your
parents is called heredity.

A HEALTHY PERSON GROWS FASTER AND BIGGER

You grow faster, bigger and taller when you are in good health.
Good health means a healthy body. Your body is free from impurities and
diseases. You can avoid many injuries and diseases practicing good health
habits. You must also stay in clean, healthful surroundings.

33
 Are you healthy?

These are the ways of keeping yourself healthy.

1. Eat the right kind and the right amount of food.

2. Sleep from 6 to 8 hours every day.

3. Keep your body and surroundings clean all the time.

4. Avoid eating junk foods because they are not nutritious.

5. Exercise regularly.

▪ You change in weight and height as you grow.

▪ When a child grows bigger, heavier and taller, he/she can do
more physical activities that are harder.
▪ As you grow socially, you learn to enjoy the company of other
children outside your family.
▪ Parents pass on some physical characteristics to their children.
▪ Good health habits affect your growth and development.

34
CHECK UP!

Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is incorrect.

Write your answers on the blank.

________ 1. When one grows socially, he/she learns to play with friends and
classmates.

________ 2. A person undergoes changes in height, weight and in body size

after birth.

________ 3. Growing taller and bigger is called mental growth.

________ 4. Parents pass on physical and mental characteristics to their

children.

________ 5. As a child grows, his/her activities also vary and changes.

CHALLENGE!

Write some changes to a growing child. Do this below.

physical change

_____________________________________________________________

social change

_____________________________________________________________

mental change

_____________________________________________________________

35
 LEARNING EXERCISES
A. Below are pairs of activities. Sequence the activities in each pair showing
that a child has grown mentally. Write 1 or 2 on the blank to indicate proper
mental growth sequence.

A. ____ reads three -letter words _____ reads storybooks

B. ____ writes letters to friends _____ writes the letters of

the alphabet

C.____ counts from one to ten ____ Solves simple

mathematical problems

D. ____ writes name in print _____ writes a paragraph

in cursive form

E. ____ recites long poems _____ recites short nursery

rhymes.

B. Draw the mental activities you enjoy doing in school. Write a

paragraph about your drawing. Do this on your notebook.

C. Look for pictures of your family, your father’s family and your mother’s
family. The family picture of your father or mother must include your
grandparents, aunts and uncles. Paste each of them on the correct box on
your notebook.

My Father’s Family My Family My Mother’s Family

36
Fill up the chart below. Refer to your family picture, father’s family picture,
and mother’s family picture.
Eye Skin Hair (curly/ Height Weight
Color Color straight) (tall/ short) (heavy/lean)
Other relatives

My Grandfather
(Father’s side)
My Grandmother
(Father’s side)
My Grandfather
(Mother’s side)
My Grandmother
(Mother’s side)
My father
My mother
Myself

B. Answer the following questions.

1. What traits did you get from your mother?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. What characteristics did you get from your father?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. What traits came from your grandfathers and grandmothers?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4. What traits came from your other relatives?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
5. Do you remember of a family share some of the same traits and
characteristics? Why?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

37
 Lesson 3
BASIC NEEDS OF MAN

One of the basic needs of

man is air. Air is essential to man’s life.
Without air, we may not be able to
breathe. We should breathe clean and
fresh air.

Likewise, man also needs

water. Water is very essential to man’s
survival because it cleanses the body
and prevents dehydration. We use water
in almost every aspect of our life. We use it to cook foods, cleanse
ourselves, clean the surroundings and many more.

Sunlight, which is free to all, is also essential because of the

vitamin it provides. It is a good source of Vitamin D. It is also a source of
heat and energy. Sunlight helps us do our activities.

38
THE FOOD WE EAT

What are the foods you usually eat? Are these food you eat
nutritious? What kinds of food do you need to eat in order to become strong
and fit?

Food is one of the basic needs of man. It supplies the body with
energy in order to perform activities. Food helps us to prevent and fight
diseases.

Nutritious food is rich in vitamins and minerals. They boost your

resistance against diseases and promote growth. Foods with less nutrients
result to a weaker body. Be choosy in selecting foods. There are “junk”
foods that do not contain any nutritional value. Examples of these are chips
and curls in pouches, candies, soft drinks, because they contain chemicals
that are bad for the body.

You should practice good eating habits. Eat the right kind of
foods every meal. Eat your meals on time.

FOOD GROUPS

Foods give us nutrients needed by the body. The body needs to

be fit, active and free from illness.

39
 There are different kinds of
foods that the body needs. Eating the
right kind of food is vital for a healthy,
happy and enjoyable life. A person who
does not get the right kind and amount of
food may be malnourished. If a person is
malnourished, his/her body does not
have a proper amount of nutrients or
lacks the nutrients needed for good
health. He either looks very stout or very
thin and pale. Have you seen a
malnourished person?

Study the picture. Which of the two boys do you think is healthy?
Who is malnourished?

Nutritious foods are grouped into three, according to their

functions in the body. These food groups are the grow, go, and glow foods.

GROW FOODS

Grow foods are also called body-regulating foods. Body-building

foods are rich in protein. Protein is a substance responsible for the repair
and building of body tissues and cells.

Examples of grow foods are dairy products, eggs, fish, milk,

meat, soy beans, poultry and shrimps.

Do you drink a glass of milk everyday? Drinking a glass of milk

everyday helps you to have stronger bones and teeth. This will also make
you taller. Milk gives calcium which the body needs to make the bones grow.

40
 Fish and chicken contain small amount of fats
and lots of protein. That is why fish and chicken
are the best kinds of meat.

GO FOODS

Go foods are foods that supply the body

with heat and energy to make it active
and lively. These foods that are rich in
carbohydrates, fats and oils provide the body with energy to perform
activities such as running, walking, playing and working. Examples of go
foods are corn, rice and bread which are carbohydrate-rich foods. Foods rich
in fats such as vegetable oils, butter and margarine are also go foods.

GLOW FOODS

Glow foods are rich in vitamins and minerals which help to

promote clear and smooth complexion. These foods also protect the body
from diseases and build or regulate body processes. Glow foods also control
the movement of body fluids which give certain glow in your skin.

Most of the glow foods are rich in fiber that is essential in food
digestion.

41
BALANCED DIET

There are many kinds of food. Not one of them is perfect. Not
one food can give the body all it needs.

The food you eat each day is called your diet. You should
choose foods which give you all the food nutrients to help you grow and feel
your best. A diet with all the essential nutrients is called a balanced diet.
Your diet should include foods that will help you go, grow and glow.

▪ A healthy person grows taller, bigger, heavier and faster.

▪ Eating the right kind of food in the right amount is necessary for
one’s growth.
▪ Grow, Go and Glow foods are the foods needed by growing
children. These foods supply them with carbohydrates, proteins,
vitamins and minerals.
▪ A balanced diet includes go, grow and glow foods.

42
CHECK UP
Write GW if the food is GROW food; G if GO food and GL if
GLOW food. Write your answers on the space provided.

CHALLENGE
A. Give five examples of food for each food group below.

B. Complete the meal to make it well-balanced diet by writing the missing

food in the box.

43
 Lesson 4

THE ESSENTIAL VITAMINS and

MINERALS

44
 Our bodies also need essential vitamins and minerals for proper
growth and development.

Here are some vitamins and minerals that our body requires:

VITAMINS FUNCTION EXAMPLES

1. Vitamin A ▪ Promotes growth and Squash, papaya, egg yolk,
good vision spinach, tomatoes
2. Vitamin B1/ ▪ For proper functioning Mongo, sprouts, heart, liver,
Thiamine of heart and nervous kidney
system Mongo, soy beans
▪ For growth of body
tissues
▪ Prevents beriberi and
promote appetite
3. Vitamin B2/ ▪ For clear, clean, Fresh milk, cheese,
Riboflavin smooth skin ampalaya
▪ Prevent body and Kangkong, camote, tops, soy
mental stress beans
▪ Protect blood vessels
and tissues
4. Vitamin C / Ascorbic ▪ Anti-stress vitamins Pineapple, guyabano, guave
Acid ▪ Holds together body Mango, sea weeds, green
tissues and organs leafy vegetables
5. Vitamin D ▪ For strong bones and Sunlight, milk, fish internal
teeth organs, cod
▪ Prevent rickets Liver oil

MINERALS FUNCTION EXAMPLES

1. Calcium and ▪ Develop strong bones Oysters, shrimps, shellfish,
Phosphorus and teeth mongo, soy beans
▪ Help in blood clotting

2. Iron ▪ Helps make the blood Animal liver, clams, mussels,

red onion, banana apple
▪ Also promotes growth

3. Iodine ▪ Important for our Sea weeds, dilid, crabs,

thyroid glands raddish, carrots, lobster

4. Magnesium ▪ Gives strength and Soy milk, peanuts, corn,

prevents stress molasses, soy beans

45
 5. Manganese ▪ Improves mammary Nuts, cereals, leafy
gland’s function vegetables, salted water
▪ Prevents birth defects fishes

6. Potassium ▪ Improves muscular

activity Green peas, lettuce, orange,
▪ Prevents stress bananas, liver, beef, chicken

CHECKUP
Match column A to column B. Write your answer on the space provided.
A B
_____1. Vitamin A A. For thyroid glands
_____2. Iron B. Develops strong bones and teeth
_____3. Iodine C. Improves muscular activity
_____4. Calcium D. Promotes growth and good vision
_____5. Potassium E. Helps make the blood red

DESIRABLE HEALTH AND EATING HABITS

HEALTH HABITS

Good health habits means a healthy body. Health means that your
body is free from injuries and diseases. You can avoid many injuries and
diseases by practicing good health habits.

Here are some ways to keep your body fit and healthy.
• Always wear shoes or slippers when playing
outdoors. Always play in clean surroundings.
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and
water before eating because your hands touch
many things.
• Have a regular bowel movement. Use the toilet.
Wash your hands after using the toilet.

46
• Avoid playing and swimming in the flooded
area. These may cause serious diseases.
• Before eating raw fruits and vegetables, wash
them first thoroughly.
• Always keep your fingernails short and avoid
putting them into your nose or mouth.
• Avoid buying foods from ambulant peddlers.
• Talk about pleasant things during meal time.
• Eat just enough food.
• Do not talk if your mouth is full with food.

Most of you are choosy about what you eat. Instead of

vegetables and fruits, you prefer sweet foods, such as candies, some salty
junk foods or even fatty foods. While you are young, learn to develop good
eating habits.
A healthy body is the best way of controlling diseases. By
practicing proper eating and health habits, you can avoid many kinds of
diseases. When the body is not properly cared for and fed, the body
becomes weak and thin. When diseases enter your body, it cannot fight
because of weakness. The disease germs attack the body and produce a
poison called toxin. The toxin makes your body sick.

ILLNESS AND DISEASES SLOW DOWN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
No one likes to be sick. When you are sickly, you do not grow
very well. You develop poor appetite. If you eat very little, you do not get
enough energy, so your body becomes weak and inactive. This may cause
the delay of your growth and body development. Practice good health and
eating habits to maintain a healthy body.
The body needs to burn the food to be able to use it. Exercise
and other activities help the body in using the food.
Do you play sports like volleyball, swimming, basketball, walking
or jogging in the morning?
Sports and outdoor games are good for
the body. Muscles and bones are being developed
and strengthened because sports activities serve as
exercise. With proper exercise, the body becomes
strong and healthy.

47
 The body needs play from time to time to condition the muscles
and bones preventing you from getting sick. Your blood circulation will
normalize making the heart and lungs strong, too. Running, jogging or even
brisk walking can benefit your heart a lot because it will receive ample
amount of oxygen. If there is enough oxygen, there is improved circulation of
blood.
Stronger heart and lungs makes you more resistant against
stress and you do not easily tire. Exercise makes you think more clearly.

Sleep is the best kind of rest. It makes your body ready again for
the work next day. When you sleep, your heat and blood works slowly. You
need to sleep for about ten hours a day to keep you strong and healthy.

▪ Good health habits affect your growth and development.

▪ “Health is wealth” is a saying that one must always remember. Health
habits can save you from sickness and injuries.
▪ Choose foods that are nutritious. Avoid junk foods. Always practice good
eating habits.
▪ Illness or diseases are caused by the lack of proper foods in the body,
dirty surrounding and undesirable health habits. Sickness causes delay of
your growth and body development.
▪ Sleep is the best form of rest. It will give your body time to build up
energy.

ACTIVITY
Write T if the statement is true or F if it is false on the space provided.

_____1. Good health habits affects your growth and development.

_____2. Always eat junk foods.
_____3. Illness or diseases are caused by eating healthy foods.
_____4. Sleep is the best form of rest.
_____5. Sports and outdoor games are not good for the body.
_____6. Talk about unpleasant things during mealtime.
_____7. Talk only when your mouth is full.
_____8. A healthy body is the best way of controlling diseases.
_____9. The toxin makes your body sick.
_____10. if you eat very little, you do not get enough energy.

48
 Lesson 5
A HEALTHFUL AND SAFE
SURROUNDINGS

CHECK UP!
I. Cross out (X) the word that does not belong to the group.

1. Vitamin D: (sunlight, milk, raddish)

2. Thiamine: (growth of body tissues, anti-stress, prevents beri-beri)

3. Iron: (clams, cereals, liver)

4. Manganese: (banana, cereals, nuts)

5. Potassium: (improves muscular activity, makes the blood red, prevents

stress)

49
II. Write Yes if the statement is correct while No if it is not. Write your
answers on the space provided.

_________ 1. I always eat fruits and vegetables.

_________ 2. I always sleep early and wake up late.
_________ 3. I take a bath every bath.
_________ 4. I always drink soft drinks and eat junk food.
_________ 5. I always clean my surroundings.

CHALLENGE!

Think of five foods that you like best. Tell what each food does to your body.
Write it below.

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

A HEALTHFUL AND SAFE SURROUNDINGS

The environment plays an important role

in your growth and development. Anything around
us, be it a living or non-living makes up your
environment.

We encounter different kinds of

environment in our daily activities. So you must
keep our environment clean and safe because it
affects our health.

50
SAFE AND HEALTHFUL ENVIRONMENT

You can stay healthy and strong if your surroundings are safe and healthful.
What are the things you can do to make your environment safe and healthy
to live in?

A NICE PLACE TO LIVE IN

Fresh air and water

A healthy and clean environment must have fresh air and water.
These are important determining factors of a healthy surrounding. Fresh air
is needed so we can breathe clean and maintain healthy lungs. Water is very
important to the maintenance of life, must be pure and clean.

How can we have clean air and water? We can breathe air by
living in a place abundant with plants. Practicing good sanitary habits can
also contribute to clean water.

More trees around give us fresher and cleaner air.

Yes, they do not only beautify but help clean the air by filtering
dust and other pollutants in the leaves which make our environment pleasant
to live in.

COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

AIR POLLUTION

Different attempts to protect the environment

and conserve mother nature, but still, there are
many problems that arises. Different types of
pollution continue to contaminate and corrupt
the environment.

51
 One of the environmental problems
is air pollution. Air pollution is the unwanted
change in the quality of the earth’s atmosphere
where there is a contamination and accumulation
of pollutants in the air. Massive kaingin, fumes
from vehicles, big factories that release black
smokes, burning of fossil fuels and simple
garbage backyard burning that emits fumes like
carbon monoxide can be hazardous to one’s
health. Carbon monoxide (CO) is colorless,
odorless and a poisonous gas. It is produced by an incomplete combustion
of carbon, which is the constituent of coals and petroleum that we use like
gasoline for our cars.

Land Pollution

Look at your surroundings. Do you see the different trashes

around? Hills of refuse and waste are not only an eyesore but also a nose-
killer because of the foul odor it emits which can really bring disease to
people.

Land pollution is the piling up of different garbage and refuse

from households and industries all over the place. The throwing of single
candy wrapper can affect the safety of your environment and the people’s
health. The heap of wrappers can accumulate into a hill of garbage which
harm the environment.

52
Water Pollution

Water pollution is the change in the

chemical or physical composition of the water that
lessens the further use of water. This is due to care
less dumping of garbage in seas, lakes and rivers.
The main cause of water pollution is our sewerage
system which are waste materials from our community. Another is from
industries that spills out their wastes in bodies of water.

Water is being contaminated due to the change in its chemical or

physical composition. Carefree dumping of waste and garbage in rivers ,
lakes and seas contributes to water pollution. Worse, waste materials from
the community and industries contaminate the water system affecting and
posing a danger to man’s health.

This disposal of wastes causes the

bodies of water to become stagnant, causes flood
during rainy season. If this continues, clean water
will soon run out. Hence man’s dependence on
water will stop and people will die.

Noise Pollution

Are you used to hear people who shout or talk loud? Are you
fond of listening to loud radios and television sets? Are you aware of the
effects of these activities? Do you know that too much noise is hazardous to
health?

Loud sounds and too much noise

causes noise pollution. Beeping and honking
of vehicles on the road and loud music can
harm your eardrums. It can also affect your
brains. There is no peace of mind if the
surrounding is very noisy.

53
Overcrowding

Overcrowding happens where there are too many people in a

place. Overcrowding results in population explosion. There is competition for
food, house and other needs. This can lead to lack of resources.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Here are some simple ways that you can do to help save our
mother earth.

Proper disposal of waste. Separate the biodegradable (perishable) and non-

biodegradable (non-perishable) trash for easy discarding.

Don’t use products that have

chlorofluorocarbons or harmful chemicals
because these can destroy the ozone layer.
Instead, use environment-friendly products.
How can you assure that the products you are
using are environment-friendly? Read the label.

Recycle. Old scrap materials can be re-

invented or re-used to something creative
and new. You can even earn extra
income through products made from
recycled materials.

Avoid cutting of trees. Help plant more

trees for cleaner and fresher air. For all
we know, plants are source of oxygen.

Instead of burning garbage and dried

leaves in the backyard use a compost pit
and place everything there. The compost
produced from the rubbish can be used
as fertilizers to plants.
54
Support environmental projects.

▪ A healthful and safe surrounding is also necessary for one’s

growth and development.
▪ Clean surroundings help us become healthy.
▪ A clean and healthful surrounding should be:
1. free from harmful insects such as files and mosquitoes.
2. a safe place from tools and other things which may cause
accidents and injuries.
3. planted with trees to minimized air pollution

CHECK UP!
Draw (√) if you think each of the following is right and a cross ( x ) if it is
wrong. Write your answer on the space provided.

__________ 1. Plant all kinds of trees in the community.

__________ 2. Let your dog roam around the community.
__________ 3. Dump garbage in the garbage truck.
__________ 4. Sweep your yard to keep it clean.
__________ 5. Bury the garbage if it is possible.

55
ACTIVITY
Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer inside the box.

1. _______________ happens where there are too many people in a

place.
2. _______________ is the change in the chemical or physical
composition of the water.
3. _______________ is the piling up of different garbage and refuse
households and industries all over the place.
4. _______________ is a loud sounds caused by beeping and honking of
vehicle and loud music.
5. _______________ is an unwanted change in the quality of earth’s
atmosphere.

Land pollution Air Pollution

Over crowding
Noise pollution Water Pollution

CHALLENGE!
Complete the following sentences regarding on how you can
help to lessen the different types of pollution.

Air Pollution
I can help in the problem of air pollution by

_________________________________________________________

Land Pollution
I can help in solving the problem on land pollution by

_________________________________________________________

Water Pollution
I can help solve the problem on water pollution by

_________________________________________________________

56
 Lesson 6
THINGS THAT CAN BE
RECYCLED

Due to the worsening condition of the environment, we should

find ways to solve the burden of mother nature. And one way of saving the
environment is through recycling. Here is a list of some of the things that can
be recycled.

Newspaper and scratch papers.

Sell these to the junk shop or paper
manufacturers for recycling.

Plastic and glass bottles. You can

sell these to the junk shop or use the plastic
bottles as pen holders and small pots by dividing
them into half.

57
Worn-out clothes. These can be used to make
rags and mats.

Animal manure and dried leaves. These can be

used as fertilizers.

Rubber tires can be used as artificial reefs in the

sea and it can also be used as swings.

Straws and plastic cups can be used as

decorative materials at home and during fiestas.

Bottle caps can be also be used to make a door

mat. Tin cans can be recycled into plant pots.

▪ There are a number of ways to save mother earth. One of them

is through recycling.
▪ Recycling is the transformation of old and discarded things into
something new, creative and useful.

CHECK UP!
Supply the missing letters to complete the names of things that
can be recycled.

1. E _ G S H _ L L S can be used as fertilizers for plants.

2. _ E C _ C _ I N G is the proper management of discarded materials that
are turned or converted to useful and productive goods.
3. W _ R N O _ T C _ O T _ E can be used to make pot holders, rags and
doormats.

58
4. B _ T _ L _ S can be sold in junk shops and can also be used as pen
holders and flower vases.
5. C _ N D _ E D R _ P P _ N G can be melted again to make floor wax
and candle.
6. _ E W _ P A _ E _ S can be used in paper mache and wrappers.
7. A _ I _ A L M _ N U _ _ can be used as fertilizers for our plants in the
garden.
8. _ U B _ E R _ I R _ S can be made as swing and artificial coral reefs.
9. B _ T T _ E _ A _ S are used to make door mats, and musical
instruments.
10. S T _ A _ A N D P _ A _ T I _ C U P S can be used to make pot holders,
rags and doormats.

CHALLENGE!
Give the things that can be recycled other than the objects
mentioned in this e-book. Write your answers on the space provided.

a. __________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________
d. __________________________________________________
e. __________________________________________________
f. __________________________________________________
g. __________________________________________________
h. __________________________________________________
i. __________________________________________________
j. __________________________________________________

How can you help the environment? Write a short essay about it.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

59
 Unit 2: Plants and Animals
Lesson 1
LIVING AND NON-LIVING
THINGS

Living and Non-living things

The De Vera family is planning to go to Ninoy Aquino Parks and

Wildlife Center on Saturday to have a picnic. The children were excited
about the idea. “Mother, I hope our plans will push through because I love
picnics.” Mae said. “Yes mother, please convince Father to go to Parks and
Wildlife, “ Miguel said. “Don’t worry kids I will convince your father so all of
us can unwind on weekend,” Mother promised.

60
 Mother talked to Father when he got home from the office. She
reminded him about their plans on having picnic this coming weekend.
“Darling, don’t forget that you promised us that we are having a picnic on
Saturday,” Mother reminded. “It’s good that you reminded me darling. I
almost forgot it,” Father said. “Don’t worry, our plans of having a picnic will
push through.

I will cancel all my appointments this weekend so that we can

relax and enjoy. Tell the kids to be good so that I will keep my promise,”
Father teased Mother.

Soon Saturday came and they all went to Parks and Wildlife. The
children saw many things around the place. “Look mom, there’s a lion in that
cage,” Miguel said excitedly. “Hey, how about that? There are crocodiles in
that lake, Miguel!” Mae said. “Wow! I feel like I am Tarzan in a jungle and I
am Jane,” Mae and Miguel joked.

After looking around the park, Mother asked Father to call the
kids. They all sat to eat the foods mother prepared. while eating, the children
are still absorbed with their surroundings. Mae saw a woman in a red dress
pushing a red baby pram wherein a red balloon is tied. He pointed it to his
brother and they both find it funny because the woman is so attractive in that
red color.

She looks like a walking clown, after that they all rested in the
grass, they saw many things around, from children playing, to the strolling
lovers and the birds hopping from one branch to another. They also saw
different vendors selling their different goods.

The family went home happily although the children are still
asking their parents if they can visit the park again next weekend.

ACTIVITY
Help Miguel and Mae identify which is a living or non-living thing.
Write your L for living thing, and NL if it is non-living thing. answer before the
number.

61
List all the things that you can see around your community. Then group
these things as living thing or non-living thing.

Examine your surroundings. Look at the things around you. Can

you see the children playing and the taho vendor shouting at the top of his
voice, and the dog barking? How about the chirping of the birds and the
siren of the passing ambulance?

What do you observe? Most of the things around you move and
produce sounds. Can you distinguish the difference between non-living and
living things? Can you identify if the object below
is living or non-living things?

62
 Non-living things are things that can sometimes move, make
sound and do other activities but not on their own. They do not have life.
These are things made by man. They cannot reproduce. They don’t need
food and they do not grow.

Some can move and make sounds because they are battery-
assisted while the others are wind-up toys. Some non-living things around us
are very useful in our everyday living. They make our work easier and faster
to do, like the washing machine of our mother. This machine helps our
mothers wash our clothes with ease. The television set in our living room
makes our life enjoyable because it gives us entertainment. But some non-
living things like plastic and non-biodegradable materials can be hazardous
to man’s health and the environment. If not handled carefully it might cause
floods and pollutions that harm us. As responsible citizens we must use
these non-living things wisely.

Living things are organisms

that have life. Some living things can
move. They grow and they need food
and shelter in order to become strong
and healthy. They also need water to
replenish the loss water in their bodies
and flush out toxins in their systems.
There are some living things that can
make their own food while others cannot.

Plants are living things that

can make their own food. They can
produce the nutrients they need in order
to live while some organisms depend on
other organisms for food like man and
animals. But there are also some like
mushrooms and other fungi that cannot
make their own food. They rely on other
organisms because they lack the green
coloring material present in plants to
manufacture their own food.

63
 Not all living things can move, some are stationary like the plants
but all living things grow. Living things like the animals can move but the
pace of their movement depends on their body parts. Some have wings,
others have legs and some use fins to move from one place to another.

Are you living? Look through your cabinet. Look for your old
clothes, and try to fit them. Now, what did you discover? Are you wondering
why your clothes became small? This shows that you are a living thing and
all living things grow. All living things increase in size.

Living things do not only need food and

water to grow and stay healthy, they also need shelter
for protection from harsh elements of nature. Plants
and animals need places for growing properly.

Living things are also capable of responding to a certain

stimulus. The plants have stems or leaves that tend to go or position
themselves in a place where they can be reached by the sunlight. This
response is called phototropism.

Animals tend to go to a shady place

when the sun is too hot but they go out in the sun
when the weather is too cold. Try touching the
makahiya, what happened? The leaves of the
makahiya plant fold up when it is touched and this
is another kind of response. This proves that living
things respond to a certain stimuli in different ways. Some may have positive
responses while others may have negative responses.

64
 Observe the puppies. How about the kittens. Aren’t they cute and
cuddly? Don’t you wonder why they seem to grow in number? Well, this is
one characteristics of living things. They are all capable of reproducing.
Some plants grow in number for seed dispersal. While animals reproduce in
different ways.
Isn’t it wonderful to be a living thing? We have so many
characteristics and capabilities that the non-living things cannot enjoy.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

Living things can be classified into two: plants and animals. Both
groups have their own characteristics and qualities.

SIMILARITIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

We know that plants and animals are both living things but these
two groups have the same characteristics besides having a life.

Plants and animals both change or increase in size and weight.

Your puppies at home will soon become adult dogs like their mother.
Eventually they will become parents themselves. Baby animal's bones will
soon develop and grow. Plants stem become branches or woody stems and
their leaves seem to increase in number. Soon they will bear flowers and
fruits. The roots of the small plants become bigger and grow dipper into the
soil.

65
 Both groups also need water and food in order to grow and
develop in to a strong and mature individual. They also need sunlight, air,
shelter and tender, loving care.

Animals and plants also reproduce and they both have organs
for reproduction. They grow in number or they increase through the process
of reproduction.

Both groups also respond to a certain stimuli. They both react to

things around them. They react to sunlight, water, food, sound, food and
touch.

These are the characteristics of both plants and animals as living

things.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

It is obvious that plants and animals have different parts. Animals

have different parts like paws, tail, eyes, ears, nose and other sensory
organs. Plants have roots, stems, leaves, fruits. Each part has its use.

Besides the difference in parts, plants and animals also differ in

their movement. Plants are stationary living organisms. But like vines seem
to crawl because the stems become longer and appear to be moving. Plants
have roots that are grown deeply in the ground where they seep water and
nutrients from the soil.

Animals, on the other hand, move. they use their different body
parts to move, fishes have fins, gills and tail for swimming. Horses have
hooves for running. Elephants have long big legs to move and trunks for
drinking. Birds have wings for flying. Animals have parts used for getting
food.
66
 They do not only differ in body parts
but also in their needs. Plants are the only
organisms which can manufacture their own food
while the animals are dependent on plants and
other animals.

Animals need shelter for protection against the harsh elements

of nature while plants grow under the rains, storms and heat from the sun.

Though plants and animals differ in many ways, still they are
similar because they are both living things. They are both important parts of
the ecosystem. Without each organism the balance of nature will be
destroyed.

▪ Living and non-living things have similarities and differences.

CHECK UP!
Write the letter of the correct answers on the space provided.

___1. What do cows and carabaos use to move around the fields?
a. feet c. tail
b. head d. hand
___2. I love watching my goldfish swim. What makes them swim and float?
a. wings and feathers c. scales
b. fins and tails d. hind legs
___3. Plants can manufacture their own food. What part of the plant
manufacture its food?
a. roots c. leaves
b. flowers d. seeds
___4. Delia watered the plants. The part of the plant that seeps the water
from the soil is the
a. stem c. leaf
b. fruit d. root
___5. What body part of the birds used in flying?
a. tail c. wings
b. fins
67 d. head
 Lesson 2
BODY PARTS OF ANIMALS

Animals can move freely from one place to another. They can
also produce their babies or young animals. They can also protect
themselves from their enemies.

But animals cannot make their own food. They have to seek for
their food. How do some animals use a part or parts of their body to move,
live and get food?

68
A. FOR MOVEMENT

Each part of our body has a use or function. We use our sensory
organs to discover various things around you. We use our legs and arms for
movement.

What body parts of the animals are used to move around?

Animals use different parts of their body for movement. Some

animals have legs or feet used for walking, jumping or hopping. Carabaos,
dogs and rabbits run and walk with their four legs. Fishes and dolphins swim
in water. They use their fins for swimming. Birds fly in the air with their wings.
These wings enable them to slow down, fly fast and even change direction.
Penguins, for example, use their wings and webbed feet for swimming and
diving. The ostrich uses its strong legs for running. The monkey uses its tail
to swing from one tree to another.

The snake crawls using its belly. It has scutes which help it to
move fast. Some animals have four short feet to crawl. The crocodile,
salamander and lizard are examples of these animals.

Can you tell how these animals move?

B. FOR GETTING FOOD

Animals get their food in different ways. A part or parts of the
body also help them to do so.

69
 Some animals use the parts of their body to
get their food. The butterfly has a long tube called
proboscis in its mouthpart. It is used to get nectar from
flowers. The grasshopper and cockroach have
mouthparts or teeth which look like blades of saw These are called
mandibles. With these, they can easily tear the leaves into small pieces for
food.

The tiger and lion have sharp, pointed teeth and claws to tear
their food into pieces. The hawk and eagle have sharp eyes and claws to
catch smaller animals for food. The frog uses its long, sticky tongue to catch
insects such as flies and mosquitoes for food.

C. FOR PROTECTION AND SURVIVAL

Some animals use parts of their body to protect or defend

themselves from their enemies. They also use these body parts to adapt
themselves to their habitat or environment in order to live.

Animals have different body coverings which help them for

survival. These body parts also protect them against dangers in their
environment or from their enemies.

Birds have thick feathers which keep

their bodies warm even in cold climate. A crocodile
has thick scales or skin. The fish has fins, scales
and gills to enable it to survive in water. The turtle, shrimp and crabs have
shells to keep them from harm. This thick shell is called carapace. Predators
such as hawk and eagles have sharp claws and beak to fight its enemies.
Lions and tigers also have sharp teeth and sharp claws to defend
themselves. The frog has a moist, slimy skin that makes it difficult for its
enemy to catch it.

70
 ▪ Animals use different body parts for movement, getting food
and protection or survival.

CHECK UP!
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write your
answers on the space given.

____________ 1. Monkeys use their tail to climb and swing.

____________ 2. Dogs have feather to protect him in cold weather.

____________ 3. The fish have fins and scales for their protection.

____________ 4. Fur make animals warm during cold weather.

____________ 5. Fishes are covered with feathers.

CHALLENGE!
A. Observe some animals and record your observations.

A. Body Parts
ANIMALS with

71
B. Identify the functions of the following body parts. Write your answers on
the space provided.

1. wings
_______________________________________________________
2. beak
______________________________________________________
3. feather
______________________________________________________
4. legs
_______________________________________________________
5. mouth
_______________________________________________________

C. Identify what is being described. Use the letter - clue as your guide.

1. What G has horns? _________________________________________

2. What D has webbed feet? ___________________________________

3. What S has thick shell and moves slowly? ______________________

4. What M has a tail used to climb trees? ________________________

5. What L has sharp teeth to eat the meat of other animals? ________

SCIENCE IN ACTION

A. How will you protect the endangered species of animals from being
killed?.
______________________________________________________

72
B. Write which body part is used by the given animal. Choose your answers
from the box.

Wings fins
Sticky tongue pouches
Big sharp teeth hundred tiny legs

__________________ 1. Used by fishes to swim

__________________ 2. Used by frogs to trap insects.
__________________ 3. Used by centipede to move around .
__________________ 4. Used by rabbits to nibble on their food.
__________________ 5. Used by kangaroos to protect their young.
__________________ 6. Used by butterflies to fly from one place to another.

C. Count the number of letters of each animals name, then use the sum as
your clue to find the answer for each blank found below.

Example: dog = 3 letters cat = 3 letters

Dog and Cat = 6 letters

MAYA - ________________ DOLPHIN -_______________

CRABS -_______________ MILKFISH -_______________
SNAILS-_______________ BUTTERFLY - _____________

Animals that live on water = ___________ and ____________ = 15 letters

Animals with hard shells = _____________ and _____________ = 11 letters

Animals that could fly = ________________ and _____________ =13 letters

73
 Lesson 3
CLASSIFYING ANIMALS

Animals have some

characteristics which may be similar
among certain animals. They can
also differ in some ways. Zoologists
are scientists who specialize on
the study of animals. They use the
similarities of animals to classify the
animals around you.

74
A. BODY COVERING

Your body is covered with skin and hair. This hair

keeps you warm. The skin protects the delicate parts of your
body from harm and injury. Other animals have their own body
coverings. We can classify animals by their body coverings.

Animals may be grouped according to their body

coverings. Fishes are covered with scales. they have fins
and gills which enable them to live in water. The lizard,
snake and crocodile are reptiles. Reptiles have scales,
too. Some animals are covered with a hard shell called
carapace. The turtle, crab, shrimp and snail belong to
this group.

Mammals are covered with hair. They feed their

young with milk from their mammary glands. Most
mammals live on land. Some live in water. You are a
mammal.
Can you name other animals which belong to this group?

Amphibians live both on land and in water.

Toads and frogs are amphibians. their bodies are covered
with moist, slimy skin. At the early part of their lives, they
breathe through their gills. They live in the water. But
when they become adults, they live on land and breathe
through their lungs.

Birds have feathers to keep them warm. The

ostrich, duck and pigeons are birds. Birds are warm-blooded.
They breathe through their lungs. With their wings, most birds
fly except the ostrich.

75
B. FOOD EATEN AND BODY TEMPERATURE

Animals eat different kinds of food. They need

food for growth and development. Like a human being,
the body of any animal keeps a certain temperature in
order to live. If this temperature goes up or down, the
animal either gets sick or even die.

The horse, goat and carabao eat plants only. These animals are
herbivores. Other animals such as the hawk, lion and crocodile eat other
animals only, these animals are carnivores. They are also predators since
they kill or hunt other animals for food. Some animals eat both plants and
animals. These animals are omnivores. There are also some animals which
eat decayed or decaying plants and animals. These animals are called
scavengers. The raven, vulture, earthworm and snail are scavengers.

Animals can also be grouped according to their body

temperature. Some animals are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals keep
the same body temperature even when the temperature around them
changes. Birds are warm blooded. You are also warm-blooded. Your normal
body temperature remains constant or the same at 37o C.

When the temperature of your environment changes, you feel

weak or uncomfortable. Some animals may even die.

Here are some examples of warm blooded animals.

Some animals are cold-blooded. Their body temperature

changes with the temperature of their environment. These animals can live
even in very cold places. Amphibians, fish and reptiles are cold-blooded
animals.

76
C. HABITAT

Animals may also be grouped according to

their habitat. Habitat is the natural home or dwelling place
of an animals or plant. A farm, a forest and a pond on a
sea are some habitats of animal. Wild or untamed animals
usually live in the forest. They feed on other small animals
and wild plants. The camel, coyote and rattlesnakes live
in the desert. Worms, ants and termites live under the
ground where food is abundant. The dog and the cat become your
domesticated pets at home.

You sometimes build a house for these animals. The forest,

desert, farm or barn are terrestrial habitat of animals. Terrestrial animals live
on land.

Other animals stay in water. They are called aquatic animals.

The ocean, a sea, a pond or a lake are their homes. Some mammals like the
whale, sea lions and dolphins are aquatic animals. Fishes are aquatic
animals also.

Still, there are some animals which live both on land and in
water. Reptiles as the crocodile and amphibians are examples of these
animals.

77
 ▪ Animals can be classified according to their body coverings.
1. Mammals are covered with hair.
2. Reptiles and fishes are covered with scales.
3. Birds have feathers.
4. Amphibians have moist, slimy skin.

• Animals eat different kinds of food.

1. Herbivores eat plants only,
2. Camivores and predators eat other animals only.
3. Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
4. Scavengers eat decayed or decaying plants and animals.

• Mammals and birds are warm-blooded, their body temperature remains the same.

• Amphibians, fishes and reptiles are cold-blooded. Their body temperature changes
or adjust with the temperature of their environment.

• Animals may be classified according to their habitat.

1. Terrestrial animals live on land. A forest, a desert or under the ground may
be their habitat.
2. Aquatic animals live in water. A sea, an ocean, a pond or a lake may be
their dwelling place.

CHECK UP
A. Write the letter of the correct answers on the space provided.
___ 1. Which animal is an amphibian?
a. frog b. carabao c. rabbit
___ 2. Which of these body parts belong to the fish?
a. horn b. fins c. feet
___3. Which is an aquatic animal?
a. turtle b. snail c. shrimp
B. Examples of the animals according to the food they eat.
Animals that eat Animals that eat Animals that eat both
plants only other animals plants and animals
1. Cow 1. Eagle 1. Duck
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

78
C. Classify each of these animals according to its body covering.

Eagle lizard goat snake horse

Fish frog eel crocodile

Skin Hair of fur Feather Scales

ACTIVITY
A. Classify the animals according to their habitats. Write their names in the
correct column in the table below/
moth squid goat rat giraffe dog
crocodile eagle turtle ants dolphin butterfly

Land Water Air Land & Water

B. Match column A to its description in column . Write the letter of your

answer on the space provided.
A B
_____1. Carnivores a. Eat plants only

_____2. Omnivores b. Eat decayed or decaying plants and animals

_____3. Scavengers c. Animals have moist, slippery skin

_____4. Herbivores d. Eat other animals only

_____5. Amphibians e. Eat both plants and animals

79
 Lesson 4
USES OF ANIMALS

Most of the food we eat come from animals. The egg, ham and
milk are examples of these foods. Besides food, what are the other uses of
animals?

We make use of animals in many ways.

Animals are a good sources of food. Chickens, cows and lambs

provide you a variety of meat. Oil, butter and other dairy products such as
milk and cheese come from cows, goats and carabaos.

80
 Some animals provide us with clothing materials. Wool which
comes from the sheep are made into sweaters and jackets, silk from the
silkworm are spun into fibers for textiles. The skin of cows and crocodiles
can be tanned and made into leather. Leather is used for making bags, belts,
jackets and slippers.

Some animals are also sources of

medicine and fertilizer. The snake has a venom
wherein a serum is taken to cure people bitten by
a snake. The wastes of animals such as earthworms
called cast make the soil fertile and porous. Guano,
the wastes of bats, are also made into fertilizers.

Other animals are used as a means of

transportation. They move people, heavy loads
and other animals to different places. Carabaos,
cows and horses are still used to pull coaches
and carts.
They are also used to till the fields. In other
countries, camels, donkey, elephant and even
dogs are used to transport people and cargoes.
CARE AND CONCERN FOR ANIMALS
Some animals are good pets They give us company. Other animals
are useful. They help us do our work faster and more efficiently. Animals give
us fun and joy. But how do we show them our care and concern?

1. Give your pets nutritious food to eat and clear water to drink.
2. Provide a clear and safe shelter for your pets and other animals.
3. Bathe your pets regularly to rid them of dirt and parasites.
4. Clear your surroundings. Animals need enough sunlight, and clear fresh
air.
5. Do not hurt your pets.

81
 ▪ Animals have many uses. They are sources of
a. food b. clothing
c. medicine d. fertilizer

▪ Some animals provide means of transportation for people and other

cargoes.

▪ We can pet some animals that can give us fun and joy.

CHECK UP
Write the name of the animal under the proper column of its best
usefulness to man.
carabao horse bat camel goat
snake elephant sheep chicken silkworm
honeybee dog pig crocodile cow

Source of food Skin used for bags, shoes, etc Transportation

TRY THESE YOURSELF:

[Link] TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.

_______1. Animals are useless.

_______2. Some animals are sources of food for people.
_______3. Some animals make people feel happy.
_______4. Carabaos help farmers plow their fields.
_______5. Some animals help to carry heavy loads.
_______6. Chicken and ducks are sources of eggs
_______7. Animals make our surrounding dirty
_______8. Some leather goods are made up of animals skin.
82
_______9. Some animals can help people with their work.
_______10. Horses can be used as means of transportations.

B. Write two uses to people of each animal below. Write your answer on the
blanks

[Link]: _______________ _______________

2. Crocodile: _______________ _______________
3. Chicken: _______________ _______________
4. Cow: _______________ _______________
5. Horse: _______________ _______________

CHALLENGE!

State some uses of the animals in your own community.

________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

83
 Lesson 5
BASIC NEEDS OF ANIMALS

Like people, animals need some things for them to survive and
grow. Animals can either provide these for themselves or you can do
something to provide these things to them.

Animals need food in order to grow and

stay healthy. When this basic need is not met, animals
may die of hunger. More animals means there is a need
for more food. Some animals fight each other to
secure food in order to survive. Other animals migrate
or go to other places when food gets scarce.

84
 Besides food, animals also need a shelter
where they can stay safely while they are growing. The
spider builds a web out of shiny silk threads. The web
looks like a white, cotton like nest. It is kept under the
leaves of plants or in small openings inside your homes.
The web also serves as a trap for insects as food for the
younger spider.

Ants build tunnels in the soil and make mounds

of earth called anthills. Ants build their homes near the
source of food just like the termites. They seek shelter
under the cracked bark of tree trunks. Walking sticks,
grasshoppers and praying mantis live in grass and shrubs.

Birds build nests which resembles the place where

it is built. They are made of various materials such as grass,
small sticks, mud and feathers. Some birds lay their eggs in
hollows in the ground or bare rocks. You sometimes provide
shelter for your bird pets. You build birdhouses for the pigeons
or cages for your lovebirds.

Animals also need air and water.

Without oxygen, human beings and animals will
all die. But the world’s human population is now
rising rapidly. More people need more food and
more space for shelter. This results in the
destruction of important animal natural habits.
Many wild animals such as the polar bear and
cheetah begin to disappear. They may soon
become extinct.

Because of man’s growing population also, the air and water

become polluted. Our health and living conditions are affected. The various
habitats of animals are destroyed. The source of food of animals become
scarce. too. Will animals be able to live in environments like these? Why?

85
 ▪ Human beings and animals have basic needs in order to live, grow
healthy and strong.

▪ Food, shelter, clean air and water are the basic needs of man and
other animals.

▪ Growing population means more and more space for shelter.

CHECK UP
Write True if the sentence is correct and False if it is wrong. Write
your answers on the space provided.

____________ 1. People need clothes while animals do not.

____________ 2. Cows live in barn while people live in a house.

____________ 3. Chicken eats, drinks and breathes air in order to live.

____________ 4. Pigs that live in a crowded pen get sick and die.

____________ 5. More flies live in a bottle longer than few flies.

TRY THESE YOURSELF

Read and understand the questions below. Encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Which is not needed by animals?

a. air [Link] c. clothing

2. Which do you call a doctor who treats animals?

a. dentist b. veterinarian c. pediatrician

3. Which injection helps to protect animals from disease?

a. protection b. vaccination c. veterinarian

86
4. What do animals breathe in?
a. oxygen b. hydrogen c. carbon dioxide

5. What do animals need so they have a place in which to stay and rest?
a. shop b. shelter c. sunlight

CHALLENGE!
A. Whose home is it? Write the name of the animal on the space provided

1. _____________ 2. ____________

3. _____________ 4. ____________

B. Identify what the animals need. Write your answers on the space
provided.

_______1. Horses go to the brook after eating hay.

_______2. Aling Marta bathes her puppy once a week.

_______3. Coleen feeds with her dog every morning.

_______4. Butterflies sip the nectar of the flowers in the garden.

_______5. Blacky has to stay inside the kennel house especially during the
rainy days.

_______6. Paul put a hole in the box when he brought the roosters to the
market last Saturday.

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 Lesson 6
HARMFUL ANIMALS

Not all animals are useful. Some of them may cause you harm or
some diseases. They are harmful animals. Can you name some of them?

Mosquitoes are carriers of diseases. H-fever and malaria are

some of them. These diseases bring about high fever and nose bleeding. It
could cause your death if the doctor does not cure it once.

Flies step on both clean and dirty places. They step on garbage,
wastes and decaying matter. When these flies step on
your food, they leave the germs they get from the dirty
things. These germs could make you sick. They cause
cholera and dysentery. You may suffer from stomach
ache or diarrhea. You may have loose bowel movement.
You may even die due to loss of water in your body.

88
 Have you ever heard of red tide poisoning? This is caused by
shellfishes such as mussels, clams and oysters. These shellfishes contain
toxin or poison which can kill you in a few hours. If you eat the contaminated
shellfish, you experience difficulty of breathing and lead to your death.
Some animals such as shrimp, lobster and crabs may cause
some kind of allergy or skin infection.

▪ Some animals may be harmful to people. They may be carriers of

diseases. They may also be source of infection, allergy and injury.

▪ Using insecticides may control harmful animals such as flies and

mosquitoes.

CHECK UP
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct
answers on the space given.
Column A Column B

_________ 1. Sting and cause pain a. mosquitoes

_________ 2. Bite and cause rabies b. hairy caterpillar

_________ 3. Makes the skin itchy c. cockroach and fly

_________ 4. Bite and give illness d. dogs and cats

_________ 5. Carry germs and dirt e. bee and scorpion

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CHALLENGE!

A. Cut and paste pictures of flies and cockroach. Write two or three
sentences about them.

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong.

______1. Walk the dog everyday.

______2. Just give water to a sick pet.
______3. Give dogs a bath only once a year.
______4. Bring stray animals to an animal shelter.
______5. Shoo away stray cats that fees on your garbage.

C. Visit and interview a veterinarian. Ask him or her about how to be safe
with animals. Write a paragraph about your interview and report it to class.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

90
D. Write down 3 ways on how to make your pet healthy and happy.

1. ________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

E. Draw yourself taking care of your pet. Color it.

91
 Lesson 7

SAFETY IN CARING FOR

ANIMALS

92
 Some animals need special care and attention. You must learn
how to take care and handle them properly. The way you take care of your
pets will tell how healthy they would become. When you give them their
basic needs, they grow healthy and strong. They can serve you better. They
might even become your best friends. But you also need to follow some
safety measures when you play or handle them.

Here are some safety measures to observe in handling animals.

¨ Never get near animals when they are not your pets.
Some animals bite or hurt people to protect
themselves.
¨ Keep away from furry animals like cat, dog or rabbit
when you have allergy.
¨ Be careful in using mousetrap to catch rats.
¨ Protect yourself from any insect bite.
¨ Place birdcage and doghouse away from the house.

Taking care of your pet animals is a wonderful experience. You

must help your parents take care of the animals at home. You can feed the
animals well. You can help clean their shelter or give them a bath once in a
while. When you spray insecticide, make sure your pets do not inhale the
poisonous gas. It can kill them, too.

Animals need also some kind of privacy. Do not disturb or tease

them if they are asleep. A mother dog who just gave birth might bite you.
She wants to protect and keep her young safe from harm. Some animals
may also be rabid. Bring them to a veterinarian for immunizations. Play with
the animals with care. Avoid hurting them also.

▪ One should practice safety measure while caring for animals.

▪ Animals may become your best friends. You play with them. So,
take care of you animals well.

93
CHECK UP
Put a check (√) if the statement tells safety in animals and X if
not. Write your answers on the blank.

_________ 1. Stay away from bank of river where crocodile stay.

_________ 2. Run after goats.
_________ 3. Place a bird cage away from the house.
_________ 4. Whip a dog while it is eating.
_________ 5. Ride at the back of your neighbor’s cow.

CHALLENGE!
Draw and color your pet. Write a paragraph to tell how your pet helps you
and how you take care of it. Do it on a clean bond paper.

94
 Lesson 8
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OF PLANTS

Visit your school garden.

What did you see? Many plants grow
there. There are big and small trees.
Some plants grow well in the ground.
Other plants have flowers with sweet
smell. These plants makes our
surrounding beautiful.
No two plants are really alike
or the same. But all plants have
common characteristics which make
them different from you and other animals.

Plants differ from one another in some characteristics even if

they come from the same species. However, all plants have some common
observable characteristics.

95
 Plants make their own food. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll
then the chlorophyll will absorbs energy from the sun. Plants use the energy
to make their food which is the glucose or sugar. These process is called
photosynthesis.
Plants release oxygen to the atmosphere. They have an ability to
detect changes in the surrounding environment. This ability is called
SENSITIVITY.
Most plants have roots, stems and leaves. Each part has an
important function to help the plant survive in its environment. The roots
anchor the plant to the ground. They look like hair and dark brown in color.
The roots get water and minerals from the soil. These help the plant to grow
strong and healthy.

The stem holds the leaves, the flowers and the fruits. The stem
has tiny cells that look like tubes. It carries the water and other minerals from
the soil to the leaves.

The leaves are usually green

because of chlorophyll. They contain
millions of tiny cells called chloroplasts
that look like food factories. Through
these cells, the plant makes its own food
with the help of sunlight and water. The
process by which plants make their own
food is called photosynthesis.

96
 Some plants have flowers. The flowers attract the insects which
help carry the pollen grains from one flower to another. The flowers
become the fruits which contain the seeds. The seeds will become
another plant.

▪ Plants have common observable characteristics.

▪ Most plants are green.
▪ All plants have roots, stems and leaves. Some plants have flowers
and fruits.
▪ Through photosynthesis, plants make their own food.

CHECK UP!
Fill in the blanks.

1. The fruits have tiny cells called ______________ which become another
plant.
2. Most plants are green because of ______________.
3. The plant is attached to the ground through its ______________.
4. Water and minerals from the soil are brought to the leaves through the
______________.
5. The leaves have tiny cells called ______________ which look like food
factories.

CHALLENGE!
Draw and label the parts of a growing plant below.

97
 Lesson 9
CLASSIFYING PLANTS

Plants have common

characteristics which identify them from
human beings and animals. Plants have
certain similarities and differences. A scientist
who specializes on study of plants called
botanist, uses these characteristics to group
plants.

Let’s see how plants are

classified or grouped.

98
 Plants differ in several ways. They differ in size. Some plants are
short; they barely rise from the ground. The bamboo and coconut trees are
tall, high and have slender stems. Other plants appear to have a crown since
their leaves and stems spread on top. Even the colors of plants, differ from
one plant to another.

The leaves of plants also differ in size,

shape and margins or edges. Some leaves are
heart-shaped like those of kangkong and begonia.
Coconut and banana leaves are big while the leaves
of makahiya and begonia are small. The mango,
guava and santol leaves are oblong. The pine tree has
needlelike leaves. Some leaves are round or fan
shaped like the Anahaw leaves. Sometimes a leaf is
lobed or divided into parts like of a cassava leaf.

A close look at a leaf will show you some line on its surface.
These are the veins of a leaf. The arrangement of these veins on the leaf is
called venations. Banana, corn and coconut leaves have straight line or
parallel veins. The veins start from the base and go in a straight line up to
the tip of the leaf. Other leaves have netted veins. The veins look like a web.
Guava, mango and santol leaves have netted leaves.

Even the margin or edge of the leaf

may also differ. Some leaves have smooth
margins. the edge of the leaf blade does not have
any rough parts. But if the edge is similar to the
edge to the edge of a saw, it is toothed.
Gumamela leaves have toothed margins.

The stems of plants may also vary. Pechay, begonia and

kangkong stems are soft and fleshy. They are hollow; so they break easily.
These stems are herbaceous. Plants with this kind of stems are called
herbs. Other plants have woody, hard stems. Fruit-bearing trees have hard
and woody trunks. Some plants do not grow as tall as trees but they are
have hard, woody and spread-wide stems. They are called shrubs or
bushes. The rose is a shrub. San Francisco is a bush; makes it a good
hedge or fence.

99
 Some plants crawl around a support. They climb and spread-
wide also. These plants can either have woody or non-woody stems. They
are called vines. Ampalaya, okra and yellow bells are vines.

Plants also grow in different places or habitats. Some

plants grow well on land. They have sturdy and flexible
stems or trunks which grow well in fertile soil. Their roots
grow deep and spread wide under the ground. Such plants
are called terrestrial plants. Can you name some examples
of terrestrial plants?
A pond, lake and a river are bodies of water.
Some plants thrive well in these places. Lotus, kangkong
and algae grow well in the ponds. Quiapo plant and
duckweed grow in abundance in rivers and lakes. These
plants are aquatic. Aquatic plants have hollow and soft
stems filled with air which enable them to float in water.

Some plants cling or grow on tree trunks or

branches. They have special roots that get water and other
minerals they need from the air and the barks of trees where
they live. These plants are aerial plants or aerophytes.
Orchids and ferns are examples of these plants.

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

Plants

Non-flowering spore bearing Flowering

No roots With roots Gymnosperms Angiosperms

mosses Ferns Naked

seeds 1 seed- 2 seed-
leaf leaves

monocots dicots

100
 ▪ Plants may be classified according to:
1. Size and texture of their stems
2. Shape and margins of leaves
3. Venation on leaves
4. Habitat
5. Smell of their flowers

CHECK UP!
Write the letter of the correct answers on the space provided.

1. Which is terrestrial plant?

a. santol b. duckweed c. orchid

2. What do you call the lines you see on the surface of leaves?
a. root hairs b. margin c. venation

3. Coconut and corn leaves can be grouped together. What characteristics

do these leaves have?
a. parallel veins b. woody stems c. size

4. How would you describe the margin of a gumamela plant?

a. smoothed b. toothed c. netted

5. Which plants is a shrub?

a. pechay b. santan c. cadena de amor

ACTIVITY
Cut and paste 5 pictures of different kinds of plants according to
its location in a short bond paper. Label them and where they live.

101
 Lesson 10
PLANTS PRODUCE NEW
PLANTS

Plants are living things. They have the ability to produce more
plants of its kind. You can produce new plants using the different parts of a
plant. Let’s see how to do it.

Most plants that we know produce new plants from seeds. When
you plant a seed, an embryo or a tiny young plant comes out. It develops
roots and stems get bigger. Leaves unfold and the seed can now make its
own food. It begins to grow into a strong and healthy plant of the same kind.

Can you give examples of plants which are grown from seeds?
Some plants produce new plants by other means. Camote,
carrots and potatoes develop new plants from the roots of
an older plant. These plants have thick, fleshy roots which
can store a large amount of food supply for the new plant.
That is why they are called root crops or tubers.

102
 New plants can be grown from parts of the stem
called slips or cuttings. Cutting are used to grow fruit trees and
flowering shrubs such as santan and rose. Cuttings should be
made possible after the plant is collected. Not all species of
plants can be propagated from cuttings.
Onions and other plants belonging to the lily family
grow from bulbs. The bulb is a young plant which is
surrounded by layers of thick leaves. Tulip, lily, and hyacinth
produce new plants from bulbs
Bamboo, banana and kamia produce new young
plants or shoots from underground stems. These stems grow
beneath or above the soil.
Some plants can be grown from leaves. When leaf
touches the grounds, rootlike parts and a stem develops. It
becomes a new plant. Begonia, golden cactus, kataka-taka
walking fern grow new plants from the sides of their leaves.

Sweet potato (camote) and yam (ube) grow from

buds or eyes. The eyes are dark sunken spots or small
projections on the enlarged underground stem. Each bud
grows into a new young plant called rhizome.

Fern plants grow from spores. If we look closely

underneath a fern leaf, you will see some tiny seed like parts
packed together. These are called spores. When these spores
mature they are blown by the wind. Then grow into new fern
plants. However, not all ferns grow from spores.

▪ Most plants produce new plants from seeds.

▪ Some plants can be propagated or made to produce new plants
by:
a. slip or budding d. bulb
b. buds e. spores
c. roots or tubers f. underground stem

103
CHECK UP!
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write your
answers on the space provided.

_________ 1. Santan, San Francisco and roses are grown from cuttings.
_________ 2. Some plants may develop new plants other than forming
seeds.
_________ 3. Plants from lily family produce new plants by seed.
_________ 4. Spores are tiny seed like parts packed together found under
the fern plant.
_________ 5. A potato is enlarged underground stem.

ACTIVITY
Classify the plants according to the ability to produce new plants.

Santan bamboo Onions camote Begonia

Rose Tulip Carrots Banana Golden cactus

Underground
Cutting Bulb Root Leaves
stems

CHALLENGE!
Write examples of plants grown under each heading.

Underground
Cutting Bulb Root Leaves
stems

104
 Lesson 11
USES OF PLANTS

Plants are very useful to man. They give us foods such as fruits
and vegetables. Fruits provide us with vitamins and minerals necessary for
our proper growth and development. Vegetables are good for the body. They
give us the nutrients to keep our body healthy and strong. Most of our foods
come from plants.

105
 Plants also give us medicines. Some parts of the plants are used
to treat the common ailments or disorder of the body. Here are some
examples of medicinal plants.

1. Acapulco - for fungal infections such as ringworm

2. Aloe Vera or sabila - for cuts and wounds and for hair growth
3. Ampalaya - for diabetes, dysentery and used as laxative
4. Cogon - for allergy and headache
5. Damong Maria - for fever, headache, nausea, fainting, wounds and
ulcers
6. Garlic - hypertension, arthritis, insect bites, headache and toothache
7. Guava leaves - for wounds and cuts
8. Ipil-ipil - for getting rid of intestinal wounds and other parasites
9. Kolitis - for fever, insect bites and coughs
10. Lagundi - for coughs, colds, asthma, headaches and dysentery
11. Sambong - for headache, cough and sore throat, sore eyes
12. Oregano leaves - coughs and colds, gas pain and indigestion

Plants such as abaca, grass, pulp from sugar

cane, bamboo, and pine tress are sources of paper materials.
These are used in making papers for notebooks, books,
newspaper, magazines and others.

Plants give us clothing materials. Cotton plants

give us comfortable T-shirts, pants and dress. The ramie
plants are used for linens, bed sheets, curtains, table cloths
and napkins. The Barong Tagalog is made from fine jusi or
pineapple fiber. Many beautiful clothing materials are made
from plant fibers.

106
Plants give us lumber for buildings and furnitures. Lumber
taken from narra, tanguile, kamagong, mahogany and yakal
are good for building houses and making furniture. Pieces
of furniture are also taken from bamboo and rattan.

Plants give us shade and beautify our

surroundings. Shades from big trees protect us from too
much heat of the sun. Many trees keep our surrounding
cool and beautiful. Flowers and ornamentals make our
gardens, parks and highways beautiful. There are many
materials taken from trees that are used for decorations.

Plants give us cosmetics and beauty products. Plant

extracts are used in the preparation of soap, shampoos, facial
cleansers, deodorants and perfumes. There are soap
extracted from cucumber, papaya, lemon, avocado and
calamansi. Perfumes are prepared from the oil extracted from flowers such
as roses, sampaguita, ilang-ilang and other sweet-smelling flowers.

Plants prevent floods, pollution and soil erosion.

Plants help us conserve our soil. They prevent the washing
away of soil during heavy rains. They prevent flooding
because the roots of the trees absorb the water. Plants give
off a gas called oxygen. This gas is important in respiration.
This gas makes the air fresh and clean.

Plants serve as home of birds and other animals.

The birds, insects, monkeys and other animals live on the
leaves and branches of trees. Many wild animals live in the
forest. These plants serve as their homes.

CHECK UP!
Check the statements that tell about the uses of plants.

______ 1. Plants prevent soil erosion.

______ 2. Plants give us carbon dioxide.
______ 3. Plants give us medicines.
______ 4. Plants give us steel and metal products.
______ 5. Plants give us fresh flowers.

107
ACTIVITY
Write F on the blank if the plant is a source of food and M if it is used to
make a medicine.

_____1. Pineapple _____6. Garlic

_____2. Oregano _____7. Malunggay
_____3. Guava leaves _____8. Ampalaya
_____4. Banana _____9. Mango
_____5. Corn _____10. Lagundi

CHALLENGE!
A. Draw and color 2 things that show the things we get from plants.

B. Answer the activity sheet below.

108
C. Analyze and Conclude:
Answer the following questions.

1. What are the different uses of plants?____________________________

2. Which part of the plant is usually eaten? ____________________
3. Aside from fruits, what others parts of the plant could be
eaten?________________________________
4. What parts of the plant are used as medicine?________________

D. Write a short prayer to God for giving you plants that provide all your
needs.

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

E. Plant Partners:
Think of a plant that could be paired with the given part that can
be eaten. Write your answers below.

1. leaf - camote tops and _______________________________

2. flower –cauliflower and _______________________________
3. stem –kangkong and ________________________________
4. root - carrot and ____________________________________

109
 Lesson 12
CARING AND
CONSERVING PLANTS

We have plants in our home and in our community. how do we

take care of these plants around us? What can little boy and girls like you
do to conserve these plants?

Like human beings and animals, plants also have basic needs. Water is very
important. If a plant does not get enough water, it withers or dries up; and
soon dies. Too much water may drown the seeds or the young plant, too.
Watering the plants everyday will help them grow well.

110
 Sunlight and air are also needed by plants. When the leaves of
our plants turn yellowish, it shows that your plants need sunlight. Bringing
them outside once in a while to develop greener leaves and thicker stems.

Remove the weeds which grow around your plants. Weeds kill
the growing young plant. They make them unhealthy since they compete for
space and food also.

Like human beings and animals, plants also

have basic needs. Water is very important. If a plant does
not get enough water, it withers or dries up; and soon dies.
Too much water may drown the seeds or the young plant,
too. Watering the plants everyday will help them grow well.

Sunlight and air are also needed by plants. When the leaves of
our plants turn yellowish, it shows that your plants need sunlight. Bringing
them outside once in a while to develop greener leaves and thicker stems.
Remove the weeds which grow around your plants. Weeds kill
the growing young plant. They make them unhealthy since they compete for
space and food also.

Plants beautify our surroundings. They help purify the air also.
So, let’s avoid picking leaves, fruits and flowers from growing plants. In
parks or gardens, avoid stepping or playing on newly planted grasses. Do
not let dogs or other animals stray on them.

Once in a while, remove harmful insects from the plants. Worms

eat the leaves of plants. They make the plants sickly and become unhealthy.
Put fertilizer or spray blooming insecticides to keep our plants healthy. If
necessary, replant in other pots to propagate the new plants.

TAKING CARE OF PLANTS

1. Give your plants plenty of light.
2. Water your plants regularly.
3. Fertilize your plants every few weeks.
4. Clean dust off your plants.
5. Move your plant away from air vents.
6. Cut off any dead or diseased plants.

111
 ▪ Plants need love and concern

▪ Plants beautify the air. One should help to conserve the plants.

CHECK UP!
Put a check (√) if the statement shows proper care for plants and
put a cross (x) if it is incorrect. Write your answers before the number.

________ 1. Protecting young plants from being destroyed.

________ 2. Breaking off the twigs.
________ 3. Destroying the leaves of the plants.
________ 4. Removing dried and unnecessary leaves.
________ 5. Picking flowers.
________ 6. Removing weeds near the plants.
________ 7. Stepping on the plants.
________ 8. Putting fertilizer around the plants.
________ 9. Pulling out the young plants from the ground.
________ 10. Watering the plants regularly.

CHALLENGE!
On ½ cartolina make a poster that shows proper care for plants.

112
 Lesson 13
PROPER HANDLING
OF PLANTS

Plants need care. But while taking

care of your plants you should observe safety
measures in handling them.

Some plants with hairy leaves and

stems which can cause itchiness of the skin.
Some plants like roses have thorny stems.
Some plants have juices or saps which can
cause allergy. Certain kinds of plants have
poisonous saps.

Here are some ways of protecting yourself

when handling plants.

113
 It is important that we handle the plants properly. When we are
not careful, we get hurt. Observe the following guidelines to avoid
unnecessary incidents.

1. Before smelling a flower, check if there are insects in it. Smell it without
having to put it too close to our nose.

2. Some plants have thorns and spines. They can prick and hurt you. Avoid
touching the makahiya, roses, pineapple, cactus and dayap.

3. Some plants are poisonous, the adelfa plant should not be used as
firewood. The poison ivy causes skin to break out in rashes if you touch
it. The nightshade berries can be eaten by birds but they are poisonous
to man.

4. Some flowers have strong smell. They can give you headache and feel
dizzy. The champaca and ilang-ilang can cause dizziness.

5. If you get allergies or skin rashes by plants, it is good to apply the

proper ointment. Consult your doctor as soon as possible.

FIRST AID TREATMENT IN CASES OF ALLERGIES/SKIN

IRRITATIONS CAUSED BY PLANTS

Some plants are harmful to man. Sometimes they cause skin

irritations and allergies. The pollen grains from some flowers causes skin
rashes and irritations. The poison ivy causes skin to break out in rashes if
you touch it. You should be careful in handling flowers because you might be
allergic to them. Makahiya will cause itchiness on your skin if you touch
them. Do not scratch your arms or hands because it will only make more
damage on your skin. If you have allergies, avoid the things that cause them.
For irritated skin, apply calamine lotion to control the itchiness. A moist,
warm compress of potassium permanganate can also be applied. If
irritations continue, consult a dermatologist.

114
 ▪ Practice precautionary measure in handling plants.

▪ Apply first aid treatment in case of allergies and skin irritation

caused by plants.

CHECK UP!
Write YES if the statements is correct and NO if it is incorrect.

_________ 1. Plants can be both useful and harmful.

_________ 2. Pick the flowers anyway you want it.
_________ 3. Some flowers can make you dizzy.
_________ 4. Smell flowers close to your nose.
_________ 5. Makahiya is a useful plant.
_________ 6. Roses are poisonous.
_________ 7. The stem of adelfa plant can be used as firewood.
_________ 8. The poison ivy causes skin to break out in rashes.
_________ 9. Mushrooms and wild berries are good to eat.
_________ 10. Cactus are harmful because of their thorns.

CHALLENGE!
A. Name other plants that may cause skin irritations or those that can
cause injuries. Discuss how you can handle them carefully.

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

115
B. Check ( / ) if the activity makes your plants healthy. Write your
answer on the space before the number.

_______1. Removing dead parts of the plants.

_______2. Pulling out the weeds around the plants.
_______3. Adding compost or animal waste to the soil.
_______4. Cultivating the soil around the plants.
_______5. Watering the plants once a month.
_______6. Using inorganic fertilizer.
_______7. placing plants in a dark, airtight room.

C. Box the name of the child who knows how to take care of himself
when exposed with plants.

1. Joshua uses gloves when working in the garden.

2. Mira just pulls out a flower and smells it right away.
3. Charie scratched her itchy arm caused by an adelfa plant.
4. Winona asks her Mom to help her identity the plants she doesn't know.
5. Miguel washes his hands and changes his clothes after pulling out weeds
in his garden.

D. Write TRUE if the statement is true while FALSE if it is not.

____________1. People can be allergic to plants.

____________2. Flowers with strong smell could make you sneeze.
____________3. Rubbing alcohol can relive itchiness caused by plants.
____________4. We should be careful in touching and handling plants.
____________5. Sleeping without washing the body first could relieve
you of your allergy.
____________6. A botanist is a scientist who specializes on plants.
____________7. Sunlight helps the leaves to make food for plants.
This process is called photosynthesis.
____________8. All trees can be called of Tree of Life.

116
Unit 3: Matter, Energy and
Motion

Lesson 1
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

117
 The stones, books and water are matter. Matter
has mass. Mass is the amount of material matter has or
contains. It is measured with the use of a weighing scale or
platform balance. It is expressed in grams (g) or kilograms
(kg).

Since matter has mass. It also occupies space.

Matter has volume. Volume is the amount of space an object
or matter occupies. It is measured in cubic units. The stones,
book and water have volume. They occupy space. The glass
filled with water has no more space left. So, when, a stone is
dropped into it some of the water flow out. No two things can occupy the
same space at the same time.

Activity 1
Problem:
What are the properties of matter?
Materials:
Balloon, platform balance, plastic cup, water

Activity 1.1
Problem:
Does matter have mass?

Investigate

1. Prepare the following materials: a balloon without any air, platform

balance.

2. Measure how heavy a deflated balloon is using the platform balance.

Record your measurement in the table below.

3. Blow air into the balloon until it is filled. Measure how heavy it is now.
Record it once again.

4. Then, push the air out of the balloon and fill it with water. Measure how
heavy it is this time. Record it, too.

118
Analyze and Conclude

Answer the following questions.

1. In what state of matter is the empty balloon?

_______________________________________________________
2. What is present inside the balloon after you blew into it?
_______________________________________________________
3. How can you describe the state of matter inside the balloon when
you filled it with water?
_______________________________________________________
4. How can you compare the heaviness of the balloon in each of the
three situations?
_______________________________________________________
5. Can you measure the heaviness of solid, liquid and gases? How?
_______________________________________________________

Activity 1.2

Problem : Does matter occupy space?

Investigate
1. Place a transparent plastic cup on the table.
2. Pour water carefully into the cup so that it will not spill.

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Analyze and Conclude

1. Is the cup touching the table?

2. Did the table get wet when you poured the water into the cup?
3. Did the water occupy exactly the same space as the cup did? Why?

Generalize: What properties do all kinds of matter share alike?

▪ Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

▪ Mass is the amount of material or matter contains.

▪ Volume is the amount of space an object or matter occupies.

CHECK UP!
Look inside your bag. Draw 5 examples of matter you find in bag
and write it on your notebook.

CHALLENGE!
Is mass the same as weight? Cite some examples to prove your
answer. Write your answers on your notebook.

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 Lesson 2
STATES OF MATTER AND
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Solids, liquids and gases are the three general forms of matter.
They are the three states of matter. All matter, whatever state in it, takes up
space. But each state of matter has some characteristics.
Let’s find more about these.

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Activity 2
Problem
How can you describe solids?
Materials
Stone, chalk, metal rod, square piece of aluminum
foil

Investigate

1. With your forefinger, scratch the stone. What happened?

2. Hold the chalk at both ends. Bend it upward. What happened?

Do the same with the metal rod. What happened?

3. Can you wrap the aluminum foil around the metal rod? Around the
stone? Around your finger?

Analyze and Conclude

Answer the following questions.

1. Did little bits of the stone fall off when you scratch it? Squeeze the stone.
How does it feel?

_____________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between bending the chalk and bending the metal
rod? Which is easier to break?

_____________________________________________________________
3. What happens to the aluminum foil when you try to wrap it around an
object? Does it follow the shape of the object?
____________________________________________________________

Generalize
What are the properties of solids?

_____________________________________________________________

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A. Solids

Solids have definite shape. Some materials

are round, rectangular, oval or irregular. They keep their
shape when left alone. The molecules or the small
particles that make up matter are very close to each
other to keep its shape.

But there are some solids which are malleable. You can squeeze
a piece of modeling clay into a ball, a bird or any shape you wish.
Malleability is the property of solids which enables you to change its form or
shape. What ever is its shape, the clay always takes up the same amount of
space. Its volume is the same. Solids have a definite volume. Their shape
may change but their volume remains the same.

Activity 3

Problem
What is the shape of a liquid?
Materials
Marble, colored water, 2 cups, 2 bowls, 2 gelatin
molders of any shape

Investigate

1. Place the marble in the cup. Do the same for the colored water . What is
the shape of the marble? The colored water?

2. Then, transfer the marble into a bowl. Do the same for the colored
water. Compare the shape of the marble to the shape of the colored
water. Which of the changed its shape?

3. Finally, transfer the marble into the gelatin molder. What is its shape?
Do the same with the colored water. What is its shape?

123
Analyze and Conclude
Answer the following questions.

1. What state of matter is the marble?

_____________________________________________________________
2. The colored water?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What happened to the shape of the marble as you transferred it from one
container to another?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What happened to the shape of the colored water as you transferred it
from one container to another?
_____________________________________________________________
5. How can you describe the shape of a liquid?
____________________________________________________________

Solids have a definite mass. Some materials are heavy; others

are light. Some materials may be hard as wood, stone or marble. Cotton and
crepe paper are soft. Some solids can even be stretched as the rubber
band or garter. Some solids can even be made into very thin sheets. This
property is called ductility. Can you give more examples of solids?

B. Liquids

Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered

by the liquid—water. Liquids such as water, vinegar and
juice have definite color and distinct smell. Through these
characteristics, you can tell what liquid it is. Liquids also
have a definite volume. They also have definite density.
Density is the quantity of mass in a particular volume. Just like solids, some
liquids are heavier while others are lighter. Gasoline, oil and alcohol are less
dense than water. So, they float on water.

124
 But unlike solids, liquids do not have a definite shape. You
cannot shape water into a ball or any other shape. But if you place water or
any liquid in an empty container, it takes the shape of that container. Liquids
are fluids. They have the ability to flow. This property of liquids is called
viscosity. However, some liquids are less viscous than water. Oil, asphalt
and molasses are examples of such liquids. Liquids flow because their
molecules are arranged loosely and away from each other.

C. Gases
There are other things which flow. But unlike liquid, you cannot
see them. You cannot hold them either. They are called gases.

Air is an example of the gaseous state of matter.

Gases have mass of heaviness. They occupy space. Like
liquids they do not have a definite volume. Gases change
volume even more easily than liquids. You can make a gas
change volume just by compressing or squeezing it together.
Gases are always much less dense than liquids and solids. The
arrangement of their molecules explains why gases have these
characteristics. Molecules in gases flow very freely. They are very far from
each other. There is so much space between them.

▪ Solids have definite shape, definite volume and definite mass.

▪ In solids, the molecules are close to one another.
▪ Solids also have these properties:
1. hardness
2. brittleness
3. ductility
4. malleability
5. Strength

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 ▪ Some liquids have definite color and smell.
▪ All liquids have no definite shape. They follow the shape of their
container.
▪ Liquids have definite volume, mass and density.
▪ Liquids have the ability to flow. They are also called fluids.
▪ Gases have mass. They occupy space.
▪ Gases have no definite volume and shape.
▪ Gases are less dense than liquids and solids.
▪ Gases can be squeezed.

CHECK UP!
Tell what phase of matter each object is. Write S for solids, L for
liquids and G for gas. Write your answer before the number.

CHALLENGE!

Draw 5 examples of matter in each phase on your notebook.

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 Lesson 3
GOOD EFFECTS OF MATTER

Everything that you see around you

is matter. These different things may either be a
solid, a liquid or a gas. Many of these affect living
things. Certain substances have effects on man,
animals and plants.

Certain things and substances we see around us are important

and useful. We also keep them because they help us do some work at
school and at home. Kitchen tools such as knives, saucers and pots help
mother to cook food. Liquids such as water , vinegar and soy sauce are
used to put flavor and better taste to our food. Gases such as the LPG is
used in stoves. Your school materials such as pencil, paper and books help
you in your studies.

127
 We also use solid and liquid detergents to wash our clothes.
When we are sick, we take some medicines either in solid or liquid forms.
We also use them to treat our wounds. Father uses some pesticides to
control harmful animals which may infect plants. He also uses fertilizers to
improve production.

Certain substances are also used in industry. Water and other

chemicals are used to prepare soft drinks, juices and other beverages.
Gases such as acetylene are used in construction work.

▪ Certain substances affect living things.

▪ Some substances have good effects on man, animals and plants.

They are used at home, at school and in industry.

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Activity 4
Problem
How do we use matter in our everyday activities?
Investigate
Fill in the chart below. Follow the given steps:

Analyze and Conclude : Answer the following questions.

1. In what way can we make use of solids in doing our tasks?

___________________________________________________________

2. Which chores need the help of liquids in order to get it done well?
____________________________________________________________

3. How do gasses play an important role in everyday life?

____________________________________________________________

Generalize: What are the uses of matter?

__________________________________________________________

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 Lesson 4
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
MATTER

Sometimes, matter may also have

harmful effects on human beings. They may also
affect other animals and plants.

Let’s find out how matter may also

cause harm.

Study these pictures. Discuss each

one by answering the questions below each
picture.

130
 Some substances may be harmful when not used properly.
Insecticides, pesticides and acids are poisonous substances. They can
cause poisoning if taken orally. If you inhale them for a long time they may
cause dizziness. Knives, saw and other sharp, pointed objects may cause
wounds or cuts. Playing with matches may start a fire. This could cause a lot
of damage to property and even lives of people. Some medicines may even
cause allergies to some people. Some laundry detergents may cause your
skin to develop rashes or burns.

131
 Smoke, carbon dioxide and other gases make the air dirty. The
smoke coming from vehicle and factories pollute the air you breathe.

Can you give other harmful effects of certain substances?

▪ Certain substances have harmful effects on man, animals and

plants if not used properly.
▪ Some chemicals could be poisonous. They may also cause
dizziness, allergies and burns.
▪ Sharp, pointed objects may cause cuts and wounds if not handled
properly.
▪ Some gases pollute and make the air dirty.

CHECK UP!
Draw five things at home which you find useful on your
notebook. On your notebook write a paragraph to show why they are useful.

CHALLENGE!
Some things may be both useful and harmful at the same time.
Make list of these things and draw them. You may color them, too. Do this on
your notebook.

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APPLY
How can matter become harmful? Place a check before each number that
says so. Write your answers on the space provided.

______ 1. Jokingly shoving the knife to our friends.

______ 2. Wearing gloves when cutting grass and weeds.
______ 3. Reading instructions before using the oven toaster.
______ 4. Letting the car engine run while filling up with gasoline.
______ 5. Using water to douse the fire that came from overheated cooking
oil.

Check Up Test

Draw if the material is being used properly and if not.

Write your answer before the number.

__________ 1. Mico covers the tip of his pencil with cotton to clean his ears.

__________ 2. Doty and Jenya are playing swordfight using their bread
knives.

__________ 3. Alexus drank a whole bottle of cough syrup to cure her

cough faster.

__________ 4. When Angelo finished using cookie cutter, he placed its

sharp edge down on the chopping board.

__________ 5. Whenever Mang Carlo does not need the ax to chop fire
wood, he keeps it in a lock cabinet in the garage.

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 Lesson 5
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
IN HANDLING CERTAIN
SUBSTANCES

Many things we see around us may be useful. However, they

can also cause danger to our health and safety. We must learn how to
handle and use these things properly so as not to cause damage or injury.

134
 Here are some safety rules to follow when handling or using
certain substances:

1. Label all poisonous substances properly. Read these labels carefully

before using them.

2. Turn off or pull the plug after using any electric machine such as flat
irons and stoves.

3. Keep all poisonous substances and materials out of reach of children.

4. Medicines should be labeled also. Do not keep bottles of medicines and

chemicals that do not have labels. Never give or take medicines in the
dark. Take only those medicines which are prescribed by the doctor.

5. Use and handle tools properly. Keep them in a safe place after use.

What other ways can you make your home a safe place?

CHALLENGE!
Draw some ways by which you can make your home and
surroundings a safe place to stay. Write your answers below.

CHAPTER TEST
I. Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided.

_______ 1. Matter is useful. Which situation below shows how they can
bring harm to us?

A. Mother uses liquid soap to wash dishes.

B. Lorry scares her little sister away by testing her with a pair
of scissors.
C. Auntie Mel took medicine after consulting her doctor.

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_______ 2. Which of the following can we use when handling liquids?
A. cardboard box
B. paper bag
C. plastic bag

_______ 3. A cookie is brittle. How can this property of solids be helpful in

sharing a cookie with your friend.?
A. The cookie can be formed into different shapes.
B. The cookie can be cooked easily.
C. The cookie can break easily into two.

_______ 4. Which of the following is a liquid?

A. bread B. orange juice C. spaghetti

_______ 5. Clay can be formed into different shapes. What property of

solids does it have?
A. hardness B. malleability C. strength

_______ 6. Which property makes gasses different from solid or liquids?

A. it has mass
B. it occupies space
C. it can be squeezed

_______ 7. In order to measure the mass of an object, which tool should

you use?
A. platform balance
B. ruler
C. thermometer

_______ 8. Which of the following shows why liquids are useful at home?
A. gases can be squeezed
B. gases have definite shape
C. gases have definite volume.

_______ 9. How a liquid different from a solid?

A. it uses a container
B. it occupies space
C. it follows the shape of its container

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 _______ 10. Boys like playing with marbles because they roll smoothly on
the floor. What property of solid does this show?
A. hardness B. strength C. texture

II. Identify the following things to what type of matter it is. Write S for solid, L
for liquid and G for gas. Write your answer before the number.

______ 1. stone ______ 6. lemonade

______ 2. soy sauce ______ 7. ice candy
______ 3. pencil ______ 8. sea water
______ 4. wind ______ 9. rock
______ 5. air ______ 10. bubbles

137
138
 Lesson 1
SOURCES OF HEAT AND LIGHT

The sun is a ball of fire. It is a ball of burning gases. The sun is

the center of the solar system. It is the main source of heat and light. Heat
and light are forms of energy. Other sources of heat and light are electricity
and fire.

ELECTRICITY

When you look around your house, the television

sets where we watch our favorite programs; the radios that
play our favorite music and the personal computers that help
us make our projects faster and easier are the different kinds of gadgets that
makes our life easier and comfortable. The electric fans or air-conditioning
units that make us feel cool and comfortable. All of these gadgets are run by
electricity.

139
 What is electricity? Electricity is a source of
energy that can be produced by rubbing two materials. Electricity
comes from the Greek word elektron , meaning “amber.”

There are two kinds of electricity. The static electricity is

characterized by a non-moving electric charge which is produced by rubbing
of two materials while electric current is characterized by moving electrons.
This type of electricity is produced by a source of electrical energy like a
battery, generator and solar cells. The current electricity is a flow of electric
charge. It is usually carried by moving electrons in a wire. An example of this
would be the live electrical wires from the electrical posts, and electrical
appliances that are switched on.

WAYS TO CONSERVE ENERGY

Electricity is important in our daily activities. With electricity our

life would be enjoyable and easier, we enjoy the TV programs and computer
games. Since we are having energy crisis and the bills in electric
consumption is very high we should learn how to conserve and use
electricity wisely.

1. Use fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulb because it

consumes less energy.
2. Do not turn on the radio while watching TV.
3. Put lights off at daytime and when not in use.
4. Use electric fan instead of air conditioner.
5. Iron clothes once or twice a week.
6. Use natural light to brighten the room and keep windows open to make
the room cool.

140
FIRE AND FRICTION

Do you know why rubbing of two stones against each other

produces fire or sparks? The rubbing of two things against each other is
called friction. Friction produces heat and light.

Rubbing two hands is also friction. We usually do these to

generate heat during cold seasons. Friction is affected by the texture of
rubbing surfaces. Rough surfaces create more friction. That is why the soles
of our shoes, rubber tires are made with rough and irregular surfaces
because walking, running, driving cars and holding objects can’t be done
without friction.

One good thing brought by friction is fire. People during the

Stone Age used stones to produce fire that gives off heat and light during
night and cold seasons. The flame produced gives off heat that makes the
air around them warm. Feel the heat given off by the flames of fire, the
closer you put your hands the warmer it gets.

WAYS TO PREVENT FIRE

Fire like electricity is important in giving off heat and light. Fire is
also given off by burning. It is the combination of oxygen with other
substances in a chemical reaction. Air that is rich in oxygen can burn freely
with some materials.

Fire is a great help to man but it can also be a great danger. If

not properly handled it can burn and destroy millions of properties. And it can
cause death to people.

Here are precautionary measures to prevent fire.

1. Do not play with matches and candles.

2. Keep gasoline and other flammable materials

away from heat and flame.

141
3. Do not leave a gas lamp burning. Put it off before
leaving the room.

4. Do not leave the stove while cooking.

5. Make sure cigarette butts are completely put out

before throwing in the trash can.

6. Check on electric wires properly.

7. Put candles and lamps away from objects that

can burn easily like curtains and papers.

CHECK UP
Write check (√) if the object gives us heat or light and cross (x) if
not. Write your answer before the number.

CHALLENGE
Answer the following questions.

A. Name some objects that produce heat by means of electricity.

1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________

142
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________

B. Name objects that move or work by means of electricity.

1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________

143
 Lesson 2
LIGHT STRIKES A SURFACE

Light is a form of energy. Here on earth, the sun is the

greatest source of light energy. Light comes from the sun reaches
the earth through rays or waves. This light enables us to see the
many varied things around us. But have you ever wondered what
happens to light when it strikes a surface or an object? Let’s find out.

Activity 5
Problem
What is reflection?
Materials:
black cardboard, mirror, flashlight
Investigate:

1. Position a flashlight, a mirror and a black cardboard so that they form a

triangle.

2. Turn on the flashlight. Focus its beam to the mirror.

3. Adjust the position of the mirror until light strikes the black cardboard?

144
Analyze and Conclude

Answer the following.

1. Can you trace the path of light from the flashlight to the cardboard by
drawing arrows on the illustration ?

2. What happens to the beam of light as it reaches the mirror? How does it
reach the cardboard?

Generalize

How does light behave when it strikes an object?

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Light travels in a straight line through

rays or waves. When light strikes a material or
an object, it can be absorbed or reflected. Light
that does not bounce from one surface to another
is absorbed. Light that bounces off one surface
onto another is reflected.

Light-colored, smooth and shiny

materials or surfaces reflect more light. These
materials stay cooler. Dark-colored and rough
materials or surfaces absorb more light. These
materials become warmer.

Do you know now why you should wear light-colored clothes on

sunny days? Can you tell also why the mirror is the best reflector?

145
 ▪ When light strikes a surface, it can either be reflected or absorbed.
▪ Reflection is bouncing off from one surface to another.
▪ Light-colored, shiny and smooth surfaces reflect more light. Dark-
colored and rough surface absorb more light.

CHECK UP!
Write the word or phrase that will make the sentence correct.

1. The greatest source of light energy is the _____________.

2. Light-colored and shiny surfaces stay _____________during sunny days.
3. Light that bounces off a surface to another is _____________.
4. Light travels through _____________.
5. Dark-colored materials _____________more heat.

CHALLENGE!
Answer the following questions .
A. What color of the materials will you wear during summer? Why?

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

B. What color of the materials will you wear during cold days? Why?
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

146
 Lesson 3
LIGHT AND THE DIFFERENT
KINDS OF MATERIALS

When light falls on surface or material, light is either reflected or

absorbed. On some materials such as clear glass, clear plastic and sheet
and cellophane, all the light that falls on them can pass them clearly. These
materials are transparent.

147
 Opaque materials do not allow light to pass through them.
Opaque materials are usually solid. They can absorb and reflect light. You
cannot see the object behind them. When the opaque materials absorb all
the light which fall on them, they are non-luminous materials. We cannot see
them in the dark. wood, books and cardboard are examples of non-luminous
opaque materials.

However, on some opaque materials such as

aluminum foil or tin can, light can be reflected. They reflect
almost all the light that falls on them. These materials are
luminous. They can be seen in the dark. They sometimes
even glow.

Some materials allow some light to pass

through. But light is scattered or diffused. Object
behind them cannot be seen clearly. They look blurry.
These are translucent materials. Frosted glass, waxed
paper, tissue paper and a silk cloth are translucent.
But some translucent materials lose their translucency
and become opaque when they become too thick or
dense. You can see through a piece of tissue paper
but not through several layers of tissue paper.

▪ Transparent materials allow all the light to pass trough

▪ Light cannot pass through opaque materials.
▪ Luminous materials reflect light.
▪ Translucent materials allow some light to pass trough. Light is
scattered or diffused.

148
CHECK UP
Identify the following objects if it is transparent, translucent or
opaque. Write your answer before the number.

______________________ 1. clear plastic

______________________ 2. trees
______________________ 3. wax paper
______________________4. colored eyeglasses
______________________ 5. thick cardboard
______________________ 6. ballpen
______________________ 7. colored plastic
______________________ 8. water in a pool
______________________ 9. wood
______________________ 10. leaves

CHALLENGE
Gather different materials like leaves, piece of wood, cardboard,
clear plastic, cloth, piece of paper, glass, stone, book, cellophane, foil, wax
paper and others. Group them accordingly. Use the table below.

149
 Lesson 4
THE WHITE LIGHT

At day time, sunlight makes our surroundings

bright. We feel happy when the sun is up. The plants feel
the same, too. Sunlight helps the plant make their own
food.

Activity 6
Problem
What are the colors of light?
Materials
Prism, white paper, masking tape, sunlight
Investigate
1. Go to a place where you can get sunlight.
2. Place a piece of white paper on the floor.
3. Put a prism in the middle of the paper. Observe what happens.

150
Analyze and Conclude

1. What color is sunlight?

_____________________________________________________________
2. When sunlight struck the prism, what was formed in the white paper?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What do you call this thick band of colors?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What are the colors present in it? Write them down in order from top to
bottom.
____________________________________________________________
Generalize
What colors are present in white light?
_____________________________________________________________

A great English physicist proved that sunlight is composed of

several colors. He is Sir Isaac Newton. These colors are similar to those
you see on a rainbow. They are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
violet (ROYGBIV). When we use a glass prism, we can separate white light
clearly into these colors. A glass or water may also be used as a prism. The
longest color is red which appears on the outside edge of the rainbow. Violet
is the shortest and appears on the rainbow.

151
 ▪ Sunlight is also called white light.
▪ White is composed of different color. These colors are also the
colors of a rainbow.
▪ A glass prims is used to separate white light into these color.

CHECK UP
How is a rainbow formed? When do you see a rainbow in the sky?

_____________________________________________________________

CHALLENGE
Combine and mix colors to make new colors.
You need pieces of colored cellophane: red, blue, yellow and
white paper. Arrange the pieces of colored cellophane on top of each other
as shown.

Try combining other colors and discover what new colors you have made.

152
 Lesson 5
LUMINOUS AND
NONLUMINOUS OBJECTS

The sun, stars, a lighted candle and an electric bulb give off their
own light. Other objects do not give their own light. They get light from
luminous objects. That is why they are seen.

Light comes from many objects. Those that

give off their own light are called luminous objects.
The moon does not have a light of its own. It is a
non-luminous object. The moon gets light from the
sun.

What happens to the light of a flashlight

when you focus it on a mirror at an angle?

153
 The light bounces or reflected. This is what happens to
nonluminous objects. They get light from the source of light and they reflect
this light. The light reflected by nonluminous objects looks dull because they
absorb most of the light that shines on them.

Analyze and Conclude

Answer the following questions.

1. How can objects produce light naturally?

_____________________________________________________
2. What makes objects produce man-made light?
_____________________________________________________
3. The moon does not produce its own light yet it does not produce man-
made light. What makes it shine?
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Generalize
What are the different source of light?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

▪ A luminous object emits its own light

▪ A nonluminous object does not produce light but gets light from
other sources.

154
CHECK UP!
Draw 5 examples of luminous objects and nonluminous objects below.

CHALLENGE!
Describe the object as it reflects the light. Write the description on the
chart.

155
 Lesson 6
WHY YOU SEE COLORS IN
OBJECTS

The colors of the objects are reflected

colors to the eyes. All the other colors of sunlight
are absorbed except the colors you see.

When you look at a rose which looks

red to you, every other color of light is absorbed
except red. Red is reflected back to our eyes. So,
we see a red rose.

Grass appears to be green because it

absorbs all of other colors of sunlight except green.

156
 ▪ The colors of the object are reflected colors to the eyes. All the
other colors of sunlight are absorbed except the colors you see.

CHECK UP
Write true if the sentence is correct and false if it is wrong. Write your
answer before the number.

____________1. Sunlight is also called white light.

____________ 2. Sunlight is made up of several colors.
____________ 3. The longest color wave is violet.
____________ 4. You can see a glass prism to combine the colors of
sunlight.
____________ 5. The color you see on an object is the color reflected to
your eyes.

CHALLENGE
Answer the following.

1. Why are the leaves green?

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Why do you see a yellow mango?

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

157
 Lesson 7
BENT LIGHT RAYS

Light rays can be bent as they pass from one substance to

another. When light enters ones substances like oil, glass, air or water on a
diagonal position, refraction occurs. Refraction is the bending of a light ray.
Light slows down as it enters the substance which is thick or dense. It
increases its speed when it leaves that substance. The difference of speed
at surfaces causes the light ray to bend.

158
 Refraction sometimes makes objects in liquids appear close and
bigger than their real-life size. Mirages are caused by refraction of light in the
air. They often occur in the desert or over water on hot sunny days. When
the layer of air next to the ground is very hot and the layer of air directly
above that layer of air is at a different temperature, a mirage will occur.

The magnifying glass or lens causes light to bend or refract. A

lens can enlarge an object, make an object look smaller, or make an object
look upside down. Lenses are used in eyeglasses, telescope and
microscopes.

Activity 8
Problem
What makes light bend?
Materials
Clear glass, red plastic straw, water

Investigate
1. Pour water into a clear glass until it is half-full. Then, carefully put a red
plastic straw in it.
2. Look at the set-up from the top. Draw how it looks like.
3. Move away from the set-up and look at it from the side of the glass.
Draw how it looks like. Is there a difference?

Analyze and Conclude:

1. How did straw look like when viewed from the top?
____________________________________________________________
2. How did the straw look like when viewed from the side?
_____________________________________________________________
3. At point did the straw seem to bend when viewed from the side?
_____________________________________________________________

159
4. What is found above this point?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What do you think caused the bending of the straw’s image?
_____________________________________________________________

Generalize
What causes light to bend?
_______________________________________________________

▪ Refraction is the bending of a light ray.

▪ Light can be bent as it passes from one substance to another.
▪ Lens is a transparent curved surface that cause slight to bent or
refract.

CHECK UP!
Complete the sentence below. Choose the answer from the list.

refraction bends air

speed straightens slant

Light __________ when it passes from __________ to water in a

__________ position. The light bends because the __________ of light
changes. This is called __________.

CHALLENGE!
On your notebook, draw how a pencil appears when it is dipped
into a glass of water in your notebook.

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 Lesson 8
HOW SHADOWS ARE FORMED

When like strikes an opaque material, it is blocked. It cannot

pass through it so the other side of the material is dark. The dark side of the
material forms a shadow.

To make a long shadow, the object should

be far from the source of light.

When the light shines directly over the

object, very short or no shadow is formed. The shadow
is directly under the object.

Shadows can be big or small.

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Activity 9
Problem:
How does a shadow form?
Materials:
Doll candle blank wall

Investigate:

1. Darken the room. Face a blank wall.

2. Put the doll midway between the candle and the wall
3. Light the candle. Observe what is formed on the wall.
4. Move the doll closer to the wall. What happened?
5. Move the doll away from the wall and nearer to the candle. What
happened?

Analyze and Conclude:

1. What formed on the wall when light struck the doll? Why?
____________________________________________________________

2. What happened when the doll was moved closer to the wall?
____________________________________________________________

3. What happened when the doll was moved farther from the wall?
____________________________________________________________
Generalize
What forms when light strikes an opaque material?

____________________________________________________________

162
 ▪ Opaque materials form shadows.
▪ The length of the shadow depends on the position of the source of
light.
▪ Its shape depends upon the shape of the opaque object.

CHECK UP
Underline the correct answer inside the parenthesis.

1. (Opaque, Transparent, Translucent) materials form shadows.

2. Shadows at noon are (short, large, tall).
3. (Heat, Water, Light, Wind) is needed to form shadows.
4. The sun changes its (position, size, shape) because of the movement of
the earth.

ACTIVITY
List down six materials that cannot cast shadows.

1. _____________________ 4. ______________________

2. _____________________ 5. ______________________

3. _____________________ 6. ______________________

163
164
 Lesson 1
THE DIFFERENT SOUNDS YOU
HEAR

We hear various sounds around us. People and animals make

sounds. Different musical instruments make sounds. On the road; cars,
buses and motorcycles make sounds.

165
 You hear various sounds. These sounds may
be soft or loud, high or low and pleasant or unpleasant.
You love to listen to a sweet singing voice or the chirping
of birds on a tree. The gentle sound of the wind blowing
or waves rushing to the shore make you feel relaxed.
These sounds give you a happy feeling. They are
pleasant sounds.

However, some sounds frighten you such

as the sound of thunder. The shrill siren of an ambulance
or an explosion of a firecracker are deafening to your
ears. These are loud and unpleasant sounds. The
blowing horn of the car and bus or the pounding sound
of a jackhammer irritate you. You are also annoyed by
people shouting or quarreling.

▪ You hear different kinds of sounds.

▪ Sounds may be loud or soft, high or low and pleasant or
unpleasant.

CHECK UP
Draw 3 objects which makes pleasant / soft sounds and
unpleasant / loud sounds. Do this on a bond paper.

HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED

The source of all sounds is movement or vibration. When there is

no movement, there is no sound to be heard. When things rapidly move
back and forth or up and down, they produce sounds. These movements are
called vibrations. When vibrations stop, sound stops. These vibrations can
also cause other things nearby to vibrate also.

166
 When you pluck a rubber band, it moves and produces sound.
When you talk, your vocal cords move back and forth. Sound is
produced. People who are deaf or blind can “hear” what someone is saying
by feeling the person’s throat when the person is talking. Every sound has a
different feel. You can train your fingers to “hear” what your ears cannot hear.

Activity 10

Problem
How is sound produced?
Materials
Empty tissue box Rubber band
Plastic ruler

Investigate
A. Tissue box and rubber band

1. Tie a rubber band around the empty tissue box. Make sure that it passes
through the center hole where you used to pull tissues from.

2. While holding the tissue box in one hand, pull the rubber band then let go.
Observe what is produced and what the hand holding the tissue box felt.

Analyze and Conclude :

1. What was produced when you let go of the rubber band?

_____________________________________________________________
2. What happened to the empty tissue box?
_____________________________________________________________
3. When you hit the desk with the ruler, what did you observe?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What did the hand lying on the top of the table feel?
_____________________________________________________________

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5. Did you feel the same thing in the hand that held the ruler?
_____________________________________________________________

Generalize: How can objects produce sound?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

▪ Sound is a form od energy.

▪ Sound is produced by a vibrating object.
▪ Vibrations are back and forth or up and down movements of an
object.

CHECK UP
Read and analyze the following. Encircle the correct answer.

1. A drum is sounded by
beating striking blowing ringing

2. A bell produces sound by

beating strumming blowing ringing

3. A lyre produce sound by

striking beating ringing strumming

4. Sounds reach people through

eyes ears nose tongue

5. We whistle by
blowing shaking crumpling beating

168
 Lesson 2
HOW SOUNDS TRAVEL

Light and sound are both forms of energy. They both travel
through waves. But unlike light which can travel through a vacuum or empty
space, sound travels through a medium. Sound needs something that will
carry the vibrations of the sounds produced to your ears. The medium could
either be a solid, a liquid or a gas.

Sounds travel fastest in solids. Waves move best through solid

objects like the earth, metals and wood. Sound waves do not travel as well
through a gas such as air or through spongy materials like pillows. Can you
guess why? Recall how the molecules in solids look like.

Sound travels slower than light. It travels at the speed of 1100

feet per second. That is why during a lightning storm, you see the lightning
before you hear the sound of thunder.

169
PARTS OF AN EAR

Some sound vibrations cannot be heard because the frequency

is too high or too low for our ears to detect. Dogs, dolphins and bats can
hear sounds at higher frequencies. They can hear sounds which cannot be
heard or audible to our ears.

▪ Sound travels through air, liquids and gas. It travels fastest in

solids.
▪ Sound travels at a speed of 1100 feet (335m) per second.
▪ Light travels faster than sound.

CHECK UP
Put a check (√) if the statement is correct and put a cross (x) if it is incorrect.

_______ 1. When things move rapidly back and forth, vibrations are
produced.
_______ 2. A loud explosion is a pleasant sound.
_______ 3. Sound travels from a vibrating object to your ear by means of
waves.
_______ 4. Sound travels faster in liquids than in gases.
_______ 5. The speed of sound is faster than light.

170
 Lesson 3
ECHOES AND
REVERBERATION

Sound waves can behave in ways that produce a number of

different special effects.

An echo is caused by a sound wave that bounces back from an

object. It is like a ball bouncing off a wall. When you shout in a long hall or a
big auditorium, you hear an echo. Part of the sound you produce strikes the
opposite wall and bounces back. This is reflected. You hear the sound of
your voice returning. An echo is a reflected sound. A clear echo is produced
when the reflecting surface is at least 55 feet or 16 meters away from you.

171
 When the sounds are reflected or repeated many times,
reverberation is produced. Reverberation is a prolonged echo effect. A little
amount of reverberation is needed in auditoriums for you to enjoy listening to
music.

Acoustics is the science of sounds. It studies the way echo or

reverberation sounds in an auditorium or concert hall. Wool, felt and cork are
good sound absorbers. Sound absorbing tiles, draperies, carpets and wall
hangings reduce reverberations and echoes.

▪ An echo is a reflected sound. Sound bounces back from a hard

surface.

▪ Reverberation is a prolonged echo effect. The original sound is

repeated many times. But no clear, separate echoes are heard.

172
CHECK UP
Write the letter of the correct answer before the number.

_____1. Echo is ___________?

a. a reflected sound
b. a pleasant sound
c. an unpleasant sound

_____2. Sound is like light because it can be

a. colored b. bent c. absorbed

_____3. Noise is
a. a reflected sound
b. a pleasant sound
c. an unpleasant sound

_____4. Heavy curtains are useful in

a. reflecting sound b. absorbing sound c. increasing sound

_____5. One of these sounds produced is considered noise.

a. chirping b. tooting horns c. group prayer

CHALLENGE
Answer the following.

1. Ceilings and walls of movie theaters are covered with corkboards,

curtains and draperies.
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Your voice sounds different in an auditorium when it is full of people than
when it is empty.
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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 Lesson 4
PROTECTING OURSELVES FROM
HEAT, LIGHT and SOUND

In this modern world we are exposed to various things which are

dangerous to our health like the radiation from the different appliances at
home, the blaring and deafening sounds and ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Here are some ways to protect ourselves from these health

hazards:

¨ Wear sun glasses, use caps and umbrellas when the sun is hot.
¨ Avoid places with loud and deafening sounds.
¨ Drink plenty of water regularly.
¨ Take a bath during hot seasons.
¨ Stay at least 5 meters away from the television when watching.
¨ Use sunscreen, lotion or cream before going out in the sun especially
during summer to avoid sunburn.
¨ Wear clothes that are appropriate for the weather.
¨ Listen to music from a radio at low volume.

174
CHAPTER TEST
Read and understand each question. Then write the correct letter
on the space provided.

_______ 1. Which of the following is not a color of the rainbow?

a. indigo c. pink
b. yellow d. red

_______ 2. Which object is opaque?

a. cellophane c. capiz
b. apple d. aquarium

_______ 3. Which of the following will produce the loudest sound when
dropped to the floor?
a. book c. coin
b. handkerchief d. cloth

_______ 4. Why sound important?

a. They are loud. c. They improve our surrounding.
b. They keep us alert. d. They warn us in danger

_______ 5. Why does an object looks green?

A. It reflects green and absorbs the other colors.
B. it is a mixture of blue and yellow light.
C. none of these

_______ 6. A mirror reflects an image. Which statement explains how this

happens?
A. Light bends as it passes through a mirror.
B. A mirror blocks light that enters it.
C. An image is trapped in the mirror.
D. Light bounces off the mirror.

_______ 7. All are natural source of light, except?

a. Firefly c. Sun
b. Moon d. star

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_______ 8. Which of the following will form the darkest shadow?
A. plastic cover c. paper
B. wax paper d. illustrating board

_______ 9. Which of the following materials will allow light to pass through
easily?
A. frosted glass c. stained glass
B. decorated glass d. clear glass

_______ 10. You are playing in the backyard when mother called you to eat
lunch. Why can you hear her?
A. Sound travels through air.
B. Sound travels from person to another.
C. sound travels through liquid.
D. sound travels through solid

176
177
 Lesson 1
WHAT IS FORCE?

Force enables you to move yourself or any object. You exert the
force of your arm to push the ball as you throw it. To catch it, you exert a
force to pull the ball towards you. A strong pull is needed to lift a heavy
object. A strong push is needed to put it down.

A force is a push or a pull. You need force to make things move.

Force is needed to do some work.

▪ Force is a push or a pull.

▪ Force is needed to do some work.

▪ A force can make objects or things move.

178
CHALLENGE

Look at each picture. Tell whether the force is a push or a pull. Write your
answers on the space provided.

179
 Lesson 2
FORCE MAKES MOTION

A force can make things or objects move. These objects move in

different ways. Some changes take place as they move. Motion is the
process of moving.

Objects or things make different kinds of motion. Some objects

move like the hula-hoop or the top. They keep on turning or spinning around
in place. They make a circular motion.

180
 Other objects move up and down or back and forth. They make a
linear motion. The seesaw and yoyo move this way. Look around you. Can
you name some objects make this kind of motion?

Still some objects make both circular and linear motions at the
same time. Many battery-operated toys nowadays are designed to move this
way.

When an object moves, it changes its position and

direction. There is motion or movement when you compare this
object with something that is not moving. You call this object as
your reference point. The teacher’s table does not move. It is
your reference point. When you walk from the door to the teacher’s table,
you change your position. As the position changes, the direction of the object
may also change. The rolling ball changes its direction when you put the
stick on its way. A force can change the position or direction of an object.
Some forces cause motion.

▪ Motion of an object can either be circular or linear.

▪ A force things or objects to move.
▪ An object in motion may change

181
CHALLENGE!
Identify what is asked in the following questions. Write your
answer before the number.

_____ 1. It can make objects move.

_____ 2. A kind of motion where in it keeps on turning or spinning.

_____ 3. This kind of motion moves up and down or back and forth.

_____ 4. When an object moves, these two always changes.

182
 Lesson 3
FORCES ACTING ON AN OBJECT

We see things in motion around us everywhere. Airplanes cross

the skies. Kites fly in the sky. Water flows in rivers. Leaves fall from the tress.

What forces keep them in motion? And what forces cause them
to stop moving? Let’ find out what these forces are.

183
 Different forces make things move. When
you throw a ball or anything into the air, it always falls
back into the ground. The earth exerts a kind of force
which pulls object down. This force is called gravity.
Gravity is a force which pulls all things back to the
earth.

Another force which makes things move

is magnetism. Objects which are made of iron and
steel are attracted by a magnet. A magnet can make
paper clips and pins move. These objects are
magnetic materials since they are easily moved by a
magnet. Paper, rubber and wood are non-magnetic.
These materials are not attracted by a magnet. A magnet cannot make them
move.

Electricity is also a force which causes motion. It can even do

some work. Many of our home appliances and other machines move and
work because of electricity. Can you name some of them?

Wind and water are other forces which cause motion. Kites,
sailboats, windmills and the flag on a pole move because of wind. Running
or flowing water causes small rocks to be carried from one place to another.
It can also make a water wheel turn. Water is used to irrigate fields and
farms.

You have noticed also that an object in motion stops moving after
some time. If you roll a toy cart on the floor, the toy cart soon comes to a
stop. Friction is at work to stop the cart’s motion. Friction is a force between
two surfaces that works against motion. There is friction between the wheels
of the cart and the floor. Friction exists between any two surfaces that touch,
slide or roll on one another.

184
 ▪ Several forces act on an object to cause or stop its motion. They
are:
1. gravity 4. wind
2. magnetism 5. water
3. electricity 6. friction
▪ Gravity is a pull, which makes things fall or go down to the earth.
▪ Magnetism is a force which attracts and moves objects made of
steel and iron.
▪ Friction stops or slows down motion of objects.

CHECK UP
Write Yes if you agree with the following statements and No if
you do not. Write your answer before the number.

___________ 1. Kites and sailboats are moved by wind.

___________ 2. Friction causes objects to move fast.
___________ 3. The earth exerts a pull on objects to make them move.
___________ 4. Several home appliances are moved by electricity.
___________ 5. Magnet attracts objects made of paper and wood

CHALLENGE!
Draw some objects which are moved by each kind of force.

1. Gravity

2. Magnetism

3. Wind

4. Electricity

185
 Lesson 4
LAWS OF MOTION

When you spin a top, you say that the top is in motion. When it
stops moving, you say that it is at rest. Why do objects behave this way.

Sir Isaac Newton is a famous British scientist. He made several

studies to find out the movement of objects. He discovered that an object
moves because a force is applied on it. He thought out that forces acting on
it determine the motion of an object. He formulated these Laws of Motion.

186
1. An object at rest tends to remain at rest; and an object in motion
tends to be in motion unless an outside force is applied on it.

An object at rest on a cart will tend to stay at rest. It is left behind

if the cart is quickly pulled away. When the object is in motion, it tends to
keep moving. The wall is the outside force which stops its motion. The object
slides along the top of the wagon until it also hits the wall.

We feel the same effect on your body when we ride a car or bus.
Your body is at rest before the car begins moving. So, when it starts
suddenly, your body presses back against the seat of the car. If the car
suddenly stops, your body moves forward. Your body is in motion, and it
tends to stay in motion.

This tendency to stay at rest or in motion is called inertia. A force

is needed to overcome inertia.

2. When force acting on an object is balanced or equal, there is no

motion. When one force becomes stronger than the other force, motion
takes place toward that greater force.

In the tug of war game,

the group which exerted a greater
force pulled the other group towards
them.

3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Action is another word for force. Reaction is the other

force which acts in an opposite direction. The strength of the reaction is
always equal to the strength of the action.

187
 When you release the balloon filled with air, it flutters around the
room. The air escapes from the balloon with a certain force. This is the
action. The movement of the balloon around the room is the reaction. It is
equal to the force of the escaping air.

Do you know now why the bigger balloon moves around longer?

▪ Motion of an object is determined by forces acting on it.

▪ When forces are balanced, there is no motion. When a force
becomes stronger than the other force, it moves toward that
direction.
▪ An object at rest remain at rest; and an object in motion remains in
motion unless an outside force is applied on it.
▪ For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

CHECK UP
Fill in the blanks with a word or phrase that will make the sentence correct.

1. There is no motion if the forces acting on the object are __________.

2. For every action, there is an equal and opposite _____________.

3. The laws of motion were thought out by _______________.

4. The tendency of an object to stay at rest or in motion is called ______.

5. When the vehicle you’re riding on suddenly stops, your body moves

_________________.

188
 Unit 4: The Solar System
Lesson 1
KNOWING ABOUT LAND,
WATER and AIR

The earth is the third planet in the solar system. It is on earth

where we live. About one-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with land
and three-fourth consists of water.

The largest and widest forms of land

on earth are called continents. The earth is
divided into seven continents. These are Asia,
North America, South America, Africa, Australia,
Antarctica and Europe. The biggest continent is
Asia. The Philippines is located in Asia.

189
 The different land forms are the mountains, plains, hills,
plateaus, valleys, volcanoes, islands and peninsulas.

The mountains are the highest of all the landforms. They rise up
to more than 10,000 feet above sea level. The highest mountain in the
Philippines is Mt. Apo in Mindanao at 8,000 feet above sea level.

The plains are wide, flat, level lands. Plains are good for building
houses and buildings. They are mostly used for planting trees and crops.

The hills are land forms which are smaller and lower than
mountains. An example of a hill is the Chocolate Hills in Bohol.

Another land form is a plateau. Plateaus are flat lands but higher
in level than plains.

The valleys are flat lands between two

mountains or hills. They have fertile soil. Fruits
and vegetables can grow here because the soil is
good for planting.

Volcanoes are mountains forming

craters. They have craters that throw out hot
molten lava.

Islands and islets are bodies of land

completely surrounded by water. The Philippines
is an archipelago which is made up of about
7, 100 islands.

Peninsulas are forms of land nearly

surrounded by water. They are connected to the
mainland by a strip of land.

190
 ▪ The different landforms are mountain, hill, volcano, plateau, valley
and plain.

▪ Land forms are important to man and other living creatures.

CHECK UP
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letters on the blank.

Column A Column B

_________ 1. Lowlands between mountains a. plateau

or hills. b. valley
_________ 2. Flat land on top of a mountain. c. volcano
_________ 3. Smaller than a mountain. d. hill
_________ 4. High land that gives out molten rocks e. mountain
_________ 5. Low, wide and flat landform. f. plain

CHALLENGE!
Identify the different land forms. Write your answers on the space
provided.

191
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________

192
 Lesson 2
WHERE SOIL COMES FROM

Soil is a thin layer of loose material

on the surface of the earth. Soil can be a few
inches deep. It can also go down several feet.
Soil is made up of tiny bits of rocks. It also
contains decayed plants and animals.

Soil comes from solid rock. Rain, wind and water break off these
rocks into tiny pieces. Tiny plants called lichens grow on them and decay. In
time, the remains of dead plants and animals add to these particles of rocks
and minerals. This becomes soil. It takes many, many years to change rocks
into soil.

193
 ▪ Soil is made up of tiny bits of rocks with remains of dead plants
and animals.

▪ It takes many years to change rocks into soil. Rain, wind, water
and roots of plants break rocks into tiny pieces.

CHECK UP
Answer the following questions.

1. How can water, wind and plants break rocks into tiny pieces?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

2. Why does it take many years for a rock to become soil?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

194
 Lesson 3
KINDS OF SOIL

A soil is a thin layer of loose materials found on the surface of

the earth. It comes from broken rock particles and decayed bodies of plants
and animals. Soil contains water, moisture, nitrogen and remains of dead
plants and animals. Decayed plants and animals become humus which then
become part of the soil. Humus has the nutrients which plants need for
growth.

Soil contains all the nutrients needed by the plants to live. There
are areas that have poor soil that cannot support plant life like desert.

195
Activity 1
Problem
How can you compare the characteristics of the
different kinds of soil?
Materials
3 plastic dishes
Loam soil (from the garden)
Sandy soil (from the seashore)
Clay soil (soil from mountains)
Investigate
1. Put a spoonful of each kind of soil in each of the three plastic dishes.
Label them.
2. Observe the color of each kind of soil.
3. Rub each kind of soil in your hand observe how it feels.
4. Record your observation in the chart.

Analyze and Conclude

Answer the following questions.

1. In what ways are the soil samples similar?

__________________________________________________________
2. In what ways are they different?
__________________________________________________________
3. The soil you have collected differ in color, texture, and sizes of particles.
Why is this so?
____________________________________________________________

196
Generalize
How do kinds of soil differ?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

TYPES OF SOIL
1. Gravel
This is made of small pieces of rocks found
along riverbanks or along bodies of water. It is very
coarse and contains mostly pebbles. It is used in building
houses, roads and bridges. This type of soil is good for
building houses roads and bridges but not good for
planting.

2. Sand
This is made up of grains of rocks. It is pale
and grayish-white. It is usually found along the shores
of bodies of water. There are more air space between
the particles of sand so it cannot hold water. Many plants
do not grow well on it because it has few nutrients and it
does not hold water.

3. Humus
This soil is usually dark brown. It is very rich
with decayed plants and animals mixed with the soil
making it fertile. This soil is good for plants.

4. Clay
This is made up of very fine rock particles. It
is reddish brown and sticky when wet. It is hard solid
when dry so it can hold water. Plants cannot grow well
on it because the grains are too tightly packed and intact.
Clay soil is made into pots, vases, jars and bricks

197
5. Loam
This is a mixture of sand, clay and humus.
It is dark and usually brown. Loamy soil is best for
growing plants because it holds water enough and has
much nutrients.

6. Silt
It is a fine soil and can hold more water than
sand.

▪ Soil differ in color, texture and size of rock particles.

▪ Sand, pebbles and gravel have coarse particles.
▪ Clay have fine particles.
▪ Loam is a soil mixture of sand, clay and pebbles or gravel. Plants grow best
in them.

CHECK UP
Fill in the blanks with a word or phrase to make the sentence correct.

1. Soil which have very fine particles is called ________________.

2. Plants grow best in ______________ soil.
3. Plants grown on sand ___________ because sand does not hold much
water.
4. The decaying organic matter in soil is called ______________.
5. Some soils are gray or reddish. Soils differ in ________________.

CHALLENGE
What is the color and texture of each of the soil samples?

198
 Lesson 4
LAYERS OF SOIL

The soil is divided into three layers. The top layer is the part of
the soil in which you plant things. It is soft, crumbly and darker in color. It
has more decayed plants and animals. This layer is called topsoil. It extends
down only a few inches. Plants grow well on topsoil because it has humus.

The layer beneath the topsoil is called subsoil. It is hard-packed.

It contains much sand and pebbles mixed with clay. Only the roots of trees
and larger plants reach this layer.

The bottom layer is solid bedrock. Its upper edges slowly decay
and flake off.

▪ Soil has three layers: topsoil, subsoil and bedrock.

▪ Plants grow well on topsoil. Topsoil contains humus so it is darker
in color.

199
CHECK UP
Answer the following questions with Yes or No.

___________1. Topsoil is darker in color.

___________ 2. Subsoil has finer rock particles than topsoil.
___________ 3. Topsoil contains much humus.
___________ 4. Subsoil contains much sand and pebbles.
___________ 5. Plants will grow on bedrock since there is much water in it.

CHALLENGE
Draw the layers of the soil below. Label them.

200
 Lesson 5
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL

Soil is the ground or foundation of all

life on earth. If there were no soil, most of the
plants would die. Most of our foods come from
plants. The fruits and vegetables we eat during our
meals come from plants. Cereals such as rice, corn
and wheat come from plants which grow well in
soil. Some plants also serve as food to other
animals. Grass, which grows well in soil, food to carabaos, cows and goats.
These animals are other sources of your food such as meat, milk, cheese
and other dairy products.

The soil is also home to other animals. Rodents, such as ground

squirrels, make their burrows there. Still smaller animals, such as beetles,
ants, snails and earthworms make the soil porous. The earthworms’ wastes
called castes make the soil fertile. Plants make use of these minerals and
substances for growth.

201
 Soil covers land surfaces which are
rich in mineral deposits such as iron, copper
and aluminum. These metals are made into
many useful things found in the kitchen.

Sand and clay are also used for

construction purposes. Sand and cement make
good concrete for building houses and bridges.

▪ Clay soil is used in making bricks, pot and vases.

▪ Loam soil is used for growing plants in the garden.
▪ Sandy soil is used for making hollow blocks, glass and sandpaper.
▪ Gravel is used for flooring.

CHALLENGE
Draw some products made of soil. Color your work afterwards.

202
 Lesson 6
SOIL POLLUTION

The land where we live and get food to eat is covered with soil.
Thus, soil is important not only to plants and animals but also to humans.
But many human activities cause harm to the productivity of soil. Unless
people realize these problems, then they cannot successfully carry out
measures to conserve soil.

You sometimes see piles of garbage along the streets or in

vacant lots. Flies, ants, worms and other insects live in garbage. Garbage
destroys the fertility of the topsoil. Plants cannot grow in soil covered with
garbage.

203
 Wastes from mines also cause soil pollution. After being taken
from the ground, metals like gold and copper are processed to become pure.
Metal processing produced wastewater that flows in the rivers. The soil
where this mine waste flows become infertile. Plants can no longer grow in
it.

Soil pollution also results from the overuse of fertilizers and

insecticides in farming. To increase their harvests, farmers often add too
much fertilizers in the soil. Others spray their crops with insecticides that
contain chemicals. These chemicals destroy the small animals living in the
soil. They also make the soil infertile.

▪ Polluting or adding materials can destroy fertile soil. Examples: oil,

detergents, poisonous chemical.
▪ Throwing garbage on the ground. Garbage may contain poisonous
materials.
▪ Burning forest destroys plants which make soil fertile.
▪ Soil that is not fertile gives poor crops and poor harvests.

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CHECK UP
Draw and color the pictures that show polluting the soil.
Do this on ½ cartolina.

CHALLENGE
In what ways can man destroy the soil?

When the eroded soil is carried by the rainwater into a river, the
river becomes shallow. During typhoons or heavy rains, the shallow river
overflows and causes floods. Flood destroys plants, houses and many other
things. What are the things we can do to avoid soil erosion?

PREVENTING SOIL EROSION

There are several ways to control erosion in farmlands. These
are contour plowing, terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation and planting new
trees.

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1. Contour plowing— The roots of small plants are not strong enough to
hold the soil along the hillsides or mountains slopes. During heavy rains, the
plants and the soil are both carried away by water. Farmers prevent this by
plowing around the hillside. This is called contour plowing. This method
prevents rainwater from easily going downhill.

2. Terracing— Another way to prevent erosion is by building terraces.

Terracing is done by making a series of ridges on the mountainside where
crops can be planted. An example of this is the Banaue Rice Terraces in
Ifugao. People cultivate rice along the terraced sides of the mountain.

206
3. Strip cropping— Sometimes you see along the hillside a row of crops
followed by a row of grass. The use of alternating row of crops and grasses
is called strip cropping. This is a very efficient soil conservation method
because grass helps prevent the soil from being washed down.

4. Crop rotation— Planting the same crop year in and year out is not good
for the soil. This causes the soil to lose its fertility. That is why farmers are
encouraged to use the method of crop rotation. After planting rice or other
crops for one year, they are advised to plant legumes, like peanuts or
beans, the next year. Legumes help restore the minerals lost in the soil.

5. Planting new trees— When farmers clear a piece of land, they often cut
and burn all the trees in it. Then they build houses and cultivate the cleared
land. When the soil becomes infertile, they move to another place. There
they clear the area of trees again until a large area of the land becomes bare
and the soil erodes. To prevent this, new trees must be planted regularly.
This way, the cut trees will be replaced and the soil will not be
carried away during heavy rains.

207
 ▪ Contour plowing, terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation and
planting new trees are the ways we can use to prevent soil
erosion.

CHECK UP
Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided.

____1. a. Alternating rows of crops and grass or

strip cropping controls soil erosion

____2. b. Contour plowing does not easily allow

the rain to go downhill.

____3. c. It is the area in the mountain where

crops are planted to control soil
erosion.

____4. d. The topsoil is carried by rain when

trees are cut.

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CHALLENGE

Why is it important for us to help prevent soil erosion?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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 Lesson 7
CARE AND CONCERN FOR OUR
SOIL

Without soil, there will be no trees and other plants that are
useful to man. There will be less food and lumber. Clothing materials and
medicinal herbs you get from plants will become scarce.

How do you help in conserving the soil? Study each picture to find out.

1. Join projects for tree planting activity like

“Clean and Green.” The roots of plants prevent
water from washing away the soil.

2. When you sweep, sweep the dirt only.

Return the topsoil back to the earth.

210
3. Grow different kinds of crops in your vegetable
garden. This helps the soil to conserve its
minerals.

4. Reduce or prevent land pollution. Have

litter-free surroundings.

▪ We should show care and concern for the soil to make it more
useful.

CHECK UP
Write check (√) if the statements show care of the soil and cross
(X) if it does not show care of the soil.

_________ 1. Sweep and clean your yard everyday.

_________ 2. Burn trees to clean the forest.
_________ 3. Throw and burn your garbage on a vacant place.
_________ 4. Throw soapy water on the grasses.
_________ 5. Keep poisons in well covered can and bury it deep in the
ground.

211
212
 Lesson 1
WATER FORMATION

Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Some

bodies of water are big and deep. Others are small, narrow and shallow.

The biggest body of salt water is the ocean. It is very deep. The
five big oceans in the world are the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic
Ocean, Antarctic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Ships and other big water transportations travel on oceans

between continents. Big water animals like whales and sharks are found
here.

213
 A bay is connected to the sea and almost fully
surrounded by land. It is good place for ports. Ships may
dock here safely. The most famous bay in the Philippines
is Manila Bay.

A sea is smaller than the ocean. It is also salty,

deep and wide. Ships also travel on seas to reach other
countries. The seas that surround the Philippines are
China Sea, Philippine Sea and Celebes Sea.

A lake is surrounded by land. It is formed when

there is a hallow within the surface of the earth. Lakes are
ideal for boating, fishing and swimming.

A river is a narrow body of water that leads to an open

sea. Boats usually travel on rivers.

A pond is smaller than a lake. It is a shallow,

fresh water surrounded by land. Different kinds of water
plants and animals are found in a pond. Some ponds are
man-made and are found in parks.

A waterfall is a beautiful scenery. It

usually becomes a tourist spot. We have the
popular Pagsanjan Falls in Laguna and the
famous Maria Cristina Falls in Iligan. The
cascading force of the Maria Cristina Falls is
used to generate electricity in that area.

214
 A spring is a natural source of water that
comes from the underground. It is a flow of ground water
that escapes from beneath the surface of the earth.

A geyser is made of boiling water and

steam which shoots up from the earth’s crust
into the air. It looks like a fountain. It is very hot.

▪ The different water forms consists of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, bay, spring,
streams, brook, ponds and waterfalls.
▪ The biggest bodies of water are oceans.
▪ Seas are large forms of water but smaller than oceans.
▪ A lake is a large inland body of water. It is surrounded by land.
▪ Rivers are long streams of water in permanent natural channels.
▪ A pond is a small lake.
▪ A waterfalls is a running water coming from the top of a mountain.
▪ Brooks and stream are small bodies of fresh water.

CHECK UP
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.
A B
________ 1. It is smaller than a lake. a. waterfall
________ 2. It is a body of water surrounded b. sea
by land
________ 3. It is a body of water falling c. river
from a high place.
________ 4. It is the biggest body of water. d. pond
________ 5. It is a body of water smaller e. ocean
than an ocean.
________ 6. It is a long, narrow body of f. stream
water connected to the sea. g. lake

CHALLENGE
Draw one of the water forms that you want to visit on your notebook.
Color it.

215
 Lesson 2
SOURCES OF WATER

Water falls on earth as rain, snow, sleet and drizzle. In the

Philippines water falls as rain. Rainwater is not safe. It can get germs, dust
and dirt when rain falls. Some water flows to the river and to the sea during
heavy rains.

Some water sink into the ground. More water sink deeper until it
reaches a solid rock where it is stored. This water is called underground
water.

216
 Water from a well is underground water. A
well is a hole that is dug very deep to reach the
groundwater. A well can be an open well or a very
deep well.

Underground water may rise on the surface of

the earth to form a spring. Spring water is not pure and
safe for health. It contains much minerals.

Water which flows from the faucet at

home comes from a water supply which is stored in a
dam. Faucet water is added with chemicals to kill
germs. Faucet water is safe to drink, but boiled
water is much safer.

▪ Water comes from different sources. Sources of water are rain,

underground water through the wells, spring and bodies of water.

▪ Underground water is best because it is pure. It has no minerals.

▪ Water that comes from spring, stream, lake and river is not pure
and safe for health. It has minerals and micro-organisms in them.

▪ Rain water is not safe to drink.

217
CHECK UP
Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is incorrect.

__________ 1. Water that falls on earth comes from rain.

__________ 2. Water from lakes and streams have minerals.

__________ 3. We can drink safely water from a river.

__________ 4. Water that we use at home comes from rain.

__________ 5. Lake and spring are sources of water.

Activity 2
Draw the sources of water and give their description on your notebook.
Color them.

218
 Lesson 3
IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Water is important to all living things. It is used not only in the

homes but also in other places like stores, hospitals and factories. The uses
of water are given below.

Here are the major uses of water:

1. People use water for drinking and preparing food.

2. People use water for washing, cleaning objects and

for personal hygiene. Water is used in industries.

3. Water is also used to irrigate farms.

4. Water is used in generating power.

219
 ▪ Water is very useful. It is used at home and in industry. It is also
used in transportation and recreation. It is also a source of
electrical power?

▪ Life itself could not exist without water.

CHECK UP
List down ten uses of water on your notebook.

CHALLENGE!
Make a poster and slogan showing how to conserve water.
Do this on ½ cartolina.

220
 Lesson 4
WATER POLLUTION

Water may look clean. But many materials can get into it and
make it unsafe. Water could also have bad taste or smell. It can get polluted.

Many different kinds of substances and conditions can cause

water pollution. Dangerous substances can pollute any water source. These
are hazardous to the health of the aquatic animals and plants. They also put
in danger the wild creatures that live nearby. Polluted water affects the lives
of people. They drink dirty water and eat contaminated fishes.

People causes almost all pollution. Everyday, wastewater and

chemicals from factories, refineries and mines end up in rivers, lakes and
oceans. Oil spills from tankers are washed ashore. Used oil from engines of
motorboats also pollute the water.

221
 Farmers use insecticides and fertilizers
to improve their crops. Rain washes some of these
chemicals into the bodies of water. They are
dangerous to the fish and the people who eat the
fish.

Sewage is everything they flushed from

sinks, bathtubs and toilets. It contains bacteria and
viruses that cause disease. Waterways which receive
improperly treated sewage are polluted.

Nuclear wastes from power plants are

thrown into the nearest body of water. Sometimes
they are put into drums and thrown into the ocean
floor. These leak into the water, then, water becomes
polluted.

Some people throw their garbage in to

the rivers. These makes the rivers dirty. When you
go swimming into these rivers, you may develop a skin allergy or sore

▪ Dust, dirt particles and harmful substances pollute the water.

▪ Polluted water is unsafe to drink. It also has a bad taste and bad
smell.

222
CHECK UP
Which of these practices causes water pollution? Check them.

_________ 1. Throwing used oil into the canals.

_________ 2. Proper disposal of the garbage.
_________ 3. Refineries dump chemical waste into the air.
_________ 4. Washing clothes in the river.
_________ 5. Rainwater and flood carry trash and plastic to the sea.

EXTENSION
Put a check on the things that causes water pollution.

_____ detergents
_____ chemical fertilizer
_____ kitchen wastes
_____ proper garbage disposal
_____ cyanide fishing
_____ oil and grease from vehicles

223
 Lesson 5
CONSERVING THE WATER
ENVIRONMENT

Polluted water is dangerous. It can destroy animal and plant life.

It may cause common diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and
diarrhea. We should do something to keep our water environment safe and
clean.

Turn the faucet off while brushing your teeth.

Flush the toilet with water that has been used

for washing clothes.

224
Report leaking water faucets or pipes to parents,
teacher or barangay captain.

Do not play with water.

Dispose your garbage properly. Bury your

garbage in a pit. Cover it with some soil to
avoid foul smell of decaying matter.

Use a dishpan when washing dishes.

Participate in campaigns against water pollution.

You may join a science and health club in your
class or school. Discuss ways to help prevent
water pollution.

Prepare posters showing dangers of water

pollution. Hold a mini-parade or post them in
strategic places around the school or
community to inform people about these dangers.

225
 ▪ You should dispose of our garbage properly to avoid water
pollution.

▪ Join campaigns and projects to help fight pollution.

CHECK UP
Write check (√) if the statements shows a way of conserving water and X if
not.

______ 1. Turn off the faucet while brushing your teeth.

______ 2. Do not play with water.
______ 3. Use water that has been used in rinsing clothes to clean toilet or
floor.
______ 4. Have leaking pipes repaired at once.
______ 5. Use can sprinkler in watering the plants.

226
227
 Lesson 1
WEATHER AND CLIMATE

When you run fast, you feel

something touches your face. you can’t
see or smell it. It is air. Air is all around you.
It covers the earth surface.
This is called atmosphere.

Air is everywhere. You feel it

when the wind blows. Air can do many
things. It can close a door or pull up a
tree. Air presses on things, it touches and
this is strong.

228
 Weather is made because of changes in air.
The heat of the sun, the wind and the clouds in the sky
changes the condition of the air around you. They also
help to tell you the kind of weather you will have at a
certain place.

Sometimes the weather at the place where

you live is different from another place. Weather may
even change in a short time at the same place. It’s raining now and after a
few minutes, the sun is shining brightly. Weather changes daily. It varies at a
certain time at a certain place.

But the prevalent weather conditions at a certain place for a long

time becomes its climate. This can be for two or more weeks, a month or so.

▪ Weather is the daily condition of the atmosphere. It may vary at a

certain place at a specific time.

▪ Climate is the total condition of the atmosphere over a long period

of time.

CHECK UP
What kind of weather is it? Write your answer before the number.

__________ 1. The wind blow strong. It rains the whole day. The streets are
flooded.
__________ 2. Children fly their kites in the open fields. The air move fast.
The leaves of the trees are blown away.
__________ 3. The sun cannot be seen in the sky. The air is quite cool. It is
nice to play outside.
__________ 4. The leaves of the trees do not move. It is very hot.
__________ 5. Clothes hang under the sun dry quickly.

229
 Lesson 2
ELEMENTS AND FACTORS
AFFECTING WEATHER

When you wake up in the morning, how do you find out the
weather for the day? How do the weatherman collect information about the
condition of the atmosphere? What factors affect weather?

A. Air Pressure

Air pressure makes weather. Air pressure is the

push or force of air on things. Air presses on things very hard.
You do not feel it because you also have air inside you pressing
out.

The earth is surrounded by air which presses on it.

As air pressure changes, most of the time, it means the weather
will change. A weatherman uses a barometer to keep track of air
pressure. A barometer shows if air pressure remains the same, goes higher
or goes lower. If the barometer reading goes higher or rises, good weather is
coming. If the barometer starts to fall, the weather will not be as good.

230
B. Temperature of Air

Air is made up of many kinds of gases and dust. Air has a gas of
water called water vapor. To know what air has to do with weather, you also
have to know what happens to air when it gets hot or cold.

The temperature of an object tells you how hot or

cold it is. A thermometer is used to measure temperature. Most
thermometer uses fluid called mercury inside a glass tube. This
fluid goes up when it gets warm. When it gets cold, the fluid goes
down the tube. The number on the thermometer indicates the
temperature of air at a certain time.

The temperature reading is 20o Celsius or Centigrade. The small

‫ ﹾ‬after the number means degree. Water boils at 1000 C and freezes at 0o C.

C. Wind, Speed and Direction

When air is heated, it weighs less and expands. It also rises. As

the warm air rises, cooler air moves in. When this takes place, the air is
moving. The moving air is called wind. Wind is important to weather.

Sometimes you can just look out of the window

and tell just how fast the wind moves. The speed of wind is
given in kilometers per hour (kph). The weatherman uses an
anemometer to measure wind speed. Besides the speed of
the wind, he also has to know the direction from which the
winds comes. Winds are given the name from where they
come. A south wind comes from the south. A north wind comes
from the north. A wind vane tells wind direction. It has an arrow
or point to show which direction the wind is blowing.

231
D. Water Vapor / Cloudiness
Moving air or wind helps water evaporate. Heat also makes
water evaporate. Water evaporates from lakes, rivers and oceans. The
temperature of the water and of the air which holds the water vapor
determine weather.

Water evaporates into the air. Evaporation is the process by

which water is changed into water vapor. If there is a lot of water vapor in the
air, the air is humid. It makes you feel sticky. Nobody likes humid weather.
The air is warm and makes you feel uncomfortable. The amount of water
vapor in the air at any given time is called humidity.

When air gets cold, the water vapor in it changes to drops of

water. The process by which water vapor changes back into water is called
condensation. If the drops of water are condensed on small bits of dust in
the air, clouds are formed. Dew and fog are also condensed water formed on
or near the ground.

Clouds appear in the sky in various shapes and colors. White,

feathery clouds are seen far up in the sky. These are called cirrus or “curl”
clouds. They indicate sunny weather. Cumulus or “heap” clouds are fluffy
and towering. Like the stratus or “layer” clouds, they indicate fair weather.
Sometimes, these clouds cover the entire sky. But, you better watch out for
dark, heavy clouds. These are called nimbus or “rain” clouds. They are often
accompanied by lightning and thunder.

232
 When clouds cover the entire sky, the temperature directly below
is lower. It is cooler since clouds reflect the heat of the sun. It is fun to play
outside when it is a cloudy day. Cloud cover in the sky can either be
described as cloudy, partly cloudy, overcast or clear.

▪ Air pressure is the push or force of air on things.

▪ A barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure. A
falling barometric reading means a storm is coming.

▪ Temperature is the hotness or coldness of an object. It is

measured in degrees.
▪ A thermometer measures temperature.

▪ Wind is moving air.

▪ Wind speed is measured by an anemometer.
▪ Wind direction is measured by a wind vane.

▪ Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air at any given time.
▪ Clouds are condensed or cooled water on small bits of dust
suspended in the air.

233
CHECK UP
Write True if the sentence is correct and False, if not.

__________ 1. The fluid inside the thermometer is mercury.

__________ 2. During a humid day, it is cool.

__________ 3. Dew is condensed water found near the ground.

__________ 4. Cumulus clouds are rain clouds.

__________ 5. Water evaporates faster when it is hot.

234
 Lesson 3
EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON
PEOPLE

The weather can change your plans for

fun and for work. Study the picture.

Would you hang your clothes outside

when it is raining? Would you wear a raincoat
when the sun is shining? Would anyone go to
school on a stormy day?

Almost all people are out on a fine day. Children like you go to
school, while your parents go to work.

How about on a rainy day? Can children go outside to play. What

are the things that you can do on rainy days?

During rainy days, children cannot go outside to play. They just

stay at home and play indoor games. These are games played inside the
house or a building.

235
 On a fine day, you can help in cleaning the
yard or in washing and hanging the clothes outside your
house. Wet clothes dry easily during a sunny day. When
the weather is fine, you can also go swimming or have a
picnic with your family.

Study the pictures below.

Weather affects our activities.

When do farmers work in the field? They usually work after the
rain. It is easier to plant palay seedlings on wet rice field. Enough rainfall
makes plants grow well. But too much rain causes floods which destroys
plants.

When do fishermen go fishing? They usually go fishing at

nighttime on sunny days. Some of them dry their catch under the sun. Fish
dry readily on warm days. Do fishermen catch fish on stormy days? Is it safe
to stay in the sea when there is a typhoon? Why?

When does mother go to the market to buy food for her family?
Does she also consider the kind of food to buy for different weather
conditions?

What does mother do on rainy days? She may sew clothes. she
may prepare some hot foods for the family. Does your mother do these on
rainy days? If not, what does she do instead?

236
Weather affects the way we dress

During fine or warm days, people wear thin

clothes and shorts. They also used fans to keep themselves
cool and sunglasses to protect their eyes from the glaring sun.
some use a cap or a visor to protect their faces from the
heat of the sun.

During rainy or cold days, people wear

thick clothes such as sweaters or jackets. Umbrellas
or raincoats are also used for protection. It is not
good to get wet in the rain. You might catch a cold or
a fever.

CHECK UP
Tell what weather best describes each of the activities of man.

________ 1. Drink plenty of water and fruit juice. This will make you feel
comfortable.
________ 2. Farmers start to plant rice in the rice field.
________ 3. Wear thick clothes. This will help keep your body warm.
________ 4. The captains of the ships start to cut their trips.
________ 5. Have a towel in your bag. You will use it to wipe off your sweat.

CHALLENGE
Cut pictures of the activities during rainy and sunny days and
paste it on your notebook. Write something about it.

237
 Lesson 4
ANIMALS IN DIFFERENT WEATHER
CONDITIONS

What animals do you see on warm sunny

days? You see red or black ants crawling up on trees.
Sometimes you see them crawling on the walls of
your kitchen. In the open field or grassland, you see
grasshoppers hopping and dragonflies flying around.
You see butterflies flying from one flower to another.

Weather affects the activities of animals

Look at the animals in the picture above. Some animals stay in

water on warm days. Do you know why? Dogs and chickens love to stay
outside on sunny days. Do you also want to stay outside and play on sunny
days?

238
 When do you see earthworms coming out of the soil?
Earthworms come out on rainy days. Frogs and toads are also seen on rainy
days. They grow fast during the rainy season.

In other countries with very cold weather, birds such as penguins

are seen near the shore. Some animals hibernate by digging and staying
under the ground until the cold season is over. They simply sleep in their
homes and wake up when the weather becomes warm.

▪ Weather affects the activities of animals.

239
 Lesson 5
PLANTS IN DIFFERENT WEATHER
CONDITIONS

Most trees bear fruits during the warm, dry season. That is why
there are a lot of fruits sold in the market during summer.

Most crops are also harvested during summer. Plants like

vegetables grow well in March, April and May.

There are also plants that grow well

during rainy days. The rain makes them look fresh
and green. When the rain comes in June, July and
August, you see plenty of corn being sold in the
market. Guavas also bear more fruits during the
rainy season.

240
 Rice is best planted during the rainy season. It grows well in a
muddy field that is underwater. However, rice is harvested during summer.

Planting rice Harvesting rice

▪ Plants are affected by the weather. Some plants grow best during
rainy days. Others grow during hot, sunny days.

CHALLENGE
Cut a picture showing how plants are affected by different
weather conditions.

241
 Lesson 6
WEATHER RELATED DISEASES

COMMON AILMENTS DURING SUNNY DAYS

Various kinds of ailments affect people during different kinds of

weather. Here are some common ailments during sunny days:

1. Mumps
Mumps cause swelling below the jaws, accompanied
by fever and headache. When you have mumps, you cannot eat
well. Swallowing food is very painful.

2. Chicken Pox
Chicken pox is an ailment that affects the old and
young alike. How do you know if you have chicken pox? Your f
ace, arms, back and chest become covered with blisters.
Chicken pox often starts with a fever and chilling. when you
have chicken pox, stay away from other people.

242
3. Diarrhea
Some foods that you eat may contain germs which cause
diarrhea.

How do you know if you have diarrhea? Stomach pains

accompanied by loose bowels are symptoms of diarrhea.

4. Sore Eyes

Are your eyes red and itchy? If they are, you might have sore
eyes. It is difficult to open the eyes when you have sore eyes. Sore eyes can
be transmitted by touching. When you touch the things held by someone
who has sore eyes, there is a greater chance that you acquire the disease.

There are also common ailments during rainy days:

Cold
If you often sneeze and have stuffy nose, then
you have a cold. Having a runny nose is also a sign of cold.
Children often catch cold during rainy days.

Cough
When a cold is not controlled, it leads to cough.
Your throat becomes irritated and you cough.

Influenza or flu
Flu usually begins with chills, fever and headache.
Then there are muscle aches and pains, sneezing and
coughing. Influenza is a very contagious disease.

Sore throat and tonsillitis

The tonsils become red and swollen. A whitish
substance or pus coats them which make it difficult for a
person to swallow and even talk.

243
Typhoid fever
This disease is an infection of the stomach and
intestines. There are fever that rises higher and higher for
about three weeks. A typhoid victim suffers nosebleeds,
cough and a rack of rosy spots over the abdomen.

SIMPLE TREATMENT OF COMMON AILMENTS

When one is sick, always consult a doctor. The doctor knows the
appropriate medicine for a certain ailment. As such he/she can help make
the sick person get well.

When a person has mumps, it is best to apply alternately a hot

and a cold compress over the swollen part. This helps lessen the pain. The
patient is also advised to get enough rest.

Cough and cold can be remedied by taking a rest, eating the

right kind of food and drinking plenty of water and fruit juices. However, if the
cold and cough persist for three days or more, consult a doctor immediately.

For simple ailments like diarrhea, a person does not have to take
medicines right away. You are allowed to move your bowels first until all the
germs in your stomach have come out. Apples and bananas, especially the
latundan variety, are best for you. However, if diarrhea continues for more
than one day, medicines like attapulgite may be given to control the bowel
movements.

Medicinal plants are also used in treating common ailments.

Calamansi and sambong are good for colds. Calamansi, lagundi, ampalaya,
kamias and sambong are good for flu. For skin rashes caused by chicken
pox and measles, boiled kulantro is used to soothe the skin when bathing.
This also helps lessen the itchiness.

TIPS ON PREVENTING COMMON AILMENTS

Some people get sick easily when the weather changes
drastically. Weather changes may cause certain ailments, there are also
several sicknesses caused by germs. When your body is not strong or
healthy enough, you easily get sick.

244
 Here are some tips to prevent some common ailments.

Eat the right kinds of food in the right amount. A well-balanced

diet is necessary for growing children like you.

Your diet must include carbohydrate-rich foods like rice

and bread; protein-rich foods like meat or fish; vitamins
and minerals from fruits, vegetables and milk. Eat plenty
of foods rich in vitamin C to increase your body resistance
against germs. Most fruits like orange, pineapple, guava
and pomelo contain vitamin C.

Protect yourself from too much heat and cold. Do not

stay too long under the sun. A hat or an umbrella can be
used during hot days. Use a raincoat or an umbrella during
rainy days. Wear thick clothes like sweaters and jackets
on cold, rainy days. When you get wet, dry yourself at once
and change your clothes.

Have plenty of rest, sleep and exercise. A growing child

should sleep for about eight hours every day. As you rest,
you regain your energy. The body is also able to repair
body tissues.

Observe personal hygiene by taking a bath

every day. Wash your hands before and after eating,
and after using the toilet. Cut your fingernails short
regularly.

Wash thoroughly the fruits and vegetables

that are eaten raw. Insects like flies which carry germs
may have stepped on them.

Breathe fresh air every morning. If you

think your place is polluted, you may go to a farm or
near a sea. The sea breeze is good for treating and
preventing colds.

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 Wash utensils well before using them. Cockroaches
and other insects may have crawled on them. Spoons, forks and
plates must be washed thoroughly. It is best to dip the spoons
and forks in boiling water. Boiling water kills common germs.

Visit your doctor regularly. Doctors can give

vaccination that help prevent some ailments such as measles,
chicken pox and mumps.

Stay happy. As they say, laughter is the best

medicine. You will live a healthy life if you have a pleasant
attitude. Conflicts and ill feelings against another person can only
make your body tense and your heart beat faster.

▪ Certain ailments are common during certain kinds of weather.

▪ Common ailments because of weather can be prevented and

treated.

CHECK UP
Write the letter of the correct answers on the space provided.

______ 1. How can you protect yourself during sunny days?

a. Play basketball during noontime.
b. Take a bath everyday.
c. Do not wear slippers or shoes.
d. Always watch TV.

______ 2. How can you avoid diseases?

a. Stay away from a sick person.
b. Attend a party every night.
c. Watch TV and sleep late at night.
d. Play under the rain.

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______ 3. Why should you avoid sick people?
a. because they are not taking a bath
b. because your mother says so
c. because they are weak
d. because to do so you will help prevent yourself catching
diseases

______ 4. What will you do when you are sick?

a. Go out and play.
b. Rest and drink plenty of juices.
c. Go to school.
d. Stay with your friend outside the house.

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248
 The sun is made up of hot glowing gases. As it burns, it
produces heat and light. The glowing gases is called solar prominences. The
burning of the sun starts from its innermost part. The heat and light energy it
produces move outward. Some of its light energy reach the earth. The
energy coming from the sun is called solar energy.

The sun is very hot. But there are parts which are brighter and
hotter than others. The sun’s dark areas are known as sunspots. These are
areas where the gases have cooled.

The gravity or magnetic pull of the sun keeps the planets in their
own orbits.

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 Lesson 1
THE SUN MOVES

You have just seen the sun in different places across the sky
during the day. The sun rises in the east. In the morning, it is low in the sky.
At noon, it is overhead, in the afternoon, the sun is low in the sky again. It
sets in the west. After a few hours, you do not see the sun anymore.

Instead you see the moon and the bright

stars in the sky. The sun does not really move across
the sky. The sun seems to move because the earth is
rotating or turning around. We cannot see the earth
turning. The sun shines on earth all the time but only
one part of the earth gets light at any one time. The
side facing the sun is lighted, it is day. The side facing
away from the sun is dark it is night. One complete
turn of the earth makes one day and one night.

250
 ▪ The sun shines on earth all the time.
▪ The side facing the sun has daytime while the side facing away
from the sun has nighttime.

CHECK UP
Look outside. The light around us is from the sun. Do you see
the shadows of electric post outside? Are they long or short? Are they
always long? Let us find out why shadows change.

1. When is the shadow of the trees long?

___________________________________________________

2. When is it short?

___________________________________________________

3. Why does shadow change?

___________________________________________________

CHALLENGE
Go outside. Look at your shadow. Where is it located? What do
you think is the time? Draw your shadow on your notebook and write the
time.
.

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 Lesson 2
THE SUN AS SOURCE OF HEAT
AND LIGHT

The sun is so hot that

nothing can exist as a solid or liquid
in it. It is all gas. It is so hot that
even though the sun is 92 million miles
away, we can still feel its tremendous heat.

252
 All life on earth depends on the energy and light from the sun.
Without the sun, the earth would be so cold and dark that no living thing
could live on earth.

The sun is the main source of energy on earth. The heat and
light from the sun helps plants and animals to grow. Together with water, air
and minerals from the soil, sunlight helps plants to make food. Animals eat
these plants and get the energy stored in them. They use this energy for
work or play and to keep their bodies strong and healthy.

The heat and light from the sun helps us also dry our clothes,
faster. What will it be like if wet things will never dry up? No water cycle will
occur in nature without heat from the sun.

Without the sun too, the earth will be in total darkness. Human
beings and other animals will find it difficult to see things around. Sunlight
helps us to see.

Sunlight is made up of many colors. Because of sunlight, things

around us look more beautiful and colorful. Have you seen a rainbow in the
sky? The rainbow has red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
colors.

253
 ▪ The sun is the main source of heat and light on earth. We can do
a lot of things because of the sun. The sun is very important.
▪ Sunlight is made up of many colors. We can see the colors of
sunlight with the use of a glass prism.

CHECK UP
Fill in the blanks.

1. When all colors are put together, it is _____________.The main source of

energy on earth is the _____________.

2. After a light rain or shower, we see a _____________ shining across the

sky.

3. The sun gives us _____________ and _____________.

4. All living things on earth rely on the energy from the ___________.

5. The main source of energy on earth is the _____________.

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 Lesson 3
THE EFFECTS OF THE SUN

1. Changes in temperature
When the sun is shining brightly and there is no wind, the air
gets warm. When the sky is cloudy, the clouds block the heat of the sun so
the air becomes cooler. The air is also cooler at nighttime than at daytime.

2. The Effect upon Sunny and Rainy Days’ Activities

People learn to schedule their important activities every year.

Here are some activities of people during sunny and rainy days.

Families go out on picnic or visit

beautiful places. Excursions are usually done
during the sunny days.

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Farmers harvest their crops during sunny days.

Young boys and girls have some outdoor sports activities.

Carpenters usually build concrete houses during summer.

Mothers wash clothes and dry them under the heat of the sun.

If the farmers harvest their crops during sunny days,

they start to plow the fields during the rainy days.

Many stay at home during rainy days.

In preparation for the rainy days, people repair their houses to

protect them from strong wind and storm.

Our country has two seasons in a year: the dry and the wet
seasons. During the dry season you experience sunny days. On these days,
the sun shines brightly and we receive much heat. Out door activities are
planned during these days.

On the other hand, during wet seasons you experience rainy

days. You can see thick clouds or overcast sky.

3. The effect of sunlight on the skin

After staying under the sun the whole day, you will feel
something hot in your skin. The next day, you will notice a wide-spread
redness. This redness is called sunburn. This can be seen on your face and
arms. This redness after several days will become dark; then later on some
dead skin will peel off.

256
 The sun gives off rays that can be harmful to
your skin. These rays are called ultraviolet rays. These
can damage your skin cells and do harm to your body.

4. The Effect of Sunlight on the Eyesight

Looking directly at the sun will also harm your eyes. You must
not look at it even for a second because the sun is very, very bright Unlike
other light, sunlight is dazzling. It will make your eyesight's blurred. It may
also cause one to go blind after looking at it for a long time. To avoid the
harm, use sunglasses when you have to look at anything close to the sun.

5. Heat and Its Effect on Plants and Animals

Too much exposure to sunlight will make the soil dry. The soil will
harden and it will crack. If there is no water in the soil, the plants will die
because plants need enough water in order to live. They need water which is
made into food.

When the rain doesn’t not fall for several months, there will be a
drought. It will be very hard for plants to live. Animals are affected, too,
because animals depend on plants for food. If plants die, animals will have
less food to eat. They become sick and they die. People depend on plants
and animals in order to live but if food is not enough, what happens to the
animals will also happen to people.

▪ The sun affects the air temperature from time to time everyday.
▪ Certain activities are done during sunny and rainy days.
▪ Long exposure to sunlight may harm your skin.
▪ Do not look directly at the sun.
▪ To much heat from the sun can kill plants and animals.

257
CHECK UP
Write check (√) if the sentence tells about useful effects of sun’s heat and
light and X if not.

__________ 1. Plants make food under the sun.

__________ 2. Too much sunlight hurts the eyes.

__________ 3. People go to work at daytime.

__________ 4. Children perspire a lot on sunny days.

__________ 5. Mother sews clothes during the day.

__________ 6. Sun’s heat makes land and water warm.

__________ 7. Chicken hunts for food all day.

__________ 8. Heat from the sun keeps us warm on cold mornings.

__________ 9. Fields dry up during summer.

__________ 10. Summer heat causes skin sunburn.

258
 Lesson 4
PROTECTIVE MEASURES FROM
THE SUN’S HEAT

We need the light and heat from the sun. But too much heat can
be harmful to you.

How will you protect yourself from the heat of the sun?

People use something to protect themselves from the heat of the

sun. Some of these protective devices are as follows:

259
People, when they watch games in an open field, wear
caps and sunglasses.

Boys and girls go to school with their umbrella.

Some athletes wear long-sleeved jackets and sunglasses.

Construction workers wear long-sleeved T-shirts and

towels on their head.

Do not look directly at the sun to avoid eye damage.

Avoid staying under the heat of the sun to prevent

sunburn.

CHECK UP
Write E if the picture shows an effect of the sun. Write S if the
picture shows safety measure to protect oneself from the sun’s heat.

260
 Lesson 5
EARTH AND IT NEIGHBORING
PLANETS

Have you gone to a planetarium? Stars, the Solar system and

the heavenly bodies are shown in a planetarium?

Solar system is made up of the sun, planets, asteroids and other

heavenly bodies in space. The sun is the center of the solar system.

The planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

Do you want to know the planets in our solar system?

261
MERCURY

It is the planet nearest the sun. So you can

imagine how hot it is in Mercury. Its temperature can melt
a tin or lead during daytime but you can freeze to death
when the other side is away from the sun. It has large
craters on its surface.

VENUS

It is considered as the morning and

evening star of the solar system. It has an orbit
smaller than the earth’s. This planet appears the
brightest in the sky when it shines during sunset or
sunrise. It is also called the twin planet of earth.

EARTH is our home planet.

Planet Earth is quite simply the greatest nature/wildlife

series ever produced. Following the similarly monumental
achievement of The Blue Planet: Seas of Life, this
astonishing 11-part BBC series is brilliantly narrated by Sir
David Attenborough and sensibly organized so that each
50-minute episode covers a specific geographical region
and/or wildlife habitat (mountains, caves, deserts, shallow
seas, seasonal forests, etc.) until the entire planet has been magnificently
represented by the most astonishing sights and sounds you'll ever
experience from the comforts of home.

Mars

Mars is the planet that is rich in volcanoes and

craters. It is known as the red planet. It has its polar caps
and unusual markings. Its largest volcano is Olympus Mons.

262
Jupiter

The largest planet in the solar system is the

Jupiter. It is a sphere of whirling gases and liquids with no
solid outer surface. Can you imagine living in a planet
which is like a marshmallow? A planet with no solid
surface? This planet has 16 moons.

Saturn

One of the beautiful planet because of its magnificent

ring. That is why it is called the ringed planet. It is a planet
made up of light gases, like hydrogen and helium. This
planet has the most number of moons. Has a total of 21
moons.

Uranus

It was discovered by William Herschel in 1781.

It is largely made of methane gas. This planet is unusual
because its axis is tilted at more than 90o.

Neptune

If Venus is the sister planet of Earth, then

Neptune is the twin planet of Uranus. It is called twin
planet of Uranus because it has almost the same
features and total number of moons.

It is 7 hours and 53 minutes short in

earth’s day. It only has 16 hours and seven minutes
in a day.

Since 2006, Pluto is not considered as a

planet anymore. It is now called a dwarf planet,
because of its size.

263
 ▪ There are nine planets in the solar system.
▪ The terrestrial or inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Mars. They are rocky plants.
▪ Jupiter and Saturn are giant planets.
▪ Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have very low the temperature.
▪ Planets stay in their elliptical orbits because of the gravitational
pull of the sun.

CHECK UP
Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your answer before the
number.

1. Why do planets stay in their orbits around the sun?

a. The planet travel slowly.
b. The gravity of the sun attracts the planets.
c. The gravity of the planets are attracting each other.
d. The gravity of the earth pulls the other planets.

2. What is the hottest planet?

a. Saturn c. Venus
b. Mercury d. Earth

3. Which statement is true about the planets?

a. They all rotate and revolve around the sun in their orbits.
b. They all have moons.
c. They all have atmosphere
d. They all have rocky surface.

4. It is the farthest planet from the sun.

a. Earth c. Venus
b. Neptune d. Jupiter

5. It has the Great Red Spots.

a. Mars c. Jupiter
b. Neptune d. Pluto.

264
CHALLENGE
A. List down all the eight planets that belong to the solar system.

265