CHECK YOUR ANSWERS! 1, Correct Answer: A. The simultaneous existence of particles and waves. According to quantum mechanics, particles such as. electrons and photons can exhibit both particle-like and wave-like behaviors. This duality means that Particles can have wave properties, such as interference and diffraction, as well as particle properties, such as position and momentum. 2. Correct Answer: B. Albert Einstein Einstein developed the theory of special relativit concepts such as time dilation, length contraction, energy. : ' ity in 1905, which introduced new and the equivalence of mass and 3. Correct Answer: B. Objects are in motion According to special relativity, time dilation occurs when objects move relatiye to each other at different velocities. The faster an object moves; the more time slows down for that object relative to a stationary observer. 4. Correct Answer: C. It warps and curves the spacetime Explanation: In general relativity, massive objects like planets and stars warp the fabric of spacetime around them. This curvature is responsible for the gravitational attraction felt by other objects in the vicinity. 5. Correct Answer: B. The combination of multiple particle states. Quantum superposition refers to the ability of quantum particles to exist in multiple states simultaneously. It allows particles to be in a combination or superposition of different states, which can interfere with each other and give rise to unique phenomena. 6. Correct Answer: C. The redshift of distant galaxies The observation of redshift, where the light from distant galaxies is shifted toward longer wavelengths, is consistent with the expansion of the universe predicted by the Big Bang theory. This redshift provides evidence for the expanding univers® and supports the idea of an initial singularity. : 7. Correct Answer: A. Edwin Hubble In the 1920s, bts Hubble's observations of galaxies revealed a correlation between their istances and their redshifts, demonstrating that the univers? is expanding. Hubble's work provided crucial evidence for the Big Bang theory . fundamentally changed our understanding of the cosmos. : = Ultimate Learning Guide to General Seient®ro | correct Answer: c. The universe reaches a state of maximum entropy. ‘cording to the Big Freeze theory, as the cosmos expands continuously, it wyentually reaches a condition of maximum entropy, when all accessible energy jas been dispersed and no More useful work can be accomplished. Maxwell's equations mathematically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and other forms of radiation. His work showed that light is an electromagnetic wave and paved the way for the understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum. ’ 4 correct Answer: A. Electromagnetic radiation. 10. Correct Answer: A. Subatomic scales, Where classical physics falls short in explaining occurrences at the atomic and subatomic scales, modern physics, which encompasses quantum mechanics and relativity, fills in the gaps. Understanding particle behavior, energy quantization, and the underlying structure of reality are its main objectives.Kol Sarenw- shady oF pluyscatl dwolvre of de towh CHAPTER 12: METEOROLOGY AND ASTRONOMY Outcomes ~sidy oF Moe Akmasphere | 4 shod oF dhe At the end of the chapter, you are able to: heavenly lon dies Sunspots Solar prominences Solar flares and coronal mass ejections 284 eeee Explain interconnection of land, ocean and atmosphere to human life on Earth; Illustrate the cycles of water, carbon, rock and other materials that sustain the inhabitants of planet Earth; 4 Demonstrate the characteristics of non-Earth bodies and phenomena such as the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc; and Describe the benefits derived from space exploration. SOLAR SYSTEM THE SUN It is the(6rily stab in our solar system. It is the Genterjof our solar system. Its@ravity holds the solar system together. : The planets, asteroids, comets, and tiny bits of space debris revolve around it. _ It is made of guper-hop, Electrically charged gag called plasma. The photosphere is the surface of the Sun that@we se® from Earth. Above the Sun’s surface are its thin chromosphere and the huge corona (crown), where we see its features - solar prominences flares, and coronal mass ejections. nse The Sun oesn’t have MOOAS} but it’s orbited b dwarf planets, fens of thousands of asteroids, comets and icy bodies. Several spacecraft are currently ji igati ¥ Investigating the Sun: Parker Solar Probe, STEREO, Solar Orbiter, SOHO. Solar Dynamics Observatory Hinode, IRIS, and Wind. : ™ y eight planets, at least five and around three trillion FEATURES OF THE SUN * CEruptiongor hi ehh ‘i : m the Sun's cine Y energetic particles fro Ultimate Leaming Guide to General Seen?| By mass Trace composition By number of atoms SUN’S COMPOSITION © 91.0% hydrogen * 8.9% helium 70.6% hydrogen ° 27.4% helium * oxygen © carbon * nitrogen * magnesium * neon * iron * sulfur * aluminum calcium sodium nickel argon MERCURY THE PLANETS It is the gmallest planet in our solar system. It is the planet nearest to the Sun) so day temperatures can reach highs of 430°C. . Its surface temperatures are both extremely hot and cold. Without an atmosphere to retain that heat at night, temperatures can dip as low as -180°C. It is NOT the hottest planet in our solar system. It is the(fastest planet) revolving around the Sun every 88 Earth days. : Its environment is fot temperatures and solar radiation that planet are presumably too extreme for organisms to adapt to, es It has fo rings) It formed about 4.5 billion years ago when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust together to form this small planet. It has a: central core, a rocky mantle, anda solid crust. . = GF lane Aowek Ultimate Learning Guide to General Science ans« Instead of an atmosphere, it possesses a thin é€xosphere made up of atoms (oxygen, sodium, hydrogen, helium, potassium) blasted off the surface by the solar wind and striking meteoroids. The second planet from the Sun and is Earth’s closest planetary neighbor.” «It’s often called (Earth’s twin because it’s similar in size and density. : + It has a thick, toxic atmospheré filled with carbor “dioxide and constantly shrouded in thick, yellowish clouds offSulfuric acid that trap heat, causing a runaway greenhouse effect which makes Venus roughly 390°C | | hotter than it would be without a greenhouse effect. | It’s the(hottest plane? in our solar system, even though | | Mercury is closer to the Sun. | e Surface temperatures on Venus are about 475 °C — hot enough to melt lead. e The surface is a rusty color, scattered with intensely crunched mountains and thousands of large volcanoes. « Ithas crushing air pressure at its surface. ~ J © It Cotates on its axis backward) compared to most of | | the other planets in the solar system. + The Sun rises in the west and sets in the east, opposite to what we experience on Earth. + It was the first planet to be explored by a spacecraft} —NASA’s Mariner 2 successfully flew by and scanned the cloud-covered world on Dec. 14, 1962. . ° pee Magellan mapped the planet's surface with radar. * Soviet spacecraft made the most successful landings on the surface of Venus to date, but they didn’t survive long due to the extreme heat and crushing pressure. + NASA's Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, survived for about an hour after impacting the surface in 1978. More recent Venus missions include ESA’s Venus Express (which orbited from 2006 until 2016) and 3 O18) s Akatsuki Venus Climate Orbiter (orbiting since pr cali Solar Probe has made multiple flybys : » On Feb. 9, 2022, NASA announced the Pacecraft had captured its first visible light images has nysunling valleys, amd pains Ultimate Learning Guide to General Scien? 286Ubi . "ist Learning Guide to General Science = are of Venus from Space during its February It orbits the Sun at about | Venus (rotates ver Venus lasts 243 Ray It Orbits the Sun faster than Earth) so one year on Venus takes only about 225 Earth days, making a Venusian day longer than its year, Venus has a solid Surface covered in dome-tike volcanoes, rifts, and mountains, with expansive volcanic plains and vast, ridged plateaus, : The average surface of Venus is less than a billion years old, and possibly as young as 150 million years old. It is an unlikely place for life, but some scientists theorize microbes might exist high in the clouds where it’s cooler and the Pressure is similar to Barth’s surface. Phosphine, a possible indicator of microbial life, has been observed in the clouds. 08 million kilometers. y slowly on its “axis — one day on rth days, It is the third planet from the Sun at about 150 million km. A day on Earth is 24 hours. Earth makes a complete orbit around the sun (a year in Earth time) in about 365 days. ne Atmosphere —the perfect balance to breathe and live) - protects us from incoming meteoroids, most of which break up in our atmosphere before they can strike the surface. o 78% nitrogen wh wale o 21% oxygen . o 1% other gases A Yana * Argon * Carbon dioxide = Neon It has One moon) which is 384,400 km away, has a radius of 1,738 kilometers, the Moon is the fifth largest moon in our solar system. The Moon is an average of 384,400 kilometers away from Earth. It has no rings. . ; Earth's axis of rotation is {tilted 23.4 degrees) with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun which causes our yearly cycle of seasons. Earth is composed of 287== ee 6h lC(<“ mL 288 * Magnet o Inner core - a solid sphere made of(from and (aickelmetals about 1,221 kilometers in radius, “The temperature is as high.as 5,400°C. o Outer core - surrounding the inner core, this layer is about 2,300 kilometers thick, made of ‘iron and nickél/fluids.) : o . Mantle - the thickest layer\In between the outer core and crust, is .a~hod, (Viscoud mixture, of molten rock, about 2,900 kilometers thick and has the consistency of caramel. o' Crust - olifétmost layer) goes about 30 Kilometers deep on average >on land. At the bottom of the oceany‘the crust is thinneD and extends about 5 kilometers from the seafloor to the top of the mantle. ¢ Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, (both. continental and ‘oceanic) and the upper mantle, is divided into hiige plated that are constantly moving. «Earth's global ocean, which covers nearly 70%)of the planet's surface, has an average depth of about 4 kilometers and contains 97% of Earth's water. Almost all of Earth's volcanoes aré hidden under: these Oceans. Hawaii's Mauna, Kea volcano is taller from base fo summif/than Mount Everest, but most of it is underwater. o Earth's longest. mountain range ig also underwater, at the bottom of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. It is four times longer than the Andes, Rockies and Himalayas combined. tosphere — Earth’s rapid rotation and molte” iron core give rise to amaghetic field, which the solar wind (stream of charged particles continuously jected from the Sun) distorts into a teardrop shape " bace. When charged patticles from the solar wn eae pe iD Eats magnetic field, they ot and bedi above our planet's magnetic a €in to glow and cause aurorae, or the north and southern lights, © The magnetic field is what causes comp” heedles to point to the North Pole regardless : which way you turn. nickel= . 108 Ultimate Learning Guide to General Sc"MARS ¢ It is the fourth desert world wit! e One day on M Planet from the Sun — a dusty, cold, i a oo thin atmosphere» : Fs takes a little over 24 hours. Mars m: ; are ante orbit around the Sun (a year in ae ime) in 687 Earth days. = atmosphere - carbon dioxide (CO,), argon (Ar), gen (N,), and a small amount of oxygen and water vapor. The atmosphere is so thin, heat from the Sun easily escapes this planet. If you were to stand on the surface of Mars on the equator at noon, it would feel warm (24°C) and close to freezing at your head (0°C). It has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. There areqho rings around Mars. «The first true Mars mission success was the Mariner 4 flyby in 1965. . Known as the{Red Planet\because iron minerals in the Martian soil oxidize, or rust, causing the soil and atmosphere to look red. «The temperature on Mars can be as high as 20°C or as low as about -153°C. . It is a dynamic planet with seasons, polar ice caps, canyons, extinct volcanoes, afid” evidence that it was even more active in the past. st explored)bodies in our solar system, let where we've sent rovers to roam Pp the alien landscape. «. NASA currently has two active rovers (Curiosity and Perseverance), one lander (InSight), and one helicopter (Ingenuity) exploring the surface of Mars. © Perseverance rover — the largest, most advanced rover NASA has sent to another world — touched down on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021, after a. 203-day journey ‘traversing 472 million kilometers. The Ingenuity helicopter rode to Mars attached to the belly of Perseverance. Perseverance is one of three spacecraft that arrived at Mars in 2021. The Hope orbiter from the United Arab Emirates arrived on Feb. 9, 2021. China’s Tianwen-1 mission arrived ‘on Feb. 10, 2021, and includes an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. Europe and India also LL have spacecraft studying Mars from orbit. : Olyinous Mons : : claiet} vilone tn dhe Selaw SH" 59 Ubi Mate Learning Guide to General Science :«In May 2021, China became the second nation to ever land successfully on Mars when its Zhurong Mars rover ‘ touched down, : | > : An international fleet of eight orbiters is studying the Red Planet from above including three NASA orbiters: 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and MAVEN. : : Thes¢ robotic explorers have found lots of evidence that Mars was much wetter and warmer, with a thicker atmosphere, billions of years ago. 290 JUPITER ~ almost enticly Qos ‘planetiin the solar system. bout 778 million kilometers or 5.2 Astronomical Units (AU) from our Sun. It has the(shortest day)in the solar system. . It rotates once about every 10 hours (a Jovian day) but takes about 12 Earth years to complete one orbit of the Sun (a Jovian year), It has 80 mooiis. Fifty-seven moons have been given official names by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Another 23 moons are awaiting names. Its familiar stripes\and givirls\are cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water, loating in an atmosphere of hydrogen (H,) and helium (He). Its iconikKGreat Red Spo) is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundreds of years. More recently, three smaller ovals merged to form the Little Red Spot, about half of its size. One spacecraft - NASA's Juno orbiter — is currently exploring this giant world, In 1979 the Voyager mission discovered Jupiter's faint ring system. All four giant gas planets in our solar system have ring systems, Nine spacecraft have visited Jupiter. Seven flew by and two have orbited the £as giant. Juno, the most recent arrived at Jupiter in 2016, - Itis an unlikely place for living things to hold, the sam¢ 1S not true of some of its many moons.(Europa)is 0" f the likeliest Places to find life in our solar syste™ ae 'S evidence of a vast ocean just beneath its i*Y ust, where life could Possibly be supported. 4 of 69,911 ki iter is 11 times wider than Earth, kilometers, Jupiter is Ultimate Learning Guide to General Seien?— Its four largest moons known today as Galilean satellite: ‘lites Were first observed by the astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1610 using an early version of the telescope: © Io is the most voleanically active body in the solar system. - . o Ganymede is the (argest moon in the solar system (even bigger than the planet Mercury). Callisto has very few small craters which indicate a small degree of current surface activity. o Beneath the frozen crust of Europa may lie a liquid-water ocean with the ingredients for life, making ita tempting place to explore. Findings from NASA’s Juno probe released in October 2021 shows that Jupiter’s(cyclones)are warmer on top, with lower atmospheric densities, while they are colder at the bottom, with higher densities. Anticyclones; which rotate in the opposite direction, are colder at the top but warmer at the bottom. «It is the sixth planet and orbits at about 1.4 billion kilometers from the Sun. \ It takes about 10.7 hours to rotate on its axis once—a Saturn “day”—and 29 Earth years to orbit the sun. . ¢ Atmosphere - hydrogen (H.) and helium (He). « Ithas 83 moons} 63 known moons with an additional 20 moons awaiting confirmation of their discovery. + It has the most spectacular ring system, with seven | rings and several gaps and divisions between them. e Few missions have visited Saturn: Pioneer 11 and Voyagers | and 2 flew by; Cassini orbited Saturn 294 times from 2004 to 2017. ib watd gloat in a kel « Itis the seventh planet from the Sun and has the third- Jargest diameter in our solar system. + It was the first planet found) with the aid of a telescope, Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel, although he originally thought it was either a comet or a star, « It orbits our Sun at about 2.9 billion kilometers. . + « Ittakes about 17 hours to rotate once (a Uranian day), | LON and about 84 Earth years to orbit the Sun (a Uranian year). : . fire i ee Ses dhe Stduwite ylonet “ww | Birra zt-orlw its NEPTUNE o- It is an(ice giaii) Most of its mass is a hot, dense fluid of "icy" materials — water, methane, and ammonia — above a small rocky core. | ' Atmosphere - molecular hydrogen and atomic. helium, with a small amount of methane. It has 27 known moons) and they are named after charactérs from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. _ ~ It has. 13 known rings) The inner rings are narrow and dark, and the outer rings are brightly colored. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to fly by Uranus. It rotates east to west on its side. It is the eighth planet and orbits our Sun at about 4.5 | billion kilometers. , It takes about 16 hours to rotate once (a Neptunian day), and about 165 Earth years to orbit the sun (a Neptunian year). Atmosphere - molecular hydrogen, atomic helium, and methan 292 Seconury 1 ¢ Ithas 4 known moonswhich are named after sea gods “phar nok and nymphs in Greek mythology. - yok jin e Ithas at least five main rings and four more ring arcs. 1 ished + It was thecfirst planet located through mathematical ik. oot .. ‘calculations. ; [7 | avend she * ‘Voyager 2 is the only Spacecraft to have visited cun. ‘Neptune. : “Was dhe Sroroert vide QUICK FACTS Planet Characteristics Description Day About 59 Earth days (to complete one : rotation on its axis) Solar Day About 176 Earth days (one full day- night cycle) Mercury | Year 88 Earth days Radius 12,439.7 kilometers Planet Type Terrestrial Moons 0 Rings None . Distance from the Sun | 0.4 AU | 58 million km Day 584 Earth days {| Ultimate Learning Guide to General Scien?-— | Solar Day 243 Earth days Year 225 Earth days Radius 6050 kilometers Planet Type Terrestrial Moons 0 Rings None: 7 Distance from the Sun | 108 million km Day _ 23.9 hours Solar Day 24 hours Year 365.25 Earth days Radius 6371 kilometers Planet Type Terrestrial Moons 1 Rings None Distance from the Sun_| 1 AU| 150 million km Day 24.6 hours Year 687 Earth days Radius 3309 kilometers Planet Type Terrestrial Moons 2 Rings None : Distance from the Sun_| 1.5 AU | 228 million km Dat 9.93 hours Year 11.86 Earth years Jupiter | Radius 69,911 kilometers Planet Type Gas Giant/Jovian Moons 80 — Rings nes Distance from the Sun | 5.1 AU| 150 million km- 10.7 hours pa 29 Earth years Saturn Radius 6371 kilometers Planet Type Gas Giant/Jovian Moons: 2 Rings 9.5 AU | 1.4 billion km Distance from the Su 17 = 14 minutes Da} 84 Earth years Year 25,362 kilometers Uranus | Radius 7 Selence 293 eral —————_— 7g Guide to GetPlanet Type Ice Giant Moons 27 Rings 13 — Distance from the Sun | 19.8 AU | 2.9 billion km Day 16 hours Neptune || Year 165 Earth years Radius 24,622 kilometers Planet Type Ice Giant Moons 14 . Rings 5 main rings; 4 ring arcs : Distance from the Sun | 30 AU | 4.5 billion km COMPARISON OF THE FEATURES OF VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS (CHED, 2016) Features Venus Earth Mars Mass (1024Kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642 Diameter (km) 12,104 12,756 6792 Gravity (m/s?)_* . 8.9 9.8 3.7 Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 12 5 Surface Pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01 Composition of Atmosphere 96% CO, | 77I%N 95% CO, 3.5%N 21% CO, 2.7%N Viajor Gcahouw G 1% Ar | 1.6% Ar lajor Greenhouse Gases co, CO. Hi s | (Ghia) HO CO. Mean Temperature (°C) 464 * 15 65 Temperature if no greenhouse -46 -18 “57 | gases are present Change in temperature (@G) +52. : due to greenhouse gases : = a Distance from Sun (106km) 108.2 149.6 279 Orbital Period (days) 224.7 : 7 Orbital Velocity (km/s asl a Gu + Length of Day (hours) 2802 29.8 24.1 Global Magnetic Field N 24 24.7 a o Yes No_- + Escape velocity is the minj oF pull of gravity. hinimum Speed an object needs to escape a planets ressure i i : ee it Pepe atmospheric pressure at a location on the surface of p ‘ Proportional to the ™ass of air above the location, 294 Ultimate Learning Guide to General Scien?js res "te Leaming Guide to General Science erature if no greenhouse indicates the ates P ature of the planet without the warming effect of greenhouse gases, tem that the temperature of the ind 18°C lower without jote house warming. : . 2 gre h of day is a function of rotational speed. peng! ility of a planet to retain its internal e oy have lost much of its internal he: 15 aa temperature is a function of its ee can be modified by the intens} is ig liquid form is one of the most i water At evidence that liquid water, in Benitently on the surface of Mars. i ophiles - bacteria that can tolerate extreme temperatures (41 to 122°C) posi ly associated with hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. coe should have sufficient size to hold a significant atmosphere, The ae of the atmosphere, specifically the amount of, greenhouse gases, ee the planet surface temperature. : ea unt of solar radiation that a planet receives is primarily a function of He mee rom the sun. Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, but some en s can extract energy from other Sources (chemosynthetic organisms). Hees that will be able to constantly supply nutrients to organisms is aoe to sustain life. On Earth, nutrients are cycled through the , = i e tectonics (volcanism). oe ee aie late tectones he ability of a planet to maintain internal ea is related to size. Bases are present? j heat is proportional to its size. at Very early in its evolution, distance from the Sun, However, ity of greenhouse warming. Mportant prerequisites for life. There the form of brine (salty water) flows 295 - ppeeaee peer w&SSS eRe mee TO 3 s , Table 3. FACTORS THAT MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE . Factors that : : make a Planet Not Enough of Just Right Too Much of the Situation in the Habitable the Factor Factor Solar System Low temperatures Life seems to be ‘At about 125°C, protein | Surface: only the cause chemicals to limited to a and carbohydrate Earth’s surface is in Temperature {| react slowly, which temperature range of | molecules, and the this temperature influences how | interferes with the 15°C to 115°C. In genetic material (e.g., range. Sub-surface: quickly atoms | reactions necessary for | this range, liquid DNA and RNA) start to | the interior of the and molecules | life. it can also cause water can still exist break apart. Also, high solid planets and move. thé freezing of water, under certain temperatures cause the | moons may be in this making liquid water conditions. quick evaporation of temperature range. unavailable. water Small planets and Earth & Venus Venus’ atmosphere is Of the solid planets & moons have insufficient | are the right size to 100 times thicker than moons, only Earth, gravity to hold an hold a sufficient-sized | Earth's. It is made Venus, & Titan have atmosphere. The gas atmosphere. Earth’s | almost entirely of significant = molecules : atmosphere is about "| Greenhouse gasses, atmospheres. Mars’ 2| Atmosphere | escape to space, 100 miles thick. It making the surface too | atmosphere is about 3 leaving the planet or keeps the surface hot for life. The four 1/100th that of e moon without an warm & protects it giant planets arel Earth’s, too small for 5 insulating blanket or a from radiation & completely made of gas. | significant insulation Pa \ protective small- to medium- or shielding. g shield, _| sized meteorites.When there is too little sunlight or too few of the chemicals that provide energy to cells, such as iron or sulfur, organisms die. With a steady input of either light or chemical energy, cells can run the Chemical reactions necessary for life. Light energy is a problem if it makes a ‘| planet too hot or if there are too many harmful Too many energy-rich chemicals are not a problem rays, such as ultraviolet. ‘Surface. The inner planets get too much sunlight for life. The outer planets get too little. Sub-surface: most solid planets & moons have energy- stich chemicals. 2 = 3 Energy 2 g g 1 8 Nutrients used to‘ build and maintain body an organism's Without chemicals to. make proteins & carbohydrates, organisms cannot grow. Planets without systems to deliver nutrients to its organisms (e.g., a water cycle or volcanic activity) cannot support life. Also, when nutrients are spread so thin that they are hard to obtain, such as on a gas planet, life cannot exist. All solid planets. & moons have the same general chemical makeup, sO nutrients are present. Those with a water cycle or volcanic activity can transport and replenish the chemicals required by living organisms Too many nutrients are not a problem. However, too active a circulation system, such as the constant volcanism on Jupiter’s moon, lo,-or the churning atmospheres of the gas planets, interferes with an organism's ability to get enough nutrients. Surface: Earth has a , | water cycle, an atmosphere, and volcanoes to circulate nutrients. Venus, Titan, lo, and Mars have nutrients and ways to circulate them to organisms. Sub-surface: any planet or moon with sub-surface water or molten rock can circulate and replenish nutrients for organisms, 162 geenskCHALLENGE YOURSELF! = / Directions. Choose the best answer in the following questions. Encircle the letter of your answer. 1: What is the temperature of Mercury when it is closest to the sun? A. 475°C Cc. 600°C B. 430 °C D. 700°C 2. Which of the following is a feature of the sun? A. Atmosphere C. Rille B. Prominence ‘D. Mascon 3. It is the first planet located through mathematical calculations. * A. Neptune C. Uranus B. Saturn D. Mars 4. It is the first planet found with the aid of a telescope. A. Urantis C. Neptune B. Venus D. Saturn 5. The following are TRUE about the Sun, but not to include: A. It is the only star in our solar system. B. Its gravity holds everything together in our solar system. C. The sun revolves ari ‘ound the planets, asteroids, space debris. D. Itis at the center of our solar system, 6. This planet is known as the morning and evening star as viewed from the Eatth. A. Mars C. Venus B. Mercury D. Jupiter 7. The planet which has NO moon is A. Venus C. Mars : B. Jupiter D. Earth 8, Which among the terrestri ial planet i extreme amount of CO. in j : oe its atm: 2 A. Mercury Cen B. Venus = mig Mars 298 {Ulumate Learning Guide to General Seien®® comets, and tiny bits of - 1e | it greenhouse effect due to— ich planet is also known as Earth’s twin planet in terms of size and mass? 9 we Mercury C. Mars 2 D. Neptune p. Venus pt surfaces of planet Mercury and our moon contain some very large craters 0 i are most likely the result of _. Jarge collapsed caves C. asteroid -impacts . nuclear explosions D. giant lava flows ‘eaming Guide to General Sciencé 299CHECK YOUR ANSWERS! el 1. Correct Answer: B. 430°C : Mercury, although the planet nearest the Sun is NOT the hottest planet. Venus is ; * the hottest planet with 475°C temperature. 2. Correct answer: B. prominence The following are the features of the Sun: solar flares, solar prominences, and ° sunspots. Atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. Rille is a small valley on the Moon. Mascon is a word contraction of mass concentration, which is a region of excess gravitational attraction on the surface of the Moon. 3. Correct answer: A. Neptune \ The ice giant Neptune was the first planet locatéd through mathematical calculations. Using predictions made by Urbain Le Verrier, Johann Galle discovered the planet in 1846 and was named after the Roman god of the sea, as suggested by Le Verrier. 4. Correct answer: A. Uranus Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel with the aid ofa telescope, although he originally thought it was either a comet or a star. 5. Correct answer: C. The sun revolves around the planets, asteroids, comets, | and tiny bits of space debris _ The planets, asteroids, comets, and tiny bits of space debris revolve around the sun. 6. Correct answer: C. Venus. | Venus is so striking in its twilight appearances; the planet features heavily in sky _ mythologies worldwide. Its bright moming and evening appearances are the origin for its dual nicknames: the Morning Star, and the Evening Star 7. Correct answer: A. Venus. These are the moon counts per planet: one moon for Earth; two for Mars; 95 at Jupiter; 146 at Saturn; 27 at Uranus; 14 at Nept : 4 5 lune; et Pluto. Mercury and Venus both have no moons. ptune; and five for dwarf plan’ 8. Correct-answer: B. Venus.. Venus is sg ae planet in our solar system, even though Mercury is closet ? Cunt ine a oma ied WN eto wt in thick, yellowish Relea ap hea | causing a runaway greenhouse effect, Clouds of sulfuric acid that trap | 300 nce Ultimate Learning Guide to General Sci?orrect answer: B. Venus. renus is often called "Earth's twin" because they're similar in size and structure, put Venus has extreme surface heat and a dense, toxic atmosphere. Venus is nearly big around as Earth —7,521 miles (12,104 kilometers) across, versus 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers) for Earth. , 10, Correct answer: C. asteroid impacts. Mercury's surface resembles that of Earth's Moon, scarred by many impact craters resulting from collisions with meteoroids and comets,NON-EARTH BODIES AND PHENOMENA. What is a Solar Eclipse? ON © Itoccurs when theMoon passes between the Sun and Earthy © It happens when the Moon completely blocks the Sun and the Moon’s =» shadow falls onto a portion of the Earth’s surface. TYPES OF SOLAR ECLIPSE Total solar | Observers can witness @aytime twilight)because the disk of the eclipse Moon blocks 100% of the Sun Partial Moon is not ‘entirely covering the Sun and you will likely not solar notice any difference in light intensity. eclipse : Annular Observed when the Moon is at apogee (farthest from Earth) eclipse within its elliptical orbit. This causes a ring of light, or annulus, to be visible around the Moon, which is sometimes referred to as the “ring of fire.” ° The 6had of the Monon a Umbra -Shadow that is cast when the Moon completely covers the Sun) and is where the path of totality fails, a Antumbra | -If the Moon is further away from the Earth, it iscunable to block the Sun entirely) ee -The Sun appears as a ring ef light around the Moon. -The shadow is known as the path of annularity and occurs during an annular eclipse. Penumbra ¢ Solar eclipses happen at least twice eclipses occurring about once e The possibility of seein, right time. ¢ Since Earth is made up of most receiving total blockage of the § ~A partial solar eclipse can be observed wi Moon blocks the Sun and creates a shado -It_also occurs surroundin, effectively covering those view of a partial eclipse, hen only a portion of the Ww. 'g the umbra during a total eclipse, Tegions on the planet that only have 4 every year and a half. un, May not necessarily fall on land. tebipse - Nee wns Want seta on She Felt cmel Ye Moon, ed Loy clr dons 302 ont fe Ultimate Learning Guide to General Scien? planet during an eclipse can be described as: umbra, antumbra and penumbra. | Per calendar year, with total solar 8 them is rare if you're not in the right place at the tly water, the path of totality, or the. __. THE MOON ‘The Moon isEarth's single natural Satellite) The moonlight we see on Earth igsunli, hit ed * white surface. Citi reetay + The(foon ae a o Earth orbits the Sun, + During a lunar eclipse, Earth comes between the Sun and ‘the Moor blocking the sunlight falling on the Moon. Earth's shadow covers all or ea of the lunar surface, o Total lunar eclipse happens when the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of Earth, " Moon ~ Earth —-Sun o Partial lunar eclipse occurs when (only part. of Earth's shadow covers the Moon. = off the Moon's grayish- + The amount of Moon we see changes over the month and is referred to as lunar phases: new Moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full Moon, waning gibbous, third quarter and waning crescent. The cycle repeats once amonth. Figure 1. Phases of the Moon (Lunar Phases and fe an a idl flee Solar : i A Solar System i stem Exploration. (n.d.). NAS. iM : htpsubelarresens aca goulmoonsfeaths-moow/lunar-hases and-eclipses/) : 2 | aa * The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth in 27 4 Lent = ) (Sidereal month) and rotates or spins at that same rate, or in amount of time. 4 303 el Leaming Guide to General Science ‘po preeeyw./J/ IL——_—— Fee is moving as well — rotating on its axis as it orbits the Sun— aoa the Moon appears to orbit us every 29% days (synodic } month). : Earth's Moon has a core, mantle, and crust. A crater is the depression at the summit of a volcano, or a depression produced by a meteorite impact. : © Most craters were produced by the impact of rapidly moving debris. Rays are any of a system of bright, elongated streaks, sometimes associated with a crater on the moon. ‘ e : | The (light areas of the Moon are known as the highlands. The dark features, called maria (Latin for seas), are impact basins that were filled with lava between 4.2 and 1.2 billion years ago. The lunar regolith is a(thin, gray layet on the surface of the moon, consisting of loosely compacted, fragmented material believed to have been formed by repeated impacts of meteorites. » : ~ Highlands gp AOR a apn, — Mare Aaa nt nie e . ae hE tre AED crater een eg ith rays _ “SE "3, Becta > Figure 2. Major Topogra 304 Major Topographical Features of the Mo i i oo! District / District Homepage. (n.d.). https:/mwwy Sea eos e Rreeiatnere tes on an alien world were made. by Americal! eee ey surface of our airless, lifeless companion. | Ranger, Surveyor mde Ho expeditions, NASA dispatched the automated 1964 and 1968, nar Orbiter spacecraft to study the Moon between Ultimate Learning Guide to General Soiene?OTHER NON-EARTH BODIES <_fsRO1DS i AST The solar system Is populated by thousands of small planetesimalsicalled asteroids that orbit the Sun in a broad belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some are of rocky composition, others are mainly iron and nickel; they are fragments and rocky splinters generated by the same processes that built the anets, four and a half billion years ago, Metallic asteroids are thought to be fragments of the central cores of small short-lived planets that were broken up soon after they formed by massive collisions with other similar objects; some of the rocky splinters may be pieces of the outer layers of such exploded planets while others could be primitive planet-building materials accumulated into rocks but that was never used in planet building. » The(arg asteroid is called 1 Ceres (all asteroids’ have a number in their name) and is only 770km across; much smaller than the Moon. Most of the thousands of asteroids that are known are much smaller, in the { to 10 km size range. : o Innumerable, still small, fragments frequently collide with the Earth .. and, as they burn-up in the atmosphere, causing meteor trails. co Some of the larger fragments reach the ground intact and become part of the meteorite collections in our museums. = A few large asteroid collisions are recorded on the Earth’ craters. 's surface as | GALILEAN SATELLITES = In 1610, Galileo Galilei aimed his telescope at Jupiter and Spotted four points of light orbiting the planet. lo ~ One of the most remarkable findings of the Voyager mission was the presence of at least nine active volcanoes - Io's, fpizza-colored terrain, marked by orange and yellow hues; is probably due to the sulfur-rich materials brought to the surface by volcanic activity, which is the result of tidal flexing caused by the gravitational tug-of-war between Io, Jupiter, and the other three Galilean moons. . Europa = Approximately the same size as our Moon, is the/brightesb) Galilean satellite - Surface displays an array of streaks, indicating the crust has > been fractured \ - Caught in a gravitational tug-of-war like Io, Europa has been heated enough to cause its interior ice to melt, producing a liquid-water ocean. ~htimate Learning Guide to General Science 305