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e-mail : rsksrp@[Link]
website : [Link]

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ISSN : 0975-1769

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 SA«SK›TA-VIMAR˜A…
New Series

Vol.-11 Year 2016

Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

(Deemed to be University)
Under Ministry of Human Resource Development
Govt. of India
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
New Delhi
 Publisher :
Registrar
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan
Deemed University
56-57, Institutional Area,
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110056

e-mail : rsksrp@[Link]
website : [Link]

© Rashtirya Sanskrit Sansthan

ISSN : 0975-1769

Edition : 2016

Rs. 50.00

Printed :
D.V. Printer
97, UB, Jawahar Nager, Delhi-110007
Mob. 9818279798, 9990279798
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 Advisory-Board
1. Prof. V. Kutumba Sastry,
36, Evergreen Appartment Plot-9
Sect. 7, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075

2. Prof. K.V. Ramakrishnamacharyalu,

4-45, opp. Satyasai Mandir
Stayasai nagar, Satya Sainagar panchayat
Tirupati (A.P.) - 517503

3. Prof. Ram Chandra Pandey

38, Manas Nagar, Durgakund
Varanasi (U.P.)

4. Prof. Kishor Chandra Mahapatra

Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya
Puri (Odisha)

5. Prof. Azad Mishra

2/239, Viramkhand-2
Gomatinagar, Luknow-226010

6. Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurty

V.C., Vedik University
Alapiri, Chandragiri by pass Road
Tirupati - 517502 (A.P.)

7. Prof. Shripada Bhat

Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth
Tirupati, (A.P.)

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 fo"k;kuqØ[Link]
1- [Link];a O;[Link]'kkL=k×p µMkW-fnus'kdqekjxxZ% 01
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13- fyÄFkZfopkj% &MkW- [Link];% 83
14- oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku &MkW- lqeu 'kekZ 88
15- laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ &MkW- vt; oqQekj feJ 95
16- osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu#Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 104
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( 1 )
 ( viii )

19- oS;[Link];s¿O;;infoe'kZ% &vEcjh'koqQekjfeJ% 124

20- laLÑrO;[Link]; iz;kstue~ &xtkuu/jsUæ% 130
21- O;×tuko`fÙkfoe'kZ% &MkW- jktoqQekjfeJ% 136
22- frÄFkZfopkj% &MkW- jkeukjk;.kf}osnh 142
23- frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa &MkW- [Link] /hj 147
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25- vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 167
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27- vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"[Link]:firkyÄïkjleh{kk &MkW- f'kojke 'kekZ 194
28- O;[Link]'kZus¿f/[Link];;% &;h'kukjk;.kf}osnh 205
29- egkHkkjrs¿iR;kFkZdrf¼rizr;;kuq'khyue~ &vfuyoqQekj vk;Z% 215
30- tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~; &MkW- Hkokuh 'kadj 'kekZ 226
31- oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa 230
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33- fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% &izks- jkts'ojfeJ% 266
34- vU;ksU;kJ;nks"k% rRifjgkjksik;% &MkW- iznhioqQekj&[Link];% 277
35. Synthesis: The Governing Principle of the Vedic 306
Way of Life -Dr. Shashi Tiwari
36. The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasistha: the Oldest Attested 317
Divinization -Dr. Koenraad ELST
37. Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda -Mitali 347
38. Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 354
-Dr. Sudarshan K. Sharma
39. Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 362
- Dr. Shyam Deo Mishra

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1- ik-lw- 3-2-1
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2- vFkZ-'kk-i`-la- 771
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fonè;kr~A ns'kS'o;Zoa'kuke/s;ksi/kjeh'ojL;] ns'kuke/s;ksipkjeuh'ojL;A vfi p &
JqRok uq okD;a ijHkkoa pko/k;Zijys[kkr~A
ys[k% [kyq dÙkZO;ks [Link]"kfofu'p;eKsuAA
r=k tkR;kns% funsZ'k% dk;Z%A ¶tkfr% dqya LFkkuo;% JqrkuhR;kfn¸1 bfrA
,oeFkZØeknhu~ "kV~ys[[Link]~ ofDr &
1- vFkZØe% & ;FkkonkuqiwoZfØ;kiz/kuL;kFkZL; iwoZefHkfuos'k%A
2- lEcU/% & izLrqrL;kFkZL;kuqijks/knqÙkjL; fo/kueklekIrs%A
3- [Link] & vFkZink{[Link];wukfrfjDrrk gsrnw [Link]`"VkUrSjFkksiZ [Link]
4- ek/q;eZ ~ & lq[kksiuhrikoZFkZ'kCnkfHk/kua ek/q;eZ ~A
5- vkSnk;Ze~ & vxzkE;'kCnkfHk/kuekSnk;Ze~A
6- Li"VRoe~ & izrhr'kCniz;ksx% Li"VRoe~2A

O;[Link];ksi;ksfxRoa n'kZ;fr vkpk;Z% dkSfVY;% &

¶vdkjkn;ks [Link]=k"kf"V%A r=k âLonh?kZIyqrHksnknpks }kfoa'kfr%] dkn;ks ekolkuk%
Li'kkZ[;k iapfoa'kfr%] ;jyok vUrLFkk'pRokj%] v;ksxokgk vuqLokjfolxZftÞok&
ewyh;ksièekuh;k'pRokj%A ;ek{kjkf.k pRokfj] 'k"klgk mQ"ek[;k'pRokj bR;soa [Link]
f=k"kf"VRoe~A¸ vfi p &
nh?kkZ% [Link] r=kk"VkS i×pâLok% Iyqrk uoA
prq/kZ ;ksxokgks"e;ekUrLFkk% i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~AA
foa'kfr% i×pLi'kkZfL=k"kf"Vfjfr dhfrZrk%AA
v=k inLo:ieqP;rs & ¶[Link]?kkr% ine~¸3 bfrA vFkkZr~ fu;[Link]
[Link] lewgks¿FkZfo'ks"kladfs rr% infeR;qP;rsA rPprqfoZ/ekg & ¶ukek[;krksilxZfuik&
rk'p¸4 bfrA r=k uke lRokfHk/kf;] vFkkZr~ tkfrnzO;[Link] uke lRokfHk/kf;A
,oefof'k"VfyÄõa L=khiqua iql a dL; fyÄõfo'ks"k'kwU;a fØ;kokpdek[;kre~A fØ;kfo'ks"kk%
fØ;kxr& izd"kkZfnfo'ks"k|ksrdk%] izkn;% iz] ijk] vi] le~] vuq] vo bR;kn;%
milxkZ% vO;;k'pkn;ks fuikrk%A ,oeso okD;Lo:ia dF;rs & ¶inlewgks
okD;eFkZlekIrkS¸A vFkkZr~ inlewg% inkuka la?kkrh okD;eqP;rsA vFkZifjlekIrkSA vFkZL;
i;Zolkus lfr rsu inlewgsu psnsdks fof'k"VkFkksZ uSjkdkÄ~{;s.k cq¼kS izfrf"Brks HkofrA
1- dkS-v-f}-'kk-
2- dkS-v-f}-'kk-
3- dkS-v-f}-'kk-
4- dkS-v-f}-'kk-
6 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
[Link]"k;ekg & ,dink{kj%] f=kinij%] ijinkFkkZuqjks/su oxZ% dk;Z%A
vFkkZr~ [Link]%] lekl%] ininkFkkZuqjks/su dk;Z%] ija ;r~ ina lekl?kVdknsdLekr~ inkn~
vU;r~ lekl?kVda ina rL; vFkkZujq ks/us vFkZeuqlR` ; dk;Z%] vFkZL; lekl?kVdinkUrjkFksuZ
lgSdhHkko;ksX;rk;kefHky{; dk;Z bfrA in;ks% inkuka ok lfr lkeF;sZ lekl% dk;Z%
ukU;Fksfr vfHkizk;%A l p dFkEHkwrdk;Z%] ,dinkojfL=kinij% leL;ekuinkfrjsd.s kSda
ineoja fud`"Va ;fLeu~ rFkk Hkwr'p dk;Z%] =;f/dleklLrq u dk;ksZ ek/q;kZ;Dq [Link]~A
mDr×p &
¶ek/q;ZefHkok×NUr% izlkna p les/l%A
leklosfr Hkw;kafl u inkfu iz;q×T;rsAA¸
ys[[Link] bfr 'kCnks okfpdek=kL;sfrA rFkkxzs &
¶fuUnk iz'kalk i`PNk p rFkk[;kueFkkZFkZrkA
izR;k[;kueqikyEHk% izfr"ks/ks¿Fk pksnukAA
lkRoeH;oifÙk'p HkRlZukuqu;kS rFkkA
,rs"oFkkZ% izorZUrs =k;ksn'klq ys[ktk%AA¸
r=kkfHktu'[Link] nks"kopua fuUnkA [Link]"kkeso iz'kalkA dFkesrfnfr
i`PNk] ,ofeR;k[;kue~] nsghR;FkZukA u iz;PNkehfr izR;k[;kue~A vuuq:ia Hko
bR;qikyEHk%A ek dk"khZ% bfr izfr"ks/%A bna fØ;rkfefr pksnuk] ;ks¿ga l Hkoku~] ee ;n~
nzO;a rn~ Hkor% bR;qixzg% lkURoe~A O;lolkgkÕ;eH;oifÙk%A lnks"kek;kfr izn'kZue~]
vFkkZr~ vfuR;a [Link]~ Roka ?kkr;s;a] cn~èokdkjkx`gs fuos'k;s;feR;soeuFkZ&
nks"k;qDreqÙkjdkydFkuefHkeRloZeA~ 1
lkjka'k% &
vFkZ'kkL=kL;kè;;usu Kk;rs ;r~ fouk O;[Link] rPNkL=kL; vè;;ua lE;d~r;k
drqeZ 'kD;e~A vr% lR;eso dfFkrefLr ¶;|fi cgquk/h"ks rFkkfi iB iq=k O;[Link]¸
vFkkZr~ osnkÄõs"kq iz/kurea eq[k:ia O;[Link]] iz/kus p d`rks ;Ru% iQyoku~ Hkofr]
vr% rnzfgra dL;kfi 'kkL=kL; Kkua dfBurja Hkofr] O;[Link]è;;ukuUrja psr~
vFkZ'kkL=kkfn'kkL=[Link]è;;ua Hkofr rfgZ lkjY;a HkofrA enh;k Lodh;SokuqHkwfrjfLr
;nga O;[Link];So izFke% Nk=k vkle~] vuUrjeFkZ'kkL=kL;kè;;ua e;k d`re~A vr ,o
lo± lgteso Kkrqa 'kDuksfeA vFkZ'kkL=kdkj% dkSfVY;ks¿fi 'kklukfèkdkjekè;esu
O;[Link]è;srqa izsj;frA vr% loSZ% O;kdj.k'kkL=keo';esokè;srO;fefr 'ke~AA
ggg

1- dkS-v-f}-'kk-
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh

vo/[Link]
& nhif'k[kk ikjk'kj
'kks/Nk=kk] dksV fo'ofo|ky;
izLrqr ys[k esa vuqlU/krk us oSfnd m¼[Link] osQ }kjk ekuo vf/dkj
dh vo/[Link] dks izLrqr fd;kA

bfrgkl iqjk.k dh ijEijk osQ vuqlkj ekuo dk izknqHkkZo ,d foy{k.k ?kVuk

FkhA ekuo ,d tSfod vfHkO;fDr osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d lkekftd /kfeZd ,oa ,d
lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr FkkA thou osQ u,&u, vH;klksa ls ifjp; djkus dk dke
ekuo thou ls gh izkjEHk gqvkA ekuo us viuh vko';drkvksa dks [Link] djus osQ fy,
vius vkl&ikl ,d rkus&ckus dks cquuk izkjEHk fd;kA blosQ [Link] Lo:i] lekt
,oa ijEijk tUe ysus yxhA lkekftd O;oLFkk O;fDrokn osQ lewgokn esa ifjofrZr
gksus yxhA pwafd ekuo dks izÑfr o mldh 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk izfrfnu la?k"kZjr jguk
Fkk vkSj vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk ,d [Link] la?k"kZ curk tk jgk FkkA blh osQ
iQyLo:i /hjs&/hjs lkewfgdrk us tUe ysuk izkjaHk fd;kA
bl lewghdj.k] lkekthdj.k dk gh [Link] Fkk ekuoksa osQ rkus&ckus ls cus
dkuwu] vf/dkj vkSj nkf;RoA ;|fi izR;sd tho oLrqr% thou osQ vf/dkj osQ lkFk
gh mRi gksrk gS] ijUrq ekuo dh mRifÙk osQ mijkUr tSls&tSls le; chrus yxk]
ekuo vf/dkjksa dh uohu O;k[;k,] uohu :i esa vorfjr gksus yxhaA bldh >yd
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa izkphu dky ls fn[kkbZ nsrh jgh gSaA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr izkphu dky ls gh Lo;a esa fof'k"V vkSj [Link] gSA Hkkjrh;
laLÑr osQoy ewY;ksa dh laLÑfr gh ugha gS] vfirq Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa izkjEHk ls gh
ekuo ek=k dh xfjek vkSj ewY;ksa dh lqj{kk osQ fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd, x, gSaA
ekuokf/dkj os vf/dkj gSa tks gekjh izÑfr ;k LoHkko esa vUrfuZfgr gSa]
ftuosQ fcuk ekuo vius O;fDrRo dk lok±xh.k fodkl ugha dj ldrkA bl oSf'od
vkSj lkoZtuhu Hkkouk osQ rgr] izkphu dky ls gh laLÑr okÄ~e; esa ekuokfèkdkjksa
osQ vusd lanHkZ izkIr gksrs gSaA
( 7 )
8 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ekuokf/dkj gj euq"; dks izkIr gS]a pkgs oks fdlh Hkh jk"Vª] lekt ;k lkfgR;
ls lEcfU/r gksA gj euq"; dks fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko osQ bu vf/dkjksa dks izkIr djus
dk vf/dkj gSA gj vf/dkj ijLij lEcfU/r gSa vkSj vius vki esa [Link] vkSj eqDr
Hkh gSaA U;k;] lekurk] cU/qRo vkfn ekuoh; ewY; ekuokf/dkj osQ [Link]:i gSa]
ftudk ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkek;.k] e`PNdfVde~] vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~]
jRukoyh] n'koqQekjpfjre~] es?knwre~ vkfn laLÑr xzaFkksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ;s
ekuokf/dkj izkphu dky ls gh laLÑr okÄ~e; esa cht :i ls fo|eku gSaA blh
izdkj gekjs /kfeZd lkfgR;&oqQjku] xq:xzUFk lkfgc] ckbZcy vkfn esa ekuokf/dkjksa
dk fo'kn~ [Link] izkIr gksrk gSA
gj ekuo osQ ewy vf/dkj gSa & loZ=k lq[kh] fujksxh] nq%[kfoghu] ekuoh l`f"V
dh laLFkkiukA orZeku ikfjHkkf"kd ekU;rkvksa esa] ^ekuokf/dkj* 'kCn dh lkoZHkkSe
?kks"[Link] 1948 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k }kjk gqbZ] ftlosQ vUrxZr ,slh Hkkoukvksa dk izkdV~;
gqvk gS fd ekuo ifjokj osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh vUrfuZfgr xfjek] 'kkfUr] ekuokfèkdkjksa
osQ vk/kj gSaA ekuo nsg xfjek&egÙo] L=kh&iq#"k lekukf/dkfjrk] oko~QLokrU=;]
Hk;eqDr thou ;kiu lfgr mRÑ"V thou Lrj dh izkfIr dk vf/dkj bR;kfn
dY;[Link] fcUnqvksa osQ fof/ lEer laj{k.k ij fparu fd;k x;k gSA 30 vuqPNsnksa esa
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh lkoZHkkSe ?kks"[Link] fo'o osQ le{k izLrqr gqb]Z tks osn vkSj mifu"knksa
dh [Link] dk :ikUrfjr] vuqokfnr] vuqokD;ka'k ;k vuqorZu ek=k gSA
½Xosn esa ekuo osQ ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa dk vf}rh; [Link] fd;k x;k gSA
µdksbZ ekuo mRÑ"V ;k viÑ"V ugha gS] lc ijLij cU/q gSa] lcdks leku
vf/dkj izkIr gSA gj ekuo dks vf/dkj gS fd oks ,d&nwljs dks vkxs c<+kus osQ fy,
iz;Ru'khy vkSj lkewfgd :i ls izxfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj gksA1
pkjksa osnksa esa ½Xosn izFke osn gSA osnksa esa ;g izeq[k :i ls crk;k x;k gS fd
iwjs fo'o osQ [Link] izkf.k;ksa dks ,drk ls thou ;kiu djus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA
µgj O;fDr dks ladYi] ân; vkSj eu ls ,djlrk dk vf/dkj gSA ijLij
lg;ksx ls jgus osQ vf/dkj dk lc esa n`<+ ladYi gksA2
osn vkSj mifu"kn~ fujUrj ekuo osQ ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSAa
ekuo osQ bu ewyHkwr vf/dkjksa esa ,d vR;Ur egÙ[Link] vf/dkj gS & lnk izlÂ
jgus dk vf/dkj rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa bldk bl izdkj mYys[k gSA
1- vT;LFkklks vdfuLFkklk ;srsA
le Hkzk=kks oko:¼;q% lkSHkkX;%AA (½Xosn] eaMy&5 lwDr&60] ea=k&5)
2- lekuh ok vkÑfrfr lekuk ân;kfuokgA
lekueLrq oks ekuks ;Fkk og lqlgklfrAA (½Xosn] eaMy&10] lwDr&191] ea=k&4)
lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh vo/[Link] 9
lc izl gksa
lc jksxksa ls eqDr gksa
lc 'kqHk oLrq,¡ ns[ksa
dksbZ 'kksd u lgsA1
Hkxoku~ ge lcdh ,d lkFk j{kk djsa
Hkxoku~ ge lcdk ,d&lkFk ykyu ikyu djsa
gekjk vè;;u vkstLoh izHkko'kkyh gks
ge ,d&nwljs ls ?k`.kk u djsa
gj rjiQ 'kkafr gksA2
izl jgus osQ vf/dkj osQ lkFk&lkFk] vFkoZosn esa Li"V :i ls mYys[k gS
fd lc euq";ksa dks lekurk dk vf/dkj gS] gj euq"; leku gSA
gj euq"; dks Hkkstu vkSj ty ikus dk vf/dkj gSA thou osQ jFk dk tqvk
lcosQ dU/ksa ij cjkcj :i ls gSA lcdks bl izdkj ,d nwljs osQ lkFk lkaetL; ls
jguk pkfg,] ftl izdkj jFk dk ifg;k vkSj fdukjk ,d nwljs ls tqMs gSaA3
Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k us Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh ekuo vf/dkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS]
ftlesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gj ekuo dks deZ djus dk vf/dkj gSA Hkxoku~
JhÑ".k dgrs gS&
&rqEgsa vius deZ (dÙkZO;) djus dk vf/dkj gS] fdUrq deZ osQ iQy osQ rqe
vf/dkjh ugha gksA rqe u rks dHkh vius vkidks vius deks± osQ iQyksa dk dkj.k ekuks]
u gh deZ u djus esa dHkh vklDr gksvksA4

1- losZfi lqf[ku% lUrq

losZ lUrq fujke;k%
losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq
ek df'pn~ nq%[kHkkx~ Hkosr~A (rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa f'k{kkoyh esa izkFkZuk)
2- vkse~ lg ukoorq lg uks HkquDrq
lgoh;± djokogS] rstLohuko/hreLrq]
ek fof}'kkegs] vkse~ 'kkfUr% 'kkfUrf% 'kkfUrAA
(rSÙkjh; mifu"kn~ esa f'k{kkoyh esa izkFkZuk)
3- lekuh izkik lg uwÂHkkx%
lekus ;ksD=ks lg oks ;qufTe
vkjk% ukfHkfeukfHkrk%A (vFkZosn&letzku lwDr)
4- deZ.;sokf/dkjLrs ek iQys"kq dnkpuA
ek deZiQygsrqHkwZekZ rs lÄõks¿[Link] (Hkxon~xhrk 2-47)
10 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ vUrxZr gh LokLF; dk vf/dkj Hkh lfEefyr gSA ½Xosn
vkSj ;tqosZn esa LokLF; osQ ekuokf/dkj dh ckr dbZ LFkyksa ij n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
buesa i'kqvksa rd osQ LokLF; dh dkeuk dh xbZ gSA
bek :æk; rols difnZus] {k;n~ohjk; izHkjkegs erh%A
;Fkk 'keln~ f}ins prq"ins] fo'oa iq"Va xzkes vfLeÂkrqje~AA
vFkkZr~ ge cyoku~] tVk/kjh] ohjksa osQ 'kkld] :nz osQ fy, ;s Lrqfr;k¡ vfiZr
djrs gS]a ftlls gekjs euq";ksa vkSj i'kqvksa osQ fy, lq[k gks] bl xzke esa lHkh â"V&iq"V
vkSj fujksx gksaA
'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLFk jgus osQ lkFk&lkFk euq"; osQ fy, vkè;kfRed :i
ls mÂr gksuk Hkh vfr vko';d gSA blosQ fy, oSfnd ;qx ls LokLF; osQ vf/dkj
osQ lkFk&lkFk euq"; dks ;K djus dk vf/dkj Hkh izkIr gSA oSfnd dky esa ;K izèkku
laLÑfr FkhA Hkkjrh; tu&thou ;Kh; Hkkoukvksa esa vksr&izksr jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd ijorhZ [Link] esa ¶loZ ;Ke;a txr~¸1 dgdj ;K dh O;kidrk dks Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSA iQyr% ;tu] iwtu] mikluk] dFkk Jo.k] rhFkZ;k=kk] vè;kiu rFkk
fookg vkfn uSfefÙkd ,oa jkT; izkfIr vkfn dkE;deZ Hkh vkxs pydj ;K dh [Link]
esa fxus tkus yxsA
oSfnd dky esa ukjh uj osQ lkFk LorU=k :i ls ;K djus dh [Link] vfè[Link]
FkhA bl lEcU/ esa vFkoZlafgrk esa dgk x;k gS&¶eSa 'kq¼] ifo=k ;K dh
vfè[Link]] bu fL=k;ksa dks fo}kuksa osQ gkFkksa es i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q :i ls izlÂrk ls vfiZr
djrk gw¡A¸2
vkè;kfRed mÂfr osQ lkFk&lkFk oSfnd dky esa fL=k;ksa dks ;K djus dk
vfèkdkj izkIr Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i os viuk lok±xh.k fodkl djus esa l{ke FkhA
blh dkj.k lekt esa mUgsa lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk Fkk] ftlls mUgsa lEekuh;
vf/dkj Hkh izkIr FksA iQyr% oSfnd dky esa fL=k;ksa dks vR;Ur gh egÙ[Link]
o xkSjo'kkyh LFkku izkIr FkkA L=kh dks fuR; uohuk] ;kSoulEiÂk] 'kqHkzoluk]
lR;Hkkf"[Link] vkfn fo'ks"[Link] ls lEcksf/r dj mlosQ dU;k] Hkfxuh] iRuh] ekr`
vkfn :iksa osQ izfr vknj O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA3 iRuh jfgr x`g dks taxy ekudj

1- dkfydk iqjk.k & 31@40

2- 'kq¼k% iwrk ;ksf"krks ;fK;k bek czã.kk gLrs"kq izi`Fko~Q lkn;kfiA
;Rdke bnefHkf"k×pkfe oks¿eefeUnzks e#RokURl nnkrq rUesAA (vFkoZons lafgrk&6@122@5)
uukUnq% lezkT;sf/ lezkT;qr% 'oJokAA &vFkoZosn lafgrk 14@1] 43&44
3- rL; nkf{k.;:nsu ukEuk ex/oa'ktkA
iRuh lqnf{[Link];klhnèojL;so nf{[Link]&j?kqoa'ke~ 1@31
lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh vo/[Link] 11
x`[Link] dks x`g dh laKk nh x;hA1
/kfeZd dk;ks± esa Hkh L=kh lg/[Link] gksrh FkhA mlosQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh /kfeZd
ÑR; [Link] :i ls liQy ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA D;ksafd 'kriFk czkã.k esa dgk x;k gS
fd] ^viRuhd ifr dks ;K dk vf/dkj ugha FkkA*2
L=kh dks ?kj esa lEekutud in izkIr Fkk] euq us rks ;gka rd dgk gS fd tgk¡
ij ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gS] ogk¡ nsork fuokl djrs gSaA
^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A*
vFkoZosn lafgrk esa ukjh osQ xkSjo dh iqf"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd & ftl
izdkj 'kfDr'kkyh lkxj ufn;ksa ij 'kklu djrk gS] oSls gh rqe vius ifr osQ ?kj
igq¡pdj egkjkuh cuksA rqe lkl&'olqj] nsoj] uun esas lkezkKh cudj jgksA3
vr% L=kh dks lkezkKh ,oa efg"kh vkfn lEekutud 'kCnksa ls iqdkjk x;k gSA
ukjh dks vkSj vf/d l'kDr cukus osQ fy, mls lEifÙk ls lEcfU/r dbZ vfèkdkj
Hkh izkIr FksA oSfnd ;qx esa iRuh dh fLFkfr cgqr mÂr Fkh] ½Xosn osQ erkuqlkj] ¶iRuh
gh ?kj gSA¸4 iRuh x`gLFkkJe dk ewy gksus ls mls ?kj dh vkRek vkSj izk.k le>k
tkrk FkkA vr% oSfnd ;qx osQ izkjEHk esa fL=k;ksa dks oqQN lkEifÙkd vf/dkj izkIr FksA
rSfÙkjh; lafgrk esa iRuh dks [Link]á vFkkZr~ ?kj dh oLrqvksa dh Lokfeuh dgk
5
x;k gSA fdUrq ,slk /u] ftl ij osQoy iRuh dk gh vf/dkj gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ
ckn ml /u dh mÙkjkf/[Link] mldh iq=kh gksrh gS] mls L=kh/u dgk tkrk gS] tks
fookg osQ le; dU;k osQ ekrk&firk rFkk oj i{k dh vksj ls /u fn;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~
oL=k&vkHkw"k.k vkfn tks L=kh dks fookg osQ le; fn, tkrs gSa] og L=kh /u dgykrk
gSA L=kh tkfr dks lEifÙk lEcU/h tks vf/dkj fn;s tkrs Fks] og fookg osQ le;
fn;s tkus okys ngst :ih py vFkok vpy lEifÙk FkhA6 vkiLrEc /eZlw=k esa dgk

f{kfrfjUnqerh p Hkkfeuh ifrHkklk| rexz;ikS:ie~A

izFkek cgqjRulwj Hkwnijk ohjethtuRlqre~AA &j?kqoa'ke 8@28
1- x`[Link] x`geqP;rsA &egkHkkjr 12@145@6
2- v;Kh;ks oS"k;ks viRuhd%A &'kriFk czkã.k
3- ;FkkflU/quZnhuka lkezkT;a lq"kqos o`"kkA
,ok Roa lezkT;sf/ iR;qjLra ijsR;AA
lezkT;sf/ 'o'kqjs"kq lezkT;qr nso`"kqA
4- tk;snLre~ &½Xosn 3@53@4
5- iRuh fg [Link];L;s'ksA &rSfÙkjh; lafgrk 6@2@1@1
6- HkrkZfi rkoRØFkoSQf'kdkukeuqfr"BrkuUrjtkfookg%A &j?kqoa'k 7@32
lÙkouq:[Link]ÑrJh% izkLFkki; nzk/oHkUoxkPp%AA &uS"k/pfjre~ 16@34
12 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
x;k gS fd ifr&iRuh esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk lkEifÙkd foHkktu ugha gksrkA nksuksa dk
lEifÙk ij cjkcj dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA1
lekt esa izkphu dky ls ukjh dh egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk jgh gS] fdUrq lekt osQ
lapkyu osQ fy, jktk dh Hkwfedk loksiZ fj gSA oSfnd dky esa jktk dks lw;Z osQ leku
ekuk x;k gS] blfy, gj jktk dks oqQN fo'ks"k vf/dkj izkIr gSaA jkT; esa jktk izeq[k
:i ls fofHk vf/dkjksa ls ;qDr gksrk gS] ;Fkk&iztk jatu] lqO;oLFkk] j{kk o 'kkafr
izcU/] lkekftd dk;Z] dj xzg.k] vius dk;ks± dks fu"Bkiwod Z ogu djuk] [Link]
dk Kku o mfpr ikyu] Js"B o mfpr yksxksa dks egÙ[Link] inksa ij fu;qDr djuk]
dks"k dh lqj{kk o lEo/Zu bR;kfnA
egkdfo v'o?kks"kkuqlkj&
HkkjSj'kh'kePN=kwu [Link]/wujhjer~A
jU/Suka;w;qnn~ Hk`R;ku~ djSukZihfiMr~ iztk%AA2
'k=kq eè;LFk vkSj fe=k dk fu/kZj.k djuk jktk dk vf/dkj gS&
;Fkk &
eè;LFkrka rL; --------------------- i{kkoijLrq uklA3
tks jktk /eZ ls iztk dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj o/ djus okys yksxksa dks ekjrk
gS] og izfrfnu ,d yk[k xk;ksa dh nf{[Link] okys ;K osQ leku iQy dks izkIr djrk
gSA4
blh izdkj tks euq"; i<+rk gS] ;K djrk gS] nku nsrk gS vkSj nsorkvksa dk
iwtu djrk gS mu lcesa ls iztk dh j{kk osQ dkj.k jktk NBs fgLls dk Hkkxh gksrk
gSA5
lekt esa jktk vius vf/dkjksa dk [Link] mi;ksx djrs gq, iztk osQ fgr osQ fy,
dk;Zjr jgrs gSa] rks ?kj esa ifjokjtu tSls firk] iq=k tks ?kj osQ lapkyd ekus tkrs gSa]
bUgsa Hkh dbZ vf/dkj izkIr gSaA firk dk iq=k ij [Link] vf/dkj FkkA firk dh vkKk
dk ikyu iq=k dk ije drZO; FkkA lEifÙk osQ fo?kVu dk fu;e ugha FkkA lHkh dh
vftZr lEifÙk ij firk dk vf/dkj FkkA fL=k;ksa dks lEifÙk j[kus dk dksbZ vf/dkj
ugha FkkA nwljh vksj oqQN viokn Hkh gSaA ;Fkk ½Xosn esa firk dh o`¼koLFkk essa

1- tk;kiR;ksuZfoHkkxks fo|rsAA &2@6@14@20

2- lkSUnjkuUn% 2@27
3- cq¼pfjre~ 2@6
4- euqLe`fr% 8@306
5- euqLe`fr% 8@305
lajpuk lkfgR; osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo vf/dkj dh vo/[Link] 13
fo|eku jgus ij Hkh iq=kksa us lkjh lEifÙk dk caVokjk djk fy;kA ckyd ;fn NksVk
gS] vU; HkkbZ cM+s gSa rks ,slh fLFkfr esa lEifÙk izkIr djus esa ;g ckyd Hkh vf/dkjh
gksrk FkkA mlosQ ckfyx gksus rd Hkzkrk] firkeg] ekrkeg vkfn }kjk lqj{kk dh tkrh
FkhA ckfyx gksus ij mls mldh lEifÙk izkIr djus dk iwjk vf/dkj FkkA ;fn iq=k
uiqla d gS] v/ehZ gS] pfj=kghu gS rks mls iSrd ` lEifÙk ls oafpr j[kus dk ekrk&firk
dks iwjk vf/dkj izkIr FkkA
vkpk;Z euq1 rFkk ;kKoYD;2 us Hkh lEifÙk esa dU;kvksa dks HkkbZ;ksa osQ Hkkx dk
pkSFkk fgLlk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh gSA ½Xosn esa dgk x;k gS&vHkzkr`dk fookfgrk gksus
ij Hkh /u izkIr djus osQ fy, fir`oQq y dh vksj vkrh gSA3 egkHkkjr esa oqQekjh dU;k
osQ lkEifÙkd vf/dkjksa esa cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkjh dk leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA4 l`f"V osQ
vkjEHk esa Lo;EHkw osQ iq=k euq us dgk Fkk fd nksuksa izdkj dh lUrkuksa dk fcuk fdlh
Hksn osQ /ekZuqlkj nk; dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA5
lekt esa fookg ,d ,slk xBcU/u gS tks lekt osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ fy,
vR;f/d vko';d gSA blfy, firk&iq=k osQ vf/dkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lekt esa gj
uj&ukjh dks fookg djus dk vf/dkj Hkh izkIr gSA fookg izFkk nsorkvksa ls (f'ko&
ikoZrh fookg) ysdj loZlk/kj.k euq"; osQ thou esa ,d fo'ks"k egÙ[Link] LFkku
j[krh gSA oSfnd dky ls gh fookg dks ,d ifo=k laLdkj ekuk tkrk jgk gSA fookg
dh vk/kjf'kyk lR; ,oa lfrRo ij izfrf"Br FkhA bl oSokfgd vk/kj f'kyk dks
lqn`<+ djus gsrq okx~nku] dU;knku] vfXulk[; [Link].k] vfXu iznf{[Link]] yktkgkse
,oa lIrinh vkfn izeq[k fØ;k,a lEi dh tkrh FkhaA fookg izk;% czãp;kZJe dh
lekfIr ij gh ckyd&ckfydkvksa dk gksrk FkkA
½Xosn lafgrk esa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd fookg laLdkj lR; vkSj dÙkZO; ij
izfrf"Br FkkA6 fookg nEifÙk osQ vkRek] eu] izk.k] 'kjhj dks vkè;fRed lEcU/ }kjk
lqn`<+ djus dk ,d fpjLFkk;h iz;Ru FkkA
1- LosH;ks¿'ksH;Lrq dU;kH;% izn|qHkzkZrj% i`Fko~QA
LokRLokna'kkPprqHkkZxa ifrrk% L;qjfnRloAA euqLe`fr&9@118
2- foHkkx psfRirk oqQ;kZfnPN;k foHktsRlqrku~A
T;s"Bok Js"BHkkxsu losZ ok L;q% lekaf'ku%AA ;kKoYD; Le`fr&2@114
3- vHkzkrso iqal,fr izrhph xrkZ;fxo lu;s /ukuke~AA ½Xosn&1@124@7
4- vFkosQu [Link] iqalkeknh;rs /ue~A
iq=ko`f¼ firqLrL; dU;k HkforqegZfrAA egkHkkjr&13@48
5- vfo'ks"ks.k iq=kkoka nk;ks Hkofr /eZr%A
feFkqukuka folxkZnkS euq% Lo;EHkqoks¿czohr~AA fu:or~&3@4
6- ½rL; ;ksukSa lqÑrL; yksosQA &½Xosn lafgrk 10@85@24
14 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
egkdkO;dky esa dU; dks oj&p;u dj] fookg djus dk iwjk vf/dkj Fkk]
og ftls pkgrh Fkh mls oj.k dj ldrh Fkh fdUrq og vius ;ksX; oj dk oj.k
djrh Fkh] tks mlosQ oqQy dh e;kZnk osQ vuq:i gksrk FkkA vr% dU;k dk firk oj
p;u gsrq oj lekjksg dk vk;kstu djrk Fkk] ftls Lo;aoj dk uke fn;k x;kA1
jkek;.k esa lhrk Lo;aoj]2 egkHkkjr esa oqQUrh Lo;aoj]3 nzkSinh Lo;aoj vkfnA
laLÑr lkfgR; esa ekuo dks dbZ :iksa esa vf/dkj izkIr gSaA laLÑr okÄ~e;
esa [Link] l`f"V osQ lexz fo"k; cht :i esa] iqf"ir] iYyfor iq"i :i esa loZnk
fc[kjs gq, gSaA Kku] n'kZu] thou] dyk O;ogkj] jktuhfr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] fpfdRlk
vkfn lefUor :i esa ,d nwljs ls tqM+s fo"k; gSaA ^vf/dkj* 'kCn vR;Ur O;kid
dysoj fy, gq, gSA ?kj] ifjokj] lekt] jk"Vª] vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfn lHkh Lrj ij
oqQN&u&oqQN vf/dkjksa dh ppkZ ge fuR; izfr djrs gSaA laLÑr lalkj dh izkphu
Hkk"kk esa Hkh vusdksa vf/dkjksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k] gesa vusdksa xzaFkksa esa vyx&vyx
izdkj ls fofHk lanHkks± esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
vr% laLÑr lkfgR; esa ekuo vf/dkjksa dk mYys[k bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd
^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ekuokf/dkj lnSo cht:is.k fo|eku jgs gSaA4 rFkk ekuokfèkdkj
loZnk ewy:i ls ekuo osQ lok±xh.k fodkl esa lnk gh ,d vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs jgs
gSaA

ggg

1- vFks'ojs.k ØFkoSQf'kdkuka Lo;aojkFkZ LolqfjUnqeR;k%A

vkIr% oqQekjku;uksRlqosQu Hkkstsu nwrks j?kos fol`"V%AA &j?kqoa'ke~ 5@39
2- rL;cqf¼fj;a tkrkfpUr;kuL; lrre~A
Lo;aoja ruwtk;k% dfj";kehfr /her%AA &jkek;.k 2@118@38
3- rr% lk oqQfUrHkkstsu jkKkgw; ujkf/iku~A
firk Lo;aojs nÙkk nqfgrk jktlÙkeAA &egkHkkjr 1@112@3
4- deyk of'k"B] ekuokf/dkj f'k{kk vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] vk'kk dkSf'kd] i`-243
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

^[Link]`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k

& MkW- la?klsu flag
osQUæh; frCcrh vè;;u fo-fo-] [Link]
izLrqr vkys[k esa [Link]`r xzUFk osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ dks
fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA

rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izFke nld esa xkSre cq¼ dh tks rLohj ;k fp=k
rRdkyhu ;k rRiwod Z kyhu dfo;ksa dh jpukvks1a ls mHkjrh gS] og mÙke dksfV dh gSA
;g og le; gS tc ckS¼/eZ Hkkjr osQ eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa ßklksUeq[k FkkA ikyoa'kh jktkvksa
osQ laj{k.k esa ckS¼/eZ vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ iwohZ Hkkxksa (fcgkj] caxky] mM+hlk] vle
vkfn) esa ,d mÂr /eZ osQ :i esa O;ofLFkr FkkA fdUrq ,slk ekywe iM+rk gS fd
lsu&oa'kh jktkvksa osQ 'kklu&dky esa jkT;kJe osQ vHkko esa mlesa ßkl osQ y{k.k
fn[kus yxs FksA lsuoa'kh jktkvksa us czkã.k/ehZ erksa osQ ekuus okyksa dks vR;f/d izJ;
fn;kA iQyr% ckS¼ vkfn /eks± dh gkfu gqbZA izÑfr dk fu;e gS fd ftldk mn;
gksrk gS] mldk O;; (uk'k) Hkh gksrk gSA bl rF; dks xkSre cq¼ us vius mins'kksa
esa ckj&ckj nqgjk;k gSµ;a foaQfp leqn;&/Eea] lCca ra fujks/&/Eea frA2 fdUrq blosQ
1- ladyudkj vkSj dfo Jh/jnkl us [Link]`r uked lqHkkf"kr laxzg 1205&06
bZloh esa cuk;k FkkA ;g ckr xzaFk dh iqf"idk ls O;Dr gksrh gSA mUgksaus pkj dfo;ksa
osQ ik¡p i| ladfyr fd;s gSaA muosQ uke gSµla?kJh] olqdYi] Jh/juUnh vkSj
eaxyA ;s dfo ladyudkj osQ ledkyhu Fks ;k iwoZorhZ] ;g ckr Li"V ugha gS]
D;ksafd ladyudkj us mudk dksbZ fooj.k izLrqr ugha fd;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa bu
dfo;ksa osQ i|ksa ls xkSre cq¼ dh tks rLohj mHkjrh gS] og ladyudkj osQ ;qx
dh gh ekuh tk;saxh] D;ksafd mUgksaus vius dky osQ ikBdksa dh #fp dk è;ku
j[kdj xkSre cq¼ ij fy[ks reke miyC/ i|ksa esa ls bUgha ik¡p dks vius ladyu
esa lfEefyr fd;kA vr% ml rLohj dks rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izFke n'kd dh
rLohj gh ekuk tk;sxkA
bl xzUFk dk laiknu vkSj fgUnh vuqokn jk/k oYyHk f=kikBh us fd;k gS vkSj ;g
lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh ls izdkf'kr gSA
2- nsf[k;s egkifjfuCcku lqÙk vkSj vU; lqÙkksa esaA
( 15 )
16 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ckotwn ckS¼/eZ dh tks rLohj Jh/jnklÑr [Link]`r (tks rsjgoha lnh bZloh
osQ izFke n'kd dk ladyu gS) mls mHkjrh gS] og mldk mToy i{k gh izLrqr djrh
gSA
^[Link]`r* rsjgoha bZloh1 dk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg gSA bl laxzg&dkO; osQ
ladyudÙkkZ Jh/jnkl2 gSaA muosQ fo"k; esa T;knk tkudkjh ugha gSA fdUrq tks Hkh
tkudkjh feyh gS] og muosQ bl xzUFk ls gh feyh gSA
bl ladyu esa ik¡p izokg3 (/kjk;sa] vè;k; osQ vFkZ esa) gSaA izokgksa dks
vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftudk uke ohfp j[kk x;k gSA ;s izokg gSaµ
vejizokg iqf"idkvksa esa mUgksua s vius dks ^[Link]*4 dgk gSA ;g ^[Link]*
dk in mUgsa caxky&fcgkj osQ jktk y{[Link] osQ vkJ;5 esa feyk FkkA ml le;
laHkor% jktk y{[Link] dk jkT; iz'kklu dh n`f"V ls eaMyksa esa foHkDr FkkA muesa
ls fdlh cM+s eaMy osQ os iz'kkld ;k cM+s iz'kkld cuk;s x;s FksA Jh/jnkl osQ firk
oVqnkl dks mUgha jktk y{[Link] osQ }kjk egklkeUrpwMkef.k dh inoh feyh FkhA bl
laxzgdkO; dh vfUre ohfp] izfrjktLrqfr%] esa tks 'yksd laxzghr gSa] muesa igyk
jktk y{[Link] osQ fo"k; esa gS vkSj vU; pkj oVqnkl osQ ckjs esaA ;s 'yksd ;k rks
Jh/jnkl }kjk Lo;a jfpr gSa] ;k fiQj muosQ ledkyhu fdlh dfo ;k dfo;ksa }kjkA
[Link]` dh iqf"idk ls bl xzUFk osQ ladyu dh fuf'pr frfFk dh Hkh
lwpuk feyrh gSA og frfFk gS&1205&06 bZlohA
bl xzUFk osQ vè;;u ls ;g Hkh O;Dr gksrk gS fd Jh/jnkl ,d oS".ko dfo
vkSj ladyudkj FksA mUgksaus bl xzUFk osQ izFke izokg] ;kuh vejizokg (nsoizokg) esa
n'kkorkjksa dk gh ugha] cfYd vU; vorkjksa dk [Link] djus okys 'yksdksa dks ladfyr
fd;k gSA bu vorkjksa osQ Øe esa ,d ohfp (ygj] izokgksa osQ Hkkx) essa cq¼fo"k;d
'yksd Hkh gSaA tSlk fd ladyudkj us viuk Øe cuk;k gS (vFkkZr~ izR;sd ohfp esa
1- nsf[k;s ^[Link]`r* dh iqf"idk] ist 788
2- nsf[k;s xzUFk dk izLrko] ist 10
3- vè;k; osQ fy;s ladyudkj ^izokg* (/kjk) 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj mu
izokgksa osQ Hkkxksa dks ohfp (ygj) dgrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx [Link] gSA ;g
ifjikVh ckS¼ksa dh gSA os xzUFkksa osQ Hkkxksa ;k [[Link] dks ^ifjorZ* vkfn 'kCnksa ls O;Dr
djrs gSaA ifjorZ 'kCn muosQ vfuR;okn fl¼kar dk |ksrd gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS
fd ladyudkj dk >qdko ckS¼ /eZ osQ izfr jgk gksxk] ;|fi os xzUFk osQ vkfn
esa vius eaxykpj.k esa ^gfj* (fo".kq) dh oUnuk djrs gSaA
4- nsf[k;s izR;sd izokg dh iqf"idk;sa& ist 170] ist 454] ist 546] ist 662 vkSj
ist 778
5- nsf[k;s xzUFk dk izLrko] ist 10
^[Link]`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k 17
ik¡p i| ;k 'yksd j[ks x;s gSa)] bl ohfp esa ik¡p i| ('yksd) ladfyr gSaA blosQ
ckotwn ;g ckr Li"V gS fd ladyudkj dk lcls T;knk >qdko fo".kq vkSj muosQ
oqQN vorkjksa osQ izfr gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy;s Ñ".kk osQ izfrA blhfy, Ñ".kk osQ fo"k;
esa dbZ ohfp;k¡ ladfyr gSAa f'ko ij Hkh dbZ ohfp;k¡ ladfyr gSAa bu nsoksa dh Lrqfr;ksa
dks dbZ mifo"k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd ohfp;ksa dh la[;k
c<+k nh xbZ gSA
lqHkkf"kr ;k lnqfDr osQ laxgz ksa esa [Link]`r dk LFkku fof'k"V gSA laLÑr
lkfgR; esa lqHkkf"krksa osQ dbZ laxzg feyrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd laLÑr lkfgR;
esa lqHkkf"kr&laxgz rS;kj djus dh ijaijk izkÑr lkfgR; osQ vuqdj.k ij cuh gSA izkÑr
lkfgR; esa tks lcls iqjkuk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg feyrk gS] mldk uke xkFkklÙklbZ
(xkFkklIr'krh) gSA bldk ladyu bZlk dh izFke 'krkCnh esa rRdkyhu jktk gky osQ
}kjk crkbZ tkrh gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esa bl izdkj dk lqHkkf"kr&laxzg X;kjgoha lnh
bZloh ls igys dk ugha feyrkA laLÑr osQ lqHkkf"kr laxzgksa osQ fo"k; esa caxky&fcgkj
osQ lkfgR;dkj [Link] jgs gSaA buesas fo|k/j vkSj Jh/j dk uke izeq[k :i ls fxuk;k
tk ldrk gSA fo|k/j osQ lqHkkf"krjRukdj vkSj Jh/jnkl osQ [Link]`r dk
mYys[k ckj&ckj vk;k gSA izkÑr lqHkkf"krlaxzg ^xkgklÙklbZ* dh rtZ ij ladfyr
,d izfl¼ laxzgdkO; tks ckj&ckj mYys[k esa vkrk gS] og gS xkso/Zu&ladfyr
vk;kZlIr'krhA ;g Hkh izk;% rsjgoh lnh bZloh osQ izkjafHkd n'kdksa dk ladyu gSA
D;ksafd xkso/Zu Hkh laHkor% jktk y{[Link] osQ izJ; esa FksA bu laxgz &dkO;ksa osQ ckn
dbZ lqHkkf"kr&laxzg izdk'k esa vk;s vkSj vkt rd ladfyr fd;s tk jgs gSaA
vejizokg (nsoizokg) dk izkjaHk czãk&ohfp ls gksrk gSA bl Øe esa
mupkyhloha ohfp cq¼fo"k;d gS] ipkloha dfYd&fo"k;dA cq¼ohfp esa tks ik¡p
i| ('yksd) ladfyr gSa muosQ jpf;rkvksa osQ uke gSaµla?kJh] olqdYi] Jh/juUnh
vkSj eaxyA cq¼fo"k;d ohfp dk igyk i| ('yksd) la?kJh uked fdlh dfo dk
gSA ladyudkj us mudk uke rks lqjf{kr j[kk gS] ysfdu muosQ fo"k; esa dksbZ vU;
lwpuk;sa ugha nh gSA ;g i| ;k 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ
dkeØks/kS };efi ;fn izR;uhoaQ izfl¼a
gRokuÄõa fdfeo fg #"kk lkf/ra =;EcosQuA
;Lrq {kkUrk 'ke;fr 'kra eUeFkknhujkrhu~
dY;[Link] oks fn'krq l [Link]/q%AA
^eUnkØkUrk* NUn esa jfpr ;g 'yksd mPpdksfV dh dfork dk mnkgj.k
izLrqr djrk gSA bl 'yksd osQ ekè;e ls dfo 'kadj vkSj cq¼ dh rqyuk izLrqr djrs
gq;s cq¼ dh Js"Brk LFkkfir djrk gSA 'kadj Øks/ osQ vkos'k esa vkdj dkenso dks
18 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
HkLe dj Mkyrs gS]a mls ekj Mkyrs gSAa ysfdu nwljh rjiQ cq¼ dke1 ;k dkenso vkfn
lkS&lkS 'k=kqvksa dks {kkfUr ({kek) osQ ekè;e ls 'kkUr dj nsrs gSAa bl izdkj dfo eqfu;ksa
esa Js"B cq¼ osQ }kjk dY;k.k fd;s tkus dh dkeuk djrk gSA
nwljk i| ;k 'yksd tks ^'kknwZyfoØhfMr* NUn esa jfpr gS] fdlh olqdYi
uked dfo dh jpuk gSA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSAµ
iknkEHkkstlehilfÂ[Link]~
us=kLrkser;k ifjLiqQVfeyÂhykCtiwtkfof/%A
oUnk#f=kn'kkS?kjRueqoqQVksRliZRizHkkiYyo&
izR;qUehyniwoZphojiV% 'kkD;ks eqfu% ikrq o%AA
bl 'yksd esa dfo cq¼ osQ fof'k"V :i dk [Link] djrk gS vkSj nsokf/nso
osQ :i esa izLrqr djrk gSA cq¼ dh oUnuk djrs gq, nsoksa osQ jRueqoqQVksa ls tks izHkk&
iYyo cu tkrs gSa] os cq¼ osQ viwoZ phoj oL=k tSls yxrs gSaA dfo dkeuk djrk
gS fd ,sls egkuqHkko okys 'kkD;eqfu ;kuh cq¼ vkidh j{kk djsaA
rhljk i| ;k 'yksd Hkh 'kknwy Z foØhfMr NUn essa jfpr gSA blosQ jpf;rk dksbZ
Jh/juUnh uke osQ dfo gSaA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ
dk#.;ke`rdUnyhlqeul% izKko/wekSfDrd&
xzhokyÄï[Link];% 'kelfjRiwjksPNyPNhdjk%A
rs ekSyks Hkorka feyUrq txrhjkT;kfHk"ksdksfpr&
ÏXHksnk vHk;[Link]…Â[kkxzka'ko%AA
'kkfUr :ih lfjrk (unh) osQ miQku ls mBs iqQgkjksa osQ d.k] d#.kk :ih
ve`r (osQ lkxj) esa mxrs dnyh osQ iwQy] izKk o/w osQ d.B esa iM+h eqDrkekyk osQ
vyadj.k vkSj txr~ osQ jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ fy, lefiZr ekykvksa osQ iwQy tSls gSaA os
iqQgkjksa osQ d.k cq¼ osQ vHk;nku djus okys pj.k&u[kksa (uk[kwuks)a osQ [Link] ls feys
vkiosQ ekFks (eLrd) ij miek dh v‰qr NVk ekuks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
JhèkjuUnh olqdYi dh rjg egku~ dfo jgs gksaxsA nqHkkZX; ls bu dfo;ksa dh vU;
jpukvksa vkSj mudh thofu;ksa osQ fo"k; esa gekjk Kku izk;% 'kwU; gSA
pkSFkk i| ;k 'yksd Hkh 'kknwZyfoØhfMr NUn esa gSA blosQ jpf;rk dfo
JhèkjuUnh gh gSA ladyudkj bl 'yksd osQ lkeus ^rL;So* 'kCnksas dh [Link] izLrqr
djrk gSA vr% ;g rF; Li"V gSA 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ

1- izkjafHkd ckS¼ ijaijk esa ftls ^ekj* dgk x;k gS] mlh dks laLÑr lkfgR; dh
ijEijk esa dke ;k dkenso osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
^[Link]`r* esa cq¼ dk fp=k.k 19
'khykEHk% ifj"ksd'khryn`<è;kukyokyLiqQj&
íkuLdU/egksÂfr% i`FkqrjizKksYylRiYyo%A
ns;kÙkqH;eok;Zoh;ZfoVi% {kkfUrizlwuksn~xe%
lqPNk;% "kMfHkKdYifoVihlEcks/chta iQye~AA
bl 'yksd esa Hkh dfo us miekvksa vkSj :idksa dh >M+h yxk nh gSA dfo osQ
vuqlkj 'khy :ih ty ls lhapk gqvk] è;ku :ih FkkYgs esa mxk gqvk] nku :ih rus
ls mBk gqvk] cM+s&cM+s fodflr izKkiYyoksa okyk] {kek :ih iwQyksa osQ m‰o ls
Hkjk&iwjk] nqtsZ; oh;Z :ih o`{k] N% vfHkKkvksa okyk dYio`{k lEcksf/1 osQ cht :ih
iQy rqEgsa nsA
cq¼fo"k;d ohfp dk ikapoka vkSj vfUre 'yksd eaxy uked fdlh dfo }kjk
jfpr gSA bldk NUn f'k[[Link] gSA ;g 'yksd v/ksfyf[kr gSµ
;nk[;kuklÄõknq"kfl iqurs okpe`"k;ks
;nh;% lÄïYi âfn lqÑfrukeso jersA
l lkoZ% loZK% ifFk fujiokns Ñrinks
ftuks tUrwuqPpSnZe;rq HkokorZifrrku~AA
bl 'yksd esa dfo us cM+s gh ljy 'kCnksa esa ljy Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrs gq,
cq¼ (ftu vFkkZr~ voqQ'ky /eks± ij fot; izkIr djus okys] cq¼ osQ fy;s iz;Dq r gksus
okyk ,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn) dh Lrqfr djrk gSA cq¼ dh Lrqfr esa dfo ftu ckrksa dh
vksj laosQr djrk gS] os gSaµ(1) izkr% ftudh ppkZ djosQ ½f"k yksx viuh [Link]
dks ifo=k djrs gSa] (2) ftuosQ fo"k; esa ladYi iq.;dfeZ;ksa osQ eu esa gh jerk gS]
(3) tks lkoZ vFkkZr~ loZtu osQ fgrS"kh vkSj fiz; gSa_ (4) tks loZK (lc oqQN tkuus
okys) gSa] (5) tks vPNkbZ okys (viokn&jfgr] cqjkbZ&jfgr) ekxZ ij iSj j[krs
(pyrs) gSa] (6) ,sls ftu vFkkZr~ cq¼ Hkolkxj osQ Hkaojksa esa iaQls izkf.k;ksa dks mckjsaA
blh izdkj ladyudkj Jh/jnkl us vius ledkyhu vkSj vius ls iwoZ osQ
dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk ladyu djosQ rsjgoha lnh bZloh osQ izkjEHk esa cq¼ dh tks
rLohj [khaph gS] og oLrqr% 'kq¼ksnu&iq=k fl¼RFk (fl¼kFkZ)2 ls cus cq¼ dh ugha gSA
og rks ,d nsoRo&izkIr [Link] dk gSA dfo;ksa us mUgsa nsokf/nso cuk fn;k gSA os 'kadj

1- ikB esa ^lEcksf/* gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ckS¼ dfo vkSj ys[kd izk;% cksf/ ;k
lEcksfèk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;|fi lEcks/ vkSj lEcksf/ 'kCn dks gh iz;ksx
esa yk;k tkrk gSA
2- /ekZuUn dkslach fl¼RFk (fl¼kFkZ) dks jktoqQekj ugha ekursA muosQ vuqlkj
fl¼kFkZ mPpoxhZ; Ñ"kd ifjokj esa iSnk gq, FksA nsf[k, mudh iqLrd] Hkxoku~ cq¼]
izdkf'kr lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyhA
20 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ls Hkh Js"B crk;s x;s gSaA os d#.kk osQ lkxj gSaA nq[kksa esa iaQls vkSj nq[kksa ls =kLr
izkf.k;ksa osQ os =kkrk (rkjus okys) gSaA NBoha&ik¡poha lnh bZloh iwoZ osQ cq¼ ls tc
mudh rqyuk dh tkrh gS] rks tehu&vkleku dk vUrj ekywe iM+rk gSA NBoha&ik¡poha
lnh bZloh iwoZ osQ cq¼ cksf/lÙk&fl¼RFk okyh fLFkfr ls ifjofrZr gksdj xkSre cq¼
cus FksA os 'kq¼ksnu osQ egy ;k ?kj ls fudy dj viuh p;kZvksa osQ vk/kj ij cq¼
cus FksA iSarkyhl o"kks± rd eè;ns'k esa ?kwe&?kwedj mUgksaus yksxksa dks l¼Ee (l¼eZ ¾
lPpk /eZ) dk ikB i<+k;k vkSj vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa oqQlhukjk (vk/qfud dfl;k]
mÙkj izns'k) esa izk.k R;kxkA os yksxksa dks viuh eqfDr osQ fy, Lo;a iz;kl djus dh
ckr djrs FksA os vius dks ekxZ crkus okyk gh crkrs Fks] ekxZnkrk gh dgrs Fks] =kkrk
;k rk;h ughaA ysfdu vkxs pydj yksxksa us mu ij nsoRo vkjksfir dj fn;k vkSj mUgsa
balku (ekuo) ls nso cuk fn;k] ysfdu ckjgoha rsjgoha lfn;ksa esa vkrs&vkrs nsoRo
loZJs"B gks x;k vkSj euq"; mudk nkl (¾xqyke) cu x;kA ;g gS rLohj rsjgoha
lnh bZloha osQ izkjaHk esa cq¼ dhA ;gk¡ ij Hkh cq¼ }kjk izfrikfnr vfuR;okn (txr~
dh lkjh oLrq,a vFkkZr~ lewpk txr~ mldk d.k&d.k lrr&ifjorZu'khy gS] okyk
fl¼kUr ykxw gksrk gSA bldk dksbZ viokn ughaA bldk dksbZ fodYi ughaA
nwljh ckr tks [kklrkSj ls è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] og vejizokg esa nsoksa o nsorkvksa
dh Lrqfr esa ladfyr i|ksa osQ Øe dk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ladyudkj us dksbZ
Øe ugha j[kk gSA tks Hkh i| tc feyrs x;s] mUgsa i|&eatw"kk esa Mkyrs x;s vkSj
ladyu rS;kj gks x;kA czãkohfp osQ ckn lw;Zohfp] rnqijkUr bZ"[Link]] vkfn vkfnA
oqQN nsoksa vkSj nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr;ksa osQ ckn xaxkohfp] xaxk iz'kalkohfp] ojkgohfp]
ujflagohfp] okeuohfp] f=kfoØeohfp] ij'kqjkeohfp] Jhjkeohfp] fojfg&jkeohfp]
gj/johfp] cq¼ohfp] dYdhohph] Ñ".kk ohfp;k¡A bl izdkj ladyu dk Øe
Øefoghu (csrjrhc) gks x;k gSA
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ladyudrkZ us cq¼ dks fo".kq osQ vorkjksa osQ Øe esa
j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA [Link]`r esa cq¼ ij ladfyr i|ksa ls fdlh ,d esa
Hkh cq¼ dks fo".kq dk vorkj ugha crk;k gSA bl izdkj caxky dh ijEijk esa cq¼
dks fo".kq osQ vorkj osQ :i esa fpf=kr djus dh dksbZ vfuok;Zrk ugha jgh gSA dfo
t;nso osQ xhrxksfoUn dh ckr vyx gks ldrh gSA

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

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dkO;txfr ek?ka dks u osfÙk\ egkdfoek?k% laLÑrokÄ~e;s lokZf/oaQ Hkklqja

jRue~A vL; uwrukfruwruinfoU;kl&jpukpkrqjh vR;Ura izkS<rkexkr~A egkdfo ek?k%
dkO;lalkjs cgqdhfr± izkIuksfr] v;a egkdfo% xqtZjizkUrL; ekyokizns'ks tfua ysHksA
,rL; firk nÙkd%] ekrk czkãh fir`O;'p 'kqHkÄïj vklhr~A
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vR;Ura fooknkLinks orZrsA ;|fi uk|kof/ [Link];ks¿tk;r v|kfi osQpu
lIre'krdizkjEHkks¿ijs p v"Ve'krdL; eè;Hkkx ,rL;dky fu'p;a oqQoZfUrA ija
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eUrjÄõiez [Link] rPpsne~&
vuqRlw=k inU;klk ln~o`fÙk% lfÂcU/ukA
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dosegZ kdkO;L; LFkkua o`gR=kÕ;ka lqjf{krefLrA f'k'kqikyo/uked ,oSQo vL; Ñfr%A
vL;k ,"kk dhfrZ% yksdizfl¼k vfLrA laLÑrlkfgR;s fo}f‰% [Link]% izHkwrk iz'kLr;ks
ek?kdkO;L;A dkO;L; oSf'k"V~;a n`"V~ok iz'kaloSQ% izfrikfnrefLr ;r~ dkO;s"kq ek?k%A
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dks¿fi uohuks 'kCn% vof'k";rsA leLr'kCnlewgks vL; (ek?kdkO;L;) uolxkZè;;usuoS
Kk;rsA dkO;L; HkkolkS"<oe~ ek/q;eZ kSnkz ;kZfnd×p eufl fo/k; osQukI;qP;rs&es?ks ek?ks
xra o;%A f'k'kqiky&o/L; es?knwrL;kè;;ukè;kius O;rhre~ thoue~A HkkjosjFkZxkSjofefr
izflf¼tZxfrA ija loZrksHkkosu dfo% vfèkHkkjfoe~ vfr'ksrsA vr% osQuk¿fi
mDre~&¶rkon~HkkjosHkkZfr ;koUek?kL; uksn;%A¸ vu?kZjk?kodkjL; eqjkjs% ikfMR;a fo'ks"ks.k
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Uek|s eulk/s;e~¸&¶eqjkjs% ifnfpUrk psÙknk ek?ks jfra oqQ#A¸ vij×p ek?kdkO;s
dkfynklL; miekdkS'kye~ HkkjosjFkZxkSjoe~ [Link]'p inykfyR;e~&la?khHkw; fLFkre~A
vr% osQukfi lk/wDre~&
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HkkjfoLrq [Link] fl¼gLr%] miekxzFkus p =kLr%A inykfyR;s pkiz'kLr%A
[Link] rq inykfyR;s ;ksX;% miekxzUFksu p =kLr% miek;ke;ksX;% vFkZxkSjokn;ksX;%A
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dkO;s"kq ek?kL; ;ksxnkue~ 23
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uokEcqn';kerO"kqU;Zfo{krA
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lekS fg f'k"VSjkEukrks oLR;ZUrkoke;% l pAA
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rks;fcUno bo nhfidk ,o u 'kkfUriznk%&
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24 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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vU;Pp&
onulkSjHkyksHkifjHkzen~ HkzejlaHkzelaHk`r'kksHk;kA
pfyr;k fon/s dyes[kykeydyks¿ydyksyn`'kkR;;kAA
uhy#p% Ñ".kL; iqjr% [Link]"Vjs leqifo"Vukjn'kksHkka dfo% yfyr;k
inkoY;k [Link];fr&
egkegkuhyf'kyk#p% iqjks fu"ksfnoku~ oaQlÑ"k% l fo"VjsA
fJrksn;kæsjfHklk;eqPpoSQjpwpqjPpUæelks¿fHkjkerke~AA (1@16)
bRFka lqLi"Va Hkofr ;r~ ek?kdkO;s =k;ks [Link]% lfUrA vr% lk/wDre~&¶ek?ks lfUr
=k;ks [Link]%¸A vla'k;a dfoek?k% rL; dkO;a egkdkO;e~ vr% mP;rs ¶dkO;s"kq ek?k%¸A
AA bfr 'ke~ AA

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

[Link];so u lk/q loZe~

& MkW- fo-Ä- oqQekjLokeh

'kks/i=ks¿fLeu~ vuqlU/k=kk ^[Link];so u lk/q loZe*~ bfr 'kh"kZdeknk;

fof'k"Va O;k[;kue~ ÑrfefrA

1- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrys&
v/ZihrLrua ekrq% vkenZfDy"VosQlje~A
izØhfMrqa flagf'k'kqa cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA
bfr 'yksosQ flagf'k'kks% osQljk% lUrhfr [Link]~A u ok rL; ekrq% osQljk
HkofUrA vr% vfoe`';So izeknsu egkdfouk 'yksdks¿;a jfpr%A ¶izeknks
èkherkefi¸A
v/ZihrLrua ekrq% vukyksfprpsf"Vre~A
izØhfMrqa flagf'k'kqa cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA
bfr ;fn vHkfo";r~] ojfefr eU;sA
2- es?knwrs oqQcsj % ;{ke'kir~ ¶laoRljdkya ;kor~ ro euq";yksoQs fiz;kfojgs.k
rkE;r% fuoklks Hkosr~¸ bfrA nsorkopukr~ nsoekusu o"kZ HkksX;Roa 'kkiL; fo¼e~A
¶'kkikUrks es Hkqtx'k;uknqfRFkrs 'kkÄõ[Link] 'ks"kkUeklku~ xe; prqjks ykspus ehyf;Rok¸
bR;qfDr% euq";ekusuSo ?kVrsA ,oa nks"kn'kZua dkfynkldYiuk;ka tk;rsA
rL; lek/kufeRFka HkforqegZfr & 'kkiknLrÄõferefgek ;{k% ekuq"krkekiÂ%A
rLekr~ rfLeu~ n;ko'kkr~ ekuq"kekusu laoRlji;ZUreso 'kkikof/jfi fuf'pr% rL; Ñrs
bfrA
3- ¶vR;k'kkuknrhikukr~ ;Pp mxzkr~ izfrxzgkr~¸ bfr osneU=klUnHksZ fo|kj.;Hkk";s
oS'onsoiz'kalkijdk czã;Kijdk p O;k[;k ÑrkA rFkkfg& ;% oS'onsoeuuq"Bk;
fdf×pnI;'ukfr rL; fo"k;s rnfi vR;'kueso] ;% czã;Keuuq"Bk; lfyyefi
ficfr ;n~ vfrikueso bfrA v=k iz'u mnsfr & oS'onsoa ÑRok vÑRok ok vR;fèkoaQ
HkqDa rs rnR;'kua oqQrks u Hkofr\ rFkSo czã;Ka ÑRok vÑRok ok lef/dikuh;kfu lsors
( 26 )
[Link];so u lk/q loZe~ 27
rnfi vfrikunks"ktq"Va [kyq bfrA
4- ^=;EcoaQ ;tkegs lqxfU/a iqf"Vo/Zue~ mokZ#dfeo cU/ukr~ e`R;ks% eq{kh;
eke`rkr~* & bR;kdkjdL; eU=kL; Hkk";s ^lqxfU/a iqf"Vo/Zue~* bfr fo'ks"k.k};e~
=;EcoaQ fof'kuf"VA ¶;Fkk o`{kL; laiqf"irL; nwjkr~ xU/ks okR;soa iq.;L; [Link] nwjkr~
xU/ks okfr¸ bfr eU=kL;k/kjs.k =;EcdL; lqxfU/Roa lkf/re~A l p iqf"Vo/Zu%
yksdkukfefr rnfi fo'ks"[Link] dFkf×pr~ lekfgre~A
fdUrq fo'ks"[Link];ke=k mokZ#dL;So [Link] Hkofr rFkkfg & vk;qosZnjhR;k
[Link]~ mokZ#defi iqf"Vdje~ vfi p iDoL; rL; xU/% ifjO;kIrks HkofrA
mokZ#oaQ p o`Urkr~ Lo;eso i`FkDr;k =kqfVra HkofrA r}ngefi e`R;ks% eqfDra foUnkfu]
ve`rkr~ vkReu% i`FkDr;k eqfDra u foUns;e~ bfr eU=kL;kFkZ%A =;EcoaQ ;tkegs] bfr
okD;a lEiÂe~A rL; Kkuus=korks ;tesu KkulEifÙkekuga e`R;ks% eq{kh; bfrHkko%A
rLekr~ fo'ks"k.k};L; mokZ#osQ ;kstueso le×tla izrh;rsA
5- LuqghukEu% o`{kL; i=kkf.k orqZykydor~ euksgjkf.k ØefuEuksÂrkfu p
HkofUrA rL; xqMk bfr ukekUrje~A rFkk p xhrk;ka xqMkosQ'k bR;L; xqMki=kor~
osQ'kokfufr [Link] lk/q HkofrA Jhe‰kxors p ^xqMkydko`re~* bfr [Link] yH;rsA
rLekr~ lgt% izÑfrlqUnj% vFkZ% Li`[Link];% HkofrA
xqMkdk funzk rL;k bZ'k% bfr 'kÄïjHkk";ksDr% vFkZ% osQuk/kjs.k rfLeu~ dkys
cHkwofs r u o;a cks¼aq izFkoke%A vU;O;k[;kus"kq Hkk";s"kq ok d% vFkZ% vL;kfHkizrs % bR;fi
osÙkqa ;Ru% [Link];%A
6- xhrk;ka foHkwfr;ksxs ^o#.kks ;knlkege~* bR;qDre~A ;knkafl tytUro% bfr
fu?[Link]%A 'kÄïjHkk";s "k"Bkè;k;L; 34 re'yksosQ rUrqukxon~ vPNs|e~ bR;=k rUrqukx%
uke o#.kik'kuked% tytUrq% bfr xq#H;% Jqre~A ukeSdns'ks [Link]~ bfr U;k;su
o#.k% o#.kik'k% HkforqegZfrA vDVksil~ ukede~ tytUrqekuh; fØosQV~ØhMk;ka
Hkfo";iQya oDrqa fu;kst;fUrA v"VfHk% iknS% n`<xzkgh vDVksiltUrqjso o#.kik'k% l
,o xhrk;ka foHkwfr;ksxs o#.kks HkforqegZrhfr uohuLroZQ m‰wr%A
7- Hkxon~xhrk;ka 'yksd% vfUre% cgq=k y{;rs ,oe~&
;=k ;ksxs'oj% Ñ".k% ;=k ikFkksZ /uq/Zj%A
r=k Jh% fot;ks Hkwfr% /zqok uhfreZfreZeAA
v=k mÙkjk/sZ /zqokfu bfr efreZe&bR;FksZ ¶/zqokuhfr efreZe¸ bR;so L;kr~A
fJ;a fot;a Hkwfra p eufl ÑRok ^lkekU;s uiqalde~* bfr lw=kL;kuqlkjs.k /zqokfu bfr
lk/qA bfr efreZe bfr Loefra l×t;% ofDrA
28 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
,oa lfr] /zoq k] uhfr% & bfr ;fn infoHkkx% L;kr~ rfgZ efreZe bR;L;kuqlUèkkuk;
bfr 'kCn% vè;kgrZO;% HkofrA l pkè;kgkj% vuko';d% Hkofr] 'yksosQ bfr 'kCns
lfrA /zqok uhfr% HkoR;so JhÑ".kL; lfÂ/kS ;ka fouk fot;% uSo ?kVrsA rkyi=kxzUFks
izkphus rsyxq fq yI;k eqfnzrk;k xhrk;k% ^/zoq kuhfr* bR;sokfLrA oqQr% dLekr~ le;knkjH;
èkzqokuhfreZfreZe~ bfr ikB% loZ=k lEerks cHkwosfr fpUR;e~A
8- ¶;s osQ pkLePNªs;kalks czkã.kk% rs"kka Ro;klusu iz'oflrO;e~¸ bfr okD;a
rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kfn n`';rsA vL; O;k[;kuk; euqLe`rkS&
mQèo± [Link] mRØefUr ;wu% LFkfoj vkxrsA
izR;qRFkkukfHkoknkH;ka [Link]% LoLFkk HkofUr rsAA
bR;kdkjd% mi;qT;rsA o`¼k ;nksixrkLrnk izR;qRFkkua ÑRok rkuklus"kwios';
vfHkoknua ÑRok fu''okl% drZO;% ;su leqfRFkrk% [Link]% LoLFkk HkofUrA Creater
man attracts lower man bfr Physics Principle v=kkUosfrA tiku~ ns'ks uezk ;qoku%
fu''okla nh?k± otZ;Urhfr lkaf/dpfj=ks ifBre~ vusukuqeh;rs ;n~ fgUnwlukru/eZ%
loZ=k O;kIr vklhfnfrA
9- 'kÄïjHkk";s brj=k p euqLe`fr'yksdL; leUo;% u y{;rs bfr fpUR;e~
Jhen~Hkkxors n'keLdU/s iwokZ/Zs lIrekè;k;s 'kdVklqjHk×tuyhyk;ka fdefi izLrw;rs&
v=k 'kdVklqjo/% u y{;rsA d'puklqj% okeq'kjhjs.k 'kdVkfo"V% lu~ 'kdVpozaQ
ckyÑ".kL;ksi;kZØ[Link] dkj;keklA ckyÑ".kL; ink?kkrsu p 'kdVa foi;Zxkr~] fofHkÂ&
pØk{kowQcjs 'kdVs lfr l jk{kl% vn`'; ,o iykf;r%A ckyÑ".kL;ksifj 'kdVa
Lo;esokØ[Link] pozsQ bR;L;kFkkZiÙ;k vkfo"Vks¿lqj% l iykf;r% i'pkfnR;uqeh;rs]
;rLrL; 'kjhja iwrukdysojon~ fuikfrra u y{;rs LeA
10- Hkkxorn'keLdU/L; iwokZ/Zs [Link]"VdkH;ka lg fu;q¼izLrkos ckyÑ".k&
cyjke;ks% mYys[kkyÄïkjeuksgj% &
eYykuke'kfu% u`.kka ujoj% L=[Link] Lejks ewfrZeku~
e`R;q% Hkkstirs% fojktfonq"kka rÙoa ija ;ksfxuke~A
xksikuka Lotuks¿lrka f{kfrHkqtka 'kkLrk Lofi=kksf''k'kq%
o`".khuka ijnsorsfr fofnrks jÄõa xr% ikrq u%AA
v=k fojktfonq"kke~ & bR;=k fdf×pr~ fuos|rsA fojkV~NCn% v/quk osnkUr'kkL=k&
izfl¼kFksZ u HkofrA vizLrqrRokr~ rkn`xHk± ifjR;T; ;kSfxdkFkZ% ^fo'ks"ks.k jktrs* bfr
fojkV~ bR;so ckS¼O;%A f'kf[kfiPNxq×[Link]=kos"kkEcjHkw"k.kÏx;a dks uq bfr
vfonUr% vU;s tuk% foLe;su ng'kq% bR;FkZ%A ,rkn`'k% leUo;% osQ"kqfpr~ O;k[;kus"kq
[Link];so u lk/q loZe~ 29
uksiyH;rsA
11- ¶oklkafl [Link] ;Fkk fogk;¸ bfr 'yksdL; [Link] % viz{;r~]
¶rFkkfi rkRdkfyd'kjhjSjso eekuq"kÄõ%¸ bfrA JhÑ".k mokp ¶ek=kkLi'kkZLrq dkSUrs;
'khrks".klq[knq%[knk¸ bfrA ,oeUrjkys vtquZ L; iz'uchta Lo;esokdyÕ; Hkxokuokspr~
¶ek=kk Li'kkZLrq dkSUrs;¸ bR;kfndkfu opkaflA
12- ¶Hkkjra ps{kq[[Link] p leqæefi [Link];A iknsuSosQu o{;kfe izfrioZ&
jlksn;e~AA¸ bfr 'yksosQ 'ys"keksfgr% dfo% b{kq[[Link] ;ksftroku~A b{[Link] ioZlq
jl% u Hkofr] [Link] eè;s ,o HkofrA HkkjrL; leqnzL; p fo"k;s jlksn;ins'ys"k%
;qT;rs] u rq b{kq[[Link]; fo"k;sA lw{esf{kd;k lân;S% foe`';k fo"k;k bes HkofUrA

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

mÙkjjkepfjr esa [Link] lkSUn;Z rÙo

& jkepUæ Hkkjrh;
'kks/ Nk=k] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]
xaxkukFk >k ifjlj] bykgkckn

izLrqr fucU/ esa ys[kd us HkoHkwfr fojfpr mÙkjjkepfjr esa o£.kr

lkSUn;Z rÙo dks izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dk fo'ks"k egRo jgrk gS ftldk izR;{k vkSj
vizR;{k :i ls [Link] gksrk jgk gSA lkSUn;Z dks [Link];rk] 'kksHkk] peRdkj vkfn fofHkÂ
ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA laLÑr lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa HkoHkwfr dks fo'ks"k [;kfr izkIr gqbZ
gSA bUgksaus vius xzUFk ^mÙkjjkepfjr* esa drZO;&vdrZO; dh f'k{kk nsrs gq, yksd&
O;ogkjkfn izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dk [Link] fd;s gSaA mÙkj jkepfjr osQ }kjk HkoHkwfr dks
fo'ks"k [;kfr izkIr gqbZ ftlls os LrqR; cu x;sA
egkdfo HkoHkwfr dh lkSUn;Znf'kZuh n`f"V dkO; osQ ml {ks=k rd igq¡p x;h
gS] tgk¡ rd dh lw;Z dk izdk'k Hkh ugha igq¡p ldkA
HkoHkwfr ,d mPp dksfV osQ ukVddkj gksus osQ lkFk gh mPp dksfV osQ
egkdfo Hkh gSaA mudk ân; dfo dh euksje dYiukvksa vkSj lqoqQekj Hkkoukvksa ls
;qDr gSA os mÙkjjkepfjr esa vusd izlxa ksa esa dFkk osQ izokg dh fpUrk u djosQ fdlh
Hkh lqUnj Hkkoksa dk lkaxksikax [Link] djrs gSAa vr ,o dfri; vkykspdksa us mUgs liQy
ukVddkj osQ LFkku ij liQy egkdfo dgk gSA HkoHkwfr esa egkdfo osQ lHkh xq.k
[Link] :i ls gSaA os lw{e izÑfr&fujh{kd gSaA mudk Hkko vkSj Hkk"kk ij vlk/kj.k
vfèkdkj gSA os ljy ls ljy vkSj dfBu ls dfBu Hkkoksa dks lqiq"V Hkk"kk esa [Link]
dj ldrs gSAa muesa vlk/kj.k [Link]; vkSj oSnXè; gSA muosQ ukVdksa esa izk<S r+ k] Hkkoksa
esa mRd"kZ vkSj vFkZxkSjo bu rhuksa [Link] dk lqUnj leUo; gSA
HkoHkwfr izÑfr osQ lkFk rknkRE; dk vuqHko djrs gq, vUr%izÑfr vkSj oká
izÑfr esa leUo; LFkkfir djrs gSAa ;Fkk i`Foh vkSj xaxk Jh jke osQ }kjk lhrk ifjR;kx
ls mruh gh nq%[kh gS]a ftruk dksbZ lkekU; lân; O;fDr nq%[kh gksrk gSA bruk gh ugha
( 30 )
mÙkjjkepfjr esa [Link] lkSUn;Z rÙo 31
ounsork oklUrh lhrk ifjR;kx ls vR;f/d nq%[kh gks tkrh gS vkSj ifjR;kx osQ fy,
og jke dks mikyEHk nsrh gS&
1
vf; dBksj! ;'k% fdy rs fiz;a
fde;'kks uuq ?kksjer% ije~A
fdeHkon~ fofius [Link]`'k%
dFk; ukFk! dFka cr eU;lsAA
relk eqjyk vkSj xksnkojh ufn;k¡ jke dh lqj{kk osQ fy, mruk gh nÙkfpÙk gSa
ftruk dksbZ ,d lsod nÙkfpÙk gksrk gSA jke iapoVh osQ o`{kksa vkSj e`xksa dks viuk
cU/q crkrs gSAa lhrk }kjk ikyk x;k eksj lhrk dks ekrk le>rk gS vkSj lhrk dk Lej.k
djrk gSA lhrk e`x] if{k;ksa vkSj o`{kksa dks iq=kor~ ekudj ikyrh FkhaA buosQ izfr lhrk
dk Lusg iq=kor~ Fkk bl izdkj HkoHkwfr vius dkO; esa vUr% izÑfr vkSj cká izÑfr
dk leUo; LFkkfir fd;s gSaA
HkoHkwfr vius dkO; mÙkjjkepfjr esa lkSUn;Z vkSj izse dk vuqie [Link] fd;k
gSA bruk gh ugha HkoHkwfr 'kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dh vis{kk vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z dks vf/d
egRo nsrs gSa vkSj os dgrs gSa fd&
2
[Link]% iwtkLFkkua xqf.k"kq u p fyÄõa u p o;%A
[Link] dks loksZÙke vknj&lEeku dk LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA os izse dks vdkj.k
vkSj uSlfxZd ekurs gSAa mudk dFku gS fd izes vkUrfjd [Link] ls mRi gksrk gS vkSj
izes dks vdkj.k ekurs gq, lalkj dk ,d ifo=k cU/u ekurs gSa rFkk izes dks gh lalkj
dh fLFkfr dk dkj.k ekurs gSaA HkoHkwfr nkEiR; izse dk vR;qÙke [Link] djrs gSa vkSj
nkEiR; izes dks thou dk lkj crk;k gSA os lhrk dks x`gy{eh vkSj ve`r dh 'kykdk
crkrs gSaA ;gha rd ugha iRuh ifr osQ fy, ve`r /kjk gS&;gk¡ rd dg nsrs gSaA
HkoHkwfr izÑfr [Link] esa n{k gSA bUgksaus izÑfr dks mlh lw{erk ls ns[kk rFkk
izÑfr osQ lqoqQekj i{k osQ lkFk&lkFk mlosQ dBksj i{k] mxz vkSj jkSnz i{k dks Hkh
izes iwod
Z ns[kkA budh Hkk"kk ftruh liQyrk osQ lkFk izÑfr osQ lqoQq ekj i{k dk [Link]
djrh mlls vf/d jkSnz Hkk"kk esa izÑfr osQ dBksj i{k dk Hkh [Link] djrh gSAa os izÑfr
osQ lkFk rknkRE; izse dk vuqHko djrs gSaA os i'kq] i{kh vkSj o`{kksa rd ls izse djrs
gSaA iQyr% i'kq&i{kh muosQ g"kZ esa gf"kZr rFkk nq%[k esa nq%f[kr gksrs gSaA bUgksaus izÑfr
dks vyEcu osQ :i es fy;k gSA

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k 27] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh

2- mÙkjjkepfjr&prqFkZ vad 'yksd la[;k&11] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh
32 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
izÑfr osQ lqoqQekj i{k osQ :i esa&
1
iqjk ;=k Ïksr% iqfyue/quk r=k lfjrka
foi;kZla ikrks ?kufojyHkko% f{kfr:gke~A
cgksn`Z"V dkyknijfeo eU;s oufena
fuos'k% 'kSykuka rfnnfefr cqf¼a æ<;frAA
izÑfr ls rknkRE; izse i{k osQ :i esa&
2
;=k æqek vfi e`xk vfi cU/oks es
;kfu fiz;klgpjf'pjeè;okRle~A
,rkfu rkfu cgqdUnjfu>Zjkf.k
xksnkojhifjljL; fxjsLrVkfuAA
r`rh; vad esa HkoHkwfr dk izÑfr fp=k.k ijkdk"Bk ij igqp¡ tkrk gSA bl vad
esa dfo us izÑfr dk vn~Hkqr :i es ekuohdj.k djosQ izLrqr fd;k gSA vk'p;Z dh
ckr ;g gS fd lhrk nsoh HkkxhjFkh osQ ifo=k ty esa vius iq=kks dks tUe nsrh gSaA
os Lo;a gh nksuksa iq=kksa dks LrU;R;kx osQ i'pkr~ egf"kZ okYehfd dks lkSairh gSaA vr%
bl vad esa izÑfr dk vn~Hkqr [Link] ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
HkoHkwfr vius mÙkjjkepfjr esa ;Fkk LFkku vykSfdd rRoksa dk Hkh [Link] djrs
gSaA dksbZ vykSfdd nsork egf"kZ ckYehfd osQ vkJe esa yo&oqQ'k dks iks"[Link] igq¡pk
nsrk gSA mÙkjjkepfjr osQ f}rh; vad esa fdlh czkã.k ckyd dh vdky e`R;q gks
tkrh gSA mldh e`R;q dk dkj.k 'kEcwd uked ,d 'kwnz dk riL;k djuk gSA rHkh
lglk vpkud vkdk'[Link] gqbZ&fd jke riL;k djrs gq, 'kwnz dk o/ djosQ bl
czkã.k ckyd dks thfor djksA jke [Link] ou esa tkdj 'kwnz riLoh 'kEcwd dk
oèk djrs gSa vkSj og czkã.k ckyd thfor gks tkrk gSA igys tSlk ekuk tkrk Fkk
fd jktk osQ nks"k osQ fcuk iztk dh vdky e`R;q ugha gksrh FkhA blh izdkj Hkxoku
vxLR; dh iRuh yksikeqnzk us Js"B xksnkojh unh osQ ikl relk }kjk lUns'k Hkstokrh
gS fd lhrk ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k jke vR;Ur nq%[kh gSaA vr% rqe mudh lqj{kk djukA
ifjR;kx :ih nq%[k osQ dkj.k jke&lhrk nksuksa nq%f[kr jgrs gSaA bl nq%[k osQ dkj.k
lhrk tc ewfPNZr gks tkrh gS rks mls xaxk vkSj i`Foh cpkrh gSaA i`Foh bl ?kVuk ls
nq%f[kr gksdj jke osQ mQij Øks/ djrh gSaA rc xaxk i`Foh dks le>krh gSa fd og
jke osQ mQij Øks/ u djsAa D;ksfa d jke lhrk dks ifo=k ekurs gSa rFkk mlosQ ikfrozR;&
/eZ dks loZnk fueZy ekurs gSa ijUrq lhrk osQ fo"k; esa iSQyk gqvk yksdkiokn mUgsa

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&f}rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&27] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh

2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&8] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh
mÙkjjkepfjr esa [Link] lkSUn;Z rÙo 33
ifjR;kx djus osQ fy, foo'k djrk gSA D;ksafd yksxksa dks lhrk dh vfXuijh{kk ij
vfo'okl gSA iztk dks izl j[kuk b{okoqQoa'kh; jktkvksa dk ije /eZ ekuk x;k gSA
vr% ,slh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa jke D;k djrsA bl rjg ckrs crykdj xaxk i`Foh dks
le>krh gSaA
HkoHkwfr mÙkj jkepfjr esa vusd ekfeZd izlaxksa osQ [Link] osQ fy, oqQN LFky
fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA tSlk fd izFke vad esa fp=kn'kZu dk [Link] vkrk gSA fp=kn'kZu
esa fp=kohFkh dk n`'; HkoHkwfr dh ekSfyd dYiuk gSA y{e.k f[k lhrk osQ
euksfouknkFkZ jke vkSj lhrk dks fp=kohFkh esa jke pfjr ls lEc¼ fp=kksa dks ns[kus osQ
fy, ys tkrs gSaA bl fp=kohFkh esa lhrk dh vfXu 'kqf¼ rd osQ fp=k gSaA t`EHkd
vL=kksa osQ fp=kksa dks ns[kdj jke lhrk dks oj nsrs gSa fd ;s t`EHkd vL=k rqEgkjs lUrku
dks tUefl¼ izkIr gksxa As blosQ }kjk os jke&lhrk osQ ikjLifjd vxk/ izes dks iznf'kZr
djrs gSaA blh izdkj f}rh; vad esa [Link] dk [Link] gSA jke 'kEcwd dks <w¡<+rs gq,
[Link].; esa tkrs gSaA 'kEcwd fnO;iq#"k dk :i /kj.k djosQ jke osQ izfr ÑrKrk
izdV djrk gSA 'kEcwd jke dks crkrk gS fd ;g [Link] ou gSA ;gha jke dks iwoZ
?kVukvksa dk Lej.k gksrk gS vkSj foyki djrs gSaA blosQ }kjk jke lhrk osQ feyu osQ
fy, Hkwfedk rS;kj djrk gSA ftlls jke ifjfpr LFkkuksa dks ns[kdj ckj&ckj lhrk dks
Lej.k djrs gSaA
r`rh; vad esa Nk;k n`'; dk [Link] feyrk gSA jke iapoVh esa tc izos'k djrs
gSa rks os vius iwoZ ifjfpr LFkkuksa dks ns[kdj ewfNZr gks tkrs gSaA rc lhrk vius gLr
Li'kZ ls jke dks gks'k esa ykrh gSaA jke lhrk osQ izfr vius ekfeZd mn~xkj dks izdV
djrs gSaA lhrk Hkh vn`'; jgrs gq, jke osQ gkfnZd Hkkoksa ls ifjfpr gksrh gSaA relk
osQ dgus ij lhrk vius gLrLi'kZ ls ewfNZr jke dks gks'k esa ykrh gSaA oklUrh lhrk
ifjR;kx osQ fy, jke dh fuUnk djrh gSA vkSj lhrk ifjR;kx dks vi;'k dk dkj.k
crkrs gq, dgrh gSa fd&
vf; dBksj! ;'k% fdy rs fiz;a--------------------
bl izdkj nksuksa osQ ân; ls dVqrk lekIr gks x;h gSA vkSj nksuksa dks iqufeZyu
osQ fy, m|r fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;ksfa d nksuksa 'kksd osQ dkj.k ewfNZr gksrs gSAa blh izdkj
prqFkZ vad esa yo dk [Link] rFkk iape vad esa yo vkSj pUnzoQs rq osQ fooknksa dk [Link]
vkfn feyrk gSA ftlosQ dkj.k ukVd nq%[kkUr gksrs&gksrs lIre vad lq[kkUr gks tkrk
gSA
mÙkjjkepfjr osQ jl osQ lEcU/ esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn Fkk fd blesa vaxh jl
dkSu lk gSA dksbZ foizyHa k uked J`xa kj jl ekurs gSAa rks dksbZ d#.k jl ekurs gSAa ijUrq
ml ukVd esa foizyaHk uked J`axkj jl ekuuk HkoHkwfr osQ vkRek osQ lkFk fonzksg gSA
34 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
D;ksafd HkoHkwfr Li"V :i ls d#.k jl iz/ku bl ukVd dks ekurs gSaA burk gh ugha
d#.k jl dks vU; jlksa dk vk/kj Hkwr jl ekurs gSa vFkkZr~ d#.k jl gh :ikUrfjr
gksdj J`axkj] ohj vkfn jlksa osQ :iksa esa [Link] gksrk gSA muosQ erksa esa lHkh jlksa dh
vkRek osQ :i esa d#.k jl gSA vr% d#.k jl izÑfr gS vkSj Jàxkj vkfn jl mldh
foÑfr gSA
1
,dks jl% d#.k ,o fufeÙkHksnkn~
fHkÂ% i`FkDi`FkfxokJ;rs foorkZu~A
vkorZcnq c ~ nq rjÄõe;kfUodkjk&
uEHkks ;Fkk lfyyeso fg rr~ leLre~AA
pw¡fd HkoHkwfr bl ukVd esa d#.k jl ekurs gSaA ftldk LFkk;h Hkko 'kksd gSA
tSlk fd Li"V gS fd lhrk ifjR;kx djrs gh jke dks lkjk lalkj lwuk ou lk fn[kk;h
iM+us yxk gSA lalkj vlkj izrhr gksrk gSA thou fu"iQy fn[kk;h nsrk gSA 'kjhj dh
psruk lekIr gksus yxrh gSA jke vius vkidks vlgk; vuqHko djrs gSaA ftlosQ
dkj.k jke osQ ân; esa ?kksj osnuk gSA vkSj mudk 'kksd iqVikd osQ ln`'k gks x;k gSA
2
vfufHkZÂks xEHkhjRoknUrxZw<?kuO;Fk%A
iqVikdizrhdk'kks jkeL; d#.kks jl%AA
lhrk ifjR;kx osQ dkj.k jke ls ysdj dkS'kY;k v#U/rh vkfn Hkh vR;Ur
nq%[kh gSA D;ksfa d fiz; tu ls mRi fo;ksx vR;Ur vlgÕ; gksrk gSA fo;ksx osQ dkj.k
lhrk dh n'kk [Link]; gks tkrh gSA og vR;Ur ihr [Link] okyh gks x;h gSA mldk
eq[k lw[k x;k gS mlosQ J`axkj lekIr gks x;s gSaA eq¡g ij cky fc[kjs iM+s gSaA og
vR;Ur n;uh; gks x;h gSA ftlosQ dkj.k lhrk 'kksd dh lk{kkr~ ewfrZ gks x;h gSA
mldks ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks lk{kkr~ fojg O;Fkk vkSj nh?kZ dkyhu 'kksd
us mls ,slk cuk nh gSA tSlk blls izrhr gksrk gS&
3
[Link] q y
Z diksylqUnja
n/rh foyksydcjhdekuue~A
d:.kL; ewfrZjFkok '[Link]
fojgO;Fkso ouesfr tkudhAA
bl izdkj HkoHkwfr osQ mÙkjjkepfjr esa d:.k jl dh iz/kurk gS vkSj vU;
jl xkS.k gSaA ;s d:.k jl osQ [Link] esa viuh vlk/kj.k iVqrk fn[kkrs gSA d:.k jl

1- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&47] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh

2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&1] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh
3- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&4] O;k[;kdkj dfiynso f}osnh
mÙkjjkepfjr esa [Link] lkSUn;Z rÙo 35
[Link] osQ lkFk n'kZdksa dh us=k ls vJq/kjk cg pyrh gSA muosQ [Link] esa bruk jl vkSj
vkd"kZ.k gS fd 'kq"d ân; O;fDr Hkh d:.k jle;h xkFkk lqudj Hkko&foHkksj gks
tkrk gSA bl izdkj HkoHkwfr d:.k jl osQ lezkV ekus tkrs gSaA
egkdfo HkoHkwfr us vius dkO; dks fofHk vaydkjks ls ltk;k latks;k gSA
buosQ dkO;ksa esa vaydkjksa dh lqUnj NVk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bUgksaus ;Fkksfpr LFkkuksa
ij ;Fkksfpr vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx djosQ mldh LokHkkfodrk dks u"V ugha gksus fn;k
gSA oLrqr% ;g fLFkfr dfo dks viuh dfork osQ izfr vuqjkx dks fn[kkrh gSA bUgksaus
vyadkjksa osQ cgqyrk ls dkO; dks u gh cksf>y cuk;k vkSj u gh gkj dks iSjksa esa
igukdj mldk vuqfpr iz;ksx fd;kA cfYd ;s vko';drkuqlkj vaydkjks dk
;Fkksfpr LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k ijUrq miek osQ iz;ksx esa ;s rks fl¼gLr ekus tkrs gSaA
mÙkjjkepfjre~ es miek dk iz;ksx fuEuor~ gSa&
1
gk gk f/o~Q! ijx`goklnw"[Link]
;}Snsák% iz'kferen~HkqrS#ik;S%A
,rUrIiqujfi nSonqfoZikdk&
nkyoZQ fo"kfeo loZr% izlDre~AA
fo"kSys oqQÙks osQ }kjk dkVs x;s ?kko dks mik;ksa }kjk Bhd fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu
vKkr :i ls mldk fo"k lkjs 'kjhj esa iSQyrk jgrk gS vkSj oqQN le; i'pkr~ mldk
Hk;adj [Link] lkeus vkrk gSA mlh izdkj lhrk dk ijx`goklnw"k.k vn~Hkqr mik;ksa
}kjk iz'kfer dj fn;k x;k FkkA ijUrq og vKkr :i ls iSQyrk jgk vkSj dkykUrj
esa mldk Hk;adj [Link] izdV gqvkA bl izdkj HkoHkwfr ;Fkksfpr LFkku ij ;Fkksfpr
vyadkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
HkoHkwfr Hkk"kk osQ /uh gSAa os dHkh&dHkh ,d in osQ fy, iwjs okD; dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa rks dgha&dgha iwjs okD;kFkZ dks ,d gh in esa vfHkO;fDr dj nsrs gSaA vr%
vFkZxkSjo HkoHkwfr osQ dkO; esa ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gSA D;ksafd tgk¡ de ls de 'kCnksa
esa vf/d ls vf/d vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr fudyrh gSA ogh vFkZxkSjo dh fLFkfr ekuh
tkrh gSA HkoHkwfr osQ vFkZxkSjo osQ lEcU/ esa MkW- v;ksè;k izlkn flag us fy[kk gS fd
¶HkoHkwfr fonX/rk] [Link]; ,o vkn'kZokn rhuksa feydj muosQ vFkZxkSjo dh l`f"V
djrs gSAa 1 ;s rhuksa vFkZxkSjo osQ fof'k"V rRo ekus tkrs gSAa vFkZxkSjo dh fof'k"V 'kfDr
ls laxfBr 'yksd fuEuor~ gS&
2
vUr%[Link]ÙoL; nEiR;ks% LusglaJ;kr~A
vkuUnxzfUFkjsdks¿;eiR;fefr iB~;rsAA
1- mÙkjjkepfjr&izFke vad 'yksd la[;k&40] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh
2- mÙkjjkepfjr&r`rh; vad 'yksd la[;k&17] O;k[;kdkj f'kockyd f}osnh
36 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
bl izdkj dfo us ,d NksVs ls okD; dks viwoZ&Hkkoksa ls Hkjdj vFkZxkEHkh;Z
fn[kyk;k gSA
bl izdkj HkoHkwfr osQ ukVdksa esa rRdkyhu lekt dk okLrfod fp=k.k foLr`r
:i ls fn[kyk;h iM+rk gSA fo'okl dh efgek esa] izse dh ifo=krk esa] Hkk"kk dk
xkEHkh;Z vkSj LoPN ân; dk ekgkRE; bR;kfn dk mRÑ"V [Link] mÙkjjkepfjr esa
fn[kyk;k x;k gSA tks rRdkyhu lekt esa Hkh fn[kyk;h iM+rk gSA bruk gh ugh mÙkj
jkepfjr esa Hkkoksa osQ xEHkhjrk osQ lkFk&lkFk vkn'kZ:irk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl
izdkj d#.k jl osQ f'kjksef.k HkoHkwfr osQ dkO; mÙkjjkepfjr esa ix&ix ij lkSUn;Z
osQ rRoksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buosQ dkO; esa vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z ,oa cká txr~ osQ
lkSUn;Z rRoksa dk [Link] iz;ksx fn[kk;k x;k gSA tks lkekftdks dks lkSUn;Z dh
jl&[Link] osQ f'k[kj rd igqp ¡ k nsrk gS vkSj og blh jlksnd
sz osQ dkj.k vkeqDrd.B
ls vuk;kl gh dg mBrk gS fd HkoHkwfr rks okLro esa Hko vFkkZr~ lalkj osQ Hkwfr
vFkok J`axkj gh gSaA

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu

& MkW- /u×t; oklqnso f}osnh
lgk;d izksisQlj] jk¡ph dkWyst] jk¡ph

izLrqr fucU/ esa egkHkkjr esa vk;s izcU/u osQ [Link] ;ksX;rkvksa
[Link] foospu ys[kd }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

egkHkkjr osQoy Hkkjrh; okÄ~e; esa gh ugha vfirq fo'ookÄ~e; esa vfizre
xzUFk gSA txn~O;kih lkjLor izklkn osQ loZekU; iqjks/k vkSj laj{kd Ñ".k}Sik;u
osnO;kl bl xzUFk osQ jpf;rk gSAa egf"kZ O;kl }kjk fojfpr vej vk"kZdkO; egkHkkjr]
Hkkjrh; ykSfdd lkfgR; esa okYehdh; jkek;.k dh ijorhZ f}rh; fdUrq ,d vf}rh;
jpuk gSA egkHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk tks HkO; fun'kZu gS] og Hkyk vU;=k lqyHk
dgk¡\ egkHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; thou&'kSyh dh lexz vkSj ;FkkFkZ izLrqfr gSA blesa èkkfeZd]
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ijEijkvksa] fopkj/kjkvksa
dh izpqj lkexzh lax`ghr gSA ;g vkdjxzUFk gS vkSj bldh ekU;rk,a 'kk'or vFkkZr~
lkoZdkfyd vkSj lkoZnsf'kd gSaA
egkHkkjr ,d vk"kZegkdkO; gSA dkO; izfrHkk lEi ykSfdd dfo;ksa dh
Ñfr;ksa ls fof'k"V vkSj i`Fko~Q vfHkKku j[kus okys ½f"k&[Link] dkO;ksa dh vk"kZdkO;ksa
dh [Link] esa j[kk tkrk gSA yksd esa jgrs gq, Hkh ½f"k vykSfdd n`f"V ls lEi gksrs
gSAa vFkZ mudh [Link] dk vuqlj.k djrk gS&½"[Link] iqujk|kuka okpeFkks¿Z uqèkkofrA1
½f"k;ksa osQ Kku dh xEHkhjrk vlfUnX/ gS gh] mudk Kku orZeku osQ lkFk gh Hkwr
vkSj Hkfo"; dh izrhfr ls izR;;;qDr Hkh jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ }kjk [Link]
dkO;ksa esa ,d foy{k.k vUrn`Zf"V gksrh gSA mu dkO;ksa eas osQoy dfon`"V oLrq dk gh
[Link] ugha gksrk vfirq os yksddY;k.k osQ mins'k jkf'k ls Hkh lEi gksrs gSaA
fo"k; dh O;kidrk] vkdkj dh fo'kkyrk vkSj yksdfiz;rk esa ;g xzUFk loZFkk
vf}rh; vkSj vrqyuh; gSA xzUFk esa miU;Lr fo"k;ksa dk {ks=k bruk foLr`r vkSj

1- f}osnh dfiynso (O;k[;kdkj)] mÙkjjkepfjre~] jkeukjk;.kyky fot;oqQekj]

bykgkckn] 1997] 1-10
( 37 )
38 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
oSfoè;[Link] gS fd egkHkkjrdkj dk ;g dFku loZFkk ;FkkFkZ gS fd tks bl egkHkkjr
esa gS] og vU;=k Hkh gS] fdUrq tks ;gk¡ ugha gS] og dgha ugha gS&
/esZ pkFksZ p dkes p eks{ks p Hkjr"kZHkA
;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;ÂsgkfLr u rRDofpr~AA1
Hkkjrh; okÄ~e; dh eguh; ijEijk dk okgd vkSj izfrfuf/ ;g xzUFk vius
loZfo"k;d egÙo osQ dkj.k leLr fo'o esa lekn`r gSA egkHkkjr og lokSZ"kf/e;h
vatu'kykdk gS ftls us=kksa esa yxkdj vKtu ijeKkun`f"V gks tkrs gSaA oSfnd
KkurÙo dks egkHkkjr esa bl jhfr ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd og loZekU; osQ fy,
lqyHk vkSj cks/xE; gks x;k gSA egkHkkjr vè;kRe vkSj yksdO;ogkj nksuksa dk euksje
leUo; izLrqr djrk gSA
Kku&foKku dh ,slh dksbZ 'kk[kk ugha ftlls lEcfU/r lkexzh egkHkkjr esa
ugha feyrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls fo'odks'k dh laKk ls foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
orZeku dky esa vius oSf'k"V~; vkSj egÙo osQ dkj.k ^izcU/u* ,d LorU=k fo"k;
osQ :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gS ftldh i<+kbZ osQ fy, fur u, laLFkku vfLrRo esa
vk jgs gSaA iz'u mBrk gS fd D;k izcU/u ls lEcfU/r lkexzh egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrh
gS\ xzUFk osQ vkyksdu ls Li"V gS fd izcU/u dh f'k{kk xzg.k djus okys fo|kFkhZ
egkHkkjr dk vè;;u dj vius izcU/ dkS'ky esa pkj pk¡n yxk ldrs gSaA
vk/qfud dky esa izcU/ dkS'ky dk eq[; fcUnq Js"Brk dh izkfIr gSA Js"Brk
dh izkfIr] rRi'pkr~ ml Lrj dks fujUrj cuk, j[kuk] ,d ckj dk dk;Z ugha gS] ;g
lrr izfØ;k gS] vr% vk/qfud izcU/d izcU/u dks ,d lrr pyus okyh izfØ;k
ekurs gSaA izcU/u dh liQyrk ls gh cMs+&cM+s m|e vius y{; dh izkfIr dj ikrs
gSaA egkHkkjr esa izcU/u ls lEcfU/r rÙo miyC/ gksrs gSaA bl xzUFk esa fc[kjs gq,
iq"iksa dks cVksjdj fijks nsus ls izcU/u dh lkoZdkfyd] lkoZnsf'kd ,oa loksZi;ksxh
vo/[Link] dh LFkkiuk gksxhA

1- izcU/u osQ y{;

egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ tks y{; fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa os vkn'kZoknh vkSj
O;ogkjoknh gSaA egkHkkjrh; n`f"V esa izcU/u osQ tks y{; fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa os
HkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed nksuksa izdkj dh mÂfr dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrs gSaA ;s pkj y{;
gSaµ

1- 'kkL=kh jke ukjk;.k (vuqoknd) osnO;klÑr egkHkkjr] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] laor~
2065] vkfnioZ] 62-53
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 39
1-1 /eZ&
izcU/u dk izFke y{; gS /ekZuqowQy vkpj.k djukA fu;ec¼] la;fer vkSj
lkfÙod thou gh /kfeZd thou gSA oLrqr% /eZ O;fDr osQ vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj dh
,d lafgrk gS tks mlosQ dk;ks± dks ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj O;ofLFkr]
fu;fer vkSj fu;fU=kr djrk gS rFkk mls LoLFk vkSj mTToy thou thus osQ fy, Kku
dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA egkHkkjr esa vkpkj dks /eZ dk y{k.k ekuk x;k gS rFkk
vkpkj ls gh /eZ dks iQyhHkwr gksus okyk dgk x;k gSA1 egf"kZ osnO;kl dh n`f"V esa
bl fo'kky fo'o osQ fofHk vo;oksa dks ,d lw=k esa ,d Ük`a[kyk esa ck¡/us okyk tks
lkoZHkkSe rÙo gS] ogh /eZ gSA ;fn /eZ dk vfLrRo bl txr~ esa u gks rks ;g txr~
dc dk fo kÜ [a` ky gksdj fNÂ&fHk gks x;k gksrkA vr% egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd egku~
iQy nsus okys] ijUrq /eZ ls foghu deZ dk lEiknu es/koh iq#"k dHkh u djs]a D;ksfa d
,slk vkpj.k dFkefi fgrdkjd ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS&
/ekZnisna ;RdeZ ;|fi L;kuyegkiQye~A
u rr~ lsosr es/koh u rf¼rfegksP;rsAA2
1-2 vFkZ&
izcU/u dk nwljk y{; gS&vFkZlk/uA vFkZ dk lEcU/ /u&lEifÙk ls gksrs gq,
HkkSfrd midj.k vkSj lq[k ls Hkh gSA oLrqr% vFkZ dk vfHkizk; mu lHkh [Link]
vFkok HkkSfrd lk/uksa ls gS] tks O;fDr dks leLr lkalkfjd lq[k miyC/ djkrs gSa
rFkk rRlEcU/h lHkh vko';drkvksa vkSj lk/uksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA egkHkkjr esa vFkZ
dks egÙ[Link] LFkku fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd oLrq ml ij fuHkZj djrh gSA /u dks dke
vkSj /eZ dk vk/kj ekuk x;k gSA /eZLFkkiu osQ fy, vFkZ vfuok;Z gS D;ksafd blh
ls izkIr lqfo/k }kjk /kfeZd ÑR; fd, tk ldrs gSaA3 vFkZfoghu O;fDr dks xzh"e
dh lw[kh lfjrk osQ leku ekuk x;k gSA4 ;|fi vFkZ dh Js"Brk LohÑr gS] rFkkfi
egkHkkjr dh Li"V mn~?kks"[Link] gS fd v/kfeZdrk vkSj vU;k; ls vftZr HkkSfrd lq[k
vkSj /u&lEifÙk dk iQy nq%[kn gksrk gSA /eZ dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys vFkZ dk R;kx
Js;Ldj gSA

1-3 dke&
dke dk ekuo thou esa egÙ[Link] LFkku gSA O;fDr dh leLr dkeuk,¡ dke
1- r=kSo] vuq'kkluioZ] 54-9
2- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 293-8
3- r=kSo] m|ksxioZ] 72-23&24
4- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 8-18
40 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
osQ vUrxZr vkrh gSaA ifjokj] lekt vFkok O;oLFkk dk mRd"kZ dke }kjk gh lEHko
gSA eu vkSj efLr"d dh bPNk,¡ vkSj mudh rqf"V dketU; gh gksrh gSA lkalkfjd
vkuUn osQ ekxZ dk vUos"k.k gh dke gSA fdUrq bldk vfrjsd egku~ nqxqZ.k gSA dke
osQ o'khHkwr gksdj /eZ dk R;kx ugha djuk pkfg,A1 egkHkkjr esa /eZ vkSj vè;kRe
dk vkoj.k nsdj dke dh xEHkhjrk rFkk /eZfu"Brk crkus dh ps"Vk dh xbZA

1-4 eks{k&
eks{k ekuo thou dk vfUre vkSj mPpre vkn'kZ ,oa y{; gSA viuh
nq"izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj vKkurkvksa ls jfgr gksus ij gh Kku dh lPph vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj
rHkh czã dk lk{kkRdkj gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh viuh bfUnz;ksa] eu vkSj cqf¼ ij
fu;U=k.k j[kus okys O;fDr dks eks{k vius vki fey tkrk gSA2
2- egkHkkjr esa fu:fir izcU/u osQ fofo/ fl¼kUr
2-1 ijke'kZ dk fl¼kUr&
bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og fdlh dk;Z dks vkjEHk
djus osQ iwoZ lHkh lEcfU/r O;fDr;ksa ls ijke'kZ dh izfØ;k iwjh dj ysA blosQ
i'pkr~ leqfpr [Link]; ysdj vius y{; fd iwfrZ dk iz;kl djsA ijke'kZ gh rÙocks/
dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA fdlosQ lkFk ijke'kZ fd;k tkuuk pkfg, vkSj fdlosQ lkFk
ugha] bldk foospu egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrk gSA dgk x;k gS&eU=k;sr~ lg fo}f‰%3
vFkkZr~ fo}kuksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ djuk pkfg,A de cqf¼ okyks]a nsj yxkdj dke djus
okyksa vkSj [kq'kkefn;ksa osQ lkFk ijke'kZ ugha djuk pkfg,&vYiizKS% lgeU=ka u
oqQ;kZÂ nh?kZlw=kS% jHkl'[Link]'pA4
tks dke vkSj Øks/ ls jfgr] eerk vkSj vgadkj ls 'kwU;] mÙke ozr dk ikyu
djus okys rFkk /eZ e;kZnk dks fLFkj j[kus okys gSa] mUgha egkiq#"kksa dk lax djuk
pkfg, vkSj muls gh viuk lUnsg iwNuk pkfg,&
dkeØks/O;isrk ;s fueZek fujgaÑrk%A
lqozrk% fLFkje;kZnkLrkuqikLo p i`PN pAA5

1- r=kSo] LoxkZjksg.k] 5-63

2- f'kokuUn] xhrkjlke`r] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] [Link]] 2991] 5-28
3- egkHkkjr] ouioZ] 150-45
4- r=kSo] m|ksxiwoZ] 33-69
5- r=kSo] 'kkfUriwoZ] 158-29
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 41
2-2 fu"i{krk dk fl¼kUr&
izcU/d dk nkf;Ro gS fd og iwokZxzg vkSj i{kikrjfgr gksdj viuk dk;Z
lEikfnr djsA ;g dk;Z mls fopkj vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa ryksa ij djuk pkfg,A mls
leRoHkko ls dk;Z djrs gq, drZO;iFk ij vkxs c<+uk pkfg,A bl lUnHkZ esa Hkxoku~
JhÑ".k osQ opu mYys[kuh; gSaA mudk Li"V mn~?kks"k gS fd eSa lc Hkwrksa esa leku
:i ls fLFkr gw¡A u esjk dksbZ vfiz; gS vkSj u fiz; gS&leks¿ga loZHkwrs"kq u es
}s";ks¿fLr u fiz;%A1 xhrk esa gh dgk x;k gS&
lea losZ"kq Hkwrs"kq fr"BUra ijes'oje~A
fou';RLofou';Ura ;% i';fr l i';frAA2
vFkkZr~ tks euq"; lc izkf.k;ksa esa leHkko ls jgus okys vfouk'kh ijes'oj dks
ns[krk gS] ogh lR; dks ns[krk gSA
xhrk dk iqu% dFku gS&cqf¼;qDrks tgkrhg mHks lqÑrnq"ÑrsA3 vFkkZr~ leRo
cqf¼ ;qDr iq#"k iq.; o iki nksuksa dks bl yksd esa gh R;kx nsrk gSA egkHkkjr dk
mn~?kks"k gS fd jktk (izcU/d) dks pkfg, fd og viuh iztk (deZpkfj;ks)a dks iq=kksa
vkSj ikS=kksa dh Hkk¡fr Lusgn`f"V ls ns[ks ijUrq tc U;k; djus dk volj izkIr gks] rc
mls Lusgo'k i{kikr ugha djuk pkfg,&
;Fkk iq=kkLrFkk ikS=kk æ"VO;kLrs u la'k;%A
HkfDr'pS"kka u drZO;k O;ogkjs iznf'kZrsAA4
2-3 ijLij lEc¼rk dk fl¼kUr&
izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og ijLijHkko ls dk;Z djsA ftl izdkj 'kCn vkSj
vFkZ ijLij lkFk nsrs gq, mRd"kZ dks izkIr gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj izcU/d dks pkfg,
fd og deZpkfj;ksa osQ lkFk ijLijHkko ls dk;Z djrs gq, mÂfr osQ ekxZ ij vxzlj
gksA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa bl vksj lÄïsr fd;k x;k gSA dfri; m¼j.k vkxs fn, tk
jgs gSa&
;s ;Fkk eka izi|Urs rkaLrFkSo HktkE;ge~A5
vFkkZr~ gs vtqZu] tks eq>s ftl izdkj Hktrs gSa] eSa Hkh mUgsa mlh izdkj viukrk
gw¡A
1- xhrkjlke`r] 9-29
2- r=kSo] &30-30
3- r=kSo]&26-50
4- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 69-27
5- xhrkjlke`r&4-11
42 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vuU;kf'pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk% i;qZiklrsA
rs"kka fuR;kfHk;qDrkuka ;ksx{ksea ogkE;ge~AA1
vFkkZr~ tks vuU;Hkko;qDr euq"; esjk fpUru djrs gq, vPNh izdkj ls Hktrs
gSa] esjs lkFk ;qDr mu iq#"kksa dk ;ksx{kse eSa Lo;a ogu djrk gw¡A
oLrqr% Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k vtquZ osQ ekè;e ls ekuoek=k dks [Link] vk'oklu vkSj
lUns'k ns jgs gSa fd tks Hkh euq"; vuU;Hkko ls Hkxoku~ dk Lej.k djrk gS] Hkxoku~
mldh j{kk Lo;a djrs gSaA
lgk;cU/uk áFkkZ% lgk;k'pkFkZcU/uk%A
vU;ksU;cU/ukosFkkS foukU;ksuy;a u fl¼~;r%AA2
vFkkZr~ /u dekus osQ fy, lgk;d dh vko';drk iM+rh gS vkSj lgk;d dks
/u feyus dh vk'kk gksrh gS] bl rjg nksuksa ,d nwljs ij vkfJr jgrs gSaA buosQ
lg;ksx osQ fcuk liQyrk ugha feyrhA

2-4 vkn'kZ LFkkfir djus dk fl¼kUr&

bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj vxj izcU/d Lo;a vkn'kZ LFkkfir ugha djrk gS ,oa
vius v/huLFk deZpkfj;ksa ls =kqfVjfgr dk;Z dh vis{kk j[krk gS rks izcU/d vius
vfHk;ku esa liQy ugha gks ldrk gSA oLrqr% euq";ksa esa leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku dh
vn~Hkqr {kerk fo|eku jgrh gSA ;g {kerk rHkh izdkf'kr gksrh gS tc mls egku~
vkn'kksZUeq[kh okrkoj.k feysA vkn'kZ gh vk'kk gSA vr% izcU/d osQ fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd og vius v/huLFkksa osQ fy, vPNh dk;Z laLÑfr dk vkn'kZ izLrqr
djsA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa dgk x;k gS fd Js"B iq#"k tks vkpj.k djrk gS] vU; iq#"k
Hkh mldk gh vkpj.k djrs gSaA og tks oqQN izek.k ekudj vkpj.k djrk gS] lalkj
osQ yksx Hkh mlh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa&
;|nkpjfr Js"BLrÙknsosrjks tu%A
l ;[Link] oqQ#rs yksdLrnuqorZrsAA3
thoek=k osQ dY;k.k esa jr gksdj] vius fpUru] euu ,oa deZ osQ }kjk lalkj
osQ euq";ksa osQ fy, ,d vkn'kZ LFkkfir djus okyk iq#"k Js"B gksrk gSA egku~ vkn'kZ
egku~ efLr"d dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA izeq[k yksx tSlk vkpj.k djrs gSa lk/kj.k yksx
Hkh oSlk gh djrs gSa&;n~ ;PNh"kZ.;kpfjra ra rÙknuqorZrs yksd%A4
1- r=kSo] 9-22
2- egkHkkjr] m|ksxiwoZ] 37-38
3- xhrkjlke`r&3-21
4- Jhen~Hkkxoregkiqjk.k] 5-4-15
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 43
2-5 ;ksX;rk dk fl¼kUr&
bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og dk;Z ij yxk, tkus okys
yksxksa dh ;ksX;rk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>dj dk;Z ij yxkosA ,slk djus ij liQyrk
mlosQ dne pwesxhA blh dk lÄïsr egkHkkjr osQ 'kkfUrioZ esa izkIr gksrk gS&
vuq:ikf.k dekZf.k Hk`R;sH;ks ;% iz;PNfrA
l Hk`R;[Link]Âks jktk iQyeqik'uqrsAA1
bl m¼j.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ lgt :i ls fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd vxj
izcUèkd vius v/huLFk deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk dks tkudj mlosQ vuqlkj dk;Z
lkSia rk gS] rks lEcfU/r deZpkjh [Link] ls ;qDr gksdj mRlkgiwod
Z dk;Z djrk gSA ,slk
djosQ deZpkjh viuk vf/dre nsus dk iz;kl djrk gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr egku~
iQynk;h gksrh gSA
egkHkkjr dk iqu% dFku gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dks muosQ ;ksX; deZ esa gh yxkuk
pkfg,A deZiQy dh bPNk j[kus okys dks pkfg, fd og vius deZpkfj;ksa dks ,sls
dk;ks± esa u fu;qDr djs] tks mudh ;ksX;rk vkSj e;kZnk osQ izfrowQy iM+rs gksa&
deZfLogkuq:is"kq U;L;k Hk`R;k ;Fkkfof/%A
izfryksea u Hk`R;kLrs LFkkI;k deZiQySf"k.kkAA2
vkxs dgk x;k gS fd lk/q] oqQyhu] 'kwjohj] Kkuh] vnks"kn'khZ] vPNs LoHkko
okys] ifo=k vkSj dk;Z n{k euq";ksa dks gh deZpkfj;ksa osQ :i esa fu;qDr djuk pkfg,A
blosQ vfrfjDr tks fouhr] dk;Zijk;.k] 'kkUrLoHkko] prqj] LokHkkfod] 'kqHk [Link] ls
lEi rFkk vius&vius in ij fuUnk ls jfgr gksa] os gh deZpkjh cuus dh vgZrk
j[krs gSa&
lk/o% oqQytk% 'kwjk KkuoUrks¿ulw;dk%A
v{kqæk% 'kqp;ks n{kk% L;quZjk ikfjik'oZdk%AA
U;XHkwrkLrRijk% 'kkUrk'pkS{kk izÑfrtS% 'kqHkk%A
LoLFkkukuiozqQ"Vk ;s rs L;q jkKka cfg'pjk%AA3
cqf¼eku~ izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og igys vius deZpkfj;ksa dh lPpkbZ]
'kq¼rk] ljyrk] LoHkko] 'kkL=kKku] lnkpkj] oqQyhurk] ftrsfUnz;rk] n;k] cy]
ijkØe] izHkko] fou; rFkk {kek dk irk yxkdj tks deZpkjh ftl dk;Z esa ;ksX; tku
iM+s] mUgsa mlesa gh yxkos vkSj mudh j{kk dj iwjk&iwjk izcU/ dj ns&

1- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 119-4

2- r=kSo] 119-6
3- r=kSo] 119-9&10
44 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
,oa jkKk efrerk fofnRok lR;'kkSprke~A
vktZoa izÑfra lR;a Jqra o`Ùka oqQya nee~AA
vuqØks'ka cya oh;± izHkkoa izJ;a {keke~A
Hk`R;k ;s ;=k ;ksX;k% L;qLr=k LFkkI;k% lqjf{krk%AA1
2-6 fo'oklkfo'okl dk fl¼kUr&
izcU/d dks loZrksHkkosu liQyrk izkIr djus osQ fy, mls bl fl¼kUr dk
voyEcu djuk pkfg,A bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj u rks fdlh ij vU/fo'okl djuk
pkfg, vkSj u [Link] fo'okl gh djuk pkfg,A mls gal dh rjg uhj&{khj foosdh gksuk
pkfg,A egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd fdlh ij Hkh fd;k gqvk vR;Ur fo'okl /eZ vkSj
vFkZ nksuksa dk uk'k djus okyk gksrk gS vkSj loZ=k vfo'okl djuk Hkh e`R;q ls c<+dj
gS&
,dkUrsu fg fo'oklks ÑRLuks /ekZFkZuk'kd%A
vfo'okl'p loZ=k e`R;quk u fof'k";rsAA2
nwljksa ij fd;k gqvk iwjk&iwjk fo'okl vdkye`R;q osQ leku gS] D;ksfa d vfèkd
fo'okl djus okyk euq"; Hkkjh foifÙk esa iM+ tkrk gSA og ftl ij fo'okl djrk
gS] mlh dh bPNk ij mldk thou fuHkZj gks tkrk gS&
vdkye`R;qfoZ'oklks fo'olu~ fg foi|rsA
;fLeu~ djksfr fo'oklfePNrLrL; thofrAA3
blfy, izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og oqQN pqus gq, yksxksa ij fo'okl djs] ij
mudh vksj ls l'kÄï Hkh jgsA ;gh lukru uhfr dh xfr gS&
rLekn~ fo'oflrO;a p 'kfÄïrO;a p osQ"kqfpr~A
,"kk uhfrxfrLrkr y{;k pSo lukruhAA4
2-7 LokHkkfod deZ dk fl¼kUr&
bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og vius v/huLFk
deZpkfj;ksa osQ LokHkkfod deZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkudj rnuq:i dk;Z esa yxk,A ,slk
iz;kl egku~ iQynk;h gksrk gSA ;g dgus esa fdf×pr~ Hkh fofpfdRlk ugha gS fd
LokHkkfod dk;Z osQ izfr O;fDr nÙkfpÙk jgrk gSA ogha nwljh vksj] Fkksis x, dk;Z dks
1- r=kSo] 118-2&3
2- r=kSo] 80-10
3- r=kSo] 80-11
4- r=kSo] 80-12
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 45
og vueus <+ax ls djrk gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd vius&vius LokHkkfod deks±
esa rRijrk ls yxk gqvk euq"; HkxoRizkfIr:i ijeflf¼ dks izkIr gks tkrk gS] vU;
phtksa fd ckr gh D;k&Los Los deZ.;fHkjr% laflf¼a yHkrs uj%A1
egkHkkjr dk vkxs dFku gS fd vPNh izdkj vkpj.k fd, gq, nwljs osQ èkeZ
ls [Link] Hkh viuk /eZ Js"B gksrk gS D;ksafd LoHkko ls fu;r fd, gq, LoèkeZ:i
deZ dks djrk gqvk euq"; iki dks izkIr ugha gksrk gS&
Js;kULo/eksZ foxq.k% ij/ekZr~ Louqf"Brkr~A
LoHkkofu;ra deZ oqQoZu~ ukIuksfr fdfYo"ke~AA2
2-8 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk fl¼kUr&
izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og viuh 'kfDr dks è;ku esa j[kdj nkf;Ro dks
Lohdkj djsA 'kfDr dk vfrØe.k djosQ dk;Z esa gkFk Mkyus ls liQyrk lafnX/ jgrh
gSA egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS fd tks viuh 'kfDr u le>dj eksgo'k nqxZe ekxZ ij
py nsrk gS] mldk thou ogha lekIr gks tkrk gS&
nq"Va iUFkkueklk| ;ks eksgknqii|rsA
vkReuks cyeKk; rnUra rL; thfore~AA3
2-9 lalk/uksa osQ mfpr nksgu dk fl¼kUr&
;g izcU/u dk vR;Ur egÙ[Link] fl¼kUr gSA lalk/uksa dk vkn'kZre nksgu
liQyrk dk ewy eU=k gSA vxj lalk/uksa dk nksgu gh u fd;k tk, rks dk;Z vkjEHk
gksus esa gh lUnsg gSA blosQ foijhr vR;f/d nksgu lekos'kh fodkl dh voè[Link]
osQ izfrowQy gS] ;g fouk'k dk dkj.k gksrk gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tSls HkkSajk
/hjs&/hjs iwQy vkSj o`{k dk jl ysrk gS] o`{k dks dkVrk ugha gS] tSls euq"; cNM+s
dks d"V u nsdj /hj&/hjs xk; dks nwgrk gS] mlosQ Fkuksa dks oqQpy ugha Mkyrk gS]
mlh izdkj jktk dkseyrk osQ lkFk gh jk"Vª :ih xkS dk nksgu djs&
e/qnksga nqgsn~ jk"Vªa Hkzejk bo iknie~A
oRlk{ksih nqgsPpSo Lruka'p u fooqQV~V;sr~AA4
blls Li"V gS fd izcU/d lalk/uksa osQ vkn'kZre nksgu osQ fl¼kUr dk ikyu
djs vkSj lekos'kh fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr djsA

1- egkHkkjr] Hkh"eioZ] 42-45

2- r=kSo] 42-47
3- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 139-78
4- r=kSo] 88-4
46 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
3- izcU/u osQ dk;Z

3-1 vfHkizsj.k&
izcU/u osQ vUrxZr ;g izcU/d dk vR;Ur egÙ[Link] dk;Z gSA blh dk
vk'k; ysdj og vius v/huLFk yksxksa dk mRlkgo/Zu dj liQyrk osQ u, vè;k;
[kksy ldrk gSA egkHkkjr esa vfHkizsj.k osQ egÙo dks ckjEckj Lohdkj fd;k gS vkSj
blosQ vH;kl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tc dksbZ vHkh"V dk;Z
iwjk gks tk, rks mlesa lg;ksx djus okyksa dk cgqr ls /u] ;Fkk;ksX; iqjLdkj rFkk ukuk
izdkj ls [Link] e/qj opu osQ }kjk lRdkj djuk pkfg,&
Ñrs deZf.k jktsUæ iwt;sn~ /ul×p;S%A
nkusu p ;FkkgsZ.k lkURosu fofo/su pAA1
vius v/huLFk deZpkjh dks ges'kk ;g le>kuk pkfg, fd ;fn vkjEHk fd;k
gqvk dk;Z iwjk u gks losQ vFkok mlessa ck/k iM+ tk, rks blosQ fy, rqEgsa vius eu
esa nq%[k ugha ekuuk pkfg, cfYd lnk vius vkidks iq#"kkFkZ esa gh yxk, j[kuk
pkfg,&
foiÂs p lekjEHks larkia ek Le oS ÑFkk%A
?kVLoSo lnk¿¿Rekua jkKkes"k ijks u;%AA2
oLrqr% tks vius deZpkfj;ksa dk iq.;deZ ns[kdj rFkk mudh lqUnj [Link]
lqudj mu lcdk ;Fkk;ksX; lEeku djrk gS og ije mÙke /eZ dks izkIr dj ysrk
gS&
vFkZekuk?;ZlRdkjSHkksZxS#PpkopS% fiz;ku~A
;kuFkZHkktks eU;sFkkLrs rs L;q% lq[kHkkfxu%AA3
3-2 fu;U=k.k&
izcU/d dks pkfg, fd og phtksa dks vfu;fU=kr u NksM+sA fLFkfr;ksa ij
fu;U=k.k j[kuk mldk egÙ[Link] dk;Z gSA fu;U=k.k osQ Øe esa mls bl ckr dk è;ku
j[kuk pkfg, fd u rks mlosQ funs'Z kksa dk my†u gks vkSj u gh mlosQ v/huLFk O;fDr
mlosQ O;ogkj ls mf}Xu gksaA egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd tks fu;U=kd lc izdkj ls
[Link] O;ogkj djus okyk gh gksrk gS mldh vkKk dk yksx mYy†u dj tkrs

1- r=kSo] 69-63
2- r=kSo] 56-16
3- r=kSo] 83-9&10
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 47
gSa vkSj osQoy dBksj O;ogkj djus ls Hkh lc yksx mf}Xu gks mBrs gSaA vr%
vko';drkuqlkj dBksjrk vkSj dkseyrk nksuksa dk voyEcu djuk pkfg,&
e`nqfgZ jktk lrra y†Ôks Hkofr loZ'k%A
rh{.kkPpksf}trs yksdLrLeknqHk;ekJ;AA1
3-3 ijh{k.k&
Hkyh&Hkk¡fr phtksa dk ijh{k.k djosQ dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ijh{kk djosQ dk;Z
djus okyk izcU/d Hkkoh ?kVukvksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa dk vkdyu djus esa Hkh liQy gksrk
gSA blhfy, egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd izR;{k fn[kkbZ nsus okyh oLrq dks Hkh ijh{kk
djuh mfpr gSA tks ijh{kk ysdj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Hkys cqjs dh tk¡p djosQ fdlh dk;Z dks
djus osQ fy, vkKk nsrk gS] mls ihNs iNrkuk ugha iM+rk gS&
rLekr~ izR;{kn`"Vks¿fi ;qDrks áFkZ% ijhf{krqe~A
ijh{; Kki;ÂFkkZÂ i'pkr~ ifjrI;rsAA2

3-4 U;k;&
U;k; dh /[Link] fdlh laLFkku dks Øe vkSj fu;U=k.k esa j[kus okyh vkUrfjd
J`a[kyk gSA U;k; 'kfDr dk tud gksrk gSA U;k; yksxksa dks drZO; ikyu djus dk
lkgl iznku djrk gSA vr% izcU/d dk ,d egÙ[Link] dk;Z laLFkku esa U;k;[Link]
fLFkfr;k¡ mRi djuk gSA izcU/d dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vijk/ dh vPNh rjg
tk¡p fd, fcuk gh fdlh dks n.M u ns&ukijh{; u;sí.Me~A3 tks nwljksa osQ feF;k
dyÄï yxkus ij fdlh funksZ"k dks Hkh n.M nsrk gS] og 'kh?kz gh u"V gks tkrk gS&
nqf"kra ijnks"kSfgZ x`Êhrs ;ks¿U;Fkk 'kqfpe~A
Lo;a lanwf"krkekR;% f{kizeso fou';frAA4
tks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fopkj djosQ vijk/h dks mfpr n.M nsrk gS vkSj vius
drZO;ikyu osQ fy, lnk rRij jgrk gS] mldks o/ vkSj cU/u dk iki ugha yxrk]
vfirq ogh mldk lukru /eZ gS&
lE;o~Q iz.k;rks [Link] HkwfeiL; fo'kkE;rsA
;qDrL; ok ukLR;/eksZ /eZ ,o fg 'kk'or%AA5
1- r=kSo] 56-21
2- r=kSo] 111-67
3- r=kSo] 70-7
4- r=kSo] 111-70
5- r=kSo] 85-23
48 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
tks pksj ugha gS] mldks pksj dg nsus ls euq"; dks pksj ls nwxquk iki yxrk
gS& vLrsua Lrsu bR;qDRok f}[Link] ikiekIuq;kr~A1
/eZ osQ vuqlkj U;k;&vU;k; dk fopkj djosQ gh n.M dk fo/ku djuk
pkfg,A ekuekuh ugha djuh pkfg,&foHkT; n.M% drZO;ks /esZ.k u ;n`PN;kA2
3-5 vius&ijk, dh igpku&
vius&ijk, dh igpku izcU/d dks viuh uhfr;k¡ cukus ,oa ml ij vey
djus essa lgk;d gksxa As vr% egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd izR;{k] vuqeku vkSj vkxe&bu
[Link] }kjk lnk vius&ijk, dh igpku djrs jguk pkfg,&
izR;{[Link] rFkkSiH;kxeSjfiA
ijh{;kLrs egkjkt Los ijs pSo fuR;'k%AA3
u dHkh dksbZ 'k=kq gksrk gS vkSj u fe=k gksrk gSA vko';d 'kfDr osQ lEcU/
ls yksx ,d nwljs osQ fe=k vkSj 'k=kq gqvk djrs gSa&
ukfLr tkrq fjiqukZe fe=ka uke u fo|rsA
lkeF;Z;ksxkTtk;Urs fe=kkf.k fjioLrFkkAA4
eS=kh dksbZ fLFkj oLrq ugha gS vkSj 'k=kqrk Hkh lnk fLFkj jgus okyh pht ugha
gSA LokFkZ osQ lEcU/ ls fe=k vkSj 'k=kq gksrs jgrs gSa&
ukfLr eS=kh fLFkjk uke u p /zqoelkSâne~A
vFkZ;qDRÔkuqtk;Urs fe=kkf.k fjioLrFkkAA5
3-6 lUrqfyr O;ogkj&
izcU/d dks lUrqfyr vkpj.k osQ vey ij cy nsuk pkfg,A tSls olUr ½rq
dk rstLoh lw;Z u rks vf/d BaMd igq¡pkrk gS vkSj u dM+h /wi gh djrk gS] mlh
izdkj izcU/d dks Hkh u rks cgqr dksey gksuk pkfg, u vf/d dBksj gh&
rLekÂSo e`nqfuZR;a rh{.kks uSo HkosÂ`i%A
oklUrkoZQ bo Jheku~ u 'khrks u ?keZn%AA6

1- r=kSo] 165-42
2- r=kSo] 122-40
3- r=kSo] 56-41
4- r=kSo] 138-139
5- r=kSo] 138-141
6- r=kSo] 56-40
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 49
4- izcU/u dh fofo/ 'kk[kk,a
v|kof/ izcU/u dh vusd 'kk[kkvksa dk fodkl gks pqdk gSA buesa izeq[k gSa&
foÙkh; izcU/u] ekuolalk/u izcU/u] ekufld izcU/u] i;kZoj.k izcU/u] lkekftd
izcU/u] ikfjokfjd izcU/u] iz'kklfud izcU/u] 'kSf{kd izcU/u] fpfdRldh;
izcUèku vkfnA budk {ks=k bruk O;kid gS fd lcdh ppkZ ,d 'kks/ vkys[k esa ugha
dh tk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ ij foÙkh; izcU/u] ekuolalk/u izcU/u vkSj ekufld
izcUèku dh gh ppkZ dh tk jgh gS&

4-1 foÙkh; izcU/u&

izcU/d dks iwjk iz;Ru djosQ fujUrj vius dks'k dh j{kk djuh pkfg, D;ksfa d
dks'k gh mudh tM+ gS] dks'k gh mUgsa vkxs c<+kus okyk gksrk gS&
dks'k'p lrra j{;ks ;RuekLFkk; jktfHk%A
dks'kewyk fg jktku% dks'kks o`f¼djks Hkosr~AA1
vxj bg yksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa esa lq[kiwoZd jguk gS rks izkIr gq, /u osQ
mi;ksx esa i;kZIr lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A izkIr gq, /u dk mi;ksx djus esa nks izdkj
dh Hkwysa gqvk djrh gSa] ftUgsa è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A igyh Hkwy gS vik=k dks /u
nsuk vkSj nwljh gS lqik=k dks /u u nsuk&
yC/kukefi foÙkkuka cks¼O;ks }kofrØekSA
vik=ks izfrifÙk'p ik=ks pkfIriknue~AA2
izcU/d dks deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks ges'kk è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
;fn dksbZ izcU/d nhurkiwoZd ;kpuk djrs gq, deZpkfj;ksa dh ml izkFkZuk dks
Bqdjkdj LosPNk ls vFkok /u osQ yksHko'k dksb&Z u&dksbZ ;qfDr djosQ muosQ /u dk
vigj.k dj ys rks og mlosQ egku~ fouk'k dk lwpd gksrk gS&
;nk ;qDRÔk u;snFkkZu~ dkenFkZo'ksu okA
Ñ[Link] ;kpekukuka rn~ jkKks oS'kla egr~AA3
vf/d /uktZu gks vkSj thou esa d"V Hkh u gks] blosQ fy, Hkh egkHkkjr esa
;qfDr lq>kbZ xbZ gSA blosQ vuqlkj tks O;fDr [kwc /u dekuk pkgs rks mls 'kq# ls
gh /eZ dk vkpj.k djuk pkfg, D;ksafd /eZ ls vFkZ mlh izdkj vyx ugha gksrk
tSlk LoxZ ls ve`r vyx ugha gksrk&

1- r=kSo] 119-16
2- r=kSo] 26-31
3- r=kSo] 91-25
50 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vFkZflf¼a ijkfePNu~ /eZesokfnr'pjsr~A
u fg /ekZniSR;FkZ% LoxZyksdkfnoke`re~AA1
/u dks c<+kus okys vkB [Link] dh ppkZ Hkh egkHkkjr esa izkIr gksrh gSA blosQ
vuqlkj /[Link]'kfDr] prqjkbZ] la;e] cqf¼eÙkk] viuk 'kjhj] /S;]Z ohjrk] ns'k vkSj dky
dh ifjfLFkfr dh tkudkjh ;s FkksM+s ;k cgqr vkB xq.k /u dks c<+krs gSa&
/`frnkZ{;a la;eks cqf¼jkRek /S;± 'kkS;± ns'kdkykizeknk%A
vYiL; ok cgquksZ ok foo`¼kS /uL;SrkU;"V lfeU/ukfuAA2
dksbZ Hkh fuUnuh; dke djosQ euq"; dks vius /u vkfn dks ugha c<+kuk pkfg,
D;ksafd bl jhfr ls izkIr /u fpjLFkk;h ugha gksrk ,oa vYi dky esa fg lekIr gks
tkrk gS& u rq cqf¼fegkfUoPNsr~ deZ ÑRok tqxqfIlre~A3
4-2 ekuolalk/u izcU/u&
ekuo lalk/u izca/u dk y{; fdlh izfr"Bku osQ izfr deZpkfj;ksa dks
vkdf"kZr djus] mUgsa cjdjkj j[kus vkSj muosQ izHkkoh <ax ls izca/u osQ dkS'kyxr
y{;ksa dks iwjk djus esa enn djuk gSA egkHkkjr esa mu rÙoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS
ftldk vkJ; ysdj euq"; liQyrkiwod Z viuk dk;Z lEikfnr dj ldrk gSA blosQ
vuqlkj fo|k] 'kwjohjrk] n{krk] cy vkSj ik¡pok /S;Z&;s ik¡p euq"; osQ LokHkkfod
fe=k crk, x, gSaA fo}ku~ iq#"k buosQ }kjk gh bl txr~ esa lkjs dk;Z djrs gSa&
fo|k 'kkS;± p nk{;a p cya /S;± p i×pee~A
fe=kkf.k lgtkU;kgqoZrZ;Urhg rScqZ/k%AA4
cqf¼eku~ osQ ikl FkksM+k lk /u gks rks og Hkh lnk c<+rk jgrk gSA og
n{krkiwoZd dke djrs gq, la;e osQ }kjk izfrf"Br gksrk gS&
fuR;a cqf¼erks¿I;FkZ% LoYidks¿fi foo/ZrsA
nk{;s.k oqQoZr% deZ la;ekr~ izfrf"BfrAA5

4-3 ekufld izcU/u&

euq"; osQ lexz 'kkjhfjd O;kikj dks lqpk# :i ls pykus okyh ,dkn'k
bfUnz;l†kr esa eu loksZifj gS] D;ksafd 'ks"k lHkh bfUnz;k¡ blh eu ls vkfn"V gksdj

1- egkHkkjr] m|ksxioZ] 37-48

2- r=kSo] 'kkfUrioZ] 120-37
3- r=kSo] 292-69
4- r=kSo] 139-85
5- r=kSo] 139-88
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 51
vius&vius O;kikj esa lE;Dr;k layXu gksrh gSaA bls losZfUnz;o`fÙknhfidk Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA okYehfdjkek;.k esa Hkh Hkxoku~ guqeku~ }kjk bl ckr dk lÄïsr fd;k gS fd
bfUnz;ksa osQ 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk deZ esa izo`Ùk gksus dk dkj.k eu gh gSA ;fn eu LoLFk
gS rks vPNh Hkkoukvksa dk tUe gksrk gS] ijUrq ;fn eu nwf"kr gS rks cqjh Hkkouk,a iSnk
gksrh gSaA ;fn eu fLFkj vkSj n`<izfrK gS rks mlesa fdlh izdkj dk ekufld fodkj
mRi ugha gksrk vkSj u gh eksg ek;k lq[k&nq%[k vkfn mls izHkkfor djrs gSaA ,slk
eu 'kksd] fpUrk vkfn ekufld fodkjksa vFkok mUekn vkfn nks"kksa ls Hkh xzflr ugha
gksrk gSA1 blfy, eu osQ izcU/u dk loZ=k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj egkHkkjr rks blesa
vf}rh; gSA blosQ vuqlkj lcls igys lnk vius eu ij fot; izkIr djuh pkfg,]
mlosQ ckn 'k=kqvksa dks thrus dh ps"Vk djuh pkfg,A ftl jktk us vius eu dks ugha
thrk] og 'k=kqvksa ij fot; oSQls izkIr dj ldrk gS&
vkRek ts;k% lnk jkKk rrks ts;k'p 'k=ko%A
vftrkRek ujifrfoZt;sr~ dFka fjiwu~AA2
xhrk osQ NBs vè;k; esa eu dks 'kjhjLFk fe=k vkSj 'k=kq dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
euq"; dk eu ;fn 'kkUr fLFkj gS] o'k esa gS rks og fe=kor~ dk;Z esa izo`Ùk gksxk] ijUrq
;fn eu v'kkUr gS] vfLFkj gS] bfUnz;ksa lfgr vius fu;U=k.k esa ugha gS rks og 'k=kqor~
O;ogkj djrk gSA vr% dgk x;k gS fd eu dks ,dkxz djosQ fpÙk vkSj bfUnz;ksa dh
fØ;kvksa dks o'k esa j[kdj vius vUr%dj.k dh 'kqf¼ osQ fy, ;ksx dk vH;kl djuk
pkfg,&
r=kSdkxza eu% ÑRok ;r~fpÙksfUæ;fØ;%A
mifo';klus ;q×T;k|ksxekRefo'kq¼;sAA3
5- izcU/d osQ xq.k
izcU/d dks /hj] {kek'khy] ifo=k] le;&le; ij rh{.k] iq#"kkFkZ dks tkuus
okyk] lquus dks mRlqd] osnK] Jo.k ijk;.k rFkk roZQ] foroZQ esa oqQ'ky gksuk pkfg,A
mls es/koh] /[Link] 'kfDr ls lEiÂ] ;Fkksfpr dk;Z djus okyk] bfUnz; la;eh]
fiz;opu cksyus okyk rFkk 'k=kq dks Hkh {kek iznku djus okyk gksuk pkfg,A mldks
nku fd ijEijk dk dHkh mPNsn u djus okyk] J¼kyq] n'kZuek=k ls lq[k nsus okyk]
nhu&nq%f[k;ksa dks lnk lgkjk nsus okyk] fo'oluh; fe=kksa ls ;qDr rFkk uhfrijk;.k gksuk
pkfg,A og vgadkj NksM+ ns] }U}ksa ls izHkkfor u gks] tks gh eu esa vkos ogh u djus
1- 'kkL=kh Kkuizdk'k] xq#oqQy'kks/Hkkjrh] xq#oqQy dk¡xM+h fo'ofo|ky;] gfj}kj]
2012 (12)] i`- 101&102
2- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 69-4
3- xhrkjlke`r] 6-12
52 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
yxs] vkSj lsodksa ij izse j[ksA og vPNs euq";ksa dk lÄ~xzg djs] tMrk dks R;kx ns]
lnk izlÂeq[k jgs] lsodksa dk lnk [;ky j[ks] fdlh ij Øks/ u djs rFkk viuk ân;
fo'kky cuk, j[ks&
/hjks e"khZ 'kqfpLrh{.k% dkys iq#"kdkjfor~A
'kqJq"kq% Jqrok×Jksrk mQgkiksgfo'kkjn%AA
es/koh /[Link];qDrks ;FkkU;k;ksiiknd%A
nkUr% lnk fiz;kHkk"kh {kekoka'p foi;Z;sAA
nkukPNsns Lo;adkjh J¼kyq% lq[kn'kZu%A
vkrZgLriznks fuR;ekIrkekR;ks u;s jr%AA
ukgaoknh u fu}ZU}ks u ;fRd×pudkjd%A
Ñrs deZ.;ekR;kuka drkZ Hk`R;tufiz;%AA
lax`fgrtuks¿LrC/% izlÂonu% lnkA
lnk Hk`R;tukis{kh u Øks/h lqegkeuk%AA1
6- izcU/d osQ izdkj

6-1 mÙke (lkfÙod) izcU/d&

tks drkZ vklfDrjfgr ,oa vgadkjjfgr gS] /S;Z ,oa mRlkg ls ;qDr gS]
liQyrk ,oa foiQyrk esa g"kZ'kksdkfn fodkjksa ls eqDr jgrk gS] og lkfÙod drkZ
(mÙke izcU/d) dgk tkrk gS&
eqDrlÄõks¿ugaoknh /`R;qRlkglefUor%A
fl¼~;fl¼ksfuZfoZdkj% drkZ lkfÙod mP;rsAA2
oLrqr% lkfÙoddrkZ Js"B gksrk gS rFkk og tuekul osQ dY;k.k dk vxznwr
gksrk gSA FkksM+s ls gh lkfÙoddrkZ tulekt osQ vkn'kZ izsjd gksdj tudY;k.k dk
ekxZ iz'kLr dj nsrs gSa rFkk tu&oUnuh; gksrs gSAa vklfDrjfgr lkfÙod drkZ fu"dke
gksdj drZO;&deZ dj ldrk gSA og deZiQy dh bPNk dk R;kxdj eu dks fpUrk]
Hk;] ruko ls ;qDr j[k ldrk gS rFkk fo"ke ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh fLFkj] le vkSj 'kkUr
jg ldrk gSA lkfÙod drkZ vgadkjfgr ,oa fouez gksrk gSA og viuh liQyrk dk
Js; nwljksa dks nsrk gS rFkk mls izHkq dk izlkn ekurk gSA lkfÙod drkZ /S;Z vkSj mRlkg
ls [Link] gksrk gSA mldh 'kfDr] lkgl vkSj n`<+rk dk v{k; Ïksr mlosQ Hkhrj gksrk
gS rFkk HkkSfrd inkFkks± vkSj cy'kkyh iq#"kksa ls lg;ksx ysdj Hkh mu ij fuHkZj ugha
1- egkHkkjr] 'kkfUrioZ] 118-17&21
2- r=kSo] Hkh"eioZ] 42-26
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 53
gksrkA lkfÙod drkZ fo?u&ck/kvksa ls fopfyr ugha gksrk rFkk ioZr dh Hkk¡fr vfMx
jgdj Hkh"k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh izl jgrk gSA og ykHk&gkfu] t;&ijkt;]
liQyrk&vliQyrk] eku&vieku bR;kfn }U}ksa esa le fLFkj vkSj 'kkUr jgrk gSA fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj Hkh"k.k ladV mlosQ vlhe /S;Z vkSj vnE; mRlkg osQ lkeus ?kqVus
Vsd nsrs gSa rFkk vUrrksxRok liQyrk mldk pj.k&pqEcu djrh gS&
mRlkglEiÂenh?kZlw=ka fØ;kfof/Ka O;lus"olDre~A
'kwja ÑrKa n`<lkSâna p y{eh Lo;a ;kfr fuoklgsrks%AA

6-2 eè;e (jktfld) izcU/d&

tks drkZ vklfDr ls ;qDr] deks± osQ iQy dks pkgus okyk vkSj yksHkh gS rFkk
nwljksa dks d"V nsus dk LoHkko okyk] v'kq¼kpkjh vkSj g"kZ 'kksd ls fyIr gS og jktl
drkZ (eè;e izcU/d) dgk x;k gS&
jkxh deZiQyizsIlqyqZC/ks fgalkRedks¿'kqfp%A
g"kZ'kksdkfUor% drkZ jktl% ifjdhfrZr%AA1
oLrqr% jktl vFkok jtksx.q kiz/ku drkZ vusd O;fDr;ksa rFkk oLrqvksa esa eeRo
gksus osQ dkj.k vklDr gksrs gSa rFkk os leLr dk;Z ldke gksdj vFkkZr~ LokFkZ&cqf¼
ls fg djrs gSaA mudh cqf¼ vkSj eu dkeukxzLr vFkkZr~ LokFkZjr gksus osQ dkj.k nwf"kr
vkSj nqcy Z rFkk vfLFkj vkSj vlUrqfyr jgrh gSAa os izpjq /u&lEink vkSj in&izfr"Bk
ikdj Hkh thou esa dHkh 'kkfUr izkIr ugha djrsA jktl drkZ HkkSfrd lq[kHkksx dks
thou dk y{; ekudj lkalkfjd dkeukvksa ,oa LokFkks± dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lnSo HkVdrk
jgrk gS rFkk dHkh vuqowQy iQy ikdj gf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj dHkh izfrowQy iQyizkfIr
ls O;koqQy gksrk gSA jkx&}s"k osQ dkj.k og dHkh lUrqfyr] fLFkj] le rFkk 'kkUr ugha
jgrk rFkk lkalkfjd Hkksxksa dh e`x&ejhfpdk osQ ihNs nkSMr+ s gq, Hkh thou dks [kks nsrk
gSA

6-3 v/e (rkefld) izcU/d&

tks drkZ v;qDr] f'k{kk ls jfgr] ?[Link]] /wrZ vkSj nwljksa dh thfodk dk uk'k
djus okyk rFkk 'kksd djus okyk vkylh vkSj nh?kZlw=kh gS] og rkel drkZ dgykrk
gS&
v;qDr% izkÑr% LrC/% 'kBksuS"Ñfrdks¿yl%A
fo"kknh nh?kZlw=kh p drkZ rkel mP;rsAA2

1- r=kSo] 42-27
2- r=kSo] Hkh"eioZ] 42-28
54 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
rkel drkZ vR;Ur vlko/ku vkSj vla;eh gksrk gS rFkk mÙke laLdkjksa ls
foghu gksrk gSA og fgald i'kqvksa dh Hkk¡fr m¼r ,oa mí.M gksrk gS rFkk 'kB ,oa
nq"V gksrk gSA mldks nwljs dh vkthfodk dk guu djus esa Xykfu ugha gksrhA og
vkylh gksrk gS rFkk dk;Z djus esa <hyk gksrk gSA og LoHkko ls lnk mxz vkSj v'kkUr
jgrk gSA

7- izcU/u esa ck/d rÙo

dfri; ,sls rÙo gSa tks oqQ'ky izcU/u osQ ekxZ esa ck/d dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
;|fi ,sls rÙoksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d gS] ;gk¡ dfri; ,sls rÙoksa dk mYys[k fd;k
tk jgk gS tks izcU/u dh xfr dks vR;f/d ckf/r djrs gSa&

7-1 Øks/&
Øks/ ,d izp.M vfXu gS] tks euq"; osQ lkjs O;kikjksa dk lewy uk'k dj
ldrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj dh vk¡/h gS tks foosd dks u"V dj nsrh gSA vr% oqQ'ky
vkSj liQy izcU/d cuus osQ ekxZ esa ;g lcls cM+h ck/k gSA oLrqr% ;g Øks/
HkkX;okuksa dks vHkkxk cuk nsrk gS vkSj tks mÂfr osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡puk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa
x<+s esa <osQy nsrk gSA Øks/ euq";ksa dk uk'k dj nsrk gSA ;fn Øks/ dks thr fy;k tk;
rks euq"; dh mÂfr gksrh gS&Øks/ks gUrk euq";[Link] Øks/ks Hkkof;rk iqu%AA1
Øksèkkos'k euq"; dk /S;Z u"V dj nsrk gS&eU;qLrq gU;kr~ iq#"kL; /S;Ze~A2
7-2 HksnHkko&
vxj izcU/d deZpkfj;ksa osQ eè; HksnHkko dks c<+kok nsrk gS rks ;g izcUèku
dh ewy vo/[Link] osQ fo#¼ gSA ,slk dj og lEc¼ laLFkku esa dk;ZlLa Ñfr dks cqjh
rjg izHkkfor djrk gS ftldk vfUre [Link] dHkh lq[kn ugha gksrk gSA tks ijLij
HksnHkko j[krs gS]a os dHkh /eZ dk vkpj.k ugha djrs] os lq[k Hkh ugha ikrs] mUgsa xkSjo
ugha izkIr gksrk rFkk mUgsa 'kkfUr dh okrkZ Hkh ugha lqgkrh&
u oS fHkÂk tkrq pjfUr /eZ u oS lq[ka izkIuqoUrhg fHkÂk%A
u oS fHkÂk xkSjoa izkIuqofUr u oS fHkÂk% iz'kea jksp;fUrAA3
7-3 vgadkj&
vgadkj ,slk fo"k gS tks euq";ksa osQ foosd dks gj ysrk gSA ,slk O;fDr fdlh
Hkh dk;Z dks O;ofLFkr :i esa ugha dj ikrk vkSj thou osQ la?k"kZ esa vliQy gks tkrk
1- r=kSo] ouioZ] 29-1
2- r=kSo] 34-5
3- egkHkkjr] m|ksxioZ] 36-56
egkHkkjr esa izcU/u osQ rÙo % ,d vuq'khyu 55
gSA egkHkkjr dk dFku gS fd vfHkeku dh vkx esa tyus okyksa dks dgha liQyrk
ugha feyrh&u fg ekuiznX/kuka df'pnfLr 'ke% Dofpr~A1
7-4 vkyL;&
tks euq"; vkylh vkSj izeÙk gS] u mldh izKk c<+rh gS vkSj u mldk Kku
gh c<+rk gSA bl izdkj vkyL; dh izo`fÙk izcU/u osQ ekxZ esa cM+h ck/k gSA vkylh
euq"; dks nfjnzrk izkIr gksrh gS rFkk dk;ZoQq 'ky euq"; fu'p; gh vHkh"V iQy ikdj
,s'o;Z dk miHkksx djrk gSA vkyL; euq";ksa osQ 'kjhj esa jgus okyk ?kksj 'k=kq gSA
egkHkkjr dk opu gS fd vkylh euq"; dks dHkh fuf'pr liQyrk ugha feyrh&
,dkUrflf¼a u foUnR;yl% Dofpr~A2 vkylh euq"; dks lEifÙk;k¡ lc vksj ls
NksM+ nsrh gSa vkSj mldk lc vksj ls vuFkZ gksus yxrk gS&izeÙkeFkkZ fg uja leUrkr~
R;tUR;uFkkZ'p lekfo'kfUrA3
bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd egkHkkjr esa [Link] izcU/u osQ fofo/ vk;keksa dk
vkJ; ysdj vk/qfud izcU/d viuh liQyrk dk u;k vè;k; fy[k ldrs gSAa vxj
egkHkkjr esa izfrikfnr fl¼kUrksa ij vey fd;k tk, rks u osQoy izcU/u ls tqM+h
ukukfo/ leL;kvksa dk lek/ku gksxk] vfirq lkoZdkfyd lq[k vkSj le`f¼ dk ekxZ
Hkh iz'kLr gksxkA

ggg

1- r=kSo] 123-7
2- egkHkkjr] ouioZ] 32-40
3- r=kSo] lkSfIrdioZ] 10-19
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe

& ckys'oj oqQekj frokjh
'kks/PNk=k] jk"Vªh; laLÑr laLFkku

izLrqr vkys[k vuqokn osQ bfrgkl ,oa egÙo dks js[kkafdr dj jgk
gSA

orZeku lUnHkZ esa fo'o lkfgR; dh vuqokn ladYiuk cgqr gh O;kid gSA
laLÑr lkfgR; fo'o osQ le`¼ lkfgR;ksa esa ls ,d gSA fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa laLÑr
lkfgR; osQ izfr fo'ks"k yxko ns[ks tk jgs gSaA bldk loZ&izeq[k dkj.k vuqokn gS]
ftlls dh lkfgR;xr fofHk rF;ksa dks mHkkjdj yksxksa osQ n`f"V iFk esa yk, tk jgs
gSaA fo'o lkfgR; dks le`¼ cukus esa vuqokn dk lkefjd egÙo gS] D;ksasfd vuqokn
osQoy fofHk lkfgR; osQ lkekftd] /kfeZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd lUnHkks± ls gh
ifjfpr ugha djkrk] vfirq ekuo eu osQ lexz Hkkoukvksa dks xgjkbZ ls Hkh tksMr+ k gSA

vuqokn dk laizR;; ,oa Lo:i&

vuqokn 'kCn ls vkt vfHkizsr gS fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa izLrqr vFkZ dks vU;
Hkk"kk esa izLrqr djukA ;gh 'kCn vaxzsth esa VªkUlys'ku osQ fy, #<+ gks x;k gSA
¶'kCndYinzqe¸ osQ vuqlkj laLÑr 'kCn ¶vuqokn¸ vuq (ihNs) $ on~ (cksyuk) ls
O;qRi gSA bldk vFkZ gS&vuqoko~Q] iqu:fDr] vo/kfjr (fdlh fuf'pr vFkZ) dks
fiQj ls dgukA ¶,e-,e- fofy;El¸ vkSj muosQ vuqdj.k ij ¶oh- ,l- vkIVs¸ osQ
vuqlkj vuqokn dk Lo:i gS&lkekU; :i ls vko`fÙk] O;k[;k] mnkgj.k ;k leFkZu
dh n`f"V ls vko`fÙk] iwoZdfFkr ckr dk mYys[k] leFkZu] fooj.k] vuqokpu bR;kfnA
ik'pkR; fo}ku~ ¶oSQViQksMZ¸ osQ vuqlkj vuqokn ,d Hkk"kk osQ ikBijd
miknkuksa dk nwljh Hkk"kk osQ vko`fÙkijd miknkuksa osQ :i esa lerqY; osQ fl¼kUr osQ
vk/kj ij izfrLFkkiuk gSA ¹The replacement & textual material in one
language by equivalent textual material in another language.º
izk-s jfoUnzukFk JhokLro us dgk gS fd vuqokn dks nks lanHkks± esa ns[kk tk ldrk
gS&,d O;kid vkSj nwljk lhfer] O;kid lanHkZ esa vuqokn dks izrhd fl¼kUr osQ
ifjizs{; esa ns[kk tkrk gS] bl n`f"V ls eksVs rkSj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dF;
( 56 )
vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 57
dk izrhdkarj.k vuqokn gS] vius lhfer vFkZ esa vuqokn Hkk"kk fl¼kUr dk lanHkZ ysdj
pyrk gS] bl n`f"V ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dF; dk Hkk"kkarj.k vuqokn gSA
vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe rc ls py jgh gS tc ls Ïksr Hkk"kk vkSj
y{; Hkk"kk tSls ijlEcU/ksa dh tkudkjh ugha Fkh] ijUrq ;g ifjKkr Fkk fd ml fcEc
;k ikB dk vuqdFku djuk gSA vuqdFku dk lh/k lEcU/ yf{kr Jksrk@ikBd@iz{s kd
;k Hkkod ls gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ vuqokn dk;Z vuqdFku gS] iwoZdfFkr ckrksa dks fiQj ls
dguk gS] bl vFkZ esa ns[ksa rks izkjfEHkd le; esa xq#oqQy esa xq:tuksa }kjk tks ewy ikB
dh O;k[;k gksrh Fkh] vUo; gksrk Fkk] ;k [Link] djkus gsrq ,d gh ikB ckj&ckj
jVk;k tkrk Fkk] og lc vuqokn dh dksVh esa gh vk,xkA
vkjfEHkd dky ij ;fn n`f"Vikr~ dh tk, rks vuqokn dk ,d fojkV~ :i
gekjs lkeus gksrk gSA tc ge oqQN dg ;k fy[k jgs gksrs gSa] ftls ge viuk ekSfyd
oDrO; ;k ys[ku dgrs gS] og Hkh vuqokn dh dksfV esa gh vk,xkA og gekjs vuqHko]
fopkj vFkok izs{k.k [Link] dk vuqokn gksrk gSA fdlh f'kYih dh ewfrZ;k¡] fp=kdkj
osQ oSQuol] jpukdkj dh Ñfr;k¡] fiQYedkj dh fiQYesa] jaxdehZ dk jaxdeZ ;s lc
osQ lc vius iwoZ osQ ikB] fopkj ;k vuqHko dh vuqÑfr;k¡ gh gksrh gS] ftuesa dF;
dh fo/k cny nh tkrh gSA vkSj vfHkizsr dks vf/d ls vfèkd izHkkoh cuk;k tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ rd fd tc dksbZ f'k{kd vius f'k";ksa dks] vfHkHkkod vius vuqofrZ;ksa dks
vFkok vf/dkjh vius v/huLFkksa dks dksbZ tfVy ls tfVy izdj.k le>k jgk gksrk
gS] rc og Hkh vuqokn gh gksrk gSA
orZeku osQ mHkjrs oSf'od ifjos'k esa vuqokn dk;Z viuh iwjh izfØ;k esa foKku
Hkh gS] dyk Hkh gS] f'kYih Hkh gSA bu lHkh rdksZ osQ ckotwn ;g ekuus esa dksbZ ladksp
ugha gksuk pkfg, fd vuqokn dk;Z dh c`gÙkj vko';drk f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn
eglwl dh xbZ] tc nqfu;k Hkj osQ yksxksa esa lEioZQ lw=k dk foLrkj gqvkA fofHk jk"Vªkas
osQ chp jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] O;kikfjd] lkaLÑfrd lehdj.k cuus yxsA tkudkjh
vtZu osQ lw=k brus cgqHkkf"kd gks x, fd vius le; dk lfØ; ukxfjd dgykus
gsrq vkSj vkRe&LFkkiR; osQ vk;q/ osQ fy, vuqokn dh vksj yksxksa dk :>ku mudh
etcwjh gks xbZA
vuqokn dk;Z osQ O;k[;kdkjksa us chloha lnh dks vuqokn dk ;qx dgk gSA roZQ
izk;% ;g jgk gks fd mDr vof/ esa Kku osQ fofHk 'kk[kkvksa dh iqLrdksa dk foiqy
ek=kk esa vuqokn gqvk vkSj O;kid Lrj ij nqfu;k dh fofHk Hkk"kk&laLÑfr Kku
lEink ls ifjp; osQ dkj.k nqfu;k osQ dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa ubZ&ubZ fo/kvksa dk l`tu&
iqul`Ztu gqvkA rF; gS fd nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn jktuSfrd mís';ksa dks lk/us gsrq
vuqokn dk;Z izeq[k vkSj iz[kj gks x,A oSpkfjd vknku&iznku] jk"Vªh; lhek dh
58 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
laonsu'khyrk] oSf'od Lrj ij eS=kh lEcU/ osQ ekeys brus egÙ[Link] gks x, fd
O;kikfjd laokn&lEizs"k.k vkSj lkekftd lkSgknZ dh lhek ikj dj vuqokn dk;Z dh
Hkwfedk vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dks js[kkafdr djus yxhA
vk/qfud ;qx osQ ftl pj.k esa ge vkt gS] mls oS'ohdj.k dk ;qx] lwpuk
iz|kSfxdh dk ;qx] mÙkj vk/qfud ;qx dgk tk jgk gSA bu fofo/ ukeksa dh lkFkZdrk
vuqokn osQ fcuk fl¼ ugha gks ldrhA iQyr% blh Øe esa ;fn bl ;qx dks vuqokn
dk ;qx dgk tk, rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugh gksxhA fo'oHkj esa iSQys vikj Kku lEink
dk izpkj&izlkj djus esa vuqokn dh egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu] osn]
[Link]] jlk;u] HkkSfrdh] fpfdRlk vkfn 'kkL=kksa dk Kku fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa
fo'ks"kr% if'peh ns'kksa esa rFkk ogk¡ ij gq, vk/qfud vkfo"dkjksa dh tkudkjh
Hkkjrh;ksa dks gksuk vuqokn osQ dkj.k gh lEHko gks ik;k gSA
izkP; lUnHkZ esa ;fn lkekU; :i ls vuqokn dks O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk, rks]
fo'oO;kih lkaLÑfrd] jktuSfrd] O;kikfjd] f'k{kk] dyk] lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk]
foKku] /eZ] n'kZu] ijLij oSpkfjd layki ,oa izkfof/d miyfC/ vkfn osQ {ks=k esa
v|ru gksus osQ dkj.k vuqokn dk ewY; [Link] gks x;k vkSj Hkkjrh; /eZ n'kZu dh
mfDr ¶olq/So oqQVqEcde~¸ dh fufgrkFkZ dks vUrkjkZf"Vª; lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij rFkk
fo'o iQyd ij izfr"Bkfir djus dk Js; vuqokn dk;Z dks gh tkrk gSA
fofnr gks fd vuqokn osQ tfj, gh ge loZ=k fofo/rk esa ,drk lqfuf'pr
dj ikrs gSaA vUrjkZf"Vª; lkaLÑfrd lEcU/ vkSj jktu; dks fofo/ vk;ke ns ikrs gSaA
vuqokn osQ }kjk gh tc gekjs jk"Vª osQ fgrS"kh gekjs i{k esa oqQN cksyrs gSa vFkok foi{k
esa oqQN ;kstuk cukrs gSa rks ge mlls okfdiQ gks ikrs gSaA oLrqr% fd iz'kklu]
iz|kSfxdh] foKku] fiQYe ,oa tulapkj] i=kkpkj] U;k;ky;] 'kks/] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k] j{kk]
izfrj{kk vkfn esa vuqokn dk [Link] ;ksxnku gS ij bl ;ksxnku osQ lkFk&lkFk bldh
laosnu'khyrk Hkh [Link] gks xbZ gSA

vuqokn dk lkfgfR;d ifjizs{;

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vusdks Hkk"kkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr Hkkjr dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd]
,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd ,oa /kfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa rn~tfur [Link] dk o`gn~ dks"k
gSA bu Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr foiqy lkfgR; osQ ijLij vknku&iznku osQ fy, ,d Hkkf"kd
midj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ¶vuqokn¸ gh og midj.k] vkStkj rFkk ekè;e
gS ftlls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh foiqy /jksgj vkSj ledkyhu jpuk'khyrk dks ,d nwljs
osQ lEeq[k j[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks ,d Hkkf"kd lEiz"s [Link];rk dh fLFkfr
ls vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls f}Hkk"kh vFkok cgqHkk"kh laizs"[Link];rk dh fLFkfr esa yk;k tk
ldrk gSA ^vuqokn* gh og ekè;e gS tks varjHkkf"kd lkfgfR;d laokn LFkkfir djus
vuqokn dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe 59
esa l{ke gSA lkfgR; osQ nksuksa :iksa ij tc ppkZ dh tkrh gS rc l`tu'khy lkfgR;
(x| vkSj i|] vkykspukRed lkfgR;) vkSj KkukRed lkfgR; (lekt foKku]
ekufodh foKku] izca/u] tulapkj] O;kikj [Link];] [Link]] iz|kSfxdh vkfn dk
lkfgR;) dk lanHkZ vuqokn osQ nks o`gn {ks=kksa dks ysdj mifLFkr gksrk gSA nksuksa gh {ks=kksa
esa vuqokn dh O;kid laHkkouk,¡ fufgr gSA vuqokn gh Hkkf"kd fofHkÂrk vkSj vyxko
dks nwj djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
vuqokn izfØ;k esa vFkZ izk.k rRo gSA vuqokn dh lewph izfØ;k vuw| ,oa
vuwfnr ikB osQ vFkZ&lkehI; dks lkFkZd cukus dh gSA blhfy, vuw| ikB osQ vFkZ
dh rqyuk vuwfnr ikB osQ vFkZ ls dh tkrh gSA vuqokn esa vuw| (Ïksr Hkk"kk ikB)
vkSj vuwfnr (y{; Hkk"kk) ikB osQ vFkZ esa lke×tL; vkSj fudVrk vfuok;Z gSA
vuwfnr ikB esa ewy ikB ls vFkZ fopyu] vFkZ ladksp vkSj vFkZ foLrkj Lohdk;Z ugha
gksrk] vFkkZr~ vuwfnr ikB esa ewy ikB dk gh vFkZ èofur gksuk pkfg,A

'kSf{kd ifjizs{; esa vuqokn

orZekudkyhu vè;kiu dk;Z izk;% vuqokn ij gh vk/kfjr gks x;k gS]
[kkldj Hkkjr tSls vkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa esa] D;ksafd vkSifuosf'kd gksus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr
esa vè;;u&vè;kiu izk;% vuqokn vk/kfjr gh gks x;k gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ge
f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks n`f"ViFk esa j[ksa rks] mls i<krs oDr mldk vUo;] O;qRifÙkijd
O;k[;k] ljykFkZ] Hkkokuqokn] Hkk"kkFkZ tks Hkh gks KkuktZu esa blosQ fofHk :iksa dk
;ksxnku gksrk jgk gSA cgqHkkf"kdrk vFkok ewyikB dh vFkZ tfVyrk dh foMEcukvksa
ls mcjus gsrq vuqokn vkSj mldh fof/;k¡ gh dke vkrh gSaA

lkaLÑfrd ifjizs{; esa vuqokn

Hkk"kk laLÑfr dh okfgdk gksrh gSA vuqokn izfØ;k esa Ïksr Hkk"kk osQ lkfgR;
osQ lkaLÑfrd rRoksa dk y{; Hkk"kk esa :ikarj.k gksrk gSA bl rjg vuqokn lkaLÑfrd
vknku&iznku dh izfØ;k dks lEi djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ varjHkkf"kd vuqokn
ls ns'k esas lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku rFkk lkaLÑfrd ,drk osQ izpkj dks izHkkoh cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa fofHk izkUrksa dh lekftdrk vkSj laLÑfr cks/ osQ
lkFk&lkFk yksd laLÑfr Hkh O;Dr gksrh gSA vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls fofo/ izkUrksa dh
lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa osQ izfr ns'k osQ vU; {ks=kksa osQ yksxksa esa fo'ks"k laosnuk
vkSj HkkoukRed yxko iSnk gksrk gSA jkf"Vª; Lrj ij lkekftd cks/ mRi djus osQ
fy, Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk vuqokn bl izfØ;k dks izHkko'kkyh cukus esa lgk;d fl¼
gksxkA ns'kokfl;ksa esa jkf"Vª; psruk fodflr djus osQ fy, fofHk Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks vuqokn }kjk miyc/ djkuk vko';d gSA vkt dk ;qx foHksnksa
60 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vkSj fo[kaMu dk ;qx gSA lkjk ns'k fo"ke lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS] ,sls esa bl fo[kaMu vkSj foHksnhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks
vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa vUrfuZfgr ekuoh; laons ukvksa vkSj ewY;ksa osQ
izfr tkx:drk iSnk dj ekuoh; [Link] dks laof/Zr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqokn osQ
ekè;e ls orZeku ;qok ih<+h dks Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vueksy /jksgj ls ifjp; djk;k
tk ldrk gS] ftldh vkt furkUr vko';drk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ vUrxZr
laLÑr ls ysdj vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr lkfgR; ijEijk,¡ lfEefyr gSA
Hkkjrh; lekt cgqHkkf"kd lekt gS] fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ fy, lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku
nq%lkè; gS blhfy, fofHk Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr lkfgR; dks vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls gh
brj Hkk"kk esa jfpr lkfgR; dk vkLoknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA laLÑr esa jfpr] osn]
mifu"kn~] czkã.k] vkxe rFkk jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls gh vkt
lkjs Hkkjr esa fganh rFkk brj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/ gSaA blls laLÑr ls vufHkK
ikBd oxZ bu vewY; lkfgfR;d xzUFkksa ls Kku izkIr dj jgk gSA laLÑr esa jfpr
oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj lkFk gh ukuk iqjk.k fuxekxe vkfn egÙ[Link] Kku osQ xzFa k vuqokn
osQ }kjk gh tulkekU; dks miyC/ gks losQ gSA vuqokn osQ fouk Kku dk varj.k bl
:i esa laHko ugha gksrkA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vewY; /jksgj dk vuqokn fons'kh
Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh gqvk gS vkSj fons'kh lekt Hkh izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑr lkfgR; osQ
vuqokn ls ykHkkfUor gks jgk gSA Hkkjr osQ [Link] lkaLÑfrd vrhr dks fons'kh
lekt vuqokn osQ ekè;e ls gh tku ldk gSA

fu"d"kZ&
mi;qZDr lanHkks± dks ifjyf{kr djsa rks Hkkjr esa Vhdk] O;k[;k] vuqokn]
vuqdFku] vuqokpu dk uSjUr;Z lnk cuk jgkA Hkkjr dks tkuus osQ fy, osn] mifu"kn]
jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn osQ vuqokn nwljs ns'kksa osQ yksx rks dj gha jgs gSa mlosQ ckotwn
Hkkjr esa Hkh vusd dbZ vuqdFku gks jgs gSAa vosQys jkek;.k] egkHkkjr osQ vuqokn dbZ
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa gq, gSA eqxy 'kklu dky osQ yEcs vUrjky esa bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr
dke gq,A ¶nkjkf'kdksg¸ vkSj muosQ xq# jkt'ks[kj dk bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr vkSj vizfre
;ksxnku gSA fudV vrhr esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz] egkohj izlkn f}osnh] vkpk;Z jkepUnz
'kqDy] izes pUn tSls egku vuqoknd gq,A lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd] O;kikfjd] 'kS{[Link]
lEcU/] i=kdkfjrk] lkfgR;] dyk] fopkj&foe'kZ] /eZ] f'k{kk] foKku ,oa rduhfd
vkfn osQ {ks=k esa v|ru gksus ls vuqokn dk orZeku mi;ksx egÙ[Link] gks x;k gSA

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

'kkfCndu;s deZfoe'kZ%
& Jh'ks"kef.k'kqDy%
'kks/PNk=k%] dk-fg-fo-fo-] [Link]
^'kkfCdu;s deZfoe'kZ%* bR;k[;s 'kks/i=ks ys[kd% deZ.k% Lo:ia rn~
Hksnka'p oS;[Link];k lE;x~ O;oLFkkfiroku~A

LokStlekSfMR;kfnizR;;[Link];k; [Link] orZrs dkjdRoÂke fØ;ktudRoa

fØ;kUof;Roa ok dkjdRoa rFkk p dkjdkf.k "kM~ HkofUrA r|Fkk&
drkZ deZ p [Link] p lEiznkua rFkSo pA
viknkukf/[Link];kgq% dkjdkf.k "kV~AA
dkjdRoO;kI; deZ bfrA
vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks&deZinkFk± laYy{; fopkjku~ izLrkSfe vFkk p O;kdj.k'kkL=ks
eq[;r% deZ f=k/k Hkofr rFkkfg&
1- bZfIlrree~] 2- vuhfIlre~] 3- laKSjuk[;kre~A
bZfIlrrea deZ f=kizdkjde~&
1- fuoZR;Ze~] 2- fodk;Ze~] 3- izkI;×pA
vuhfIlrrea deZ f}/k&}s";eqnklhu×pA rFkk p deZlaKkfo/k;oaQ lw=ka
¶drqZjhfIlrea deZ¸1 lw=ks¿fLeu~ bZfIlr'kCns vkC/krq% rLekr~ lu~&izR;;%] rr'p
bPNkFkZd% DrizR;;% ,o×p lEcU/sPNkfo"k;:iks¿FkZ%] rFkk p vfr'kf;r% bZfIlr%
bfr bZfIlrree~A v=k fo"k;insu fo"k;rkJ;% cks/O;% fo"k;rk pksís';rk:ik xzkák
,o×p lEc/fo"kf;.kh ;k bPNk rkn`'ksPNk;k% mn~ns';rkJ;% deZ bfr iQyfrA
lEcUèk'p&izÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwr&O;kikjkJ;Ro:idrZinkFkZoQq f{kizo"VO;kikj}kjd ,o
xzká%A rFkk p izÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjkJ;iz;ksT;iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk ;k bPNk
rkn`'ksPNh;ksn~ns';Roa deZA rFkkfg&jke% fo|ky;a xPNfr bR;=k mÙkjns'kla;ksxkuqowQy&
O;kikj% jkeo`fÙk% iQye=k la;ksx:ia rnkJ;RoizdkfjosQPNk en~ofÙk% mÙkjns'kla;ksxkuqoQw y&

1- ik- lw- 01@04@49

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62 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
O;kikjs.k iQykJ;% fo|ky;% HkorqA r=k iQykJ;RoizdkfjosQPNk;k% mn~n's ;a fo|ky;
bfr rnkJ;Rokr~ fo|ky;L; Hkofr deZrkA
uuq fo|ky;s jke% [Link] iprhR;=k ;Fkk&le;su fofDyR;kJ;% [Link] bfr
rFkSo dkfydlEcU/su fo|ky;ks¿I;fLr vr% rL;kfi deZRokifÙkfjfr psÂ] v=k
iQykJ;rk iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/suSo vuqlU/s;kA iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/ks uke iQya
Lokf/[Link] ;su lEcU/su fr"Bfr l iQyrkoPNsndlEcU/%] vr% fo|ky;s [Link]
ipfr jke bR;=k leok;lEcU/kofPNÂfofDyfÙkfu"Bk/s;rkfu:firkf/[Link];Rokr~
[Link];So deZRoe~A u rq dkfydlEcU/kofPNÂkf/[Link]% fo|ky;L; vFk p
¶lEcU/ks fg lEcfU/H;ka fHkÂ% f}"B% fof'k"V% cqf¼fu;ked'psfr¸ fl¼kUrf/;k
lEcU/L; f}"BRokr~A jke% xzkea xPNfr bR;kfn"kq la;ksx:ilEc/L; jkexzke;ks% mHk;&
fu"BRokr~ ;Fkk&xzkeL; deZrk rFkSo jkeL;kfi deZRoa L;kfnfr psÂ] ,oa Hkwrk;kek'kÄïk;ka
izR;ofr"BUrs osQfpr~ fØ;ktU;iQykJ;a fg deZ] r=k fØ;k;ka ijleosrRoeÄõhfØ;rsA
ijRo×pk=k & ;L; deZRoa fpdhf"kZra rnis{k;k vU;n~ xzkáa rFkkfg&jke% xzkea
xPNrhR;=k xzkekis{k;k ij% jke% rfÂ"BfØ;ktU;iQykJ;Rokr~ xzkeL; Hkofr deZlaKk
u rq jkeL; vr% nks"k% ukfLrA iquj=k bZfIlrrefefr inkFkZL; fo'ys"[Link] oqQeZ% vkIy`
O;kIrkS /krks% ¶vki~KI;`/kehr~¸1 bfr lw=ks.k vkdkjL; bZRos bZMkxes p Ñrs bZIl bfr
lÂUr/krks% ¶efrcqf¼iwtkFksZH;'p¸2 bR;usu Dr izR;;s (bg orZekuRoefoof{kre~)
bZfIlr bfr tkrs iqujZ=k vfr'kf;r% bZfIlr% bfr bZfIlrrrea izFkeSdopus bfIlrree~
bfrA v=k vkC/kRoFkZ% lEcU/%] lÂFkZ% bPNk] DrkFkZ% fo"k;Roe~A rFkk p O;kikjfof'k"V&
iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk&bPNkfu:fir&mn~n's ;rkJ;%A iquj=kk'kadrs ;r~ recFkZL; oqQ=kkUo;%\
;rks¿fg rei~ izR;;L; ;k izÑfr% rRizdkjhHkwrks ;ks¿FkZ% rn~xrkfr'kf;rRoa reik |ksR;rs
bfr fu;ekH;qixekr~ izdkjhHkwra vFkZ};a lEcU/% bPNk p rfgZ foaQ xrkfr'kf;rRoa
xzkáfefr iz'u%\ v=kksP;rs lEcU/xrkfr'kf;rRoeso xzkáe~A lEcU/xrkfr'kf;rRoa rq
Loiz;ksT;Ro:ia ;fn bPNkxrkfr'kf;Roa x`árs psr~ vfuPNk;k xzkekfnxeus xzkea xPNrhfr
iz;ksxkukifÙk% vr% lkEizra y{[Link] tkre~ dr`Zo`fÙkO;kikjiz;ksT;iQykJ;Roizdkfjdk ;k
bPNk rkn`'ksPNh;ksn~ns';a deZ] v=k dr`Zo`fÙk bfr nkusu drqZ% O;kikj ,o xzká% ,o×p
ek"ksLo'oa cèukrhR;=k deZ.k% O;kikjks u x`árs vFk p dr`xZ gz .klkeF;suZ izÑrèkkRoFkZ&
fu:firSo drkZ x`árs ek"ksLo'oa cèukrhR;=k izÑr/krq% cU/&/krq% rfÂ:fira dr`ZRoa
nsonÙkknhukeso Hk{kkfn/kRoFkZfu:firdr`ZRoe'oL; u xzkáfefr Hkko%A rFkk p y{[Link]
lEiÂa izÑr/kRoFkZfu:firdr`oZ f` Ùkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjiz;ksT; izÑr/kRoFkZiQykJ;Rosu bPNksn&~
ns';RoehfIlrreRoe=k Lookpd/krqokP;Rosfr lEcU/L; ykHk% lw=ks dr`[Link]~

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2- ik- lw- 03@02@188
'kkfCndu;s deZfoe'kZ% 63
HkofrA Loiz;ksT;RoL; ykHk% rec~[Link]~ izkI;rs rFkk p ldya y{[Link] psRFka
izÑr/krwikÙkiz/kuhHkwrO;kikjfof'k"VizÑr/kRoFkZiQykJ;RoizdkjhosQPNksnn~ 's ;a deZA r=k
oSf'k"V~;a p Lokokpd/krqokP;RoLoiz;ksT;RosR;qHk;lEcU/suA vfLeÂso lUnHksZ vijsna
nz"VO;e~ bZfIlrreor~ lefHkO;kâr/kRoFkZi/ z kuhHkwr&O;kikjtU; r¼kRoFkZiQykJ;L;kuh&
1
fIlrL;kfi ¶rFkk ;qDra pkuhfIlre~¸ bR;usu lw=ks.k lEik|rs vuhfIlrdeZ.k% Hksn};a
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nz"Vqa usPNfr rFkkfi }s";Hkkosu i';fr vr% }s";deZ.k% [Link]~A mnklhudeZ.k%
[Link] rq xzkea xPNu~ r`.ka Li`'kfr rFkk p ¶vdfFkra psfr¸2 bfr lw=ks.k nqgkfnèkkrwukeFk
p uhâ&vkfn /krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs viknkuknhukefoo{k;k deZlKa k Hkofr r=k viknkukfn&
'kCnsu viknkua&lEiznkuef/[Link] dkjd=k;eso xzkáe~ r|Fkk&xka nsfX/ i;%
bR;L;kiknkufoo{kk;ka xks% nksfX/ i;% bfr okD;e~A vkiknuRokfoo{kk;ka xks bR;L;
vdfFkra psfr3 lw=ks.k deZlaKk;ka ¶deZf.k f}rh;k¸4 bfr f}rh;k;ka lR;ka xka nksfXèk
i;% bfr okD;a lEi|rsA vFk p ,rs"kka /krwuka ?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs f}deZdLFkys deZf.k
izR;;k% [Link] ,o izR;k;;fUr vFkkZr~ ¶vdfFkra psfr¸5 lw=ks.k ;s"kka deZlaKk rs ,o
mDrk% HkofUr] r|Fkk xkS% nqárs {khjfefr uhâÑ"k~og~&,rn~/krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs iz/kus
deZ.;so ydkjk% izorZUrsA vfLeÂso izlÄõs izkP;k% vkpk;kZ% viknkukfnfHk% vfoo{kk;ka
lEik| lalxsZ.k rs"kka foo{kk O;oLFkkI;rs rFkk p "k"Bh izkIrk HkofrA rka ckf/Rok
¶vdfFkra psfr¸6 lw=ks.k deZlKa k fl¼~;fr] rFkkfi cks/Lrq lEcU/izdkjd ,o tk;rsA
rFkk p xka nksfX/ i;% bfr okD;L; izkphuu;s xkslEcfU/i;deZfefr cks/% tk;rsA
vfLeÂso lUnHksZ uO;k% onfUr ;r~ deZlaKk;ka lR;ka deZRosu foo{kk;k% vHkko% bfr
onrks O;k?kkr% rFkkfg xksdeZoQa ip~deZoQa p nksgue~oxPNfUr uO;k% vdeZd/krq;ksxs
ns'kdkyHkkoxUrO;kèookfpua deZlaKk Hkofr r=k rq vf/[Link]; deZRofo/kukr~
eklkfè[Link] pS=kdr`d Z eklue~ bR;so cks/% izkP;u;s uO;kuka ers rq pS=k% vklusu ekla
O;kIuksfr bfr 'kkCncks/%A
¶xfrcqf¼izR;olkukFkZ¸7&bR;kfnlw=kifBr/krq?kfVrokD;iz;ksxs iz;ksT;L; drZ̀&
o`fÙkO;kikjtU;iQykJ;Rosu ¶drqZjhfIlrrea deZ¸8 bR;usuSo deZRoa fl¼e~A vr%

1- ik- lw- 01@04@50

2- ik- lw- 01@04@51
3- ik- lw- 01@04@51
4- ik- lw- 02@03@02
5- ik- lw- 01@04@51
6- ik- lw- 01@04@51
7- ik- lw- 01@04@52
8- ik- lw- 01@04@49
64 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fu;ekFkZL; ¶xfrcqf¼-------¸1 bR;kfn'kkL=kL; fof/eq[ksu izo`fÙkeoxPNs;q% vFk p
xzUFks deZizopuh;;ksxs ;=k oqQ=kfpn~ f}rh;koyksD;rs oLrqrLrq fØ;ktU;iQykJ;Rosu
deZRoa ukfLr r=kA vfirq y{[Link] vFksZ |ksR;s deZizopuh;laKk;ka ¶deZf.k f}rh;k¸2
bfr f}rh;k HkofrA
vFk p O;[Link] lk{kkr~ ;% O;kikjL;kJ;% l drZ̀insu fo/h;rs rFkSo lk{kkr~
iQyL; ;ks vkJ;% l deZinsukoxE;rs ijUrq dr`ZdeZ&,rnU;rj}kjk ;% iQyL;kJ;%
O;kikj:ikJ;% Hkofr rL;kf/[Link] leqitk;rsA rFkkfg&¶dVa 'ksrs pS=k%¸ bR;=k
dVo`fÙkpS=ko`fÙk'k;ufØ;kLoo`fÙko`fÙkRolEcU/su dVs vfLr vr ,o rL; HkoR;fè[Link]
bfrA ;Fkk iQykJ;L; deZlaKk rFkSo lEiznkulaKkfi cks¼O;k rFkkfg ¶foizk; xka
nnkfr¸ bR;=k foizL; nkudrq%Z bPNk;k% vkJ;Rokr~ Hkofr lEiznkulaKk bR;ya foLrjs.k
'kqHka Hkw;kr~ eaxyap Hkw;kr~A

ggg

1- ik- lw- 01@04@52

2- ik- lw- 02@03@02
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfr

ifjHkk"kkleh{[Link]~
& v'kksdoqQekjfeJ%
lafonkizkè;kid%] eq-Lok-ihBe~] jk-la-laLFkkue~

izLrqrs fucU/s ukxksftHkV~VfojfprifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjxzUFke~ vf/ÑR; vFk

p HkwfrVhdkeoyEC; izÑrifjHkk"kk lE;x~ foosfprk fo|rsA

vizfreizfrHk% Jheku~ ukxs'k% ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjsfr vizfrexzUFka fojp;keklA r=k

fLFkrk% ifjHkk"kk% fof/'kkL=kksidkfjdk% orZUrs] rFkk p ifjHkk"kkRoÂke ¶lÄïsrxzkgd&
fHkÂRos lfr [Link];uqPpfjrs lfr 'kCn/feZdlk/qRoizdkjdkizkek.;KkukukLdfUnr&
'kkCncks/ksi;ksfxRoa ifjHkk"kkRoe~¸A ifjHkk"kk'p eq[;r% f=k/k foHkDrkLlfUr rFkkfg&
Kkidfl¼k] U;k;fl¼k] opu:is.k ifBrk'pA izLrqrs;a ifjHkk"kk Kkidfl¼k orZrs]
U;k;fl¼k p ¶vf/ iwoZd&bÄ~ vè;;ukFkZd/krks% r`fp Ñrs¿uqcU/yksis bdkjL;
¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸1 7-4-5 bR;usu lw=ks.k [Link] Lokfndk;sZ p Ñrs] vè;srk bfr
tk;rs] v=k iz'u% mnsfr ;r~ bÄ~ /krks% fÄRoeknk; ¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸ bfr
lw=ks.k fofgrL; [Link]; ¶fDÄfr p¸2 bfr lw=ks.k fu"ks/% dFkÂ\ ,oeso ^'kf;rk*
bR;=kkfi ^'khÄ~* /krks% r`fp Ñrs [Link] tk;rs] r=kkfi fÄÙokn~ [Link]"ks/% izoÙksZr~A vFk
p fHkÂ%] fHkÂoku~ bR;kfn"kq ¶iqxUr¸3 7-3&86 bR;usu [Link]"ks/k; izo`Ùk;s jksjohR;knkS
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fufeÙ[Link] cks/% vÄõ[Link];%A rFkk p ¶fDÄfr p¸ bR;L; lw=kkFkZ% iQyfr ;r~
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vkg&¶dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs¸A

1- [Link]=ke~ (7-4-5)
2- [Link]=ke~ (1-1-5)
3- [Link]=ke~ (7-3-86)
( 65 )
66 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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fufeÙkdizR;;[Link];o/kus¿fi fu"ks/L; izof` ÙkLohdkjs.k fNÂ bR;knkS fu"ksèklaHkok&
fn"Vfl¼s jksjohR;knkS pkUrjÄõizfr"ks/n`"V~;k cfgjÄõ[Link]; ¶vfl¼a cfgjÄõeUrjÄõs¸2
bR;u;k vfl¼Rosu fu"ks/kizkIR;k [Link]; ck/k;ksxkr~ fu'kÄïa izo`Ùks'psfr ¶fDÄfr p¸
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ifjHkk"kk uko';dhA bfr rÂ] vfjfj"krhfr iz;ksxkukifÙk%] rFkk ½/krks% lfu Ñrs
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mÙkjHkkxL; ½dkjL; [Link] jijs [Link]?ksZ "kRos p Ñrs vkfj"k~ bfr tkrs ¶luk|Urk
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bR;oLFkk;ka ^lU;Äks%* bR;L; "k"BhRokr~ ½ bl bfr leqnk;L;So f}RoL; dkf;ZRokr~
rnUrxZrL; ^bl* bR;L; mDrifjHkk"k;k fufeÙkRokHkkokr~ ¶f}oZpus¿fp¸ 1-1-59
bR;L;kizo`Ù;k f}Rokr~ iwo± ¶lkoZ/krqdk/Z/krqd;ks%¸ 7-3-84 bfr [Link] ^vfjl~* bR;=k
^vtknsf}Zrh;L;* bR;usu fjl~ bR;L; f}Ros vH;klkfndk;sZ vfjfj"krhfr fl¼ÔrhfrA

ifjHkk"kkKkidfopkj%
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'kf;rfj bfr iz;ksx% tk;rs] ,o×p ifjHkk"kk;k vHkkos 'khM~% dkf;ZRos¿fi fufeÙkRosu
vkJ;.kkr~ fÄ~fÂfeÙkosQ ¶fDÄ~fr p¸ bfr [Link]"ks/s 'kf;rfj bfr iz;ksxks¿uqiiÂ%
L;kr~] lR;ka ifjHkk"kk;ka iz;ksxLrwii|r ,oA ;|fi KkidlktkR;su ;fÂfeÙka fdÙoa
fÄ~Roa ok vkfJR; [Link]; fu/s"k% b"V%] rnuf/[Link];;[Link];o/kua lár bfr

1- [Link]=ke~ (3-4-114)
2- ifjHkk"kk (50)
3- [Link]=ke~ (7-2-74)
4- [Link]=ke~ (1-1-59)
5- [Link]=ke~ (7-4-66)
6- [Link]=ke~ (3-1-32)
7- [Link]=ke~ (4-2-15)
^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfr ifjHkk"kkleh{[Link]~ 67
dYiukUrjs izÑrs u nks"k%] rFkkfi ,rkn`'kdYiukis{k;k o{;[Link];k lkgp;kZfn&
dYiukis{k;k ok miinfoHkDrs% bfr ifjHkk"kkck/a ^;L; p Hkkosu*1 bfr opukr~
fufeÙklIrehLohdkjs.k ^'kf;rk* bR;kns% ifjHkk"kkiQyRosu dYius ,o yk?koe~A
oLrqr% ukL;k% Kkid% vUos"[Link];% leokf;[Link]Ùkdkj.k;ks% feFkks HksnL;
ldyyksd'kkL=kizfl¼r;k ifjHkk"kk;k% U;k;fl¼Rokr~A vr% ewys mDra ukxs'ksu ;r~
¶uS"kk Kkidlkè;kA vr ,o fg iz;qDr%A l fg rÙosukukJ;.ks gsrks% izfl¼Roa
|ksr;rhfr rÙoe~¸ vFkkZr~ fufeÙky{[Link] U;k;for~ onfr ;r~ ¶,rnqHk;fHkÂa [Link]~¸
fufeÙ[Link]~] vFkkZr~ leokÕ;leokf;fHkÂa fufeÙka Hkorhfr] rLekr~ dk;hZ fufeÙkinsu
x`ghrqa u 'kD;rsA vr% yksdU;k;fl¼s;a ifjHkk"kkA ,rr~ lo± ¶f}oZpus¿fi¸ bfr Hkk";s
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egkHkk";dkjiznÙksu izR;[Link] dk;ZeuqHkofÂR;a'kfof'k"Vk;k% ifjHkk"kk;k% èouuL;So
[Link]~A u p r=k vt~[Link] rq KkioaQ :iLFkkfuon~HkkoL;A ;n;et~[Link] djksfr
rTKki;R;kpk;ksZ :ia LFkkfuon~HkorhfrA dFka ÑRok Kkide~ vt~[Link]; ,rr~
iz;kstue~A bg ek HkwrA~ ts?kzh;rs nsèuh;rs bfrA ;fn :ia LFkkfuon~ Hkorhfr rrks¿t~xgz .kFkZ
or~ HkofrA vFk fg dk;± ukFkksZ¿[Link] HkoR;sok=k f}oZpue~ bR;so n`';rs egkHkk";a
dFkeusu lk ifjHkk"kk dk;ZeuqofÂR;a'kfof'k"Vk èoU;r bfr psr~ lÙ;e~] v=kks¼rs Hkk";s
¶f}oZpus¿fp¸ 1&1&59 brhRos Ñrs f}oZpus¿phR;L;kizo`fÙk%A ;|[Link] u L;kr~ rnk
bZRos Ñrs¿fi rsu ^?kzk* bfr :ikfrns'ks f}Ros¿H;kldk;sZ ßLos pqRos¿H;kldk;sZ tk?kzk;rs
bR;fu"V:ikfÙk% bfr Hkk";k'k;%A ,rLekr~ Hkk";kr~ èoU;rs ;r~ dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ
fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rsA

ifjHkk"kk;k% fo'ks"[Link]%
dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs bR;L;k% vFkZ%&dk;kZuqHkodr`ZRo&
fof'k"V% dk;hZ fufeÙk:is.k ukJh;rs] v=k dkf;Zf.k dk;kZuqHkodr`ZRoa fo'ks"[Link] fo|rs
rnHkkos ewys fuxnfr vkpk;Z%&¶[Link]"krh¸R;kfnfl¼;s dk;ZeuqHkofÂfrA v=k fg
^f}oZpus¿fp* bfr uq'kCnL; f}Ùoe~] vU;Fkk ^lU;Äks*2 fjR;L; "k"BÔUrRokr~ lÂUrL;
dkf;ZRosul
s ks f}ÙofufeÙkRokHkkokr~ rRizof` ÙkuZ L;kr~A vFkkZr~ vkPNknkukFkZd&[Link]×Z k~&èkkrks%
¶/krks% deZ.k% lekudrZ̀dkfnPNk;ka ok¸3 bR;usu lfu Ñrs vuqcU/yksis [Link] l bfr
tkrs vtkfnRokr~ f}rh;Sdkt% f}Ros [Link] l bfr voLFkk;ka /krqlaKk;ka yfV frfi
'kfi bMkxes [Link]¿okns'ks p Ñrs [Link]"kfr bfr fl¼Ôfr] v=k psr~ ^dk;hZ fufeÙk&

1- [Link]=ke~ (2-3-37)
2- [Link]=ke~ (6-1-9)
3- [Link]=ke~ (3-1-7)
68 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
r;k ukJh;rs* bR;so ifjHkk"kk LohfØ;rs rnk lÂUrL; ;ÄUrL; p f}Roe~ bR;FkZdkr~
¶lU;Äks%¸ bfr lw=kkr~ (lÂUrL; dkf;ZRokr~) fuokZgks u L;kr~] ifjHkk"kk;ka dk;kZuHq ko&
dr`RZ ofo'ks"[Link] bl% dk;kZuHq kodr`RZ okHkkokr~ fufeÙkinsu x`ghrqa 'kD;rs vr% ukfLr
dkfpr~ vkifÙk%A ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjxzUFks ,rfLeu~ lUnHksZ uSdkfu erkfu fo|Urs rFkk fg&
v=k dk;kZuqHkodr`ZRo×p lEHkkofuoaQ xzkáe~] rsu ^nq|q"kfr* bR;L; flf¼%A vU;Fkk
^fno~* /krks% lfu mQfB fn$mQ$l bfr voLFkk;ke~ f}RofufeÙkRosu mQBeknk;
^f}oZpu* bfr ;.kks fu"ks/¿s H;kls mdkjL; [Link]Ùk% vLekoaQ i{ks rq ;.k~ vtkns'k%
L;kr~ rnk ^|w* 'kCnL; f}Ros mQB% dk;kZuqHkodr`ZRosu u fu"ks/%A ,rLekr~ [Link] o
v=k vkns'kfu"ks/LFkkfu:ikfrns'ki{k;ks% iQySD;flf¼%A u pSoefi f}RofufeÙkkpa
pÄeknk; f}Rokr~ iwo± xkÄkns'kfu"ks/kr~ ^vè;thxifnfr* :iL;kflf¼% L;kfnfr
okP;e~ bfr] u ;rks fg fufeÙkrkinsu ¶vO;ofgriwoRZ olEcU/kofPNÂkoPNsndrkfHkÂk;k
fofof{krRosu nks"kks ukfLr¸A
u p d'kCnknkpkjfDocUrknrqfl ^pdrqfj*R;=kkrks yksiL; vp~i;kZIrfufeÙkd&
RokHkkosuksDrfu"ks/kizo`Ù;k iwoZerks yksis ,dkpks¿Hkkosu f}RokukiR;ksDr:ikflf¼fjfr
okP;e~] ,dkt~H; vkpkjfDoiks¿Hkkokr~] izR;;kUrRosu uO;ers vkeqRiÙks'pksDr:iL;So
vfl¼ps"VkiÙks%] f}RofufeÙk?kVdks ;ks¿p~ rnkfni;kZIrfufeÙkkd vkns'kks usR;[Link]&
nks"kkPpA u p Hkouh;rs% lfu f}Rokr~ iwoZeufufeÙ[Link] fu"ks/s fcHkouhf;"krh
R;=kkH;kls [Link]Ùk%] u p ^vks% iq;f.k* bR;usu bÙoa L;kfnfr okP;e~] ;su
ukO;o/kufefr U;k;su lksÙkj[[Link];o/ku ,o rRizo`Ùksfjfr okP;e~A ^izR;;* bfr
o{;kfe bfr izÑrlw=kLFkHkk";s.k f}RofufeÙkrki;kZIR;f/dj.k&izR;;?kVdkp ,o r=k
[Link]~ vu?kVdL;krFkkRosuknks"kkr~A u pSoa fu#Drizdkjs.k Hkk";èouufu:[Link]Äõfrfjfr
okP;e~ ^vfp fde~\ ts?kzh;r* bfr izR;[Link]Ùkja izR;; bfr o{;kfe bR;L; Hkk";s
fu:[Link] izR;[Link] p izR;; bR;L;kKkusu rkn`'kizR;[Link]; ifjHkk"kk&lÙo
,o lÄõÙ;k rRdYiuk;k mfprRosu nks"kkHkkokfnfr osQpu vkpk;kZ% onUrhfr oLrqrLrq&
Hkxork Hkk";dkjs.k ¶f}oZpus¿phfr¸ lw=ks lekxrL; ^xkÄ~ izfr"ks/%* bfr okfÙkZdL;
izR;k[;kua Ñre~] rsu ifjHkk"ks;a èofurk orZr]s rFkk fg ^xkÄ~ fyVhfr* lw=kL; ^ydkjknkS
fyfV bÄks xkÄ~ L;kfnR;Fk± izdYI; mi;qZDrokfÙkZoaQ izR;k[;kre~*A r=k fg vfp bfr
fufeÙklIreh u rq ijlIreh] vU;Fkk ,s'kkns'kksÙkja f}Ros drZO;s LFkkfu:ikfrns'kkifÙk%
nqokZjSo L;kr~A rFkk psÄo;oekfJR; lw=kizo`Ùks% lqopr;k izR;k[;kuklÄõfr%A ee rq
mDrifjHkk"k;k bÄ% dkf;ZRosu fufeÙkRokHkkokÙkeknk; lw=kizo`fÙk% drqeZ 'kD;Sosfr fno~QA
ifjHkk"kkfopkjkoljs osQpu vkpk;kZ% ifjHkk"kka uSokÄõhoqQoZfUr] rFkk fg ^fDÄfr
p* bfr lw=ks fDÄr% izR;;L;So [Link] rsu rnkns% mifLFkR;k fDÄfÂ:firrnkfn?kVdL;So
[Link]"ks/kr~ ^vè;srk* bR;knkS rnHkkosu ^fDÄ~fr ps*R;L;kizo`Ù;k ifjHkk"kk;k% iQya
ukLrhfrA u p ^ kÜ .` kksfr* bR;L; 'uqiRz ;;fof'k"VL;kfi rnkfnRosu rn~?kVdL; [Link];
^dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs* bfr ifjHkk"kkleh{[Link]~ 69
fÄ~Rosu p [Link]"ks/kifrjrLr}[Link]; ifjHkk"kk¿¿o';dhfr okP;e~ ^fDÄfr p* bR;=k
fufnZ"VifjHkk"kksifLFkR;k fDÄ~nO;ofgriwoLZ ; rnknsfjdks [Link]`f¼fu"ks/fo/kusu vnks"kkr~A
fxRlkgp;sZ.k fDÄR;fi iwoZL;SosdLrfÂ"ks/ bfr rq u lE;o~Q] ft".ko;fr bR;=k
rnkfn?kVdL;kfi fxr% lEHkosu rFkk lkgp;[Link] ekukHkkokr~A ^fDÄfr p* bR;L;
ifjHkk"kkRosu rÙkn~x.q ko`¼kfnfo/kS fDÄfr p bR;L;ksifLFkR;k lkeF;suZ [Link];oèkkus
rRizoÙ` ks% Lohdkjkr~ ouks% fdRolkeF;suZ [Link]`f¼fufeÙkizR;;fHkÂgy~O;o/kus¿fi ,rr~ioz Ù` ks%
iwoZeqDrRokPp ^xqrk fHkÂe~* bR;kfny{;s"kq u nks"kkodk'k bfr r=kSo lw=ks Hkk";s Li"Ve~A
,oe~ ^vfjfj"kfr* bR;=kkfi ¶f}oZpus¿phfr¸ lw=ks vp% ijfLeu~ bR;r% ^iwoZfo/kS*
bR;uqoR;Z f}oZpukof/diwoLZ ;So fo/kS rRizoÙ` ksjkns'kfu"ks/dYis¿tknsf}Zrh;L;srhl~'kCnL;
f}RoizkIR;k iwofZ of/RokHkkosu :ikfrns'kdYis p fjl~'kCnL; f}RoizkIR;k iwoiZ jksHk;fof/
lÙosu iwoLZ ;SoA fo/kukHkkosu lw=kkizkIR;k ifjHkk"kkfo"k;kHkkokfHkÂiQyS"kkA vr ,o Hkk";s
uS"kk [Link].k DofpnqDrkA uk¿I;qDrkFksZ funs'Z k:iKkidlEHko%A ^f}oZpus¿fp* bR;L;
vtkfnf}oZpuizR;;sijs rn~?kVdfufeÙkdktkns'k iwoZfo/kS LFkkfuofnR;FkZ%A
vtkfnf}RofufeÙkHkwr'pkFkZon~?kfVr bR;oè;of/erks% lktkR;kÙknO;ofgriwoks¿Z &
I;FkZon?kfVr ,o x`árs] rsu vè;thx"kr~ bR;=k bÄ~/krqjO;ofgriwoksZ u .;Ur'pkFkZon&
?kfVrks usfr u nks"k%A vè;srRs ;knkS vdkjkns% [Link] izfr leokf;[Link];qDreso]
?kVkfndk;ZlÙkkn'kk;ka dikykns% leokf;[Link];so [Link];ZlÙkkn'kk;kfedkjknsorZ eZ ku&
RoL;kHkkosu rÙoklEHkokr~A leokf;[Link]'kL; dk;Zuk'k'kCnkI;r;k bdkjkfnLFkkfuuk'ks
[Link]|kns'kkuka uk'kizlÄõk% psfr mPN`…yk% onfUrA

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa

jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr
& vt; oqQekj
'kks/Nk=k] xaxkukFk >k ifjlj]
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

bl fucU/ esa ys[kd us vusd dkO;h; m¼[Link] ls izkphu ykSfdd

laLÑr lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA

laLÑr&lkfgR; dh efgek osQoy Hkkjro"kZ esa gh ugha] vfirq leLr lalkj esa
izfl¼ gSA Hkkl] dkfynkl] HkoHkwfr] Hkkjfo] ek?k] HkfV~V] Jhg"kZ] lqcU/q] [Link]] ck.k]
/uiky vkfn laLÑr osQ lkfgR;dkjksa dh lkfgfR;d /jksgj dks izR;sd ns'k osQ
euhf"k;ksa us ekU;rk iznku dh gSA gekjs Hkkjro"kZ esa rks budh dkO;dyk dh deuh;rk
dks vkt Hkh lHkh fu"i{k fo}ku~ ,d Loj ls eguh; ,oa Li`[Link]; ekurs gSaA gekjs
izkphu laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa esa Hkh vusd ,sls lkfgR;dkj gq, gSa] ftudh jpukvksa esa
jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dk lqjhyk Loj lqukbZ nsrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa oqQN lkfgR;dkjksa osQ uke
izeq[k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa] ftuosQ uke bl izdkj gSa&Hkkl] dkfynkl] fo'kk[knÙk]
HkfV~V] HkoHkwfr] eqjkfj] vuUrHkV~V] {ksesUnz] Jhg"kZ] fo|kifr] u;upUnzlwfj] ek/o]
pUnz'ks[kj vkfn gSaA
Hkkl osQ :id %&
laLÑr&lkfgR;kdk'k esa Hkkl ,d nsnhI;eku u{k=k osQ :i esa fo[;kr gSaA
;|fi buosQ :idksa esa yksdkuqj×tu dh iz/kurk gS] rFkkfi buosQ vusd :idksa esa
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] 'khy rFkk LokfHkekuijd [Link] feyrs gSAa jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dh
dFkkvksa osQ va'kksa ls mifuc¼ fd, x, bu :idksa dks i<+dj izkphu Hkkjrh; xfjek
vkSj efgek osQ izfr vkd"kZ.k] vkReh;rk vkSj LokfHkeku osQ Hkkoksa dh vuqHkwfr gksus
yxrh gSaA D;ksafd jke] y{e.k] Ñ".k] cyjke] Hkh"e] [Link];Z] ;qf/f"Bj] Hkhe]
vtquZ ] vfHkeU;q vkfn Hkkjrh; ohjksa rFkk dkS'kY;k] lqfe=kk] lhrk vkfn Hkkjrh; vkn'kZ
efgykvksa osQ [Link] jksek×pd pfjrksa dk bu :idksa esa vrho ltho fp=k.k
fd;k x;k gSA jkT;izkfIr osQ fy, viuh 'kfDr }kjk 'k=kqneu dh pqukSrh nh xbZ gS_
( 70 )
izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr 71
nhurk dks R;kxus dh ;kn fnykbZ xbZ gS1_ ;q¼Hkwfe esa ekjs tkus ij LoxZizkfIr rFkk
fot;h gksus ij ;'kksykHk dh rF;kRed ckr dgdj Hkkjrh; ohjksa dh lkFkZd fuHkhZdrk
izdV dh xbZ gS2A buesa lHkh iztkvksa esa lEifÙk;ksa osQ fuokl vkSj foifÙk;ksa osQ fouk'k
dh bPNk,¡ dh xbZ gSaA bUgksaus fgeky; ls ysdj lkxji;ZUr viuh Hkkjrh; olqU/jk
osQ ,dkri=k 'kklu dh dkeuk,¡ dh gSa%&
beka lkxji;ZUrka fgeof}Uè;[Link]~A
eghesdkri=kkÄïka jktflag% iz'kkLrq u%AA3
dkfynkl %&
laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa esa dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA bUgksaus
vfHkKku'kkoqQUry] foØekso'Z kh; rFkk ekyfodkfXufe=k uked rhu n`';dkO;ksa dh vkSj
j?kqoa'k] oqQekjlaHko] es?knwr rFkk ½rqlagkj uked pkj JO;dkO;ksa dh jpuk dh gSA
dkfynkl osQ dkO;:ih lkxj esa vusd izdkj osQ HkkokRed rFkk dykRed
jRuksa dk feJ.k feyrk gSA dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dk cgqr gh
euksje [Link] fd;k x;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dkfynkl dks HkkjrHkwfe osQ
d.k&d.k ls I;kj gS_ mudh n`f"V esa mÙkj esa fgeky; ls ysdj nf{k.k esa dU;koqQekjh
rd vkSj if'pe osQ dEckst ls ysdj iwoZ esa dfyax rd ,d lqegku~ Hkkjrjk"Vª dh
ewfrZerh ifjdYiuk gS4A bUnqerh osQ Lo;aoj osQ volj ij Hkh lquUnk osQ }kjk jktkvksa
dk ifjp; nsus osQ ekè;e ls mUgksaus ex/] vax] voUrh] efg"erh] eFkqjk] dfyax]
ik.M~; rFkk dkS'ky uke ls fo[;kr Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk cM+s gh vfHkfuos'k osQ lkFk
[Link] fd;k gS5A blh izdkj ;{k osQ eq[k ls es?k dks vydkiqjh dk ekxZ crkus osQ O;kt
ls mUgksua s jkefxfj] ekyons'k] vkezoQw Vfxfj] jsok unh] n'[Link]'s k] fofn'kkuxjh] os=korh
unh] uhpfxfj] fufoZè;k unh] nsofxfj] LdUnefUnj] [Link] unh] czãoÙkZ ns'k]
oqQ#{ks=k] ljLorhunh] du[kyrhFkZ] xaxkunh] fgefxfj] ØkSapjU/z] oSQyk'kfxfj rFkk
vydkiqjh dk tks [Link] [Link] fd;k gS mlesa Hkh mudk vius ns'k osQ izfr izxk<+
ifjp; ,oa izse gh izeq[k gsrq gS6A Hkkjrekrk osQ fdjhV cus gq, fgeky; osQ [Link]
izlxa ksa esa rks mudh dYiuk dks ia[k yx x, gSAa mUgksua s mls nsokRek dk fo'ks"k.k nsdj
mlosQ izfr vius ân; dh J¼k izdV dh gSA mldh izkÑfrd 'kksHkk ,oa izkÑfrd
1- nwrokD;e~ 1@24
2- [Link]~ 1@12
3- LoIuoklonÙke~ 6@19
4- j?kqoa'ke~] prqFkZ lxZ
5- j?kqoa'ke~ 6@20&79
6- es?knwre~ ^iwoZes?k*
72 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lEink dk ,slk euksgkjh [Link] fd;k gS] ftls i<+dj izR;sd Hkkjrh; osQ eu esa mlosQ
izfr vkReh;rk vkSj xkSjo osQ Hkko mfnr gks mBrs gSaA mUgksaus mls i`Foh dk ekun.M
crk;k gS_a fofo/ jRuksa vkSj vkS"kf/;ksa dk vkdkj dgk gS_a thounkf;uh ty'kfDr dk
Ïksr dgk gS_ vFkkZr~ fofo/ oulEink dk [Link] crk;k gS1A
j?kqoa'kh jktkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk [Link] djrs le; dkfynkl osQ eu esa
vius jk"Vª osQ izfr Hkh dY;k.k dh dkeuk jgh gSA mudh n`f"V esa ;g rF; Hkkjrh;ksa
osQ fy, vrho xkSjo/k;d gS fd j?kqoa'kh jktkvksa us leqnz i;ZUr Hkkjr jk"Vª dh cM+h
gh oqQ'kyrk osQ lkFk ns[kHkky dh gS vkSj viuh iztk dh HkykbZ osQ fy, os lrr~
tkx:d jgs gSaA iQyLo:i iztk Hkh mUgsa viuk firk ekuk djrh Fkh2A fnyhi] j?kq]
vt] n'kjFk] jke vkfn jktkvksa }kjk fd, x, jk"Vª;'kkso/Zu osQ dk;Zdykiksa dks dkfynkl
us vius dkO; esa vrho egÙo fn;k gSA vius jk"Vª dk vPNh rjg Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus
osQ xq.k dks gh ns[kdj mUgksaus 'kkoqQUrys; dk uke Hkkjr mn~Hkkfor fd;k gS3A
dkfynkl osQ euksefLr"d esa Hkkjrh; laLÑr osQ izfr Hkh vxk/ vknj]
fo'okl vkSj LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk Hkjh gqbZ FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muosQ dkO;ksa esa
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh leqTtoy NVk fNVdrh gqbZ ykspu&xkspj gksrh gSA R;kx] riL;k
vkSj riksou] tks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vfHk vax gSa] buosQ dkO;ksa esa vrho euksje
[Link] miyC/ gksrk gSA ofl"B] okYehfd] d.o vkSj ekjhp tSls ½f"k;ksa osQ vkJeksa
dk [Link] i<+dj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ izfr eLrd J¼kour gksus yxrk gSA dkfynkl
osQ dkO;ksa esa Hkkjrjk"Vª osQ lHkh [Link] izrhdksa dk vkd"kZ.k ,oa izsjd [Link] gqvk
gSA iQyLo:i mudh dkO;lEink esa Hkkjrjk"Vª dh vkRek gh izfriQfyr gks mBh gSA
blfy, ge yksxksa dks mUgsa Hkkjr dk jk"Vªdfo Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A

fo'kk[knÙk %&
egkdfo fo'kk[knÙk dh ize[q k Ñfr ^eqnkz jk{kl* gSA eqnkz jk{kl dh izkLrkouk ls
fo'kk[knÙk osQ fo"k; esa oqQN tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA izLrkouk esa dgk x;k gS&
v| lkeUroVs'ojnÙkikS=kL; egkjktinHkko~Qi`Fkqlwuks%
dosfoZ'kk[knÙkL; Ñfr% eqækjk{kla uke ukVoaQ ukVf;rO;e~A
blls Kkr gksrk gS fd fo'kk[knÙk osQ firkeg lkeUr oVs'ojnÙk Fks vkSj firk
egkjkt i`FkqA oqQN [Link] esa firk dk uke egkjkt HkkLdjnÙk feyrk gSA lkeUr
vkSj egkjkt 'kCnksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd buosQ iwoZt fdlh jktk osQ v/hu NksVs jktk

1- oqQekjlaHkoe~ 1@1&16
2- j?kqoa'ke~ 1@5&30
3- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 7@33
izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr 73
FksA lEHkor% blhfy, fo'kk[knÙk dh ckY;dky ls gh jktuhfr esa #fp jgh vkSj mlh
dk ifjikd eqnzkjk{kl gSA fo'kk[knÙk dk nwljk uke fo'kk[knso Hkh feyrk gSA
bl ukVd esa [Link]; rFkk jk{kl uked owQVuhfrfuiq.k vekR;ksa dh jktfu"BkRed
xfrfof/;ksa dk fp=k.k gSA blesa [Link]; dks liQyrk rFkk jk{kl dks foiQyrk izkIr
gqbZ gSA ;|fi ;g ukVd jktuhfr osQ owQV iz;ksxksa ls vksr&izksr gS] rFkkfi [Link]; dh
uUnfouk'kiwoZd vfHkf"kDr fd, x, lezkV pUnzxqIr osQ izfr 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ rFkk jkT;
dh iztk osQ izfr mlh dY;[Link] le`f¼ dh vk'kk,¡ izdkjkUrj ls jkf"Vª; Hkkouk
osQ gh :i esa vkHkkflr gksus yxrh gSA og vius 'k=kqHkwr vekR; jk{kl dks o'k esa
djosQ vius LFkku ij mls lezkV pUnzxqIr dk vekR; cukuk pkgrk gSA D;ksafd og
tkurk gS fd jk{kl ije LokfeHkDr gS vkSj o`gLifr osQ leku cqf¼eku~ gSA blfy,
;fn og fdlh Hkh izdkj foo'k gksdj pUnzxqIr dk lkfpO; Lohdkj dj ys rks
lkezkT; dh lq[k'kkfUr vkSj le`f¼ laHko vkSj lqjf{kr gks losQxhA vU;Fkk og uUnoa'k
osQ izfr HkfDreku~ gksus osQ dkj.k lnSo pUnzxqIr dh iztk esa fonzksg osQ Hkko Hkjrk gh
jgsxk1A bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ gsrq [Link]; us vusd owQVuhfrd iz;ksxksa }kjk jk{kl
dks o'khHkwr dj Hkh fy;k vkSj mls pUnzxIq r dk iz/kukekR; cukdj gh lq[k dh lk¡l
yh2A
ge dg ldrs gSa fd [Link]; us uUn dk fouk'k Hkys gh vius O;fDrxr
izfr'kks/ dh Hkkouk ls fd;k gks] fdUrq jk{kl dks o'khHkwr djus esa rks [Link];fu"B
lkezkT;fo"k;d lq[k'kkfUr ,oa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk dks gh Js; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

HkfV~V %&
egkdfo HkfV~V vius le; osQ vlk/kj.k fo}ku~ FksA ;s O;kdj.k vkSj dkO;&
'kkL=k osQ /qjU/j ,oa eeZK [Link] FksA O;kdj.k&'kkL=k dh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djrs
gq, dkO; osQ }kjk O;kdj.k fl[kkus dk iz;Ru djus dk Js; HkfV~V dks gSA blesa mUgsa
i;kZIr liQyrk feyh gSA bldk izek.k ;gh gS fd xzUFk dk eq[; uke ^[Link]/*
izpfyr u gksdj ^HkfV~VdkO;* gh izpfyr gks x;kA bl jkedFkk ls lEcfU/r ckbZl
lxks± dk egkdkO; gS ftlesa 1624 'yksd gSA bl egkdkO; esa vk;Z (Hkkjrh;)
laLÑfr osQ izrhd ,oa laj{kd Jhjke dk vuk;Z (vHkkjrh;) laLÑfr osQ izrhd ,oa
laj{kd yadkujs'k jko.k osQ lkFk O;fDrxr gksus osQ ckotwn jkf"Vª; Lrj ij ;q¼ [Link]
fd;k x;k gSA rkM+dk] lqckgq] ekjhp vkfn vusd vuk;Z] tks jk{kl laLÑfr osQ iks"kd
,oa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ fojks/h Fks] mÙkj Hkkjr esa v;ksè;k vkSj fefFkyk osQ chp viuk
vM~Mk tek, gq, FksA egf"kZ fo'okfe=k dh ;kstukuqlkj Jhjke&y{e.k us budk fouk'k
1- eqnzkjk{kle~ 1@13&16
2- eqnzkjk{kle~ 7@6&19
74 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
djosQ vk;ZlaLÑfr osQ laj{k.k osQ jkf"Vª; Lrj ij [Link]'k fd;k gS1A 'kwiZ.k[kk osQ
izlax esa gesa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk fd >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA y{e.k }kjk ukfldk osQ dkVs
tkus ij 'kwiZ.k[kk [kj] nw"k.k vkSj f=kf'kjk] tks jko.k osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa nf{k.k
Hkkjr esa [Link] esa viuk vkf/iR; tek, gq, Fks vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ mikldksa
dks ihfM+r djrs jgrs Fks] osQ ikl tkdj viuh nqnZ'kk dh dFkk vius <ax ls dgrh
gSA vkSj mUgsa izfr'kks/ osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA lHkh izfr'kks/ gsrq vius pkSng gtkj
jk{klksa dh lsuk ysdj jke&y{e.k ls ;q¼ djus vkrs Hkh gSa_ fdUrq jke&y{e.k osQ
[Link] dh ekj ls ;efuosQru osQ vfrfFk gks tkrs gSaA ;g ns[kdj 'kwiZ.k[kk leqnzikj
yadk esa jk{kljkt jko.k tks mldk HkkbZ Fkk_ osQ ikl tkrh gS mls yadk osQ jkT; rFkk
jk{kltkfr osQ [krjs osQ :i esa vk, gq, ekuo tkrh; jke&y{e.k dh lwpuk nsrh gS
vkSj mls owQVuhfr osQ izfr tkx:d djosQ jke&y{e.k osQ fouk'k osQ fy, mRoaQfBr
djrh gSa bl [Link] izlax esa mldk viuk jkf"Vª;Hkkouk mHkjrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS2A
blh izdkj es?kukn vius fir`O; fofHk"k.k dks vius ns'k] tkfr vkSj laLÑfr dh nqgkbZ
nsdj jke ls foeq[k djuk pkgk gS_ fdUrq foHkh"k.k osQ ân; osQ lqn<` + foosd osQ dkj.k
mls liQyrk ugha feyrh gS3A
egkdkO; osQ vUr esa yadk ls iq"id foeku }kjk v;ksè;k osQ fy, izLFkku
djus osQ iwoZ Jhjke us Hkjr osQ ikl vius loqQ'ky okil ykSVus osQ lekpkj dks 'kh?kz
gh tkdj lqukus osQ fy, guqeku dks Hkstrs le; ekxZn'kZu osQ O;kt ls yadk ls
v;ksè;ki;ZUr Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk tks [Link] fd;k gS rFkk Lo;a ykSVrs le; lhrk dks
Hkh mu Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk tks lksYykl n'kZu ,oa ifjp; djk;k gSa] og fu'p; gh
dfofu"B ns'kizse dk gh izrhd gS4A

HkoHkwfr %&
egkdfo HkoHkwfr vius le; osQ izdk.M [Link] rFkk eeZK fo}ku~ FksA bUgksaus
vius rhuksa ukVdksa dh izLrkouk esa viuk oa'k ifjp; vkSj thou&o`Ùk dk [Link] fd;k
gSA ;s nf{k.k Hkkjr esa in~eiqj osQ fuoklh FkhA Ñ".k;tqosZn dh rSfÙkjh; 'kk[kk&ikBh
czkã.k FksA budk xks=k dk';i FkkA firkeg dk uke HkV~Vxksiky vkSj firk dk uke
uhyd.B FkkA ekrk dk uke [Link] ;k [Link] FkkA budk ewy&uke Jhd.B ;k
HkV~V Jhd.B FkkA dfo :i esa HkoHkwfr uke ls fo[;kr gq,A fofo/ 'kkL=kksa osQ

1- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 2@20&37
2- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 4@15
3- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 17@32&40
4- HkfV~VdkO;e~ 22@1&28
izkphu ykSfdd laLÑr&lkfgR; esa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk dh fLFkfr 75
fo'ks"kK Fks] vr% ^inokD;[Link]* dgs tkrs FksA HkoHkwfr osQ ukVdksa dh jpukØe
bl izdkj gS%& (d) ekyrhek/o] ([k) egkohjpfjr] (x) mÙkjjkepfjr gSaA
HkoHkwfr dh dkO;e;h HkO; Hkkoukvksa ,oa dykRed dYiukvksa ls laLÑr&txr~
dk leh{kd HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSA vkfndfo okYehfd dh gh Hkk¡fr HkoHkwfr dks Hkh
vius vk;Zn's k ^Hkkjro"kZ* rFkk vk;ZlLa Ñfr ,oa lH;rk osQ izfr vf/d vkLFkk gSA ;gk¡
osQ oSfnd /eZ dk ikyu djus okyksa dk og xoZ osQ lkFk mYys[k djrs gSaA HkoHkwfr
dh n`f"V esa jke jko.k dk ;q¼ nks laLÑfr;ksa dk ;q¼ gS_ vkSj nks jk"Vªksa dk ;q¼ gSA
jko.k osQ eU=kh ekY;oku~ dh eU=[Link] dks i<+dj ;g rF; vkSj Hkh vf/d mtkxj
gks mBrk gSA og vuk;Z laLÑfr] jk{kltkfr rFkk yadkjk"Vª dh j{kk gsrq lnSo fpfUrr
jgrk gS_ blh n`f"Vdks.k dks ysdj og lnSo jko.k osQ fgr esa rRij jgrk gS_ vkSj vk;Z
laLÑfr] ekuotkfr rFkk vk;Zjk"Vª dh j{kk&lqj{kk osQ Hkkj dks liQyrkiwod Z ogu djus
dh {kerk j[kus okys jke osQ fouk'k osQ fy, og lHkh iz;Ru djrk gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa
osQ [Link] esa Hkh HkoHkwfr dh fu"Bk iz'kaluh; gSA jko.k dk o/ djus osQ i'pkr~ lhrk
dks ysdj y{e.k] lqxzho] foHkh"k.k vkfn osQ lkFk iq"id foeku ij cSBdj tc jke
Lons'k ykSVrs gSa rks ekxZ esa feyus okys Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk os cM+k gh euksgj vkSj
fpÙkkd"kZd [Link] djrs gSa1A blh izdkj mUgksaus mÙkjjkepfjr esa lhrk osQ euksfouksnkFkZ
y{e.k }kjk jkepfjr osQ fp=kksa dks iznf'kZr djus osQ izlax esa HkkxhjFkh] ';keoV]
iEikljksoj vkfn LFkkuksa dks cgqr gh euksgkjh:i esa fp=k.k fd;k gS2a A 'kEcwd osQ o/
osQ izlax esa Hkh mUgksaus [Link].; esa vk, gq, jke osQ ekè;e ls [Link]] xksnkojh
unh] iapoVh3 vkfn HkwHkkxksa dk cM+h gh Hkkoqdrk osQ lkFk [Link] fd;k gSA mi;qZDr
lUnHkksZ dks i<+dj ;g rF; Hkh mtkxj gks mBrk gS fd muesa jkf"Vª; Hkkouk osQ lkFk
gh lkFk vUrkjkf"Vª; Hkkouk Hkh fo|eku FkhA

eqjkfj %&
egkdfo eqjkfj dh ,dek=k Ñfr ^vu?kZjk?ko* gh izkIr gksrh gSA ;g lkr vadks
dk ukVd gSA blesa jkek;.k dh dFkk [Link] gSA fo'okfe=k ;K dh j{kk osQ fy,
n'kjFk ls jke vkSj y{e.k dks ek¡xrs gSaA ;gk¡ ls ysdj jkejkT;kfHk"ksd rd dh dFkk
[Link] gSA ;|fi bl ukVd esa egkohjpfjr dh Hkk¡fr jkf"Vª; Hkkoksa dk rhoz laosx
miyC/ ugha gksrk gS] fdUrq ge ;g Hkh ugha dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ukVd jkf"Vª; Hkkoksa
ls loZFkk 'kwU; gSa D;ksfa d ge ns[krs gSa fd ukVddkj us izkjEHk esa gh lw=k/kj osQ ekè;e

1- egkohjpfjre~ 7@7&29
2- mÙkjjkepfjre~ 1@23&33
3- mÙkjjkepfjre~ 2@13&30 rFkk r`rh;kÄï
76 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ls ;g Hkko izdV fd;k gS fd fdlh vU; }hi ls vk, gq, vfHkusrk ;gk¡ (Hkkjr)
osQ n'kZdks dks lUrq"V ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% mUgsa r`Ir djus osQ fy, ;gha
(Hkjr[k.M) osQ vfHkusrkvksa dks Hkys gh izokl esa D;ksa u gksa] vfHku; izn'kZu gsrq
vuqKk iznku dh xbZ] tks loZFkk mfpr gS1A
jko.k osQ ekrkeg rFkk eU=kh ekY;oku~ vkSj cgu 'kwiZ.k[kk osQ laokn esa
ukVddkj us Li"V fd;k gS fd okujjkt ckyh osQ eU=kh tkEcoku~ dks ;g ilUn ugha
Fkk fd mldk jktk jko.k dk fe=k cusA D;ksafd jko.k dh laLÑfr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
osQ foijhr FkhA fdUrq ckyh }kjk bl eU=[Link] dh mis{kk fd, tkus ij tkEcoku~ dh
xqIr eU=[Link] osQ vuqlkj guqeku] lqxzho dks ysdj ckyh ls vyx gks tkrs gSa2A
mi;qZDr lUnHkZ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dfo Hkkjrh; HkwHkkxksa dk vkReh;ijd
iz'kalk/k;d [Link] djosQ HkkjrHkwfe osQ izfr viuk vuqjkx izdV fd;k gS] tks mlosQ
fuxw<+ jkf"Vª;Hkkouk dks |ksfrr djrk gSA

ggg

1- vu?kZjk?koe~ 1@2&4
2- vu?kZjk?koe~ 2@fo"dEHkd
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

jRukdjs fg O;kns'kks oyknkofo'ks"kr%

& izks- vktknfeJks ^e/qdj%*
xkserhuxj] y[kumQ&226010

,rfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vkpk;Z% jRudjh; O;k[;kue~ vknk; /kRoFk±

izfrikfnroku~A

/krqefgek &
losZ 'kCnk /krqtk bfr fg 'kkdVk;u%A ½"ks% erfena fpjuohua loZFkk
;qfDr;qDra oSKkfuoaQ ns'kdkykckf/ra O;kogkfjoaQ pA lUrq uke /krqdYiuk;ke~
[Link]¼kUrks nSofl¼kUr% fl¼kUrkUrja fuR;Rooknks okA ija u osQoya laLÑrs izR;qr
Hkk"kkUrjs"ofi iz;qDrkuka inkuka y?kqreks¿o;oks /krqjsosfr u osQ"kkf×pnfi foefr%A
laLÑrO;[Link] fg /krwuka orZrs fo'kkyks [Link]%] ;LekRikFks;eknk; lokZ yksdHkk"kk%
lkeksne~ mithofUr] lksYykla leqYylfUr] O;ogkje~ mixPNfUr pA
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lw=ks.k lqLi"Va ;r~ ^fo"[Link] ekale~] vo"[Link] lwie~ bR;kfn% izpfyr% iz;ksx% iqjk]
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lhtuk > [kh>uk] mPNh fookls] fookl% lekfIr%] O;qPNfr > mfPNÂ gksuk] bR;soa
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folkj;fUrA ,rkn`'kks fg [Link] ifBrks /krq% ^vt 230 xfr{ksi.k;ks%* bfr èkkrqeus &
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78 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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vt xfr{ksi.k;ks% &
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bfrA lkoZ/krqdydkjs"kq yV~yksV~yÄ~fof/fyÄ~{kq 'krfj p /krks% ^vt* :ieso
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rFkkfi r=k oh:ia iz;qT;rs_ /kUoUrjRokr~A

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iz;qT;rs] u rq O;kns'k%A l rq vk/Z/krqdfo"k; ,o] r=k ukU;ks ^oh* /krq% iz;ksxkgZ%A

nh?kkZUr&vkns'k% &
vts% O;kns'kks¿;a nh?ksZdkjkUr% ^oh* bfrA ;|fi izosrk] izosrqe~ bR;knkS r`fp
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1- HkkV~VrU=kjgL;e~ i`"B la- 22

laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku

& MkW- lqeu 'kekZ
(ih-Mh-,iQ-)] xksgkuk jksM+] lksuhir] gfj;[Link]

izLrqr fucU/ esa ys[kd us oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku dk vUrlZEcU/

izLrqr fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; ijEijk osQ vuqlkj osn Kku&foKku osQ vuUr [Link] gSaA oSfnd èkeZ]
n'kZu] lkfgR; rFkk laLÑfr osQ Lo:i dk ;FkkrF; fo'ys"k.k rc rd lEHko ugha
gS tc rd ^;K* dks ugha tku ysrAs ;g ,d O;kid 'kCn gS] tks l`f"V osQ d.k&d.k
esa O;kIr gSaA ½Xosn esa ;g 'kCn ik¡p lkS vLlh ckj] ;tqosZn esa nks lkS rSarkyhl ckj]
lkeosn esa frjlB ckj rFkk vFkoZosn esa nks lkS vM+lV ckj vFkkZr~ pkjksa osnksa esa ;g
,d gtkj ,d lkS pkSjklh ckj iz;ksx gqvk gSA ^;K* 'kCn nsoiwtk] lÄõfrdj.k vkSj
nku vFkZokyh √ ;t~ /krq ls ls uÄ~ izR;; djosQ fu"i gqvk gS ftl deZ esa ijes'oj
dk iwtu] fo}kuksa dk lRdkj] lÄõfrdj.k vFkkZr~ esy vkSj gfo vkfn dk nku fd;k
tkrk gS] mls ;K dgrs gS1A vkpk;Z lk;.k osQ erkuqlkj mfí'; nsorka æO;R;kxks
;kxks¿fHk/h;rs2 vFkkZr~ nsork fo'ks"k osQ fy, vfXu esa gO; inkFkks± dk R;kx djuk
;K dgykrk gSA fu?[Link] (3-17) osQ vuqlkj ;K dks vèoj] es?k] loue~] vfXugks=k]
nsork] bf"V] bUnz] iztkifr] /ekZfn ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA ½Xosn rFkk ;tqonZs esa ;K
dks izFke /eZ dgk x;k gSA3 ;Kks oS Js"Brea deZ osQ vk/kj ij gh [Link] ekuo
thou ;Ke; cryk;k x;k gSA vfXu esa gfonzO; dh vkgqfr nsuk ;K dk LFkwy Lo:i
gSA ;K dk O;qRifÙkijd vFkZ blosQ O;kid :i dks izdV djrk gSA ;K dk Lo:i
^;K foKku* gS blosQ vk/kj ij gh ekuo }kjk vkè;kfRed rFkk vkf/HkkSfrd ;K dh
O;k[;k lEHko gSA ;Kh; i¼fr gh ekuo dh okLrfod thou i¼fr gSA ;g i¼fr
czãk.M dh izfØ;k osQ lkFk&lkFk fi.M:i ekuo nsg esa Hkh fujUrj pyrh jgrh gS
1- ;t nsoiwtklÄõ[Link]"kq] Hokfn ^;t;kp;rfoPNizPNj{kks* uÄ~ izR;;A v"Vkè;k;h]
[Link]] 3-3&90
2- rS-l-] 3-5-11-5] ,s-czk-] 1-1-7
3- ;Ksu ;Ke;tUr nsokLrkfu /[Link] izFkekU;klu~A
rsg ukoaQ efgZeku% lpUr ;=k iwosZ lkè;k% lfUr nsok%AA ½- 1-164-50] 10-90-16]
;tq- 31-16
( 88 )
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tks HkkSfrd :i esa yksd O;ogkj osQ fy, Hkh furkUr vko';d gSA bl izdkj ;K
eq[;r% czã[Link];] fi.M rFkk HkkSfrd rhuksa Lrjksa ij lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA

;K vkSj czãk.M
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gS mls czãk.M dgrs gSA oSKkfud txr~ bldks [Link] ekurs gS blfy, fo'o dh
laKk czãk.M gSA laLÑr fgUnh dks'k esa czãk.M dks ,d [Link] Hkqoudks"k dgk
x;k gS ftlosQ Hkhrj ls ;g lkjk txr~ mRi gqvk gSA1 ;K ,d czã[Link]; O;oLFkk
gSA ;gh czãk.M dk osQUnz fcUnq ,oe~ mn~HkoLFky gSA2 ;K ls vf[ky czãk.M mRiÂ
gqvk gS rFkk lnSo ;K esa gh izfrf"Br jgrk gSA ;K fo'o dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrk gS
rFkk l`f"V osQ vUr rd fLFkj jgrk gS D;ksafd l`f"V dk dkj.k Hkh ;gh gSA3 i×p&
HkwrkRed czãk.M osQ leku i×pko;o ;K dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA4 lk;.k us ,srjs;
czkã.k osQ m¼j.k dks Li"V djrs gq, ;K osQ gfo"iÄ~fDr vkfn Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij
i×pla[;kRed Lo:i esa Li"V fd;k gS izk.k&vki&oko~Q&vÂ&vÂkn] Lo;aHkw]
ijes"Bh] lw;Z&pUnz ,oa i`fFkoh Hksnsu ;K ikÄ~Dr gS5 vFkkZr~ i×pko;o gSA 'kriFk
czkã.k esa r`rh; dk.M osQ f}rh; [[Link] loaRlj esa Hkh olUr] xzh"e o"kkZ] 'kjn~
,oa gseUr rFkk f'kf'kj Hksn osQ ik¡p ½rq,¡ gSAa gseUr vkSj f'kf'kj dks ,d ekudj ik¡p
gh ½rq,¡ laoRlj esa gksrh gSaA 72&72 fnuksa dh ,d ½rq vjfRu;ksa osQ ifjek.k dk
gh ;Kgsrq dkVuk pkfg,A twfy;l ,xfyÄõ egksn; us vuqokn djrs gq, ;K dks
i×pko;o dgk gS & Fivefold is the sacrifice.6 LFkwy n`f"V ls ns[kus ij rks ;K
cká deZdk.M izrhr gksrk gS ijUrq ;g xqá jgL; dk izrhd gSA ;g deZdk.M ek=k
ugha izR;qr czãk.M esa dk;Zjr izÑfr dh vuUr 'kfDr;ksa esa ijLij leUo; ,oa
lke×tL; LFkkfir djus osQ fy, mQtkZ iznku djrk gSA lHkh rÙoksa osQ vf/"Bkr` nsork
czã[Link]; eq[; rÙo gS vkSj ;K nsorkvksa dk og vkokl gS tks vlqjksa }kjk dHkh Hkh
u"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA7 ;K lHkh Hkwrksa ,oa nsorkvksa dh vkRek gSA8
1- laLÑr 'kCnkFkZ&dkSLrqHk] i`- 835-
2- v;a ;K% HkqouL; ukfHk%A ½- 1-63-35
;K% cHkwo HkqouL; ukfHk%A rS-czk-] 2-4-7-5
3- ;K ,o vUrr% izfrfr"Bfr%A rS-czk-] 1-8-12
czã fuR;a ;Ks izfrf"Bre~A xhrk] 3-15
4- ikÄïks oS ;K%A 'k-czk-] 3-6-4-17_ ,s-czk-] 2-3-6
5- ;ks oS ;Ks gfo"iÄ~fDr osnA ,s-czk- 2-3-6
6- Eggeling, The Satapatha-Brahmana, Part-II, p.166.
7- ,rr~ [kyq oS nsokukeijkftrek;rue~A ;|K%A rS-czk-] 3-3-7-7
8- losZ"kka ok ,"k Hkwrkuka losZ"kka nsokukekRek ;|K%A 'k-czk- 14-3-2-1
90 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vkfnR; fujUrj izÑfr ls lkse:ih v dh vkgqfr xzg.k djrk jgrk gS rFkk
vkfnR; le`¼ jgrk gSA ;g izfØ;k czãk.M esa lrr~ pyrh jgrh gS blfy, txr~
dks ^vXuh"kksekRed* ;K dgk x;k gSA ,srjs;czkã.k1 osQ vuqlkj tks vfXuLrkse gS og
lk{kkr~ vfXu gh gS nsoksa us ml vfXu dh Lrkse ls Lrqfr dh blfy, bldk uke
^vfXuLrkse* gqvkA vfXuLrkse gksrs gq, mldks ijks{k :i ls ^vfXu"Vkse* uke ls
iqdkjrs gSa D;ksafd nso rks ijks{kfiz; gh gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ Lrkse 'kCn ls ^Lrkse 'yk?kk;ke~*
/krq dk laosQr gSA [Link];ksx osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ Lrkse osQ nUR; ^Lrks* dks ^"Vks* gks x;k
gSA czkã.kdkj us bls ijks{k iz;ksx dgk gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd fu;fer "VqRo dh
izkfIr u gksus osQ dkj.k gh bls ijks{k dgk x;k gSA2
fi.M Lrjh; ;K
fi.M 'kCn nsg dk okpd gS tks loZFkk czãk.M dh vuqÑfr gSA fi.M]
czãk.M dk gh y?kq:i gSA tks czãk.M esa gS mldk [Link]&[Link] ^fi.M* esa gS blfy,
dgk x;k gS ;[Link] rn~cã z [Link] i×pHkwrkRed czãk.M rFkk ekuo 'kjhj nksuksa ewyr%
,d :i gSA bu nksuksa esa fo|eku O;kIr iq#"k:i vkRek Hkh ,d gh gSA3 ftl izdkj
iq#"k osQ eu ls pUnzek] p{kq ls lw;Z] eq[k ls bUnz rFkk vfXu] izk.k ls ok;q] ukfHk ls
vUrfj{k] f'kj ls |qyksd] iSjksa ls Hkwfe] Jks=k ls fn'kk,¡ mRi gksdj4 czãk.M esa
O;ofLFkr gks x, blh izdkj nsorkvksa us ekuo 'kjhj esa Hkh fofHk vo;oksa esa izos'k
fd;k rFkk lw;Z p{kq cu x;k rFkk ok;q izk.kA5 'kjhj esa fo|eku tBjkfXu fuR;
HkksT;inkFkZ dh vkgqfr xzg.k djrh gS ftlls 'kfDr lEc¼Zu gksrk jgrk gS6 rFkk 'kjhj
esa v/ksHkkx esa dkefXu :i esa fo|eku vfXu l`f"V dk fodkl djrh gSA7 rSfÙkjh;

1- l lok ,"kks¿fXujso ;nfXu"Vkse%] ra ;nLrqoLa rLeknfXuLrkse%] refXuLrksea lUrefXu"Vkse

bR;kp{krs ijks{ks.k] ijks{kfiz;k bo fg nsok%A ,s-czk- 14-5
2- v"Vkè;k;h] 8-3-82
3- ;ks¿lkokfnR;s iq#"k% lks¿lkoge~A 'kq-;tq-] 40-17
l ;'pk;a iq#"ks ;'pklkokfnR;s l ,d%A rS-mi-] 2-8
4- pUnzek eulks tkr'p{kks% lw;ksZ vtk;rA
eq[kkfnUnz'pkfXu'p izk.k}kiqjtk;rAA
ukH;k vklhnUrfj{k 'kh".kksZ |kS% leaorZrA
inH;ka HkwfefnZ'k% Jks=kk rFkka yksdk vdYi;uAA ½-] 10-90-13&14
5- lw;Z'p{kqokZrk% izk.k iq#"kL; fo HksaftjsA ½-] 11-8-31
6- vga oS'okujks HkwRok [Link] nsgekfJr%A
[Link];qDr% ipkE;Âa prqfoZ/e~AA xhrk] 15-14
7- uS"kka f'k'ua izngfr tkrosnk% LoxsZ yksosQ cgq Ï[Link]"kke~A vFkoZ-] 4-34-2
oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku 91
rFkk i×pfoa'k czkã.k1 esa Li"Vr% ;K dh lkoZHkkSfedrk Lohdkjrs gq, ;g izfrikfnr
fd;k x;k gS fd ekuo thou Lo;eso ,d ;K gS ftldh lR;rk Lor% vuqHko dh
tk ldrh gSA euq"; ;teku :i esa Lo;a ;kxi'kq gS tks vkfnR; :i ;wi ls fuR;
ca/k jgrk gSA c`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~ esa euq"; osQ 'kjhj dks ;K'kkyk osQ :i esa foosfpr
djrs gq, dgk x;k gS] euq"; dh 'kjhj :ih ;K'kkyk esa pkj izeq[k ½fRot gS &
[Link] ;K dk gksrk] p{kq vèo;qZ gS] izk.k mn~xkrk rFkk eu czãk uked ½fRot gSA2
oko~Q gh ;K gS3 tks oko~Qla;eu djrk gS og ;K esa vkRelkr~ dj ysrk gSA ,slh
voLFkk esa euq"; ;fn Hkwyo'k oqQN cksy nsrk gS rks ;K vkRek ls ijkÄ~eq[k gks tkrk
gS og vkRek ls nwj fudy tkrk gSvkSj ,slh voLFkk esa izk;f'pr dk fo/ku gSA4
tc og Lokgk ;ka eul% mPpkj.k djrk gS rks eu ls ;K dk vkjEHk djrk gSA tc
og dgrk gS & LokgksjksjUrfj{kkr~ rc vUrfj{k ls vkjEHk djrk gSA vc dgrk gS&
Lokgk |koi`fFkohH;ke~ rc |kS ,oa i`fFkoh ls vkjEHk djrk gS ftuesa lHkh 'kkfey
gSaA5 oko~Q dks vfXu dgrs gq, dgk x;k gS & rL; ok ,rL;kXusokZxsoksifu"kr~A blh
vfXu esa tc lkse dh vkgqfr nh tkrh gS rks ;K gksrk gSA ;K ls gh czãk.M dh
fLFkfr jgrh gSA ;K ls gh vkRe&fLFkfr jgrh gSA 'kriFk czkã.k esa ;K dks iq#"k
dgk x;k gSA6 iq#"k gh ;K dks rkurk gS vkSj tc ru tkrk gS rks ;K bruk cM+k gks
tkrk gS ftruk iq#"kA7 ;K dh nkfguh Hkqtk tqgw gS rFkk ckbZ miHk`r gSA /zqok èkM+
gSA /M+ ls gh lc vax mitrs gSaA blfy, /zqok ls gh lc ;K mRi gksrs gSaA Ïqo
izk.k gSA ftl izdkj pSrU; izk.k 'kjhj osQ leLr vÄõksa esa fopj.k djrk gqvk 'kjhj
dks psruk iznku djrk gS mlh izdkj Ïqok uked ik=k leLr Ïqpksa ls lEcfU/r gksrk
gqvk ;K osQ liQy fu"iknu dk dkj.k curk gSA tqgw |kS yksd gSA miHk`r vUrfj{k
vkSj /zqok i`fFkohA i`fFkoh ls gh lc yksx mRi gksrs gS mlh izdkj /zqo ls gh ;K
mRi gksrk gSA ckS/k;u /eZl=w kdkj osQ er esa vk/ku osQ i'pkr~ tc vfXu;k¡ ;teku
esa fLFkr gksrh gS] rks xkgZiR; mlosQ izk.k:i essa] nf{[Link] mlosQ viku:i esa]
vkgouh; O;ku:i esa rFkk lH; o vkolF;kfXu;k¡ Øe'k% mnku rFkk leku :i esa
jgrh gSA 'kriFk czkã.k osQ vuqlkj ique`RZ ;qa eqP;rs ; ,oesorkefXugks=ks e`R;ksjfreqfDr
1- rS-czk-] 3-12-2-3&8_ i×p-czk-] 25-18-4
2- okXoS ;KL; gksrk] p{kqoSZ ;KL;kèo;qZ% [Link] oS ;KL;ksn~xkrk] euks oS ;KL; czãA
c`g-mi-] 3-9-24
3- okXoS ;KksA 'kr-czk- 3-2-2-3] 3-2-2-38
4- okXoS ;Kks ;KesoSrnkReU/ÙksA vFk ;n~ opa ;eks O;kgjfr rLeknqgS"k fol`"Vks ;K% ijk
vkorZrsA ogh] 3-1-3-27
5- ogh] 3-1-3-26
6- ogh] 1-3-2-1&4
7- ;K iq#"k dh Ñfr gSA Ñfr dÙkkZ osQ vuq:i gksrh gSA
92 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
osn vFkkZr~ ;K djus ls ,sfgd foifÙk;ksa dk uk'k gksrk gS rFkk ekuo iqu% tUe&ej.k
:ih d"V ls eqDr gks tkrk gS ijUrq deZdk.M osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k ;g lw{e:i
frjksfgr gks x;k vkSj LFkwy :i gh vof'k"V jgkA

;K vkSj HkkSfrd foKku

vfXu osQ lkgp;Z ls fØ;k djuk vkSj l`f"V osQ rÙoksa dks mi;ksx esa ykuk
HkkSfrd foKku gSA HkkSfrd foKku ^;K* ls HkyhHkk¡fr tqM+k gqvk gSA izdk'k] m"ek rFkk
fo|qr osQ :i esa f=kfo/ vfXu;ksa dk vè;;u HkkSfrd foKku djrk gSA ½Xosn esa ;s
rhuksa vfXu;k¡ ikfFkZo&vUrfj{k rFkk |qyksdkfXu ij voyfEcr gSA ;K dk lEcU/
eq[; :i ls ikfFkZokfXu rFkk xkS.k:i ls vUrfj{k rFkk |qyksd vfXu lw;Z ls gSA foKku
esa eq[;r% Bksl (dk"B] ciQkZfn)] rjy (ty] nqX/kfn)] xSl (gok] ok"ikfn) rhuksa
inkFkks± ls txr~ dh lajpuk gqbZ gSaA1 bu rhuksa inkFkks± dk ;K ls ?kfu"B lEcU/ gSA
nzO;ksa osQ fcuk ;K lEikfnr ugha gksrk blfy, vfXugks=k ;K dks ^nzO; ;K* Hkh dgrs
gSA2 ;K esa iz;qDr gksus okyh lfe/k] ;Kik=k] dy'k] ;Kosnh bR;kfn Bksl inkFkZ gS]
nzO;nzO; osQ :i esa iz;Dq r] ?k`r] ty] nqX/kfn rjy inkFkZ gS rFkk gO;nzO;ksa dh vkgqfr
i'pkr~ leqRi ukukfo/ lqxfU/r ok"i gh xSlh; inkFkZ gSA 'kriFk czkã.k esa ;K
dh oSKkfudrk dk bl izdkj [Link] fd;k x;k gS & vXusoSZ /weks tk;rs èkweknHkze&
Hkzkn~ o`f"V vFkkZr~ vfXu ls /we mRi gksrk gS /we ls vHkz (es?k) vkSj es?k ls o`f"V
gksrh gSA ;KkfXu esa Mkyh xbZ ?k`rkgqfr vkfnR; (lw;Z) osQ ikl igq¡prh gSA vkfnR;
ls o`f"V mRi gksrh gS vkSj o`f"V ls iztk mRi gksrh gS3 blfy, ;K dks iztkifr
Hkh dgk x;k gSA ftl izdkj ukfHk 'kjhj dk vk/kj gS4 mlh izdkj ;K leLr fo'o
dk vk/kj gSA ;g fufoZokn rF; gS fd ;K ls O;fDr dk 'kjhj] eu] cqf¼] izk.k rFkk
vkRek Øe'k% LoLFk] 'kq¼] fueZy] cyoku rFkk fu"iki curs gSaA vesfjdk osQ ,d
euksoKS kfud Jh cSjh jkFkusV us iwuk fo'ofo|ky; esa ^vfXugks=k dk ekufld ruko
ij izHkko* uked fo"k; ij 'kks/ fd;k gSA mUgksaus crk;k ekufld :i ls ?kjsyw
fpfdRlk ,oa ;Kh; /we osQ izHkko ls cPpksa dk fexhZ jksx Bhd gks tkrk gS vkSj
ekufld :i ls vfodflr cPpksa dh cqf¼ fodflr gks tkrh gSA5 ;K ls i`Foh rFkk

1- osn vkSj mldh oSKkfudrk] vkpk;Z fiz;ozr osnokpLifrA

2- ,s-czk-] 1-1-7] rS-l-] 3-5-11-5
3- vXukS izkLrkgqfr % lE;o~Q vkfnR;eqifr"BrsA
vkfnR;kTtk;rs o`f"VLrrks¿Âa rr~ iztk%AA euq-] 3-76
4- v;a ;Kks HkqouL; ukfHk%A ;tq-] 23-62
5- i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k osQ lanHkZ esa vFkoZosn dk vè;;u] ih,p-Mh- Fkhfll]
lq/k xqIrk] 1993] esjB fo'ofo|ky;] esjBA
oSfnd ;K vkSj foKku 93
vU; xzgksa dh xfr }kjk mBus okyh izkÑfrd rjaxksa dk okrkoj.k ij fo'ks"k izHkko
iM+rk gS rFkk ;s rjaxsa ekuo osQ 'kjhj o efLr"d ij fo'ks"k izHkko Mkyrh gSaA ;Kh;
/we dk 'kjhj osQ lw{e rUrqvksa ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA ;K osQ /we osQ lkeus
jgus ls jDr esa fufgr ^'kqxj IysV~l* dh lkE;koLFkk jgrh gSA1 l`f"V dh lkE;koLFkk
esa lHkh inkFkZ ,d:i gksrs gS fdlh dk i`Fko~Q vfLrRo ugha jgrk] loZ=k ,d:irk
vkSj ,djlrk gksrh gS bl fLFkfr dks vk/qfud oSKkfud ukfHkd (Nucleus) dgrs
gS] ;Kh; eU=kksa esa mls ^fgj.;xHkZ*2 dgk x;k gSA ½Xosn esa ^;Ksu ;Ke;tUr
nsok%* bl jgL;kRed eU=kka'k dk vkfn nSfod rFkk vkfn HkkSfrd n`f"V ls ;g vFkZ
lEikfnr gksrk gS fd l`f"V osQ vkjEHk esa lc izkÑfrd 'kfDr;ksa us ijenso dh iwtk]
fofHk inkFkks± osQ laxfrdj.k }kjk mu inkFkks± esa mUgsa lefiZr dj l`f"V fuekZ.k :ih
;K esa lg;ksx fd;k rFkk ;gh rhu dk;Z izkÑfrd /eZ vFkok /kjd rÙo ekus x;sA3
vFkoZosn esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd ijes'oj us egku~ O;kid ewy rÙo vFkkZr~ izÑfr
ls rSra hl yksdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj mu yksdksa osQ KkukFkZ mUgksua s ;K dh l`f"V dhA4
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd ;K u osQoy l`f"V dk izrhd gS cfYd mldh
O;k[;k Hkh gS ftldk lEcU/ HkkSfrd foKku ls gSA blosQ vfrfjDr eU=kksa osQ vusd
'kCn ;Fkk ok;q] ril] pØ] vXU;kfn HkkSfrd foKku esa leku vFkks± esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
;K ftu&ftu rÙoksa vFkok inkFkks± ls lEcU/ j[krk gS mUgha rÙoksa rFkk inkFkks± dk
lEcU/ fdlh u fdlh :i esa czãk.M] fi.M:ih ekuo nsg rFkk HkkSfrd foKku ls
Hkh gSA HkkSfrd foKku ftu&ftu lq[k lqfo/kvksa dk tud gS mu&mu lqfo/kvksa dks
nsus esa oSfnd ;K l{ke gSA fu%lUnsg ;K rFkk foKku dk ?kfu"B lEcU/ gS ;K dh
izfØ;k foKkukfJr fØ;k gSA
oSfnd dky esa ;K osQ okLrfod rÙo dks ekuo HkyhHkk¡fr le>rs Fks muosQ
ân;ksa esa ;K osQ izfr J¼k HkfDr dk Hkko Fkk ftlls le;&le; ij ;K&;kxkfn
deZdk.M djrs jgrs FksA lexz lalkj ,oa mudk dY;k.k gksrk Fkk vfro`f"V] HkwdEi]
egkekjh] vdky] jksx] vYie`R;q bR;kfn dk loZFkk vHkko FkkA orZeku le; esa
LokFkZo'k ,oa pdkpkS/ a esa lafyIr gksdj ekuo us ;K osQ egÙo rFkk 'kkL=k dh e;kZnk
dks Hkqykdj euekuk vkpj.k izkjEHk dj fn;k gS ftlosQ [Link]:i og foifÙk

1- ;K vkSj foKku] MkW- txnh'k izlkn] oSfnd izdk'ku] esjBA

2- fgj.;xHkZ% leoÙkZrkxzs HkwrL; tkr% ifrjsd vklhr~A
l nk/kja i`fFkoha |keqrseka dLeS nsok; gfo"kk fo/seAA ½-] 10-121-1] ;tq-] 13-
4] vFkoZ-] 4-2-7
3- ½- 10-10-16
4- ,rLek}k vksnukr~ =k;fÏa'kra yksdkfÂjfeehr izKkifr%A rs"kka izKkuk; ;Kel`trA
vFkoZ-] 11-3-52&53
94 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
,oa ukuk izdkj dh vkinkvksa ls xzLr thou O;rhr dj jgk gSA loZ=k vfo'okl]
vkradokn] Hk;] fgalk] bZ";kZ] }s"kkfn dk vkrZukn lqukbZ iM+rk gSA ftl ;K dks vR;Ur
ifo=k ekudj fu"dke Hkko ls lEikfnr djosQ euq"; viuk ,oa fo'o dk dY;k.k
,oa bgykSfdd&ikjykSfdd lq[k ljyrk ls izkIr dj ysrk FkkA vkt mlosQ vHkko ;k
fof/ghu ;K dks viuk dj mlus Lo;a iSjksa ij oqQYgkM+h ekjus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA
oSfnd ;K 'kkL=kh; fof/ ls lEi dj viuk] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa lexzfo'o dk
dY;k.k fd;k tkuk Js;Ldj gSA oSKkfud vUos"kd ;fn osnksDr ;K dh vksj n`f"V
Mkysa vkSj rRijrk ls vuql/
a ku djsa rks blls txnqidkjd vusd vn~Hkqr rÙo izdkf'kr
gks ldrs gSaA

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/

& MkW- vt; oqQekj feJ
vfl- izksisQlj] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

izLrqr fucU/ esa ys[kd us laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fucU/ dh ijEijk ,oa
mlosQ ykfyR; dk [Link] fd;k x;k gSA

izLrqr iquikZB ljkst dkS'ky osQ fuca/ vkys[k ¶dYiuk vkSj ykfyR; dk pk:
feJ.k¸ ls tqMh+ gS tks ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] vad 175] flracj&vDVwcj 2014
esa izdkf'kr gqvk gSA okdbZ esa ;g fuca/ laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ,d vks>y fo/k dk cM+k
gh ekuhjost rgo+Qho+Qkr izLrqr djrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk fgUnh Hkk"kk osQ unh".k
leh{kd&laiknd [Link] lkgk us vius laikndh; (ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] vad
tqykbZ&vxLr 2013] fnYyh) esa fdlh lkfgR; dh fo/k osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk djus
okys izdk'kd osQ f'koaQts dks ysdj tks fpark trk;k gS ml fygkt ls Hkh bl vkys[k
dk lk;k gksuk cM+k ek;us j[krk gSA blls ;g Hkh rLnhd gksrk gS fd laLÑr Hkk"kk
dk vk/qfud lkfgR; dk yfyr fuca/ uke dh fo/k Hkh fgUnqLrku osQ vU; vncksa
dh rjg gh thoar gSA ysfdu blosQ ckotwn izLrqr vkys[k ls oqQN loky t:j tqM+s
gSa ftudk edln bl fuca/ ls tqM+h lkexzh esa btkiQk Hkh djuk gSA
vkys[k esa laLÑr rFkk fgUnh osQ yfyr fuca/ ys[ku ijaijk veweu ledkyhu
gh ekuk x;k gSA ysfdu bl rF; dk Hkh eqvk;uk t+:jh tku iM+rk gS fd ftu
fo}kuksa us blosQ fganh ys[ku osQ flyflyk dk rkj HkkjrsUnq ;qx (1850&1883 bZ-) ls
Hkh tksMr+ s gSAa lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa yfyr fuca/ osQ vkfoHkkZo vaxt sz h+ Hkk"kk
ls ekurs gSaA ysfdu dfo&leh{kd vKs; us tks ^vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR;* (1959
bZ-) esa lki+Q fd;k gS fd laLÑr DykflDl osQ rtqZek osQ lcc ls Hkkjrh; izHkko
vaxt sz h] izQkalhlh rFkk ;wjksih; lkfgR; esa izdV gq, vkSj ogk¡ ls ykSV dj fiQj Hkkjrh;
dkO; jpuk ij jksis x;sA blfy, ;g Hkh t+:jh tku iM+rk gS fd bl fo/k osQ cht
dks mifu"kn~ fo'ks"k dj [Link] vk[;kuksa ls Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA blh Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ dks vaxzst+h osQ ^LVksjh* rFkk laLÑr osQ dFkk rFkk vk[;kf;dk osQ ifjizs{; esa
Hkh le>us dh vko';drk gSA ;g rF; vyx gS fd oh- jk?koy vKs; ls gV dj
viuk fopkj j[krs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd laLÑr lkfgR; esa vk/qfud èkkjk,¡ fo'ks"kdj

( 95 )
96 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
if'peh lkfgR; osQ laioZQ dk [Link] gSA fonq"kh ysf[kdk dkS'ky us â"khosQ'k
HkV~Vkpk;Z (1850&1913 bZ-) dks laLÑr yfyr fuca/ dk igyk vkxkt djus okyk
ekuk gSA ysfdu x+kjS ryc gS fd vkpk;Z jk?kou us laLÑr ls tqMs+ vius [kkst Hkjs 'kksèk
i=k (^vkt dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR;* 1959 bZ-) esa lh/s rkSj ij laLÑr osQ yfyr fucaèk
dk dgha dksbZ ftØ ugha djrs gSaA ysfdu bldk Hkh è;ku jgs fd js[kkfp=k] laLej.k
fjiksrkZt rFkk yfyr fuca/ osQ lkfgfR;d fl¼karksa osQ dksbZ lki+Q ekinaMksa dh ydhjsa
ugha [khaph tk ldrh gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd yfyr fucaèk viuh 'kSyh rFkk
izÑfr osQ utfj;s ls bu fo/kvksa ls dki+Qh djhc yxrk gSA bl izdkj Jqfrdkar 'kekZ
dk y?kq fuca/ [Link] (yqf/;kuk] 1955 bZ-) esa gqDdk] ?kksMs+ rFkk lkbfdy osQ chp
ckrphr] rhljs ntsZ esa jsy;k=kk] /eZfujis{k jkT;] oko~QiVq] fu"iz;kstu ?kweus dk vkuan]
fidfud] 'kkSd] ØhM+ko`fÙk osQ vykok pquko vkSj fe=krk] iqQVckWy eSp tSls vke tu
eu dks Hkkus okys rFkk /kjnkj jpukvksa osQ vfrfjDr la;Dq rjk"Vª ls tqMs+ fuca/ksa dk Hkh
vPNk fcEc mHkkjrk gSA ml rjg u;s&iqjkus LiwQV ys[kdksa osQ fuca/ laxzg ^izca/
&ikfjtkr* dk rcljk Hkh izLrqr lekyksP; vkys[k esa visf{kr yxrk gSA blesa
iap'khy] egkRek xka/h] yksdekU; fryd] y{eh ckbZ ljh[ks jk"Vªh; eqíksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
larfr&fujks/ fo"k;d fuca/ Hkh x+kSjryc gSaA ysf[kdk us nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh dh
,d vPNh jpuk ^ek p ;kfp"e oaQpu* dks ,d vyx fo+QLe dk yfyr fuca/ ;k
yfyr xYi ekuk gSA ysfdu bl utfj;s ls ^xYioqQlqekatfy* dh Hkh ftØ gksuh
pkfg,A blesa ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dks rkuk&ckuk cukdj lkfgR; rFkk bfrgkl osQ chp
,d cM+k gh euksje rLohj [khapus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA mlh izdkj lkaLÑfrd
bfrgklfon~ Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k; us oSfnd dky ls ysdj eè; ;qx rd osQ fgUnqLrkuh
lekt dk [kko+Qk tks [khapk gS mls Hkh ekuh[kst xYiekyk osQ :i esa ekuk tkuk
pkfg,A
laLÑr rFkk fganh osQ yfyr fuca/ksas osQ ledkyhu fj'rksa dks efgek eafMr rks
fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ ,d cM+k gh ekO+kwQy loky mBrk gS fd ftl izdkj fganh
Hkk"kk esa Nk;kokn] izxfrokn ;k iz;ksxokn tSlh u;h fo/kvksa ls budh Hkk"kk osQ lkfgR;
dh Jho`f¼ gqbZ] rks D;k laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ jpukdkjksa us Hkh ijaijkxr :ikUrjksa vkSj
f'kYi ls eq¡g eksM+s fcuk] u;s fopkjksa vkSj laosnukvksa ls le>kSrk fd;k\ ;gk¡ bldk
Hkh è;ku jgs fd Hkkjrh; dkO; ijaijk esa rks dfo osQ fy, pfj=k&fp=k.k osQ [kko+Qk
[khapu osQ ofuLir mlosQ eksMy (Vkbi) dh vgeh;r gksrh gSA vkSj bl dBksj
go+Qho+Qr dks t+:j Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd laLÑr osQ vf/la[; yfyr
fucaèkdkj vius 'kkL=kh; ukWLVksfYt;k ls mcjs ugha gSA â"khosQ'k HkV~Vkpk;Z (1850&1913
bZ-) osQ ^izca/ e×tjh* (iÁflag }kjk 1929 bZ- esa fctukSj ls izdkf'kr) osQ
^mn~feTtifj"kn~* rFkk ^egkj.;i;Zos{[Link]~ esa isM+&ikS/ksa rFkk i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ tfj,
laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ 97
vkneh osQ LokFkhZ rFkk vksNs fetkt dh fuank dh xbZ] ml vU;ksfDr 'kSyh okys yfyr
fuca/ dks dksbZ vkÈknd ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA ys[kd vius ledkyhu ns'kdky
osQ izHkkoksa ls ugha cp ikrk gSA HkV~Vkpk;Z th us Hkh egkRek xka/h osQ usr`Ro esa
vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk osQ f[kyki+Q Hkkjrh; tuekul osQ gqadkj dks ns[kk ;k lquk gksxkA
D;k ;g vU;ksfDr 'kSyh dh HkRlZuk vaxzst+h ljdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dh Nk;k esa Hkh Fkh]
rks laosQrkRed Hkk"kk esa D;ksa\ ;k D;k laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ikl ,sls fcEcksa dks gh vkèkkj
cukdj yfyr fuca/ fy[kus dh lkexzh cph Fkh\ okdbZ esa ;g fdruk lq[kn gksrk]
tc dksbZ ,slk Hkh yfyr fuca/ i<+us dks feyrk ftldk rkuk ckuk xkSjh gqowQer ls
tqM+k gksrk ftlls laLÑr osQ yfyr fuca/ osQ fcEc esa u;siu dk ,glkl gksrkA
laLÑr fuca/dkjksa osQ fy, Hkh vc le; vk x;k gS fd os vlfe;k x|dkj
y{ehukFk cstc:vk tSlk Hkh l`tu djs ftlus psLVjVu dh rjg fucU/ rFkk dgkuh
osQ chp okys lk¡ps dk btkn dj vlfe;k osQ yfyr fuca/ dks ,d u;k vk;ke
fn;kA lkFk gh lkFk mu Hkkjrh; vaxszt+h jpukdkjksa ls Hkh ulhgr ysus dh t:jr gS
ftuosQ gkL;izn fuca/ksa rFkk js[kkfp=kksa esa tkUlu osQ ekufld eqDrrk rFkk ekuVsu osQ
iq"dy vkSj izHkkoh izHkk dh NVk Hkh >ydrh gSA bl ek;us esa vkj- oax: Lokeh]
,u-th- tksx rFkk ,l-oh-oh-osQ Øe'k% ^ekbZ ykMZ oqQoqQMw¡ o¡wQ*] ^vksfu;Ul ,saM
vksihfu;Ul* rFkk ^pSi+Q ,saM xzsu* ^lksi ccqYla* (vafre nksuksa) x+kjS ryc gSaA jpuk osQ
fcEc dks Xykscy cukuk vkt le; dh ek¡x gSA blls laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ yfyr fucaèk
esa Hkh ykfyR; dh rktxh vk,xhA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh lki+Q dj nsuk mfpr gksxk fd tks
Hkk"kk fdlh jkT;kJ; esa iQyrh iwQyrh gS] mlosQ ykfyR; osQ lekt'kkL=k esa vke
tu&thou rFkk fcEcksa osQ [kqysiu vkSj oSfoè; esa LoHkkor% FkksM+h deh vk tkrh gSA
laLÑr rFkk iQkjlhA mnwZ osQ lkFk veweu ;gh gqvk gSA ysfdu vc ,slh fLFkfr ugha
jghA iQyr% bu Hkk"kkvksa osQ yfyr fuca/ksa ls Hkh vf/d mEehn dh tkrh gSA ysfdu
fganh Hkk"kk rks tuekul osQ te+huh go+Qho+Qr esa yksV&iksV dj bruh cM+h gqbZ gS ftlosQ
ihNs HkfDr vkUnksyu dh yksd Hkwfe us tc+jnLr dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd fganh Hkk"kk osQ yksdfiz;rk osQ Vhvkjih dks ns[krs gq, eqa'kh izsepan tgk¡ mnwZ
dh txg fganh miU;kl ys[ku esa ,d egÙ[Link] nLrd nsrs gSa ogha laLÑr&fganh Hkk"kk
ijaijk osQ fo}ku~ vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ^v'kksd osQ iwQy* yfyr fuca/ ls Hkh
uke dekrs gSaA mlh izdkj laLÑrfon~ rFkk Hkk"kk oSKkfud vkpk;Z fo|kfuokl feJ
Hkh fganh esa gh dbZ egÙ[Link] yfyr fuca/ fy[krs gSaA vkSj fganh lkfgR; esa bl foèkk
osQ ys[ku esa vackj lk yx tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd jgL;kRed 'kSyh osQ xaHkhj
miU;kldkj rFkk dfo vKs; Hkh ^rkyh rks NwV xbZ* fy[krs gSaA blh izlax esa egkohj
izlkn f}osnh dk ^egkdfo ek?k dk izHkkr [Link]* Hkh laLÑr ls eq¡g eksM+us dh nkLrk¡
dk c;k¡ djrk gSA vkSj leh{kd dkS'ky us bu nksuksa fo/kvksa osQ mn~Hko dh
98 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ledkfydrk dh tks ckr mBk;h gS mlesa laLÑr yfyr fuca/ ys[ku osQ fiQlyu
dks Hkh lPps vFkZ esa vglkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl Vhl dks HkV~VeFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh
osQ yfyr fuca/ ^fdUrks oqQfVyrk* esa Hkh vuqHkwr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa os fy[krs
gSa fd ^fdUrq* esjh lEefr ;g gS fd ;fn ;g iqLrd fganh esa fy[kh xbZ gksrh rks
vf/d Js"B gksrkA blh fuca/ esa ^exj* 'kCn osQ }ÔFkZd 'kCn osQ tfj, izdk'kd
dks exjePN crkdj ys[kd&izdk'kd osQ fcxM+rs fj'rksa esa ledkyhurk mtkxj gksrh
gS D;ksafd buosQ eq[k ls fdrkcksa dks egiwQt j[k ikuk cM+h Vs<+h [khj gSA è;krO; gS
fd dbZ lkS lky igys Hkh uhyoaQB nhf{kr us viuh fdrkc ^dfyfoMEcue~ esa
IysxsfjT+e* dks ysdj ?kksj fpark trk;k gSA mlh izdkj yfyr fuca/ esa ^oV* tSls
vaxzst+h 'kCn esa vaxzst+h Hkk"kk rFkk oqQ'kklu osQ esVkiQksj dk vankt+ yxk;k tk ldrk
gS&ij ^fdUrq* uk ^cV* :ia /kjf;Rok lo± foukf'kre~A v/quk ^cV* tVklq fuc¼k o;a
x`ga izfr ijkorZueUrjk foaQ ikMU;Rdrq± 'kDuq;ke~\ (i`-159)A bl izfrjks/ dk vankt+
1884 bZ- osQ fi+Qjaxh vkns'k osQ ek;us esa Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa ljdkjh ukSdjh
ikus osQ fy, vaxzst+h dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA ^ckydHk`R;%* dks cky yfyr
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS ftlosQ gkL; vadu esa cky leL;k dks
Hkh mBkus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA fuca/ osQ var esa bZ'ojh; HkfDr Hkkouk Hkh
eq[kj gks mBrh gSA izLrqr vkys[k esa ^edkjegkesyue~* dks Hkkf"kdh oSf'k"VÔ dh otg
ls ¶,d viwoZ dk ltZuk¸ ekuk x;k gSA ;g rF; lgh gS fd laLÑr osQ [Link];[Link]
laf/ rFkk lekl osQ cy ij gh ,slh jpuk fy[kh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu bldk Hkh
[+k;ky jgs fd fli+ZQ laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fy[k nsus ls og jpuk mEnk ugha gks tkrh gSA
yfyr fuca/ ys[ku dh 'krks± esa ljyrk] eqDrfparu] jkxe;rk] yhykijdrk rFkk vkRe
izdk'ku dk tks eq[kfjr lgt laos| Hkko gksrk gS] mudh blesa deh fn[krh gSA bl
jpuk dh jkspdrk ls rks dksbZ laLÑr iafMr gh vkÈkfnr gks ldrk gSA vkSj laLÑr
'kCn laink dh Jho`f¼ rFkk laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ ikjaifjd Kku osQ fy, bl fuca/ dk
t+:j egÙo fn[krk gSA yfyr fuca/ dk fo'ks"k y{; vius Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dks
euHkkou 'kSyh oSfp=; ls vius vki esa ck¡/ dj ikBdh; Kku osQ vk;keksa dks
mUehfyr djuk Hkh gksrk gSA ysfdu vkpk;Z jk/koYyHk f=kikBh vius dkO;&'kkL=k
xzaFk ^vfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=ke~* esa dkO; y{k.k] yksd vuqdhrZu dks ekuk gS] og
vnch iQyliQk Hkh bl fuca/ esa ykxw gksrk ugha fn[krk gS] D;ksafd bldk rkukckuk
laLÑr osQ O;kdj.k fo/k osQ lân; lekt dks FkksM+k vf/d jkspd yxsxkA ;|fi
^:I;djkeL;kRedFkk* ,d cM+k gh thoar rFkk jpukdkj osQ mUeqDr fparu osQ oS'kkY;
osQ dkj.k yfyr fuca/ dk cM+k gh vPNk lk¡pk rS;kj djrk gS ftldh iqf"V bl
fuca/ osQ 'kh"kZd esa :i;s osQ ^esfuisQLVs'ku* osQ ljksdkj ls Hkh gks tkrh gSA ysfdu
fuca/dkj us vkSjaxtsc dks fgUnw laLÑfr dk ije fojks/h (^;oulezkMksjsÄõtscks
laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ 99
fgUnqlLa Ñrs% ijeks fojks/h* ogh] i`-177) ekurs gq, :i;s dks vkSjxa tsc ls Hkh vfèkd
oaQtwl dgk gSA ys[kd }kjk tft;k VSDl (1679 bZ-) dh fuank dh xbZ gSA ysfdu
bfrgkldkj jke'kj.k 'kekZ osQ gokys ;g rF; Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gS fd vkSjxa tsc
us nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ dbZ eafnjksa dk iqujks¼kj Hkh djok;k rFkk vius 'kkludky esa
xhr&laxhr dks Hkh izJ; fn;kA (izkphu Hkkjr] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] fnYyh)A oqQN
bfrgklfon ;g Hkh ekrus gSa fd bl tft;k dj ls eqlyekuksa dks Hkh ugha c['kk x;kA
HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh dk ;gh vkjks muosQ vU; yfyr fuca/ ^vfi uke ls;eO;&
ogkfjdh\* esa Hkh i<+us dks feyrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh lki+Q fd;k x;k gS fd
vkSjxa tsc vkfn osQ le; fo}s"k osQ dkj.k dbZ fdrkcksa dks tykdj jk[k esa rCnhy dj
fn;k x;kA fdrkcksa ls tqM+k ;g ?kkrd lp eqgEen xkSjh rFkk fo'oizfl¼ ukyank
fo'ofo|ky; osQ iqLrdky; osQ vkxtuh dh ?kVuk vkSjaxtsc ls dksbZ okLrk ugha
j[krk gSµ¶fgUnq/eZ}fs "[Link]Äõtcs knhuka le;s Hkw;kalks xzUFkk ofÉlknfØ;Ur bR;Sfrgkfldk
tYifUrA¸ (i`-216)A eqxydky osQ lqn`<+hdj.k osQ lkFk fgUnqLrkuh LFkkiR;] dyk
rFkk lkfgR; dh Nfo esa Hkh cM+s vPNs mHkkj dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% yCèkizfr"B
leh{kd rFkk lkfgfR;d bfrgkl osQ Kkrk f'kf'kj oqQekj nk'k us viuh fdrkc
(^fgLVªh vkWi+Q bafM;u fyVjspj 1911&1956 LVªxy iQkWj izQhMe VªaiQ ,aM VsªtMh*
lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1995 bZ-) esa vk/qfud laLÑr dks ysdj f'kokth fo"k;d
tks eqík dks mBk;k gS mls Hkh laLÑr lekt osQ fy, cgqj[s kh; utfj;s ls tk¡p iM+rky
dh vko';drk yxrh gSA
;g rF; vyx gS fd izLrqr vkys[k esa ^galokguk ljLorh e;wjokguk dFka
tkrk* dh txg laLÑr&fganh fefJr 'kCnkoyh osQ la;kstu ls bldk 'kh"kZd
^glaokguk ljLorh e;wjokguk oSQls gks xbZ* osQ :i esa Ni x;k gSA ysfdu izLrqr
fuca/ bfrgkl rFkk laLÑfr osQ chp [kkstrs fj'rksa osQ lkFk ;g Hkh ryk'krk gS fd
tSu dkyhu ewfrZdyk osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k ljLorh dh lokjh gal dh txg ij e;wj
cu x;kA okdbZ esa bls Hkh ,d Js"B dksfV dk yfyr fuca/ ekuk tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d
blesa bfrgkl osQ 'kq"d iÂksa esa lkaLÑfrd psruk dh xekZgV yk;h x;h gSA ^e`R;ks!
Roekxrks¿fl* tSls Hk;kog rFkk uhjl fo"k; esa mifu"kn~ rFkk [Link] tSls lefUor
'kSyh ls thou ;k=kk osQ ukuk mÙkjnkf;Roksa rFkk ekuoksfpr lqdeZ&oqQdeZ Hkkoukvksa dks
thoar :i esa vafdr dj fuca/ osQ rkuk&ckuk esa cM+k tku yk fn;k x;k gSA vkSj
jpuk vkfLrdrkokn osQ ekgkSy esa lekIr gksrh gSA ysfdu vkys[k esa ia- fo".kqdkar
'kqDy osQ ^dkyefgek* esa izseh ;qxy }kjk leanj dh ygjksa ls [ksyuk rFkk izseh dk
,dk,d ml ygj esa foyhu gks tkuk yfyr fuca/ osQ ykfyR; ;kstuk dh n`f"V ls
fdruk izHkkoh rFkk jkxkRed Hkko osQ lkSUn;Z dks fc[ksjxs k ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA gk¡]
bruk t:j gS fd ekSr osQ [krjukd eatj osQ esVkiQksj dh Nk;k esa ukxklkdh rFkk
100 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
fgjksf'kek vkfn dh foHkhf"kdk ^áweu ,DlVs'a ku vkWiQ+ lsou oSQVksLVªkis Qh* dh ckr dks
t+:j mtkxj djrk gSA budk gh fuca/ ^vgefi Hkkjrh;%* Hkh lkaLÑfrd psruk osQ
vfr mRlkg osQ pDdj esa l`ftr gksus osQ dkj.k bls dksbZ Js"B yfyr fuca/ ugha dgk
tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d blesa Nqjh&dk¡Vs ls [kkuk] osQd vkfn dks dk¡V dj tUeksRlo dk
eukuk tSls gYosQ fo"k;ksa dks lkaLÑfrd fparu dk vkStkj cuk;k x;k gSA okdbZ esa
[Link]'kjke 'kekZ osQ yfyr fuca/ ^tkus Roka laLÑriafMre~* rFkk ^feF;kdhfrZy[s kdegkjkt%*
osQ 'kh"kZd ek=k gh i<+us ls ekul iVy iziqQfYyr gks mBrk gS vkSj budk vDl Hkh
;qxhu yxrk gSA ijekuan 'kkL=kh }kjk laLÑr osQ yksdfiz; lqHkkf"krksa dks vk/kj cukdj
yfyr fuca/ ys[ku dh ubZ 'kSyh Hkh x+kSjryc gSA mlh izdkj nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh
osQ fuca/ ^vgefi ys[kdks Hkfo";kfe* Hkh lelkekf;d fcEc osQ tfj;s lkfgR; dh
nqfu;k dh L[kfyr laLÑfr dks cM+s gh jkspd 'kSyh esa ikBd rd ijkslrk fn[krk gSA
ysfdu buosQ ,d vU; ys[k ^Nanl'NVk* Nan 'kkL=k dh 'kkL=kh;rk osQ ijcku dks
ysdj fy[kk x;k gS vkSj blesa fuca/dkj dks bl ckr dk cM+k eyky gS fd dfo
lEesyuksa esa 'kkL=k dfo dh txg NksV&s NksVs dfo;ksa dk gh lEeku gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dfo
vKs; dh og ckr è;krO; gS ftlesa mUgksaus lkfgR;dkjksa }kjk xhrdkjksa dks viuh
fcjknjh dk fgLlk ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ;kn jgs oSfnd lwDr vius 'yksdksa osQ ekè;e
ls eqDr Nan dh dfork l`tu dh btktr nsrh gSA lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh fujkyk dks Hkh
eqDr Nan dh dfork osQ fy, cM+k fojks/ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA orZeku lnh esa rks
eksuksbest rFkk gkbowQ] lhtks tSls ik'pkR; 'kSyh osQ laLÑr dfo g"kZnso ek/o dks
rc rd laLÑr iafMrksa osQ ?kksj fojks/ dk dksiHkktu iM+k tc rd fd lkfgR;
vdknseh] fnYyh }kjk mudh dforkvksa ij yC/izfr"B iqjLdkj dh eksgj ugha yx
tkrh gSA
fonq"kh ysf[kdk ljkst dkS'ky dk izLrqr fuca/ vkys[k fo'ys"[Link] de
rFkk [Link] vf/d yxrk gSA iQyr% ikBks osQ vUr% eeks± dk foLiQkju vkSj
visf{kr gSA blh fn'kk esa mQij ,d vnuk lk iz;kl gSA x+kSjryc gS fd vkpk;kZ
dkS'ky us vius bl iBuh; vkys[k esa bu yfyr fuca/ksa osQ vykok oqQN vkSj laLÑr
yfyr fuca/ksa dks lesV ikrh rks mudh lkexzh vkSj iq"dy rFkk iq[r+ k gks tkrhA uthj
osQ rkSj ij HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ gh vU; egÙ[Link] yfyr fuca/ ^Jhguwer%
vkn'kZpfjre~*] ^Hkkjrh;a Hkkstu'kkL=ka 'k"oqQyh tysch p*] fofPNfÙk oSiqY;a fofo/k
foèkk'pkfoHkDrs%* rFkk ^vfi uke ls;eO;ogkfjdh\* buesa igyk Hkxoku~ guqeku~ osQ
pfj=k c[kku osQ tfj;s jkek;.k osQ eq[; ik=kksa osQ laf{kIr ifjp; osQ lkFk thou
vkn'kZ dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA nwljs esa tysch tSls HkksT; inkFkZ ij cM+k gh lw{e
rFkk xgu vuql/ a ku dks euHkkou 'kSyh esa izLrqr dj Hkkjrh; ikd'kkL=k tSls egÙ[Link]
ysfdu loZFkk vks>y fo|k dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gS vkSj l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa fyf[kr
laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ 101
jlksb?Z kj osQ 'kkL=k ls tqMs+ xzFa k ^HkkstuoqQrwgys* esa tysch fuekZ.k izfØ;k ls tqMh+ lkexzh
rFkk fof/ dk Hkh ftØ fd;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk ukuk izkarksa esa bldh yksdfiz;rk osQ
vykok bfrgklfonksa rFkk 'kCndks'kksa osQ utfj;s dks Hkh j[kk x;k gSA ikddyk ls tqMh+
izLrqr fdrkc eè; dkyhu Hkkjrh; dky esa laLÑr Hkk"kk dh leFkZrk rFkk oSfoè; dh
vksj Hkh bafxr djrk gSA blesa tysch ls tqM+s ckaXyk dgkor ^ftykiksj ikd* dk Hkh
ftØ fd;k gSA bl fuca/ dks i<+us ls Hkkjrh; vuktksa vkfn osQ laLÑr ukeksa dk Kku
c<+ ldrk gSA rhljk] laLÑr 'kCnksa osQ 'kkL=kh; jLlkdlh dh otg ls bls vke
ikBdksa osQ fy, dksbZ T;knk jkspd ugha dgk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd fuca/dkj Hkh
fy[krk gS&^fnÄ~ek=kfeneqnkâre=k euhf"[Link] ekxZil z k/uk;A* (i`-211)A HkV~V eFkqjkukFk
'kkL=kh osQ gh ,d vU; fuca/ ^xa/oZlsuL; LoxZ;k=kk* dh rjg budk gh ;g pkSFkk
ys[k Hkh laLÑr dh thoarrk rFkk izklafxdrk dh iqf"V osQ fy, vusd rdks± dks
mifLFkr djrk gS ftUgsa ,d fljs ls drbZ ugha udkjk tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d blesa vkt
osQ ik'pkR; laLÑr fo}ku 'ksYMkWu ikWyd osQ ml vkjksi dk Hkh ekO+kwQy tokc fey
ldrk gS ftlesa mlus tEew d'ehj rFkk nf{k.k osQ fot; uxj lkezkT; osQ pqfuans
uewuksa osQ vk/kj ij laLÑr dks e`r Hkk"kk djkj djus dh lkft+'k jph gSA ysfdu bu
fnuksa laLÑr&teZu fookn osQ vkyksd esa ufyu esgrk us vius vkys[k ^ykSXa ;st vkWiQ+
n xkWM~l uhM~l jhHkkbHkqy oV ukWV okbZ dEiYljh Vhfpax vkWi+Q laLÑr* (n VkbEl
vkWiQ bafM;k] fnYyh] 2 fnlacj 2014) esa phuh fo}ku bax tksxa Vu (Yi Zhongtion)
rFkk ;w Msu (Yu Dan) osQ mu iz;klksa dk ftØ fd;k gS ftlus Vsyhfot+u rFkk
^iQkLViwQM* osLVlsYlZ dh jpuk/feZrk ls dUÝ;wfl;l oqQy ls ledkyhu yxko dks
O;kid rkSj ij izkphu Kku rFkk Hkk"kk dks fiQj ls tksM+kA vkt laLÑr osQ fy, Hkh
,sls gh ljksdkjksa dks ryk'ks tkus dh t+:jr gSA
mlh izdkj vius le; dh ;'kfLouh ekfld laLÑr if=kdk ^laLÑrjRukdj*
osQ vadksa esa izdkf'kr HkV~VeFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ gh fuca/ ^J¼k;k% ijkdk"Bk*]
^oklfUrd% izeksn%*] ^laLÑrKkuka egk'k;rk*] ^vÄïdkSrd q e~*] ^dfodkSrgw ye~*] ^vfi
vLokfFkZuks czkã.kk% 'kwnzs"kq*] ^laLÑrL; uohulaLÑre~*] ^laLÑrHkk"kk p rRdks"k'p*]
^fo}n~H;ks fuosnue~*] ^eg?kZrk fi'kkph*] ^oqQrks ok u izljsrka [Link]\*] ^nUrdFkk* rFkk
^tjh;ku~ T;ksfr"kh* vkfn dk Hkh de ls de ifjp;kRed vkdyu gksrk rks lkexzh
vkSj iBuh; gks tkrhA buesa ^tjh;ku~ T;ksfr"kh* rFkk ^oklfUrd% izeksn%* dks Øe'k%
laLÑr dk js[kkfp=k rFkk fjiksrktZ ekuk tk ldrk gSA bu fuca/ksa esa oqQN esa O;ax dh
/kj rFkk peRdkj dk Hkkf"kd lkSUn;Z okdbZ esa yfyr fuca/ osQ ykfyR; dks pfjrkFkZ
djrs gSaA
x+kjS ryc gS fd buosQ vykok nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh osQ ^uke/s;kfu ns'ks&fons'ks
p*] ^efLr"de~*] ^fopkj&pkrqZ;e~*] ^[Link] jkekuUnL; i=ke~* rFkk ^fouksn okfVdk*
102 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
tSls yfyr fuca/ksa dks Hkh fonq"kh ysf[kdk dkS'ky us ugha lesV ik;h gSaA buesa igyk
ukeksa osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjrh;rk dh ryk'k djrk gSA nwljs esa fpfdRld rFkk ejht osQ
f'kjksosnuk osQ ekiZQr cM+s jkspd <ax ls ;g ulhgr nh xbZ gS fd balku vius thou
esa cgqr lh ijs'kkfu;k¡ iQkyrw dh ckrksa rFkk 'kd dh xqatkb'k cuk dj iky ysrk gSA
rhljs esa gkftj tokch dk vankt+ Hkh euksjl gSA pkSFkk bu lHkh esa vf/d ljlrk
dk gkL; iz/ku ekuk tk ldrk gS ftlesa Hkwxksy fo"k; dk ,d isVw f'k{kd vius
Hkkjh Hkjde 'kjhj osQ dkj.k g¡lh dk osaQnz curk gSA blosQ Hkkjh 'kjhj gksus osQ dkj.k
fjD'kkpkyd }kjk mls viuh fjD'kk ij cSBkus osQ fy, vkuk&dkuh djus dk vadu
Hkh yfyr fuca/ dks rktxh nsrk gS&^u dks¿fi fjD'kkpkydks ekekjksgf;rqa lkgla
oqQjrsA* (i`-131)A
^:I;djkeL;kRedFkk* osQ fo"k; esa ysf[kdk dk dguk gS fd blesa O;frjsd
vyadkj ls lqanj lkfgfR;d NVk fc[ksjh x;h gSA ysfdu vkpk;Z jk/koYyHk f=kikBh
osQ fglkc ls vlaxfr vyadkj (^u;k lkfgR; u;k lkfgR;'kkL=k*] i`-16] 2012) tks
euq"; osQ pfj=k ewY;kadu dh ,d izfof/ Hkh gksrk gS] ml utfj;s ls :i;s dh
oaQtwlh dh rqyuk eqxy 'kkld vkSjaxtsc ls djuk dgha u dgha u nksuksa vfHkÂ
laLÑfr;ksa osQ chp ,d njkj dh ydhj [khaprk fn[krk gSA oqQN fuca/ksa esa Vkbi jkbVj]
jsy] rkj] xzkeksiQksu] fjD'kk rFkk jsfM;ksa osQ lkFk lkFk eDdk] tqokj] oktjk rFkk ^isQuh*
?ksoj vkfn 'kCnksa dks lk{kkr~ laLÑr Hkk"kk esa ipk fy;k tkuk Hkk"kk dh lgtrk rFkk
ljyhdj.k dk Hkh laosQr nsrk gSA mlh izdkj laLÑr Hkk"kk ij fganhuqek 'kSyh dk Hkh
izHkko i<+k tk ldrk gS&^vko';drk fg izlfo=kh rÙkRinkFkkZuke~* (^vfi uke la;e&
O;kogkfjdh*\ i`-216) vFkkZr~ vko';drk gh vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA mlh izdkj
yPNsnkj rFkk fganh Hkk"kk osQ fudV okys 'kCnksa ls okD; foU;kl Hkh yfyr fuca/ dh
'kSyh esa lgtrk rFkk pk:rk dks fu[kkjrk yxrk gS&^fnua xygLrf;Rok lUè;k
leqifLFkrk*A (^ckydHk`R;%*] i`-167) vFkkZr~ lUè;k us fnu dks xygLr nsdj
mifLFkr oqQN vkSj vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk okyk laLÑr okD;&^uk;a ekxksZ
fu"[Link]% lO;'p*A (ogh] i`-169) vFkkZr~ vkSj ;g lp gS fd ;g jkLrk fcuk
dk¡Vs dk ugha gSA) Hkh x+kSjryc gSA bu fuca/ksa esa egkè;kid% (izksisQlj)] ;k=kki=ke~
(fVfdV)] is;k (pk;)] ifj/kuh;iqVde~ (tsc)] LorU=kys[kh (iQkSUVsu iSu)] tSls
vfHkuo 'kCnksa dks eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh }kjk x<+k x;k gS rFkk nsof"kZ dykukFk 'kkL=kh us
Hkh vius yfyr fuca/ksa esa dkSy osy (vkdkj.k?kafVdk)] pSjsVh fiQYe 'kks (nkuh;&
fp=kiVizn'kZue~)] vkWfMVksfj;e (fp=kHkoue~) ikSosQVekjh (iViqVoaQ fNÂe~)] ÝyM
(tyiwj)] eSVj (j;hu)] HkqyDdM+ (foLej.k'khy%)] gksVy (ikUFkkokl%) vkfn u;s
laLÑr 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ laisz"[Link];rk osQ izokg dks iq"V djrk gSA
lwpuh; gS fd foxr 'krkCnh esa laLÑr Hkk"kk us Hkh ro+Qjhcu iangz gtkj 'kCn Hkkjrh;
laLÑr Hkk"kk dk yfyr fuca/ 103
Hkk"kkvksa ls vius lkfgR; esa ipk;k gSA
izLrqr lekyksP; fuca/ vkys[k osQ i`"B la[;k 164 rFkk 165 ij Øe la[;k
1] 2] 7] 8 rFkk 10 osQ ewy laLÑr m¼j.k esa ,"k] ^fdUrq*] ije rFkk fu"iikr (nksuksa
Øe la[;k 7)] ukuk:ikf.k] ^fdUrq* ijefLeu~ rFkk ^exj*L; (rhuksa Øe la[;k 10)
dh txg pwdi'k Øe'k% ,"k%] ^fdUrq] ija] fuiikr (nksuksa Øe la[;k&7)] ukuk:ia]
fdUrq] ijfLeu~ rFkk exjL; (rhuksa Øe la[;k 10) Ni x;h gSA blh izdkj i`"B
la[;k 165 osQ Øe la[;k 6 ij ^fdUrquk* osQ ckn uk rFkk Øe la[;k 10 ij okD;
osQ vafre esa fuf'pra e;k Hkh Niuk NwV x;k gSA blh i`"B osQ Øe la[;k 9 ij tks
cV 'kCn osQ dky esa czkbosQV osQ vanj But 'kCn Nik gS og vaxzsth 'kCn ewy ikB
esa ugha gSA vr% bls ikn [Link] esa fy[k fn;k x;k gksrk rks bl x+yrh ls rks cpk
gh tk ldrk FkkA lkFk gh lkFk bl 'kCn ls vaxzst+h gqowQer osQ [kkSi+Q osQ izfr ewy
fuca/dkj tks laosQr nsuk pkgrk gS] og Hkh Li"V gks tkrkA
izLrqr egÙ[Link] vkys[k ls tqM+s bl iquikZB dk edln laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ
yfyr fuca/ksa dh tkudkjh dk tks fonq"kh ysf[kdk ljkst dkS'ky us vkxkt fd;k gS]
mlesa bl fo/k osQ ewyikBksa osQ vUr% lk{;ksa dks vk/kj cukdj lkexzh dks iq"dy
rFkk btkiQk djuk gSA ;g rF; vyx gS fd nsfjrk leh{kk dks Hkh jpuk dk ntkZ nsrk
gSA ysfdu ;g iquZikB vius fo"k; dks ysdj drbZ ,d egnwn lkexzh ugha ekuh tk
ldrh gS] oSlh fLFkfr esa fdlh mEnk vkys[k dk lekykspuk cM+k tksf[k+e Hkjk gks tkrk
gSA

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu#Drdkjksa dk

;ksxnku
& MkW- eS=ks;h oqQekjh
vflLVsaV izksisQlj] deyk usg: dkWyst]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

izLrqr fucU/ i=k esa ysf[kdk us osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] (oSfnd 'kCnksa
dk laxzg) ,oa fu#Dr ('kCnO;k[;k) dk ;ksxnku js[kkafdr fd;k
x;k gSA

osn fo'o dh izkphure ,oa loZizFke jpuk gSA ftl izdkj O;kdj.k osQ }kjk
osnkFkZ Kkr gksrk gS] mlh izdkj osneU=kksa esa fufgr xw<+ ,oa vkè;kfRed jgL; dk Kku
fu?[Link] ,oa fu#Dr osQ }kjk gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ^fu?[Link]* laxzg dk i;kZ; gSA
fu?[Link] oSfnd 'kCnksa dk laxzg gS vkSj fu#Dr mlh ij Hkk"; gSA fu#Dr
O;kdj.k dk iwjd gSA O;kdj.k tgk¡ 'kCnksa dh jpuk (cfgjÄõ) dh O;k[;k djrk
gS ogha fu#Dr muosQ vFkZ (vUrjÄõ) dk vUos"k.k djrk gSA fo'ks"kr% laKk] uke inks]a
vk[;krinksa] milxks± rFkk fuikrksa osQ laxzg ek=k dks ^fu?[Link]* dgrs gSaA
^bekfu pRokfj intkrkfu lUR;srfLe×'kkL=ksA
fdfefr fu?[Link]×Kkfu HkofUrA*1
^fu?[Link]* fdlh mís'; fo'ks"k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s fdlh lkfgR;xr vFkok
'kkL=kxr fuxw<+kFkZd inksa dk fdlh fo'ks"k izfof/ osQ rgr laxzg dk uke gS tks
vkèkqfud dks'k'kkL=k osQ [Link] osQ vk/kj ij ^Glossary* fo/k dk ,d izk:i
dgk tk ldrk gSA
Prof. Claus Vogel osQ 'kCnksa esa &
¶Lexographic work started in India at a very early date
with the complition of word lists (Nighantu) giving rare, unex-
plained, writings. These Glossaries, of which that handed down

1- vkpk;Z nqxZfojfpr ½ToFkZo`fÙk & fu#Dr & 1@1

( 104 )
osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu:Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 105
and commanded upon in Yask's Nirukta is the best and com-
mended upon in Yask's Nirukta is the best known and probably
oldest speciemen did not, however institute the prototype of
1
the dictionaries (Kosa) of later times.¸
fu#Dr "kM~ons kaxksa esa osn:ih iq#"k dk Jks=k (dku) gS & ^fu#Dra Jks=keqP;rsA*
& ([Link]'k{kk 41) blesa oSfnd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ tkuus dh izfØ;k crykbZ tkrh gSA
vFkkZocks/s fujis{kr;k intkra ;=kksDra fu#Dre~A2
;g Hkk"; 'kSyh osQ x| esa gS ftlls osnea=kksa osQ vFkkZoxe esa lgk;rk feyrh
gS] lkFk gh Hkk"kkfoKku osQ y{; ('kCn osQ ewy dk Kku) dh izkfIr esas lgk;rk feyrh
gSA izks- eSDlewyj osQ vuqlkj &
¶Yaska maintains that ever noun is derived from a verbal
root and meets the various objections raised against it (a theory
on which the whole system of Panini is based and which is in
3
fact) the postulate of modern philosophy.¸
fu?[Link] osQ ik¡p vè;k;ksa dh O;k[;k HkkLdjkpk;Z us 12 vè;k;ksa esa dh gS] nks
vè;k; ifjf'k"V :i esa gSaA dks'kjpuk osQ vHkh rd osQ Kkr iz;klksa esa fu?[Link] dh
jpuk izFke gSA Hkkjr esa ;g dks'k lkfgR; osQ vkjEHk dk gh |ksrd gSA4
fu?[Link] osQ izFke rhu vè;k; uS?[Link] dkaM dgykrk gS] prqFkZ vè;k; ,sd&
ifnddkaM rFkk iape vè;k; nSordkaM dgykrk gSA ,sdifnd dkaM osQ fo"k; esa
MkW- osyoydj dgrs gSa & ^fu?[Link] uked oSfnd 'kCnksa dh lwph osQ prqFkZ vè;k;
dks ,sdifnd dgrs gSa ftl ij ;kLd us fu#Dr uke dh O;k[;k fy[kh gS ftlesa
vKkr ;k lafnX/ ewy okys 278 'kCn fxuk, x;s gSaA5
;kLd Lo;a dgrs gSa &
^vFk ;kfu vusdkFkkZfu ,d'kCnkfu rkfu vrks¿uqØfe.;ke%A
voxrlaLdkjka'p fuxeku~A rr~ ,sdifnde~ bR;kp{krsA*6

1- Prof Claus vagel : A History Of Indian Literature, chapter : Indian Lexi-

cography : Introduction
2- fu#Dre~
3- A History Of Ancient Sanskrit Literature : Prof Maxmuller page-66
4- The Nighantu and the Nirukta, p.14
5- fu#Dr Hkkx & 1 i`- 47 ij mn~/`r vaxzsth lUnHkZ dk fgUnh vuqokn xq#[Link]
xzUFkekyk esa izdkf'krA
6- fu#Dre~ 4@1
106 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
bl dkaM osQ 'kCn fHkÂ&fHk :iksa vkSj foHkfDr;ksa esa gSa] ;Fkk & tg AA fuèk
AA f'krke A esguk A newuk% A Hkw"k% A bf"kjs.k A oqQ#ruk A tBjs A frrm A f'kiz A eè;kA
eUnw A bZekZUrklk% A dk;eku% A yks/e~ A 'khje~ A cqUn% A o`Unue~ A fd% A mRUoe~ A
½ohle~ A bfr =k;fL=ka'kPNrkfu inkfu AA [Link][;k 279 A
,d ^o`Un* dks NksM+dj bl vè;k; osQ lHkh 'kCn oSfnd gSaA fu?[Link] dk
vfUre vè;k; (nSordk.M) N% [[Link] esa foHkDr gS ftlesa Øe'k% 3] 13] 36] 32]
36 rFkk 31 in gSa tks fHkÂ&fHk nsorkvksa osQ uke gSa bu ukeksa osQ }kjk nsorkvksa dh
Lrqfr iz/kur;k dh tkrh gSA
rr~ ;kfu ukekfu izk/kU;Lrqrhuka nsorkuka ríSorfeR;kp{krsA
bu [[Link] osQ 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ;kLd us ^fu#Dr* osQ lkrosa vè;k; ls ckjgosa
vè;k; rd dh gSA ,d&,d [k.M dh O;k[;k ,d&,d vè;k; esa gqbZ gSA bl
nSordk.M ij gh oSfnd /eZ vkSj laLÑfr dk bfrgkl voyafcr gS D;ksafd oSfnd
nsorkokn ij vkykspukRed n`f"V ls fopkj djus okyk dksbZ Hkh xzUFk fu#Dr ls izkphu
ughaA ;gha ge fdlh tkfr dh vius /eZ osQ fo"k; esa fpUru dh izFke fdj.k ikrs
gSaA
fu?[Link] vusd FksA1 izks- LdksYM osQ vuqlkj &
¶Nirukta is probably not the production of a single indi-
vidual but the result of the united efforts of a whole generation
2
or perhaps of several generations.¸
izR;sd fu?[Link] esa oSfnd 'kCnksas dk dks'k Fkk tks ladyu djus okys dh bPNk
osQ vuqlkj viuh fo'ks"krk fy, gq, FkkA ^egkHkkjr* osQ vuqlkj iztkifr d';i bl
fu?[Link] osQ jpf;rk gSaA3 ijUrq dbZ vU; fo}ku~ fu#Dr ,oa fu?[Link] nksuksa osQ jpf;rk
;kLd dks ekurs gSaA Lokeh n;kuUn vkSj vkpk;Z HkxoíÙk ekurs gSa fd ftrus
fu#Drdkj gSa os fu?[Link] osQ Hkh [Link] gSaA oqQy pkSng fu#Drdkj gSaµ
vkSieU;o] vkSnqEcjk;.k] o";kZ;f.k] xkX;Z] vkxzk;.k] 'kkdiwf.k] [Link]]
rSfVfd] xkyo] LFkkSykBhfo] dkSf"Vfd] dkLFkD;] ;kLd rFkk dkSRlO; ('kkdiwf.k dk
iq=k)A bu lcksa us vius&vius fu?[Link] cuk, vkSj ml ij gh Hkk"; fy[ksA oSfnd ea=kksa
osQ vFkZ tkuus osQ fy, fu?[Link] ,oa fu#Dr dh lgk;rk vR;ko';d gSA

1- Yask's Nirukta : prof. Rajware, p-v-VII. oSfnd okÄ~e; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2]

[k.M&2
2- Skold - The Nirukta Nighantu and Nirukta (14/32-35)
3- egkHkkjr] eks{k/eZ ioZ] vè;k;&342] 'yksd 86&87
osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu:Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 107
fu?[Link] vkSj fu#Dr ,d gh osnkFkZ dh Kkid i¼fr osQ nks vk;keksa osQ fodkl
dks yf{kr djrs gSa] vr% nksuksa ijLij vfHk gSaA fu?[Link] osQ LFkku ij ^fu#Dr* 'kCn
dk iz;ksx Hkh ns[kk tkrk gSA
^rkU;srkfu =khf.k [Link] uS?[Link] nSorfefrA
vusu izdj.k=k;foHkkx izi×pusneofLFkra fu#Dr'kkL=kfefrA*1
[Link] & i`FohA fu?[Link] esa ^i`Foh* lka i`fFkohokpdin leqnk; osQ
vfrfjDr |koki`fFkohokpd ijleqnk; esa ifBr gSA fu?[Link] xkS%] Xek] Tek] {ek]
{kk] {kek vkfn 21 i`fFkO;kFkZd laKkvksa dk vfHk/s;funsZ'k ^i`fFkoh* bl vfHk/ku ls
djrs gSaA ^i`Foh* vkSj ^i`fFkoh* nksuksa osQ izÑR;a'kksa esa vHksn gS rFkk izR;;ka'kksa esa ek=k
:ir% Hksn vFkZ'k% lkE; gSA
i`Foh [Link];FkZ%A i×pk'kRdkfV;[Link] i`fFkohA2
[Link]"k rks nksuksa inksa dk lk/qRo ,d gh lw=k ls vUok[;kr djrk gS &
izFks% f"kou~"koU"ou% [Link] pA3
ijUrq :i'k% izR;; esa Hksn gksus ls lÙkk esa vk, vusd in ifBr gSa] ;Fkk &
xkS% rFkk Xek] {ek] {kk] {kek rFkk f{kfr%] Hkw% rFkk Hkwfe%A buosQ vfrfjDr ^xkrq%* in
rFkk xkS% in dkehy ikf{kdlkE; gSA
^xh;rs Lrw;rs¿lkS] LrqofUr okL;ka fLFkrk bUækghu~] xPNUR;L;ka
Hkwrkuhfr okrLekn~ xkrq%A*4
½Xosn esa i`Foh laKk osQ O;qRifÙk fpUru ls Kkr gksrk gS fd i`fFkoh dh izFku
fØ;k ls rkÙi;Z i`fFkoh&vUrHkwZr inkFkks± dk mR[kfur gksdj cfgHkwZr gksuk gSA ;gh
i`fFkoh dk iSQyko gSA izFkue~ & izFk$Y;qV~ iSQykuk] foLrkj djuk5 ;gh iSQyko vusd
[kfutinkFkks± dh [kkuksa osQ :i esa i`fFkoh dh lrg ij leryrk&fo"kerk osQ :i esa]
o`{kksa dh mÙifr osQ :i esa] ioZrksa osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blh iSQyko osQ dkj.k
i`fFkoh ij thou liQy gqvkA vr% ijEijk l`f"Vdky esa czãk }kjk bl fØ;kfu"ifÙk
dks dgrh gSA
czã.kk iwoZeso foLrkfjrkA6

1- fu?[Link] (i×pkè;k;h] nqxZfojfpr] LoFkZo`fÙk)

2- fu?[Link]% fuoZpue~ 1@1@11
3- [Link]=k 1@150
4- fu?[Link]% fuoZpue~ 1@1@20
5- oSfndinkuqØedks'k] i`-2104
6- okeu f'kojkevkIVs dk'k] i`- & 662
108 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
[Link] rks orZekudky esa ^izFk~* /krq ls izR;; dk fo/ku djrs gq, ;g
izfrikfnr djrk gS fd ;g fØ;k ges'kk pyrh jgrh gSA
[Link];ks cgqye~A1
i`Foh &
o`fÙk& ,rs orZekus laKk;ka p cgqya L;q%A Hkk";dkj lk;.kkpk;Z osQ vuqlkj
^i`Foh* laKk ½Xosn esa fo'ks"[Link] laKk gSA ^i`Foh* laKk osQ fofHk Hkk";ksa ls izFku
fØ;k dk Lo:i yf{kr gks gh tkrk gS] ;Fkk & vxLR; ½f"k }kjk n`"V ^|koki`fFkoh*
nsork ls lEcfU/r Lrqfr esa lk;.k ^i`Foh* dks |koki`fFkoh dk fo'ks"k.k ekudj bldh
:ifof/rk dks rn~fo"k;d izFku dgrs gSaA
mohZ i`Foh cgqys nwjs vUrsA2
lk;.kHkk";&
mohZ mO;kS egR;kS i`Foh i`fFkO;kS cgqys vusd izdkjs.k izFkekus
cgokdkjs nwjs vars foizÑ"Vkar ns'ksA
bl izdkj ^izFku* ls vfHkizk; ,d inkFkZ dk vusd :iksa esa fodkl@foLrkj
gks tkuk gh gSA
oSfnd ea=k dh O;k[;k esa in dk fuoZpu vfHk/s; ij gh vk/`r gksrk gSA
fu#Dr fuoZpu in osQ O;ogkj esa vkus osQ ckn in dh ;ksxijh{kk djus osQ fy, gh
izo`Ùk'kkL=k gSA inkFkZ fo'ks"k dh vfHkO;fDr D;ksa [Link]'ks"kksa osQ ekè;e ls gh gksrh
gS] ;g [kkstuk gh fuoZpu'kkL=k dk y{; gS vFkkZr~ ekuo tks oqQN cksy jgk gS og
mu 'kCnksa esa D;ksa cksy jgk gS\ &
;g ftKklk gh fuoZpu dh tuuh gSA ekuo Lo vuqHkwfr dks vfHkO;Dr djus
osQ fy, eupkgs laosQrksa dks gh vk/kj cukdj py jgk gS vFkok 'kCnksa vkSj oDr`LFk
vuqHkwfr dk ewrZ txr~ esa dksbZ laca/ gS\ ;g [kkstuk gh fuoZpu dk ewY; gSA
;kLdkpk;Z fuoZpu osQ bl ekSfyd vfHkizk; dks ljykfrljy Hkko ls vfèkxe
djkus gsrq gh fu#Dr esa vf/drj ,sls yksdizfl¼ vfHk/kuksa dk fuoZpu nsrs gSaA
osnkFkZfu:i.k osQ fy, os LojHksn&mnkÙk] vuqnkÙk ,oa Lofjr ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSa&
rhozkFkZrjeqnkÙke~] vYih;ks¿FkZrjeuqnkÙke~A

1- v"Vkè;k;h 3@3@1
2- ½- 1@185@7
osnO;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu:Drdkjksa dk ;ksxnku 109
vFkkZr~ vf/d cy nsus ij mnkÙk gksrk gS] de cy nsus ij vuqnkÙkA okLro
esa bu nksuksa Lojksa dk ;gh jgL; gSA Hkk"kk osQ izokg esa cgqr ls 'kCnksa esa LojifjorZu
(Accent Shifting) gksrk jgrk gSA
osn esa okD;kfn dks fØ;k essa mnkÙk iM+rk gS] eè; esa ughaA okD; osQ vkfn esa
fØ;k j[kus dk vFkZ gS mls egÙ[Link] fl¼ djukA
oSfnd ea=kksa dh O;k[;k esa ;kLd dh oqQN fo'ks"krk,a è;krO; gSa &
(1) oSfnd ea=kksa dh O;k[;k esa 'kCnksa osQ Øe esa lkekU; rFkk ifjorZu ugha djrsA
½pkvksa esa ftl Øe ls 'kCn gSa mlh Øe ls mudk vFkZ nsrs gSa okD;&foU;kl
(Syntax) dh fpark fd, fcuk] ;Fkk &
rRlw;ZL; nsoRoa rUefgRoa eè;k drksZfoZora la tHkkjA
;nsn;qDr gfjr% l/LFkknknk=kh oklLruqrs fleLeSAA1
rRlw;ZL; nsoRoa] rr~ efgRoa] eè;s ;r~ [Link] (drksZ%) fØ;[Link] forra
lafÄõ;rsA ;nklkS v;qDr [Link]~ vkfnRoj'ehu~] gfjr% & v'oku~ vfr ok]
vFkjk=khookl% ruqrs bfrAA
;kLd fo'ks"; vkSj fo'ks"k.k osQ chp esa fØ;k tksM+ nsrs gSa] ijUrq tgk¡ mUgsa
Lora=k :i ls fy[kus dk vodk'k feyrk gS] os laLÑrfoU;kl dh gh jhfr
viukrs gSa fdUrq fØ;k,¡ izk;% vUr esa ugha gksrh] tSls & rewpq% czã.kk%] l
'kUruq% nsokfi f'kf'k{k jkT;suA2
(2) oSfnd ea=kksa esa milxZ vkSj fØ;k dh i`Fkdrk loZfofnr gS fdUrq ;kLd osQ
dky esa budk lkgp;Z vko';d izrhr gksrk gSA ;kLd eU=kLFk milxZ vkSj
fØ;k dks ,d lkFk dj nsrs gSa] tSls & izfr-- nqghlr~] (fu-1@17) dks
^izfrnqXèkke* esa cny nsrs gSaA
(3) oSfnd Hkk"kk esa tgk¡ fujFkZd] fuikr in&iwj.k vkSj okD;iwj.k osQ :i esa gqvk
djrs gS]a ogk¡ ;kLd ,sls fuikrksa dks NksMd
+ j osQoy lkFkZd vkSj cyiznku djus
okys fuikrksa] (tSls & ,o] vfi) dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(4) ^bfr* dk iz;ksx ^vkpk;Z* ;kLd laLÑr osQ vuqlkj m¼j.k osQ ckn djrs gSaA
(5) buosQ okD; vR;ar ljy gksrs gSAa la;Dq r okD;ksa dk iz;ksx ;s cgqr gh de djrs
gSaA
osn O;k[;k esa fu?[Link] ,oa fu#Dr dk egÙ[Link] LFkku gSA ;kLd (700&800
bZ-iw-) us osnea=kksa dh O;k[;k rc vkjEHk dh tc yksx bls Hkwyus yxs FksA ;|fi bUgksua s
1- fu- 4@11
2- fu- 2@10
110 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
[Link] oSfnd lafgrk dh O;k[;k ugha dh gS ijUrq ftruh Hkh dh gS og ijh{k.k dh
dlkSVh ij [kjh mrjh gSA blh n`f"V ls ;kLd osnkFkZ osQ izFke izdk'kd gSaA osnO;k[;k
dh 'kSyh Hkh mUgksaus gh nh gSA fuoZpu'kkL=k ^fu#Dr* esa 'kCnksa dk bfrgkl bl <ax
ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd muesa lfÂfgr /krq dk irk dj ml /krq osQ vFkZ osQ vkèkkj
ij gh 'kCn dk vFkZ fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,A /krq ls 'kCn dk vFkZ okP;kFkZ vFkok
vyadkjksa dh lgk;rk ls Kkr gksrk gSA fu#Dr osQ euh"kh LdksYM djrs gSa &
¶We ought rather to be astonished because the Nirukta
1
contains so many good and etymologies as it does¸
MkW- y{[Link]:i dk dFku gS fd & ^okLro esa fuoZpu'kkL=k dk oSKkfud
f'kykU;kl dk nkok djus rFkk blosQ lkekU; fl¼kUrksa dh LFkkiuk djus esa ;kLd gh
izFke gSaA
¶Yaska is the best to claim the scientific foundation and
2
also the first to formulate the general principles of etymology¸
MkW- y{[Link]:i osQ vuqlkj ftl le; Hkk"kkfoKku dk chtoiu Hkh ugha
gqvk rFkk ml le; fu#Drdkjksa us Hkk"kkfoKku osQ vusd ekSfyd fl¼kUrksa dks
mn~?kksf"kr ,oa izpkfjr fd;kA izkphu vk;ZHkk"kk (fo'ks"kr% osn) dks le>us osQ fy,
fu#Dr vius fopkjksa dk vn~Hkqr izfrfuf/ xzUFk gS tks [Link] dk Hkh iFk izn'kZd jgk
gSA

ggg

1- The Nirukta & Scold, p.181

2- Introduction To Nirukta : 310 MkW- y{[Link]:i] Oxford, 1920, p-64
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo

,oa orZeku lUnHkZ
& gfj}kj oekZ
'kks/PNk=k] xaxkukFk >k ifjlj
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku

ys[kd us izLrqr fucU/ esa dkfynkl }kjk jfpr dkO;ksa osQ vUrxZr
fufgr lkSUn;Z rÙoksa dk orZeku lUnHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA

lkSUn;Z dk laosnu thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k ,oa O;kikj esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
lkSUn;Z osQ vo/kjd rÙo esa lR;] f'ko] vkuUn] vuqHkwfr vkSj vfHkO;fDr rÙo dk
izk/kU; gSA lkSUn;Z pkgs inkFkZ esa gks ;k dkO; esa] vewrZ esa gks ;k ewrZ esa] og lR;]
f'ko] vkuUn vkSj vuqHkwfr dh vfHkO;fDr gh rks gSA lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dk LFkku
loksZifj gSA lkfgfR;d lkSUn;Z ân; osQ lk¡ps esa <yh gqbZ fo'kq¼ vuqHkwfr;k¡ gS] tks
lkfgR; ,oa vU; dykvksa esa miyC/ gksrh gSA fpjUru vkÈkndrk gh lkfgfR;d
lkSUn;Z dh futh fo'ks"krk gSA lkfgR; esa vafdr ;gh lkSUn;Z lân; laos| gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k dykÑfr dks ns[kdj vkuUn ;k g"kZ dk l`tu gksuk gh
lkSUn;Z& cks/ dgykrk gSA lkSUn;Z osQ izfr O;fDr dk vkfRed yxko gksrk gSA D;ksfa d
dgk x;k gS fd ^lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA* ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z
dk vR;Ur egRo jgk gSA ;gk¡ lkSUn;Z pk#Ro] 'kksHkk] dkfUr] [Link];rk vkfn vusd
ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA lkSUn;Z dk vFkZ gS ^lqUnjL; Hkko% lkSUn;Ze~* vFkkZr~ lqUnj gksus
dk Hkko lkSUn;Z gSA ^lq"Bq [Link]Ùk vkæhZdjksfr fpÙkfefr lqUnje~* vFkkZr~ lqUnj oLrq
og gS tks fpÙk dks vknzZ dj nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; dyk&lkSUn;Z vius vki esa gh ,d foLr`r n'kZu gSA ftlesa :i vkSj
lkSUn;Z og gS tks ns[kus esa lqUnj o vkuUnnk;d yxsA Hkkjrh; dyk lkSUn;Z dh
foospuk ^lR;a f'koa lqUnje~* ij vk/kfjr gSA lqUnjrk og gS tks bZ'oj osQ eaxye;

1- f'k'kqikyo/e~
( 111 )
112 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
Lo:i esa fufgr gSA lkSUn;Z dh okLrfodrk dk Kku lR; ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA gekjs
osn o mifu"knksa esa Hkh lkSUn;Z osQ Lo:i dk cM+k gh foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA
lqUnjrk dk fuos'k osQoy ekuoh; lkSUn;Z esa gh ugha oju~ dyk vkSj Hkko esa
Hkh gksrk gS] ftls ge lkfgR; dgrs gSaA lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dh jgL;kRedrk esa fuR;
uohurk osQ Hkko mBrs jgrs gSaA tSls ,d ygj nwljh ygj esas lekdj /kjk dk vuUr
Øe cuk nsrh gS mlh izdkj lkfgR; esa #i vkSj lkSUn;Z dk fuR; u;k Hkko jgrk gS&
{[Link]&{[Link] ;ÂorkeqiSfr rnso :ia [Link];rk;k%A1
ifo=k lfyyk Hkkjr Hkwfe vrhr dky ls lkSHkkX;'kkyhuh jgh gSA lqjxoh
mikld Hkkjrh osQ ojn~ iq=kksa esa laLÑr lkfgR;kdk'k osQ nsnhI;eku u{k=k egkdfo
dkfynkl vuU; ew/ZU; gSaA dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl osQ lkrksa dkO;ksa [[Link];};]
egkdkO;}; ukVd=k; vFkkZr~ leLr dkO;ksa dk fujh{k.k] ijh{k.k] leh{k.k djus ls
loZFkk fl¼ gks tkrk gS fd egkdfo dh lw{ekfrlw{e foosfduh] lkSUn;kZfrjsdh]
oSKkfud] HkkSxksfyd] jktuSfrd n`f"V foy{k.k gSA dfork ofurk foykl egkdfo
dkfynkl osQ lgt e`nqy eatqy euksHkkoiwr es?knwrkfn dkO; esa lkSUn;Z dh ijkdk"Bk
n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
dkfynkl dh uhj&{khj foosfduh n`f"V esa lkSUn;Z dh og NVk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh
gS] tks lân;ksa osQ fy, ân;[Link] gks tkrh gS vkSj lân; tuekul vkeqDr d.B
ls 'yk?kk djus dks ckè; gks tkrk gSA dkfynkl osQ lkSUn;Z fp=k.k dks gh i<+dj teZu
dfo xsVs fo'o eap ij ^'kkoqQUrye~* dks f'kjks/k;Z dj ukpus yxs vkSj mudh
vUrâZn;Lif'kZuh [Link] oqQN bl rjg ifjLiqQfjr gqb]Z ftls vaxt sz h Hkk"kk dh mfDr dk
oklqnso fo".kq fejklh us laLÑr #ikUrj bl izdkj fd;k gSµ
oklUra oqQlqea iQya p ;qxin~ xzh"eL; loZ p en~
;kP;kU;Ueulks jlk;uer% [Link] eksgue~A
,dhHkwreHkwriwoZeFkok LoyksZdHkwyksd;ks&
jS'o;± ;fn ok×Nfl fiz;l[ks 'kkoqQUrya lsO;rke~A1
euq"; LoHkkor% lkSUn;Z dk izseh gksrk gS] og lkSUn;Z osQ izfr vkfRed&izo`fÙk
osQ dkj.k gh fofo/ dykvksa dks mRi djrk gSA og viuh dfork&dkfeuh esa
lkSUn;Z dh l`f"V djus osQ fy, jl] NUn] vyadkj vkfn [Link] dk lgkjk ysrk
gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo'o osQ lHkh ew/ZU; euh"kh dfo;ksa us viuh&viuh dkO;
Ñfr;ksa esa lkSUn;Z dk fp=k.k djosQ viuh lgt ljy lkSUn;kZfHkeq[kh izo`fÙk dk

1- vfHkKku 'kkoqQUrye~ O;k-izks-jktnso feJ&Hkwfedk Hkkx&i`"B la-36

dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo ,oa orZeku lUnHkZ 113
ifjp; fn;k gSA tgk¡ rd dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl dk iz'u gS] og rks LoHkkor%
lkSUn;Z rFkk izse osQ ikj[kh gh ugha vfirq ,d oqQ'ky fp=kdkj Hkh gSaA
dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa gesa lkSUn;Z osQ vusd :iksa osQ n'kZu izkIr gksrs gSaA
dkfynkl us fo'o osQ vusd oLrqvksa esa lkSUn;Z osQ izR;{k n'kZu fd;s gSaA ufn;ksa osQ
ygjksa us] e`xksa osQ Nykaxksa us] if{k;ksa osQ dyjo us] iq"iksa osQ lqxU/ us] o`{kksa osQ izLiqQVu
us igkM+ksa osQ eueksgd n`';ksa us dkO;dkj dks viuh vksj vdLekr~ vkÑ"V fd;k gSA
HkkokRed lkSUn;Z osQ [Link] essa dfo dks vHkwriwoZ liQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSA ftldk vuqHko
dfo dh vUrjkRek us fd;k vkSj izÑfr dh lgk;rk ls vuqHkwfr dks dfo us O;Dr
fd;k gSA lqUnj u;h uosyh nqYgu tSlh 'kjn ½rq dk [Link] dfo us fd;k gSµ
dk'kk'kqd
a k fodpi|euksKoD=kk]
lksUekngaljouwijq uknjE;kA
vkiDo'kkfy#fpjk urxk=k;f"V%
izkIrk 'kjÂoo/wfjo #ijE;kA1
dkfynkl uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z osQ izseh gSa] Ñf=ke vkSj fn[kkoVh J`axkj mUgsa ugha
jksprkA os izÑfr osQ }kjk izkIr fd;s x;s lgt&lqyHk miknkuksa ls viuh ifjdYiuk
dh lqUnfj;ksa esa vfuU| lkSUn;Z dk vkfo"dkj djrs gSAa oqQekjlEHko esa ikoZrh us olUr
osQ iwQyksa ls vius vki dks vyaÑr fd;k gSA v'kksd us in~ejkxef.k dks /rk crk
nh gS] [Link] us [Link] dh |qfr dks [khap fy;k gS rFkk fla/qokj osQ iq"i gh
eqDrkekyk cu x;s gSaµ
v'kksdfuHkZfRlZrin~ejkxekÑ"Vgse|[Link]~A
e`DrkdykihÑrflUnqokja oUriq"[Link] ogUrhAA2
dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl osQ lHkh ik=kksa esa iq#"kksfpr lkSUn;Z gSaA iq#"k ik=kksa esa
iq:"kksfpr lkSUn;Z gS rks L=kh ik=kksa esas fL=k;ksfpr lkSUn;ZA ;gk¡ rd fd mUgksaus i'kq&
if{k;ksa osQ lkSUn;Z dk Hkh [Link] fd;k gSA mudh n`f"V esa lkSUn;Z dh lkFkZdrk rc gS
tc og fiz; dks vkÑ"V djus vkSj mls thrus esa leFkZ gksA ikoZrh th tc vius
:i lkSUn;Z ls Hkxoku~ 'kadj th dks thrus esa vleFkZ gks tkrh gS vkSj dkenso dks
egknso dh Øks/kfXu esa tyrs gq, ns[krh gSa rks mudk lkSUn;Z xoZ pwj gks tkrk gS vkSj
os vius #i dh fuUnk djus yxrh gSµ
fufuUn :ia ân;su ikoZrh] fiz;s"kq lkSHkkX;iQyk fg pk#rkA3
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3- oqQekjlEHkoe~&5@1
114 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lkSUn;Z osQ lEcU/ esa egkdfo dkfynkl dh ekU;rk gS fd tc rd lkSUn;Z]
R;kx vkSj riL;k dh vfXu es ridj fujUrj ugha mBrk] rc rd mldk dksbZ ewY;
ugha gSA tSls vfXu esa ridj lksuk pedrk gS oSls gh riL;k dh vfXu esa ridj
lkSUn;ZA dfo bl ckr dks Lohdkj ugha djrk fd lkSUn;Z ikio`fÙk dh vksj mUeq[k gksus
okyk gksrk gSA og rks ekurk gS fdµ
;nqP;rs ikoZrh! ikio`Ùk;s] u :ifeR;O;fHkpkfj r}p%A1
dkfynkl osQ er esa lkSUn;Z Lo;a esa euksK] dkE; ,oa e/qj gksrk gS] mlosQ
lEioZQ esa vkdj dksbZ Hkh oLrq euksK gks ldrh gSA ,slk lkSUn;Z dk lkeF;Z gSA
ekyfodk osQ lqUnj eq[k ij cM+h&cM+h vk¡[k] 'kjn~dky osQ fueZy pUnzek dh Hkk¡fr
mldk eq[k dkfUreku] dU/ksa ij oqQN >qdh Hkqtyrk,¡] m¡Qps vkSj dBksj Lruksa ls ;qDr
o{kLFky] cxyksa ls uhps dk Hkkx lqxfBr izrhr gks jgk gSµ
nh?kkZ{ka 'kjfnUnqdkfUronua ckgw urkoal;ks%
laf{kIrfufcMksÂrLrueqj% ik'osZ ize`"Vs boA
eè;% [Link] furfEc t?kua iknkojkykaxqyh%
NUnks urZf;rq;ZFkSo eufl f'y"Va rFkkL;k oiq%AA2
lkSUn;Z dk lEcU/ ewyr% euq"; dh vkRek ls gksrk gS ftl fdlh Hkh oLrq]
:i] vkdkj] O;kikj vkfn dks ns[kdj] Li'kZ djosQ vFkok lqudj ekuo vkRek
vkufUnr gksrh gS ogh lkSUn;Z dk fo"k; cu tkrs gSaA foØeksoZ'kh;e~ esa dkfynkl us
moZ'kh dk [Link] cM+s euksgkfj <ax ls fd;k gS moZ'kh dks x<+us osQ fy, ;k rks lkSUn;Z
iznku djus okyk pUnzek iztkifr cuk gksxk vFkok J`axkj jl osQ ,d ek=k vfèkifr
dkenso us bls cuk;k gksxk ;k olUr ½rq usµ
vL;k% lxZfo/kS iztkifrjHkwPpUæks uq dkfUrizn%
J`axkjSdjl% Lo;a uq enuks eklks uq iq"ikdj%A
osnkH;kltM% dFka uq fo"k;O;ko`ÙkdkSrwgyks
fuekZrqa izHkosUeuksgjfena :ia [Link] eqfu%AA3
dfo&dfYir lkSUn;Z esa Hkw"[Link] dk Hkw"k.k miekuks dk Hkh mieku vkSj izlkèkuksa
dk Hkh izlk/u cu tkus dh {kerk gSA dkfynkl J`axkj rFkk izse osQ Hkkoqd dfo gSa]
vr% mudh n`f"V lkSUn;Z dh dksey Hkkouk dks igpkuus rFkk izdV djus esa furkUr
prqj gSaA mudk jle; ân; Kku lkSUn;Z&[Link] esa >k¡drk gqvk fn[k iM+rk gSµ
1- oqQekjlEHkoe~&5@36
2- ekyfodkfXufe=ke~&2@3
3- foØeksoZ'kh;e~&1@10
dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo ,oa orZeku lUnHkZ 115
ohfp{[Link];k%
laliZUR;k L[kfyrlqHkxa nf'kZrkorZukHks%A
fufoZUè;k;k% ifFk HkojlkH;Urj% lfÂiR;
L=[Link]|a iz.k;opua foHkzeks fg fiz;s"kqAA1
dkfynkl us cká lkSUn;Z dh vis{kk vkUrfjd lkSUn;Z ij vf/d cy fn;k gSA
mudh ekU;rk gS fd lkSUn;Z dks cká lk/uksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA os L=kh&lkSUn;Z
osQ [Link] esa vius mieku izk;% izÑfr ls fy;s gSaA ;f{[Link] bdgjs onu dh ukf;dk
gSA dkfynkl osQ vuqlkj izÑfr esa tks lkSUn;Z ;k [Link];rk fodflr gqbZ gS] ekuoh;
yko.;rk mlh dk gh vaxHkwr gSA vfHkKku&'kkoqQUry dh ukf;dk 'koqQUryk dk
lkSUn;Z rks lokZfr'kk;h gh gS vkSj j?kqo'a k dh ukf;dk bUnqerh czãk dh jpuk dk mRd"kZ
gSA es?knwr dh ;f{[Link] fo/krk dh ;qofrfo"k;d vkfn l`f"V gSA og 'kjhjh Hkh gS]
';kek Hkh gS] uo;kSou okyh uqdhys nk¡rks okyh] iosQ gq, foEciQy osQ leku vèkj
okyh] iryh dej okyh] bR;kfn [Link] ls ;qDr gSµ
rUoh ';kek f'k[kfjn'kuk iDofoEck/jks"Bh
eè;s {kkek [Link]{[Link] fuEuukfHk%A
[Link] Lrksduezk LrukH;ka
;k r=k L;kn~ ;qofrfo"k;s l`f"Vjk|So /krq%AA2
dkfynkl oLrqr% izÑfr osQ dksey Lo:i osQ fp=kdkj gSaA mudh vkLFkk gS
fd izÑfr esa gh lPps lkSUn;Z osQ n'kZu gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd izÑfr dk [Link] lkSUn;Z
LokHkkfodrk dh vk/kjf'kyk ij izfrf"Br gSA blhfy, os ekuo&lkSUn;Z dh rhozrk
,oa ;FkkFkZrk dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy;s izÑfr dk vkJ; ysrs gSAa es?knwr esa vydk uxjh
esa ef.k&[Link]; lksus&pk¡nh vkSj /u&le`f¼ dh dksbZ deh ugha] fiQj Hkh ogk¡ dh
lqUnfj;k¡ iwQyksa ls gh viuk vax izR;ax ltkrh gSµ
gLrs yhykdeyeyosQ ckyoqQUnkuqfo¼a
uhrk yks/izlojtlk [Link] Jh%A
pwMkik'ks uooqQjcoaQ pk#[Link] f'kjh"ka
lheUrs p Ronqixeta ;=k uhia o/wuke~AA3

1- es?knwre~&1@29
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116 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
egkdfo dkfynkl us vius dkO;ks esa lkSUn;Z fo"k;d ekU;rkvksa dk Li"V
[Link] fd;k gS] muosQ vuqlkj izR;sd oLrq esa lqUnjrk fufgr gksrh gS] ijUrq euq"; tc
viuh lkSUn;Ze;h n`f"V ls ml oLrq dks ns[krk gS rks og eq[kj gks mBrh gSA j?kqoa'k
osQ izFke lxZ esa riksou dk ;g lqUnj ,oa ikou fp=k feyrk gS µ
oukUrjknqiko`rS% lfeRoqQ'kiQykgkjS%A
iw;[Link]`';kfXuizR;q|krSLrifLofHk%AA
lsdkUrs eqfudU;kfHkLrR{[Link]>ro`{kde~A
fo'oklk; fogaxkukekyokykEcqikf;uke~AA1
os izÑfr lkSUn;Z osQ lw{e nz"Vk gS] izÑfr osQ izoh.k&fprsjs gSaA j?kqoa'k
egkdkO; esa egkdkO;ksfpr izÑfr osQ fofo/ n`';ksa osQ lqUnj fp=k.k feyrs gSaA iape
lxZ osQ izHkkr [Link] osQ i| okXnsork osQ }kjk jps gq, ekus tkrs gSa izHkkrdky dk ;g
[Link] cgqr gh mRÑ"V vkSj izHkkoksRiknd gSµ
rkezksnjs"kq ifrra r:iYyos"kq
fu/kSrgkjxqfydkfo'kna fgekEHk%A
vkHkkfr yC/ijHkkxr;k/jks"Bs
yhykfLera ln'kukfpZfjoRonh;e~AA2
dkfynkl dh dYiuk es lgt lkSUn;Z dh gh efgek gS og lkSUn;kZigkjd
[Link] dks Hkh viuk Øhrnkl cuk ysrs gSAa ftl izdkj lsokj dey dk rFkk dyad
pUnzek dk 'kksHkko/Zd gksrk gS mlh izdkj oYdy Hkh 'koqQUryk dk 'kksHkko/Zd gSµ
¶ljflteuqfo¼a 'kSoysukfi jE;a
efyuefi fgeka'kksyZ{e y{eha ruksfrA
b;ef/deuksKk oYdysukfi rUoh
fdfeo fg e/[Link] [Link] ukÑrhuke~AA¸3
dkfynkl lkSUn;Z osQ prqj fprsjs gSaA os tc fdlh osQ lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr
djrs gSa rks ckáksiknkuksa dh vko';drk ugha le>rs ;gh dkj.k gS fd os ftl
'koqQUryk osQ lkSUn;Z dks izLrqr djus osQ fy;s m|r gq, gS]a og muosQ fy, ¶Ï"Vqjk|k
l`f"V%¸ gSA mlus viuh laosQre;h 'kSyh esa lc oqQN dg fn;kA blh vuqHkwfr dh
vfHkO;fDr nq";Ur 'koqQUryk osQ lkSUn;Z [Link] esa bl izdkj djrs gSa µ

1- j?kqoa'ke~&1@49] 51
2- j?kqoa'ke~&5@70
3- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&1@20
dkfynkl osQ dkO;ksa esa lkSUn;Z rÙo ,oa orZeku lUnHkZ 117
fp=ks fuos'; ifjdfYirlRo;ksxk
:iksPp;su eulk fof/uk Ñrk uqA
L=khjRu l`f"Vjijk izfrHkkfr lk es]
/krqfoZHkqRoeuqfpUR; oiq'p rL;k%AA1
egkdfo dkfynkl ekuoh; lkSUn;Z dks izÑfrµlkSUn;Z dk izfr:i ekurs gSaA
blhfy;s os viuh jpukvksa esa ekuoh; lkSUn;Z dh vfHko`f¼ gsrq izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dk
lgkjk ysrs gSA vusd miek&fo/ku osQ }kjk 'koqQUryk osQ vfr ifo=k ân;&yko.;kfr'k;
dk |ksru gksrk gSA [Link] iq.; iQy dks R;kxdj vU; lHkh ewrZ izkÑfrd mieku&
iq"i] fdly;] jRu] e/qi vkfn izÑfr dU;k 'koqQUryk osQ izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dh
vfHkO;atuk osQ fy;s iz;qDr gSµ
vuk?kzkra iq"ia fdly;eywua dj:gS&
jukfo¼a jRua e/quoeukLokfnrjle~A
v[[Link] iq.;kuka iQyfeo p rnzwieu?ka
u tkus HkksDrkja dfeg leqiLFkkL;fr fof/%AA2
dkfynkl us L=kh&lkSUn;Z osQ lkFk gh iq:"k osQ lkSUn;Z dk Hkh [Link] fd;k gSA
L=kh osQ lkSUn;Z esa lqdkseyrk] e/qjrk] yko.;rk vkfn xq.k vko';d gS rks iq:"k osQ
lkSUn;Z esa â"Vrk&iq"Vrk] dÙkZO;ijk.k;rk] /kfeZdrk vkfn xq.k vko';d gSA vr,o
nq";Ur dk [Link] fd;k gS fdµ
vuojr/uqT;kZLiQkyuozQw jiwo±
[Link]".kq Losnys'kSjfHkÂe~A
vifprefi xk=ka O;k;rÙokny{;a
fxfjpj bo ukx% [Link] foHkfrZAA3
dkO; esa lkSUn;Z cká ,oa vkUrfjd nksuksa esa gksrk gSA cká lkSUn;Z fu"izk.k vkSj
ifjorZu'khy gksrk gS] ijUrq dkfynkl osQ dkO; fp=k.k fu"izk.k ugha vfirq thoUr
gSA izÑfr Hkh jks iM+rh gS] 'koqQUryk osQ fonkbZ dk n`'; gSµ
mn~xfyrnHkZdoyk e`X;% ifjR;DrurZuk e;wjk%A
vil`[Link]=kk eq×pUR;[Link] yrk%AA4
foosfpr rF;ksa osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd ¶lq"Bq [Link]Ùk fpÙka nzo;rhfr
lqUnj%] rL; Hkko% lkSUn;Ze¸~ vFkkZr~ tSlh lkSUn;Z ikj[kh uhj&{khj foosfduh lw{esfddk
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2- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&2@10
3- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&2@4
4- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&4@12
118 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
n`f"V dfork ofurk foykl egkdfo dkfynkl dh jgh gSA oSlh ân;gkfjdk n`f"V
laLÑr lkfgR; esa ykspuxkspj ugha gksrhA dkfynkl dh ukf;dk;sa euks&'kkjhfjd
lkSUn;Z ls vkHkwf"kr gSAa dkfynkl dk uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z Hkh vfizre gh gSA izÑfr&fp=k.k
esa miek&lezkV~ lân;&ân; dks vkeqDr d.B iz'kalk osQ fy;s foo'k dj nsrs gSaA
izÑfr dk ekuohdj.k dj tho&tUrqvksa esa vuwBk lkeatL; oSj&Hkko foLej.k iwoZd
LFkkiuk gh egkdfo dk viuk oSf'k"V~; gSA
egkdfo dh lkSUn;kZfrjsdh n`f"V dk gh [Link] Fkk fd mÂhloha 'krkCnh esa
u osQoy Hkkjrh; vfirq fons'kh fo}ku Hkh dkfynkl th dks vius vkaXy lkfgR; dk
¶'ksDlih;j¸ dh mikf/ ls vyaÑr fd;sA rnuUrj vk/qfud [Link].k osQ ;qx
esa laLÑr ukVd fo'o&izfFkr ijkdk"Bk dks izkIr dj fy;kA
egkdfo dkfynkl osQ lkrksa dkO; Lo;a esa vuqie vkSj vf}rh; gSaA blhfy,
budks laLÑr lkfgR; dk ^oqQyxq:*] ^nhif'k[kk* vkfn mikf/;ksa ls vyaÑr dj
buosQ dkO;ksa dh egÙkk osQ ckjs esa dgk x;k gSA dkfynklh; dkO;ksa esa i`Foh ls LoxZ
osQ feyu dk fp=kkadu fd;k x;k gSA bldks fl¼ djus osQ fy, efYyukFk dk 'yksd
nz"VO; gSµ
iqjk dohuk [Link] dfuf"Bdkf/f"Br dkfynkl%A
v|kfi rrqY;dosjHkkokr~ vukfedklkFkZorh cHkwoAA

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

egkHkk";fn'kk o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~

& MkW- lqtkrk f=kikBh
lgk;dkpk;kZ] Jhyk-c-'kk-jk-la-fo]] uonsgyh

,rfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks ysf[kd;k v"Vkè;k;hxzUFkL; izFkea lw=keknk;

egkHkk";L;k% fopkjk% izn£'krk% lfUrA

o`f¼jknSp~1 bfr fg izFkea [Link];lw=kefLrA v=k fg egkHkk";Ñrk in=k;a

LohÑre~& u osQoykfu ppkZinkfu O;k[;kua ^o`f¼% vkn~ ,sp~* bfrA v=k o`f¼'kCne~
vkoR;Z ^vkn~ o`f¼%] ,sp~ o`f¼%* bR;FkZ% drq± 'kD;rsA O;k[;kuizlÄõs Hkk";Ñrk v=k
in};efi vÄõhÑre~& Ñreu;ks% lk/qRoe~A dFke~\ o`f¼jLek;fo'ks"[Link]"V% izÑfrikBs
rLekr~ fDrUizR;;%A vknSpks¿I;{kjlekEuk;s mifn"Vk%A¸
vL;keoLFkk;ka lw=kfena f}inkReoaQ (o`f¼% vknSp~) eU;sr mr iwoZHkk";kuqlkja
f=kinkReoaQ (o`f¼% vkn~ ,sp~) bfr ftKklk leq‰ofrA ;fn f=kinkRede~ oSrRlw=ka
L;kr~ rfgZ i`FkDr;k dL;k vfi fDy"VdYiuk;k ukLR;ko';drk] rf}ijhra f}inkRedRoa
LohfØ;sr rfgZ vknSp~ bfr ins vkPp ,sPp vu;ks% lekgkj}U}% bfr lekldYiuk
[Link];k HkofrA ijUrq r=k }U}kPpqn"kgkUrkRlekgkjs2 bfr leklkUr% "kizR;;% izkIuksfr
ija ikíUew/l Z q bfr lw=ks tx}eqn/ Z q bfr ikBsu leklkUrfo/sjfuR;Rokr~ bfr dYiuh;a
~ l
HkofrA vr% ^Ñreu;ks% lk/qRoe~* bfr Hkk";opus vu;ks% bR;L; mís';foèks;cksè;ny;ks%
bR;FksZ Ñrs u nks"k%A ;|fi oSQ;Vsu ^vknSPNCnL; }U}knu;ksfjfr f}opufunsZ'k%*
bR;qDRok vknSp~ bfr ins lekgkj}U}% ,o LohÑr%A ukxs'ksu p ^vu;ksfjR;L;
in;ksfjfr fo'ks"[Link]~* bR;qDRok vu;ks% bR;L; lekl?kVdin;ks% bR;FkZ% LohÑr%A
ijUrq izkjEHks ^v=k i{ks¿u;ksfjfr Hkk";a [k.M;ksfjR;FkZde~* bfr fofy[; ^mís';foèks;&
incksè;ny;ks% o`f¼fjfr vknSp~ bfr p vu;ks%* bR;Fk± LohÑR; f=kinkRedeso ,rr~
lw=ka Lohdjksfr l bfr izrh;rsA v=k fo"k;s ukxs'kHkV~Vksftnhf{kr;ks% ,sdeR;a fo|rsA
nhf{krks¿fi v=k in=k;e~ vÄõhdjksfrA
1- i-lw- 1@1@1
2- ik-lw- 5@4@106
( 119 )
120 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
oLrqr% mHk;ksjoLFk;ks% 'kCnlk/qRoa RoLR;soA f}inkRedi{ks fDy"VdYiuk
[Link];k Hkofr ija f=kinkRedi{ks ukfLr fdefi i`FkDr;k fpUruh;e~ bfr yk?koe~A
yk?kokPp f}rh;% i{k ,o T;k;ku~A vknSp~ bR;=k ^pks% oqQ%* bfr izkIra oqQRoe~ vk'kÄïÔ
lekfgre~& NUnksor~ lw=kkf.k HkofUrA iQyr% ^v;Le;knhfu PNUnfl* bfr HklaK;k
inlaKk ckè;rs] inRokHkkokPp u oqQRoizkfIr%A ,oeso ^mHk;laKkU;fi NUnfl* bfr
okfrZdfunsZ'kkuqlkja NUnfl HkinlaKs y{;kuqlkja Hkor%A ;FkksP;rs vkpk;sZ.k&
mHk;laKkU;fi NUnfl n`';UrsA r|Fkk& ^l lq"BqHkkl ½Dork [Link]*
inRokRoqQRoe~] HkRokTt'Roa u HkofrA ,ofegkfi inRokTt'Roe~] HkRokRoqQRoa u
Hkfo";frA1
br'p iqu% iz'ue~ miLFkki;fr vkpk;Z% & o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=ks ^o`f¼%* bfr
insu rs"kkeso [Link] [Link]~] ;s o`f¼insu HkofUr bfr r‰[Link]{k%
[Link];%] mr loZfo/k vfi vkdkjSdkjkSdkjk% [Link];k%\ ;fn pk=k izFke%
r‰kfori{k% LohfØ;rs rnk 'kkyk] ekyk bR;kfn'kCns"kq vkdkjL; o`f¼inHkkforRokHkkokr~
o`f¼laKkHkkos o`f¼;ZL;kpkekfnLrn~o¼ ` e~2 bfr o`¼laKkfi u Hkofr] rsu o`¼kPN%3
bfr NizR;;kHkkos 'kkyh;%] ekyh;% bR;kfniz;ksxk% u L;q%A
,oeso vkeze;e~] 'kkye;e~ bR;k|fi u Hkfo";fr] o`f¼laKkHkkos o`¼laKkHkko%]
rr'p fuR;a o`¼'kjkfnH;%4 bfr lw=kkizkfIr%A
f}rh;i{kLohdkjs¿fi ^loksZ Hkkl% loZHkkl%* bR;=k nks"k%A HkdkjksÙkjofrZu
vkdkjL; o`f¼laKk;ke~ mÙkjino`¼kS lo± p5 bfr vUrksnkÙkLoj% vki|srA
bfr i{k};s¿fi vk'kaD; vUrr% f}rh;i{ke~ mjjhoqQoZu~ Hkk";Ñr~ f}rh;i{ks
lekxra nks"ka lek/Ùks&
uS"k nks"k%A uSoa foKk;rs& mÙkjinL; o`f¼#Ùkjino`f¼#Ùkjino`¼kfofrA
dFka rfgZ\ mÙkjinL; (7@3@10) bR;soa izÑR; ;k o`f¼Lr}R;qÙkjins bR;soesr&
f}Kk;rsA6

1- e-Hkk-iLi'kk- lw=k- o`f¼jknSp~

2- ik-lw- 1@1@72
3- ik-lw- 4@2@114
4- ik-lw- 4@3@114
5- ik-lw- 6@2@105
6- e-Hkk-iLi'kk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-
egkHkk";fn'kk o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~ 121
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^mÙkjino`¼kS* mÙkjinL; bR;srr~ lw=ke~ vf/ÑR; ;k o`f¼% bR;[Link]~A
vkpk;sZ.k dkR;k;usu laKkf/dkj% laKklEizR;;kFkZ% bfr okfrZoaQ LFkkfire~]
;L; rkRi;ZefLr&o`¼Ôkfn'kCnk% ^laKs*fr vfHk/kuoUrks HkoUrq bR;srnFkZe~ ^vFk laKk*
bR;f/dkjlw=ka fofy[; o`¼Ôkfn'kCnk% iBuh;k%A fo"k;s¿fLeu~ okfrZdÑrk fofoèkrdkZ%
miLFkkfirk%A r=k izFkeks¿;e~& vÑrs laKkf/dkjs o`¼Ôkfn'kCnkuka laKkRosu ifjKkua u
Hkfo";frA f}rh;% & laKklafKuks% vlUnsg% Hkfo";frA ;|fi laKk vukÑfr% lafKu'p
vkÑfreUr% HkofUr] vrks uko';d% laKkf/dkj%A vFkok lokZ vfi laKk u% fo'ks"k&
fpÉ;qrk% fo/krO;k% rFkk p rkfu fpÉkfu fo'ks"kkuqcU/s ;kstuh;kfuA ,rsu ;Fkk laKk
LoHkkor% lafKua ifjKkI; fuorZrs rFkSo vuqcU/kukefi fuo`ZfÙk% Lor% Hkfo";frA
rFkkfi O;oLFks;a u [Link]] vr% ;Fkk [Link] O;oLFkkfira rFkSo [Link];e~
bfr fopk;Z egkHkk";Ñrk & fl¼ÔR;soe~] [Link];a rq HkofrA ;FkkU;klesokLrq
bR;qDRok [Link]% [Link]% leFkZ;frA ;FkksDra rsu&
u p ;Fkk yksosQ rFkk O;[Link] [Link] vkpk;ksZ nHkZifo=kikf.k%
'kqpkoodk'ks izkÄ~eq[k mifo'; egrk iz;Rusu lw=kkf.k iz.k;fr LeA r=kk'kD;a
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bfrA ,rRlk/uk; Hkk";dkj% Hkxooku~ ir×tfy% cgqfo/ku~ roZQfordkZu~ miLFkkI;
vUrs lek/kuesoQa izkDs roku~&
,rnsdekpk;ZL; eÄõykFk± e`";rke~A ekÄõfyd vkpk;ksZ egr% 'kkL=kkS?kL;
eÄõykFk± o`f¼'kCne~ vkfnr% iz;Ä
q D~ rsA eÄõyknhfu fg 'kkL=kkf.k izFkUrs ohjiq#"k&
dkf.k p HkoUR;k;q"eRiq#"kdkf.k pkè;srkj'p o`f¼;qDrk ;Fkk L;qfjfrA2
v=k lw=ks vkr~ bR;=k [Link]~ vk'kÄïrs & fdeFkZekdkjLrij% fØ;rs\
bfrA vxzs lek/Ùks&vkdkjL; [Link] [Link]~A
vFkkZr~ vknSp~ bR;=k [Link] [Link]± uke rijLrRdkyL;3 bfr lw=k&
fu;ekuqlkje~ vkdkj% rRledkfydkuke~ mnkÙkkuqnkÙkLofjrkukefi xzkgdks Hkfo";frA

1- e-Hkk-iLi'kk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-

2- e-Hkk-iLi'kk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-
3- ik-lw- 1@1@70
122 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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vizkfIr%A ijUrq vUrr% [Link];[Link]è;esu Hkk";dkj% lalk/;fr ;n~ [Link]%
Hksndk%] vHksndk% bfr i{k};efi orZrs&
mHk;fena [Link]"kwDre~& Hksndk%] vHksndk bfrA foaQ iquj=k U;kÕ;e~\
vHksndk [Link] bR;so U;kÕ;e~A oqQr ,rr~\ ;n;e~& vfLFknf/lDF;{.kkeuÄqnkÙk%
ik-lw- 7@1@15 bfr mnkÙ[Link] djksfr] rTKki;R;kpk;ksZ¿Hksndk [Link] bfrA
;fn fg Hksndk [Link]% L;q#nkÙkesoksPpkj;sr~A
bneL; rkRi;Ze&~ ;|fi [Link] HknsdRoe~ vHknsdRoe~ bR;qHk;eI;fLr rFkkfi
vHksndk% [Link]% bR;so i{kks U;kÕ;%A ;r% Hkxork [Link] vfLFknfèklDF;{.kk&
euÄqnkÙk% bfr lw=ks i`FkDr;k mnkÙ[Link] Ñre~A ;fn Hksndk% L;q% rfgZ vufÄ lk{kkn~
mnkÙkkdkjikBeso oqQ;kZn~ vkpk;Z%] ijUrq u rFkk rsu Ñre~A ,rsu Kki;R;kpk;ksZ ;n~
[Link] vHksndk bfrA
iqu% ;qDR;Urja izLrw; Lo;a [k.M;fr vkpk;Z% & vlUnsgkFkZLrfgZ rdkj%A
vFkkZr~ ;fn [Link] u fØ;sr rfgZ vk$,sp~ bR;=k lU/kS ,sp~ bR;so L;kr~A rFkk lfr
lUnsg mRi|sr& v=k orZrs vkdkjks u ok\ bfrA bea lUnsga fujkdrqZe~ vko';oaQ
[Link]~A
mDr;qfDra [k.M;fr& lUnsgek=kesrn~ HkofrA loZlUnsgs"kq psneqifr"Brs&
O;k[;kurks fo'ks"kizfrifÙkuZfg lUnsgkny{[Link]~ bfrA1
lUnsgek=[Link]; [Link]; ukLR;ko';drk] rnFk± rq O;k[;kurks--- bfr
ifjHkk"kSo lgkf;dkA vrks orZrs vU;nso fdefi iz;kstua [Link];A
vfUreka ;qfDra izLrkSfr&
bna rfgZ iz;kstue~& vkUr;ZrfL=kek=kprqekZ=[Link] LFkkfuuka f=kek=kprqekZ=kk
vkns'kk ek HkwofÂfrA [kV~ok bUæ%] [kV~osUæ%A [kV~ok mnoaQ] [kV~oksnde~A
[kV~ok bZ"kk] [kV~os"kkA [kV~ok mQ<k] [kV~oks<kA [kV~ok ,ydk] [kV~oSydkA
[kV~ok vksnu%] [kV~okSnu%A [kV~ok ,sfrdk;u%] [kV~ofS rdk;u%] [kV~ok vkSixo%]
[kV~oksixo% bfrA2
vFkkZr~ [Link] u osQoye~ vkdkjkFkZe~ vfirq ,stFkZe~A ,s vkS bR;srkH;ka
f=kek=kprqekZ=kk|kns'kkuka fuo`Ù;Fk± [Link]~ vko';de~A rPpsRFke~& rijLrRdkyL;3
1- e-Hkk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-
2- e-Hkk- iLi'kk- o`f¼jknSp~ lw-
3- ik-lw- 2@1@70
egkHkk";fn'kk o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~ 123
bfr lw=ks rij&ins f}fo/% lekl%A izFke% & r% ijks ;Lekr~ l rij% bfr cgqozhfg%A
rkr~ ij% rij% bfr i×pehrRiq#"k% bR;kfnde~ mDRok vUrr% dFk;fr Hkk";dkj%
ukfLr iz;kstua [Link];&
uS"k rdkj%A dLrfgZ\ ndkj%A foaQ ndkjs iz;kstue~\ vFk foaQ rdkjs\
;|lUnsgkFkZLrdkj%] ndkjks¿fiA vFk eq[klq[kkFkZLrdkj%] ndkjks¿fiA
vFkkZr~ v=k rdkjndkj;ks% mHk;ks% orZrs lEHkkoukA ;fn ndkjL; iz;kstue~
vlUnsg%] rfgZ rdkjL;kfi rnso Hkfo";frA ;fn p iz;kstua ukfLr osQoya eq[klq[kkFkZ%
rdkjks eU;rs rfgZ ndkjks¿fi rFkSo eU;rke~ bfr la{ksirks o`f¼jknSp~ bfr lw=kfoospue~A

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

oS;[Link];s¿O;;infoe'kZ%
& vEcjh'koqQekjfeJ%
'kks/PNk=k%] dk-fg-fo-fo-] [Link]

vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vuqlU/k=kk oS;[Link];s vO;;ine~ vkfJR;

lE;x~ fopkja Ñre~A

¶ukek[;krksilxZfuikrk% pRok;kZgq% intkrkfu 'kCnk%¸ bfr ½o~Qizkfr'kk[;sA

vO;;Lo:ikocks/udkys dkfjosQ;a ikSu% iqU;su laLe;Zrsµ
ln`'ka f=k"kq fyÄõs"kq lokZ"kq p foHkfDrlqA
opus"kq p losZ"kq ;Â O;sfr rnO;;fefrAA (xksiFkczkã.ks 1-1-26)
v;a Hkko% µ ln`'ke~ ¾ ,dizdkja ;Â O;sfr rnO;;fefrA iqu% dhn`'kks
Hkorhfr ftKklk;ka onfr µ ¶Do iqu% u O;sfr\ L=khfyÄõiqfYyÄõuiqaldfyÄõkfu]
[Link]%] (izFkekfnfoHkDr;%) ,dRof}RocgqRokfu pA ,rkuFkkZu~ osQfpr~ fo;fUr
osQfp fo;fUr rnO;;e~¸ (Hkk";e~ 1-1-38)A iwoksZDrk% ¶ukek[;krksilxZfuikrk%
bR;=kksilxZfuikrkS vO;;fo'ks"kkS orsZrsA¸
;% LoLo:ia dnkfi u ifjorZ;fr rnsokO;;infefr iQfyrkFkZ%A lEizfr
vO;;kuka izfoHkkx% fØ;rsµ
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vO;;hHkkoleklkUrkfu bfr :is.k i×p/k foHkDrqa 'kDuqe%A v;a izfoHkkx% Hkk";kfnxzUFks&
"ofi njhn`';rsA vxzs Øes.k ,rs"kkeO;;inkuka [Link] fØ;rsµ

1- Lojkn;%µ
r=k ¶LojkfnfuikreO;;e~¸ bR;=k [Link] ifBrkfu Loj~] vUrj~] bR;knhfu
inkfu Lojknhfu orZUrsA Lojkfnx.k% vkÑ[Link] orZr bfr 'kCndkSLrqHkkfnxzUFks fo'knr;ksDra
orZrAs x.k% f}fo/ks Hkofr izFke% fu/kZfjrx.k% f}rh;% vkÑfrx.k%A fu/[Link] x.k&
ifBr'kCnkukeso ;FkkizkIra dk;± Hkofr] ;Fkk & lokZfnx.k%A f}rh;% vkÑ[Link] Hkofr
vkÑ[Link] uke ¶vkÑR;k¾Lo:is.k x.;Urs ¾ LohfØ;Urs bR;kÑfrx.k%] ;Fkk
( 124 )
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bR;=k n'k [Link]=[Link] Lojkfn"kq ifBrs"kq [Link]=ks"kq dkfupuksÙkj=k v"Vkè;kÕ;keso
'kCnr% vFkZr'p ifBrkfuA [Link]=kkf.k vÄõhÑR; v"Vkè;k;hlw=kkf.k O;FkkZfu bfr
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2- fuikrk%&
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fuirfUr] vfi miekFksZ] vfi deksZilÄ~xzgkFksZ] vfi ikniwj.k%¸ (fu#Dre~ 1-4) v=k
fo"k;s fpnfLFkekykVhdkdkj% ¶fu;esu ikr;fUr LokFkZe~ vU;fLeu~¸ bfrA v=k ukV~;&
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bfr lkekU;#is.k prqfoZ/r;k foHkDrqa 'kD;UrsA

d- pkn;%&
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¾ nzO;e~A vnzO;FkkZ'pkn;ks fuikrl×Kdk% HkoUrhfr lw=kkFkZ%A ¶izkxzh'ojkfÂikrk%2¸
bR;usu pknhuka fuikrRoe~A ¶LojkfnfuikreO;;e~3¸ bR;usu pknhukeO;;l×KkA pkfn"oso

1- v- 1-4-54
2- v- 1-4-56
3- v- 1-1-37
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2- v- 1-1-14
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1- ok- 2-206
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4- v- 5-4-42 r% 5-4-67
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9 v- 5-1-117
10- v- 5-2-27
11- v- 5-4-12
128 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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1- v- 1-1-39
2- v- 3-4-10
3- v- 3-4-11
4- v- 1-1-40
5- v- 2-1-5 r% 2&1-21
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7- v- 2-4-18
8- v- 6-2-167
9- v- 6-2-168
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1- v- 8-3-46
2- v- 2-1-17
3- x-lw-
4- v- 5-4-127
5- y-fl- i`-la-76
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

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132 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

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2- èoU;kyksd i`"B 49
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2- [Link]~V&oS;[Link]"[Link]%@/[Link];%@dkfjdk&2
3- rnso] [Link];%@dkfjdk&22
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8- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A2A115
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1- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A2A115
2- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A15
3- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A13
4- [Link]~V&oS;[Link]"[Link]%@[Link];%A
5- ukxs'kHkV~V&ijey?kqeatw"kk@ydkjkFkZfopkj%
6- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A4A7
7- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A4A94
8- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A2A34
9- dkR;k;u&okfrZde~] 3A1A34
10- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A4A97
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1- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A162
2- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A17
3- [Link]~V&oS;[Link]"[Link]%@[Link];%A
4- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A2A111
5- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A1161
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7- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A173
8- [Link]&v"Vkè;k;h] 3A3A156
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1- rnso] 3A2A110
2- rnso] 3A2A110
3- rnso] 3A3A139
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa

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xzUFkksa esa ^frfFk* 'kCn dk loZFkk vHkko gSA eSdMkWuy vkSj dhFk us Hkh bl er dk
leFkZu fd;k gSA1 osQoy ,srjs; czkã.k gh ,slk czkã.kdkyhu xzUFk gS] ftlesa frfFk
dk y{k.k fn;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ pUnzek osQ vLr ,oa mn; gksus osQ dky dks ^frfFk* dgk
gSA2 lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gS fd pUnzek dh xfr ls izHkkfor dky dh bdkbZ
^frfFk* dgykrh gSA orZeku le; esa pkUnz&ekl dk rhlok¡ Hkkx vFkok pUnzek dh
,d dyk ^frfFk* dgh tkrh gSA3

1- (vuq-) jkeoqQekj jk;] oSfnd [Link]] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] [Link]] 1962]

Hkkx&1] i`- 345
2- ;ka i;ZLrfe;knH;qfn;kfnfr l frfFk%A ,srjs; czkã.k 23-10
3- "A lunar day (30th part of a whole lunation of rather more than 27 solar
days).", Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Bharatiya Granth
Niketan, Delhi, 2004, p.446; ¶pUnzdykesdka ;% dkyfo'ks"k% lk frfFk%A¸]
okpLiR;e~] pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht+] [Link]] 1990] prqFkZ Hkkx] i`- 3291
( 147 )
148 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
3600 ÷ 30 ¾ 120 (pUnzek dh ,d dyk)
120 ¾ ,d frfFk
ek/okpk;Z us ^frfFk* 'kCn ruq /krq ls fu"i ekuk gSA muosQ vuqlkj pUnzek dh
[Link] vkSj {k; gksus okyh dyk dk foLrkj djus okyk dky ^frfFk* dgykrk gSA1 ,slk
ekuk x;k gS fd lw;Z ls laxe osQ vuUrj tc pUnzek ckjg va'k osQ vUrj esa gksrk
gS] rc izfr ckjg va'k dh ,d&,d frfFk gksrh gS2 vFkkZr~ izR;sd ckjg va'k vkxs
gh tkus ij ,d frfFk c<+rh tkrh gSA frfFk&pØ dks bl izdkj tkuk tk ldrk gS3µ
00&&&120&&&240&&&360&&&>1800&&&1920&&&2040&&&>3600
([Link]) (vekoL;k)
'kriFk vkSj rSfÙkjh; czkã.k osQoy pUnzek dh [kxksyh; xfrfof/;ksa vFkkZr~
mlosQ mn;&vLr] pUnz&dykvksa] mlosQ lw;Z ls la;ksx] ml la;ksx ls mRiÂ
vekoL;k&[Link] osQ [Link] ls gh ifjfpr gSA dg ldrs gS fd orZeku dky esa
izkIr frfFk dk Lo:i bu czkã.kksa ls [Link]% fHk gSA ijorhZ&dky esa T;ksfr"k xzUFkksa
esa frfFk;ksa dh uank] Hknzk vkfn laKk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA lkFk gh izR;sd frfFk osQ
Lokeh rFkk muosQ iQy&dFku dk [Link] Hkh izkIr gS (nz"VO;&vkFkoZ.k T;ksfr"k
izdkj.k&6_ ukjn&lafgrk prqFkks¿Z è;k;_ eqgrw fZ pUrkef.k 'kqHkk'kqHkizdj.k bR;kfnA) ijUrq
;tqonZs h; czkã.k xzUFkksa esa bl izdkj frfFk;ksa dh laKkvksa ,oa muosQ Lokfe;ksa dk dFku
dnkfi ugha gSA ijorhZ&dky osQ leku izLrqr czkã.kksa esa ^{k;* frfFk dh ppkZ Hkh ugha
gSA ;|fi bu czkã.kksa esa orZeku&dky osQ leku izfrink] f}rh;k vkfn frfFk;ksa dk
izpyu ugha Fkk rFkkfi ml dky esa ½f"k us vius iz;kstu gsrq oqQN&oqQN frfFk;ksa
dk ukedj.k vo'; izkjEHk fd;kA rRdkyhu izpfyr frfFkokpd 'kCnksa dk mYys[k
gh bl vè;;u esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

1- frfFk'kCnLruksrs---o/Zekuka {kh;[Link] ok] pUnzdykesdka ;% dkyfo'ks"k% lk frfFk%A

dkyek/o] r`rh; izdkj] pkS[kEck laLÑr laLFkku] [Link]] 2005] i`- 92
2- gfjnÙk 'kekZ] T;ksfr"k fo'o&dks'k] lqcks/ ifCyosQ'kUl] fnYyh] 2000] i`-244
3- "A tithi is the daily phase of the moon. For example, at new moon
(amavasya) the sun and the moon are separated by zero degress. We can
say they overlap. As they begin to separate the first tithi begins when the
sun and the moon have separated by 12 degrees. The moon is now a tiny
almost inperceptible sliver. The secone tithi begins when they are sepa-
rated by 36 degrees. The digit of the moon is now clearly visible. And so
it goes until the sun and moon have separated by 180 degress. This tithi is
called full moon, purnima.",
[Link]
frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 149
rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa Ñ".ki{k dh vfUre jkf=k vFkkZr~ vekoL;k osQ fy,
^dkenq?kk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA1 fuoZpu dh n`f"V ls 'kriFk czkã.k esa ^vek
olfr* }kjk ^vekoL;k* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk nh xbZ gSA dFku gS fd vekoL;k dh jkr
dks pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u if'pe esa ijUrq og bl yksd esa vkdj
tyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa es izfo"V dj tkrk gSA vr% ,slk ekuuk pkfg, fd nsorkvksa dk
v gksus osQ dkj.k vekoL;k dh jkr pUnzek ;gk¡ nsorkvksa osQ lkFk jgrk gS blhfy,
vek olfr ls ^vekoL;k* uke iM+kA2 'kriFk esa izfrikfnr vekoL;k osQ bl vFkZ dh
O;qRifÙk ek/okpk;Z us ^vek* vkSj ^olq* }kjk ekuh gSA mUgksua s vek dks ^lgHkko* vFkZ
esa rFkk olq dks ^bUnz* ,oa ^pUnz* vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gSA3 blls nks vFkks± dks Kkr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA izFker% ftl jkr tyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa osQ lkFk (vek) pUnz (olq)
jgrk gS] mls ^vekoL;k* dgrs gSA f}rh;r% o`=k osQ o/ osQ ckn tc bUnz (olq)
nsorkvksa osQ ikl vk x;k] rc nsorkvksa us dgk ¶gekjk (vek) olq (bUnz) tks pyk
x;k Fkk] vkt lkFk jgrk gS¸4 blhfy, pUnzek dks nsorkvksa dk ^olq*5 dgk gSA bl
izdkj 'kriFk esa vekoL;k dh mDr nks O;qRifÙk;ksa dks dkyek/o }kjk ljyrk ls Kkr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vU; er osQ vuqlkj ^vekoL;k* 'kCn dk izfriknu feyrk
gS&v>ek>oL;k vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ ^v* udjkRed gS] ^ek* pUnzek dk |ksrd vkSj ^oL;k*
dk vFkZ (√ol) fuokl tkuuk pkfg,A6 vkIVs esa vek $ ol~ $ ;r~ ls vekoL;k
dh O;qRifÙk dgh gSA7
O;qRifÙk osQ vfrfjDr vekoL;k osQ Lo:i osQ fo"k; esa dbZ er bu czkã.k&
xzUFkksa esa dgs x;s gSaA 'kriFk esa vekoL;k dk vFkZ nwj gksuk ekuk x;k gSA dfFkr gS
fd tc bUnz us o`=k dks ekjdj iki dks nwj fd;k] rc nsorkvksa us bUnz dks jl vFkkZr~

1- rS-czk- 3-10-1-1 (rSfÙkjh; czkã.k)

2- ---ás"kka r|ns"k ,rka jkf=kfegkek olfr rLeknekokL;k ukeA 'k-czk- 1-6-4-5 ('kriFk
czkã.k & ekè;fUnuh)
3- vek olqjL;kfeR;ekokL;sfrA dkyek/o] prqFkZ izdj.k] i`- 408
4- rs nsok vczqou~A vek oS uks¿| olqoZlfr ;ks u% izkoRlhfnfr----A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-3
5- ---ls oS nsokuka oLoÂe~----A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-5
6- ¶The etymology of the word is clear from the combination of vek and
oL;k : v in the sense of 'negation' and ek µ a condensed form of pUnzek
and oL;k > the root ol (fuokls) 'to dwell' i.e. that night in which the
moon is not visible.", Nargis Verma, The Etymologies In the Satapatha
Brahmana, Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1991, p. 127
7- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLÑr&fgUnh dks'k] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] [Link]] 2007]
i`- 74
150 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lkÂkÕ; }kjk izl fd;kA okLro esa ;g lkÂkÕ; [Link] dks cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj
vekoL;k dks gfo :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA blh izdkj tc pUnz {kh.k gksus yxrk gS]
rc ekuuk pkfg, fd nso bl pk¡n dks [kkus okys gSaA1 pw¡fd ;g pUnzek nsorkvksa dk
v gS blhfy, vekoL;k osQ fnu ;g pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u gh
if'pe esaA2 fe=k vkSj o#.k dks i{k ekudj [Link] gS fd vekoL;k osQ fnu ;g fe=k
vkSj o#.k nksuksa fey tkrs gSa vFkkZr~ vekoL;k dh jkr dks fe=k o#.k esa oh;Z dks
flaprk] ftlls pUnzek iqu% mRi gksrk gSA iqu% mRi gksdj pUnzek if'pe esa
pedrk gSA3 'kriFk osQ ,d vU; okD; esa vkSj vf/d Li"Vrk ls crk;k x;k gS fd
vekoL;k osQ fnu pUnzek vkdk'k esa ugha jgrk ijUrq i`fFkohyksd esa vkdj ouLifr
vkSj tyksa esa izfo"V gks tkrk gSA ouLifr vkSj tyksa osQ nw/ ls cuh vkgqfr }kjk iqu%
pUnzek mRi gksdj nwljs fnu if'pe esa pedrk gSA4 bl izdkj 'kriFk esa
fe=k&o#.k] bUnz&o`=k vkfn dFkkvksa }kjk vekoL;k&frfFk dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
okLro esa vekoL;k&frfFk osQ ihNs tks oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k gS] og vHkh&rd
miq;ZDr ppkZ esa Li"V ugha dgk x;k gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ftl le; lw;Z vkSj
pUnzek ,d lh/ esa vkrs gSa vFkkZr~ ftl le; nksuksa osQ HkksX;ka'k leku gksrs gSa] ml
le; vekoL;k&frfFk gksrh gSA5 blh dkj.k vekoL;k&frfFk dks lw;Z dh jks'kuh esa
pUnzek fNi tkrk gSA bl oSKkfud rF; dk mYys[k 'kriFk esa Hkh gSA ;gk¡ [Link] gS
fd ;g tks rirk gS vFkkZr~ lw;Z og bUnz gS vkSj pUnzek dks o`=k tkuuk pkfg,A ;s
nksuksa ijLij 'k=kq gSaA igys nwj mRi gksus okyk ;g pUnzek bl vekoL;k dh jkr dks
rSjrk gq, lw;Z osQ eqg¡ esa ?kql tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ ;g lw;Z ml pUnzek dks xzl dj mn;
gksrk gS vkSj ml jkr dks ;g pUnzek u iwoZ esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj u if'pe esAa vxys
fnu lw;Z ml pUnzek dks pwldj ckgj isQa d nsrk gS vkSj pwlk gqvk og pUnzek if'pe
esa fn[krk gSA ;g pUnzek iqu% lw;Z osQ Hkkstu osQ fy, c<+rk gSA6 'kriFk dk ;g izlxa
nks&rhu fopkjksa dks lesVs gq, gS&izFker% ;g lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh xfr;ksa dh vksj
laosQr djrk gSA pUnzek osQ rSjus ls vfHkizk; mlosQ Hkze.k ls gS vFkkZr~ vekoL;k dh
jkr pUnzek ?kwerk gqvk lw;Z osQ ut+nhd vk tkrk gSA nwljk mi;qZDr [Link] esa pUnzek

1- ----ikIekua f}"kUra Hkzkr`O;a gfUr rFkks¿,o fot;rs¿Fk ;Rlau;R;kekokL;a oS lkaukÕ;e~-

--A 'k-czk- 2-4-4-15
2- ----nsokukeÂa ;PpUnzek% l ,rka jkf=ka {kh;rs rfLeU{[Link] nnkfr---A 'k-czk- 2-4-2-7
3- 'k-czk- 2-4-4-18&20
4- ---,rka jkf=ka u iqjLrk i'pkín`'ks rfnea yksdekxNfr l bgki'pkS"k/h'p izfo'kfr-
--A 'k-czk- 1-6-4-15
5- gfjnÙk 'kekZ] T;ksfr"k fo'o&dks'k] i`- 244
6- 'k-czk- 1-6-4-18&20
frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 151
dks nsorkvksa dk v dgk gS] ;gk¡ nsork dk vFkZ lw;Z tkuk tk ldrk gSA rhljk
vekoL;k&pØ Hkh Kkr gqvk D;ksfa d [Link] gS fd ;g pUnzek c<+rk gqvk iqu% Hkkstu
curk gSA okLro esa pUnzek lksyg dyk okyk gSA pUnzek iUnzg fnu ?kVrk gS ijUrq
lksygoha dyk esa og fLFkj jgrk gSA pUnzek dh ;g lksygoha dyk gh vekoL;k osQ
uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA1
rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa pUnzek osQ [Link] gksus osQ lUnHkZ esa ^[Link]*2 ,oa ^[Link]&
eklh*3 nksuksa 'kCn feyrs gSaA [Link] dh O;qRifÙk ^[Link]* 'kCn }kjk nsrs gq, rSfÙkjh;
czkã.k esa [Link] gS fd [Link] osQ fnu i`fFkoh lqUnj ;qorh osQ leku nhfIr;qDr gks
tkrh gS rFkk bl fnu [Link]&pUnzek esa jgus okys nsorkvksa dh izlÂrk osQ fy, izkFkZuk
dh tkrh gSA4 pw¡fd pUnzek [Link] dh jkr dks iwjk gksrk gS blhfy, iwoZi{k dh
vfUre jkf=k ^[Link]* dgykrh gSA5 izk;% [Link] $ ekl $ Ähi~ ls ^[Link]* 'kCn
dh O;qRifÙk izkIr gSA6 [Link]&frfFk osQ dkj.k osQ fo"k; esa oSKkfud dgrs gSa fd
vekoL;k&frfFk dks lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ,d&lkFk gksrs gSa vkSj pwf¡ d pUnzek dh xfr rhoz
gksrh gS blhfy, vekoL;k osQ mijkUr ;g vkxs c<+ tkrk gS] ftlls [Link]&frfFk
osQ fnu os nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ vkeus&lkeus vk tkrs gSaA bl izdkj muesa 180
(120 × 15) va'k dh nwjh gksus osQ dkj.k pUnzek ([Link] dh jkr) iwjk ut+j vkrk
gS D;ksafd pUnzek ij lw;Z dk [Link] izdk'k iM+rk gSA c`gRlafgrk esa Hkh [Link] gS fd
izfrfnu lw;Z ls LFkku fo'ks"k vFkkZr~ nwj&nwj xeu djus osQ dkj.k pUnzek dh 'kqDyRo
c<+rk gSA7
;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vekoL;k ,oa [Link] dh fLFkfr dks vusd okD;ksa }kjk
Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA okLro esa pUnzek gh vekoL;k ,oa [Link] dk
eq[; vk/kj gSA [Link] vkSj vekoL;k esa vU; jkf=k;ksa dk leok; gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~
[Link] esa pk¡n osQ c<+us dh (iwoZi{k) vkSj vekoL;k esa pk¡n osQ ?kVus dh
(viji{k) dh jkf=k;ksa dk leUo; gksrk gSA8 nksuksa czkã.kxzUFk vekoL;k ,oa [Link]
1- i×pn'k dyk /zqoSokL; "kksM'kh dyk l jkf=kfHkjsok p iw;Zrs¿i p {kh;rs lks¿ek&
okL;ke~---A 'k-czk- 14-4-3-22
2- [Link] ;tkegsA rS-czk- 3-7-5-13
3- [Link] i'pknqr [Link] iqjLrkr~A mUeè;r% [Link] ftxk;A rS-czk- 3-1-1-12
4- i`Foh lqopkZ ;qofr% ltks"kk%A [Link];qnxkPNksHkekukA ogh
5- rS-czk- 3-10-1-1
6- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLÑr&fgUnh dks'k] i`- 630
7- izfrfnolesoedkZRLFkkufo'ks"ks.k 'kkSDY;ifjo`f¼%---AA c`gRlafgrk 4-4
8- ,rs g oS jk=khA lokZ jk=k;% leo;fUr ;k vkiw;[Link]{kL; jk=k;Lrk% lokZ% [Link]
leo;fUr ;k vi{kh;[Link]{kL; jk=k;Lrk% lokZ vekoL;ka leo;fUr---A 'k-czk- 11-
1-7-4
152 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
osQ fy, ^i×pn'kh* 'kCn nsrs gSa] mudk ekuuk gS fd i×pn'kh esa pUnzek [Link] gksrk
gS vkSj i×pn'kh esa pUnzek {kh.k gksrk gSA1 blh dkj.k 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr us
vekoL;k vkSj [Link] dks frfFk osQ fo'ks"k.k ugha vfirq osQoy jkf=k osQ fo'ks"k.k
osQ :i esa xzg.k fd;k gSA2 [Link] vkSj vekoL;k osQ pØ dh vksj laosQr djrs
gq, 'kriFk czkã.k }kjk nks er fn, x, gSaA izFke erkuqlkj pUnzek :ih ^'k'k* dks
nsorkvksa dk ^vÂ* dgk gSA [Link] gS fd [Link] osQ fnu pUnzek dks fupksM+k tkrk
gSA ftlosQ dkj.k og Ñ".ki{k (viji{k) esa tyksa vkSj vks"kf/;ksa esa izfo"V gks tkrk
gSA i'kq ml vks"kf/ vkSj ty dks xzg.k djrs gSa] ftlls nw/ curk gS vkSj vekoL;k
osQ fnu tks gfo curk gS] mlh ls pUnzek iqu% mRi gksrk gSA3 f}rh; erkuqlkj dfFkr
gS fd [Link] ij pUnzek dks ekjrs gSa vkSj vekoL;k ij eqDr djrs gSaA4 okLro esas
lw;Z] pUnz vkSj i`fFkoh osQ Hkze.k&ekxZ ,oa xfr dks gh vekoL;k ,oa [Link] osQ
dkj.k tkuuk pkfg,A
;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vekoL;k vkSj [Link] osQ lkFk&lkFk oqQN fof'k"V
frfFk;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ gSA ;gk¡ ^v"Vdk* vkSj ^,dk"Vdk* 'kCnksa }kjk v"Veh&frfFk
dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa czkã.kksa esa c`grh NUn osQ NÙkhl (36) v{kjksa dh
lekurk o"kZ dh ckjg [Link]] ckjg v"Veh vkSj ckjg vekoL;k ls dgh xbZ gSA5
rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa v"Veh&frfFk dks v dks ipkus ,oa 'kfDr & lEi djus okyh
rFkk dekukvksa dks nqgus okyh ekuk gSA6 'kriFk czkã.k osQ "k"B dk.M esa fo'ks"k :i
ls nks&rhu lUnHkks± esa v"Veh&frfFk dk dFku gSA ;gk¡ [Link] gS fd v"Veh&frfFk
iztkifr dh frfFk gSA ;g v"Veh&frfFk ;K dh n`f"V ls m[kk osQ lkn`'; gS D;ksafd
m[kk osQ lkn`'; gS D;ksafd m[kk osQ vkB Hkkx gksrs gSaA m[kk vfXu dk ioZ gS vkSj

1- ---l p i×pn'kkgkU;kiw;Zrs i×pn'kki{kh;rs---A 'k-czk- 8-4-1-10]

---rLekRi×pn'kkiw;[Link]; uwikf.k i×pn'kki{kh;[Link];A 'k-czk- 10-4-2-17_ rS-czk-
1-5-10-5
2- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] mÙkj izns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kumQ]
2002] i`- 60
3- 'k'k'pkUnzel bfrA pUnzek oS lkseks nsokukeÂa ra [Link];kefHk"[Link] lks¿iji{ks¿i-
--A 'k-czk- 11-1-5-3
4- pUnzela ?ufUr [Link] ?uR;kekokL;suksRl`rfUr rLeknqRl`"Vks xkSnZf{[Link] 'k-czk- 5-
2-3-7
5- c`grh fg laoRljks }kn'k [Link];ks }kn'kk"Vdk }kn'kkekokL;k-----A 'k-czk- 6-4-2-10_
rS-czk- 1-5-12-2] rS-czk- 3-11-1-19
6- [Link];"Vdk¿ekokL;kA vÂknk% LFkkÂnq?kks;q"eklq----dkenq?kk vf{krk%A rS-czk- 3-11-
1-19
frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 153
v"Veh&frfFk dks laoRlj dk ,d ioZ (tksM+) tkuuk pkfg,A1 bl izdkj czkã.k&
dkyhu laLÑfr esa v"Veh&frfFk egÙ[Link] ekuh xbZ gSA
oLrqr% 'kriFk osQ bl dFku ls ;g Li"V ugha gks ik jgk fd ;g v"Veh&
frfFk okLro esa Ñ".ki{k dh gS ;k 'kqDyi{k dhA ,xfyÄõ us v"Veh&frfFk dk xzg.k
Ñ".ki{k dh v"Veh osQ :i esa fd;k gSA2 bl lUnHkZ esa ;fn 'kriFk dk ,d okD;
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk tk;s rks Hkh Ñ".ki{k dh v"Veh dk gh Kku gksxk D;ksafd ;gk¡
mYys[k gS fd tks igyh [Link] gks] ml fnu i'kq dk vkyHku djuk pkfg,A tks
igyh v"Veh gks ml fnu m[kk cukuk pkfg, rFkk igyh vekoL;k ij nh{kk ysuh
pkfg,A3 bl izdkj [Link] osQ ckn v"Veh frfFk rRi'pkr~ vekoL;k dk dFku
Lor% Ñ".ki{k dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA fryd] 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] vkSj eS=ks;h
ns'[Link] us blh fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k gS4 ijUrq Lokeh lR;izdk'k ljLorh v"Veh
dh fLFkfr osQ izfr vk'kafdr fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mUgksaus ^v"Vdk* 'kCn dks [Link] vFkok
vekoL;k osQ ckn vkBosa fnu mRi gksus okyh jkf=k osQ :i esa xzg.k fd;k gSA5
lk;.kkpk;Z us v"Veh frfFk dks ^Ñ".kk"Veh* dgdj lEcksf/r fd;k gS ijUrq bl
Ñ".ki{k dh v"Veh&frfFk dks ek?k ekl esa vkus okyh ekuk gS6 D;ksafd ;tqosZn dh
lafgrkvksa7 esa ^,dk"Vdk* 'kCn dk dFku izk;% ^ri* 'kCn osQ lkFk gqvk gSA ^ri*
1- ;}sok"Vdk;ke~A ioSZrRlaoRljL; ;n~"Vdk----A 'k-czk- 6-2-2-24] 6-2-2-23&25
2- ¶On the eighth day (after full moon) he collects (the materials for) the
fire-pan; for sacred to Prajapati is that day, the eighth (after full moon)...”,
Julius Eggeling, The Satapatha-Brahmana, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi,
1963, part-III, p.180
3- ,r}S ;So izFkek [Link] rL;ka i'kqekyHkrs ;k izFkek"Vdk rL;keq[kka lEHkjfr ;k
izFkekekokL;k rL;ka nh{kr¿,r}S ;kU;so laoRljL; izFkekU;gkfu---A 'k-czk- 6-2-2-30
4- ¶The word Ekashtaka is used to denote the eighth day of the latter (dark
half).”, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, The Orion or Researches into
The Antiquity of The Vedas, Poona, 1893, p.47; ¶mi;qZDr okD; esa [Link] osQ
ckn v"Vdk vk;h gSA¸] 'kadj ckyÑ".knhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`-61_ ¶Astaka
day is the eighth day after a full moon.”, Maitreyee Deshpande, The Con-
cepts of Time in Vedic Ritual, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi,
2001, p.60¸
5- “The Astaka must have been the eighth night either after the Purnima or
after the Amavasya.”, Satya Prakash, Founders of Sciences in Ancient In-
dia, Delhi, 1965, p.465
6- rSfÙkjh;czkã.ke~ (JheRlk;.kkpk;ZfojfprHkk";lesre~)] (la-) iq"isUnz oqQekj] ukx
izdk'kd] fnYyh] 2003] Hkkx&3] i`- 1219
7- ,dk"Vdk rilk rI;ekuk ttku xHk± efgekufeUnze~----A rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 4-3-11-3_
dkBd&lafgrk 39-10
154 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
loZFkk ek?k ekl dk |ksrd ekuk x;k gSA vr% ;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa osQ vk/kj ij
;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa [Link] ^v"Vdk* vkSj ^,dk"Vdk* ek?k Ñ".kk"Veh osQ lEcks/u
dgs tk ldrs gSaA
iQkYxquh&[Link] dk [Link] Hkh 'kriFk czkã.k osQ vusd izlaxksa esa ns[kus dks
feyrk gSA iQkYxquh&[Link] dk ;kfKd&fØ;kvksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k egÙo gSA 'kriFk
czkã.k us iQkYxquh&[Link] dks laoRlj vFkkZr~ o"kZ dh igyh jkr ekuk gSA1
iQkYxquh&[Link] osQ lUnHkZ esa ftKklk mBrh gS&izFker% iQkYxquh&[Link] D;k gS\
f}rh;r% D;k ;g ekl ls lEcfU/r frfFk gS\ bR;kfnA ^iQkYxquh&[Link]* uke dks
lqurs gh lcls igys eu esa ;gh mÙkj vkrk gS fd og [Link] tks iQkYxqu ekl esa
vkrh gSA vc iz'u ;g gS fd 'kriFk ,oa rSfÙkjh; czkã.kksa esa iQkYxqu vkfn eklksa osQ
ukeksa dk dFku ugha feyrk] rks ;gk¡ ^iQkYxquh&[Link]* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fdl vFkZ
esa gqvk gS\ bl rF; dks rSfÙkjh; czkã.k }kjk tkuk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ mÙkjkiQkYxquh
u{k=k dks laoRlj dh izFke jkf=k rFkk iwokZ&iQkYxquh u{k=k dks laoRlj dh vfUre jkf=k
ekuk gSA2 vr% iQkYxquh u{k=kksa esa pUnzek osQ [Link] gksus osQ dkj.k ½f"k us ml ekl
dks iQkYxquh&[Link] dk uke fn;kA eS=ks;h ns'[Link] us Hkh ^iQkYxqu* 'kCn dks
ekl&vFkZ esas fy;k gS vkSj iQkYxquh&[Link] dk dkj.k mÙkjkiQkYxquh u{k=k osQ la;ksx
dks ekuk gSA3 è;krO; gS fd Ñ".k&;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa4 ,oa 'kriFk czkã.k osQ leku
rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa dgha Hkh ^iQkYxquh&[Link]* 'kCn ugha feyrkA
'kriFk czkã.k osQ osQoy ,d okD; esa oS'kk[k&vekoL;k dk mYys[k gSA5
iqu% iQkYxquh&[Link] osQ leku ^oS'kk[k* 'kCn ekl dk |ksrd gS vFkkZr~ og
vekoL;k tks oS'kk[k ekl esa vkrh gS vkSj oS'kk[k ekl og gksrk gS] ftlesa fo'kk[kk
u{k=k esa pUnzek [Link] gksA ik'pkR; fo}ku~ ,xfyÄõ ,oa lk;.kkpk;Z us Hkh ^oS'kk[k* 'kCn

1- r}S iQkYxqU;kesoA ,"kk g laoRljL; izFkek jkf=k;ZRiQkYxquh [Link]----A 'k-czk- 6-2-

2-18
2- rS-czk- 1-1-2-8
3- “On the full moon day of the Phalguna mounth.....this day is in conjuction
with the Uttara Phalguni asterism, which is said to be the first night of the
year.”, Maitreyee Deshpande, The Concept of Time in Vedic Ritual, p.70
4- [Link] nh{ksju~ eq[ka ok ,rr~ laoRljL;A rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 7-4-8-1_
[Link] vk/s; ,r}k ½rwuka eq[ke~A dkBd&lafgrk 8-1_ dfi"By&dB&
lafgrk 6-6_
[Link] ok ½rwuka eq[kA eS=kk;[Link]&lafgrk 1-6-9
5- ;ks¿lkS oS'kk[kL;kekokL;k rL;kekn/hr-----A 'k-czk- 11-1-1-7
frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 155
dks ekl osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA1
mYys[kuh; gS fd 'kriFk czkã.k esa iQkYxquh&[Link] rFkk oS'kk[k&vekoL;k
dk mijksDr dFku ½f"k osQ vkdk'k&voyksdu vFkok u{k=kksa esa pUnzek Hkze.k dks
tkuus dh fØ;k dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA dguk mfpr gksxk fd ;|fi ;tqosZnh;
czkã.kksa esa eklksa osQ uke ijorhZ dky ls fHk gSa rFkkfi rRdkyhu laLÑfr esa [Link]
,oa u{k=kksa osQ Kku osQ dkj.k u{k=kksa osQ vk/kj ij eklksa dk ukedj.k izpfyr gksuk
vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA izLrqr rF; ;tqosZnh; lafgrkvksa rFkk czkã.kksa osQ dky osQ vUrj
dks Li"V djus osQ fo"k; esa fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gSA rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk osQ ,d eU=k esa
fr";&[Link] dk mYys[k gSA2 iqu% bl eU=k esa u{k=k vkSj [Link] frfFk osQ la;ksx
dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA vr% fuLlUnsg bl dky esa ;|fi ekl e/q] ek/o vkfn Fks
ijUrq u{k=kksa dh pUnzek osQ lkFk ;qfr ij fopkj&foe'kZ vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA ftlls
eklksa osQ uke rks ogh jgs ijUrq frfFk;ksa osQ uke u{k=kksa osQ vk/kj ij j[ks tkus izkjEHk
gks x;s vkSj dky&Øe ls ;gh frfFk;k¡ ekl osQ :i esa ifjofrZr gqbZA nz"VO; gS fd
rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk esa dfFkr fr";&[Link] }kjk u{k=k vkSj frfFk dk xzg.k gksrk gS ijUrq
'kriFk czkã.k esa [Link] oS'kk[k&vekoL;k ls ekl vkSj frfFk xzká gSaA bl izdkj
rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk vkSj 'kriFk czkã.k osQ eè; fo|eku dky&vUrj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kkr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo}ku~ pS=k] oS'kk[k vkfn laKkvksa dk iz;ksx czkã.kksa esa cgqr de
ekurs gSa blfy, budk izpkj czkã.k&dky osQ vUr esa gqvk gksxkA3
;tqonZs h; czkã.kksa esa pUnzek dh fofHk dykvksa dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k
x;k gS] ;gk¡ dyk ls vfHkizk; pUnzek dh fofHk n'kkvksa ls gSA lw;Z ,oa pUnzek gh
pUnzek dh dykvksa dk dkj.k gSA nksuksa czkã.kksa esa pUnzek dh dykvksa osQ vk/kj ij
jkf=k;ksa osQ uke izkIr gksrs gSa&vuqefr] jkdk] fluhokyh] oqQgwA4 ljkst fo|kyadkj us
^jkdk* 'kCn dh fu"ifÙk √jk /krq ls nku vFkZ esa ekuh gSA mudk dguk gS fd laoRlj
1- “He may lay down the fires on the new moon which falls in the (month)
Vaisakha...”, Julius Eggeling, The Satapatha-Brahmana, Part-V, p.2;
¶fo'kk[kku{k=k;qDrk [Link] ;fLeu~ ekfl l oS'kk[k_] rRlacf/uh ;k vekoL;k
rL;keXuh vkn/hrA¸] 'kriFk&czkã.ke~ (JheRlk;.kkpk;ZfojfprosnkFkZizdk'kk[;&
O;k[;klesre~] JhgfjLokfeHkk";lesre~)] fnYyh] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] 1987]
Hkkx&4] i`- 2461
2- ----/Ùkks czãopZL;so Hkofr fr";[Link] fuoZisnzqnzks oS fr";% lkse% [Link]%A
rSfÙkjh;&lafgrk 2-2-10-1
3- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`- 185
4- ---vuqeR;S p# jkdk;S p#% fluhokY;S p#% oqQáS p#----A 'k- czk- 9-5-1-38_
vUosokLek vuqefreZU;rsA jkrs jkdkA izfluhokyh tu;frA iztkLoso iztkoklq oqQá-
--A rS- czk- 1-7-2-1
156 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ls iztk,¡ mRi gksrh gS] vr% iztk,¡ mRi djus (nsus) osQ dkj.k gh [Link] [Link]
lfgr [Link] dk uke jkdk gSA1 ^vuqefr* osQ lUnHkZ esa [Link] gS fd vuqefr lEcUèkh
vkB dikyksa dks cukrk gSA ;g vuqefr gh bl ;K dks djus okys dks jkT; dh
vuqefr nsrh gSA2 'kriFk osQ vuqlkj i`fFkoh gh lcdks dk;Z djus osQ fy, vuqefr
nsrh gS] vr% i`fFkoh vuqefr gSA3 ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa izkIr jkf=k;ksa osQ ukeksa dk
frfFk;ksa osQ lkFk lEcU/ fuEu rkfydk }kjk tkuk tk ldrk gS&
pUæek dh dykvksa ij vk/kfjr pUæek dh dykvkssa ij vk/kfjr
jkf=k;ksa osQ uke frfFk;ksa osQ uke
vuqefr 'kqDyi{k prqnZ'kh
jkdk [Link]
fluhokyh Ñ".ki{k prqnZ'kh
oqQgw vekoL;k
mi;qDZ r bu jkf=k;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk fo}kuksa us vusd izdkj ls nh gSA vejdks"kdkj
osQ vuqlkj osQoy ,d dyk&ghu jkf=k ^vuqefr* dgykrh gS] [Link] pUnzek dh jkr
^jkdk*] osQoy ,d dyk;qDr jkf=k ^fluhokyh* rFkk pUnzek dh lHkh dykvksa ls jfgr
jkf=k ^oqQgw* osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA4 ukjn&lafgrk osQ vuqlkj ;fn [Link] osQ fnu
jkf=k esa pUnzkns ; gks] rks ml [Link] dks ^vuqefr* dgrs gSa vkSj [Link] dks ;fn fnu
esa pUnzek mfnr gks tk;s] rks og ^jkdk* [Link] gksrh gSA blh izdkj ftl vekoL;k
esa pUnzek n`f"Vxkspj gks] og ^fluhokyh* vekoL;k gksrh gS rFkk ftl vekoL;k esa
pUnzek fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk] mls ^oqQgw* vekoL;k dgk tkrk gSA5 oSfnd&dks'kdkj us
vekoL;k osQ rhu Hkkx ekus gSa&muosQ vuqlkj vekoL;k dk izFke izgj ^fluhokyh*]
vfUre nks izgj ^oqQgw* rFkk bu nksuksa osQ chp dk izgj ^n'kZ* dgykrk gSA6

1- ljkst ^nh{kk* fo|kyadkj] ,srjs; ,oa rSfÙkjh; czkã.kksa osQ fuoZpu] ukx izdk'kd]
fnYyh] 1989] i`- 148
2- vuqeR;S iqjksMk'ke"Vkdikya fuoZifr----b;a ok vuqefr% b;esokLeS jkT;euqeU;rsA rS-
czk- 1-6-1-1] 1-6-1-4&5
3- 'k- czk- 5-2-3-4
4- dykghus lkuqefr% [Link] jkdk fu'kkdjs----lk n`"VsUnq% fluhokyh lk u"VsUnqdyk oqQgw%A
okeu] vejdks"k] izFke dk.M (dkyoxZ) 8&9
5- lk [Link];uqefrfuZf'k pUnzorh rq ;k---fluhokyh lsUnqerh oqQgwusZUnqerh erk---AA
ukjnlafgrk 4-28&29
6- pUnz'ks[kj mikè;k; ,oa vfuy oqQekj mikè;k;] oSfnd dks'k] ukx izdk'kd]
fnYyh] 1995] Hkkx&3] i`- 1525
frfFk&funsZ'k % ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa osQ lUnHkZ esa 157
mijksDr dykvksa osQ ekè;e ls prqnZ'kh frfFk dk Li"V dFku gSA 'kriFk
czkã.k osQ vU; nks okD;ksa esa Hkh prqn'Z kh frfFk dk vizR;{kr% laoQs r feyrk gSA [Link]
gS fd oqQN yksx (prqn'Z kh frfFk osQ) pUnzek dks ns[kdj dy (nwljs fnu) gksus okyh
vekoL;k osQ miokl dh rS;kjh dj ysrs gSaA1 blh izdkj rSfÙkjh; czkã.k essa dgs x;s
^O;"Vdk* vkSj ^mn~n`"V* 'kCn fof'k"V frfFk;ksa osQ izfriknd gSaA ;gk¡ [Link] ls iwoZ
fnu dks ^O;"Vdk* vkSj vekoL;k ls iwoZ fnu dks ^mn~n"` V* dgk gSA2 'kadj ckyÑ".k
nhf{kr us O;"Vdk dks Ñ".k&izfrink vkSj mn~n`"V dks 'kqDy&izfrink vFkZ esa xzg.k
fd;k gSA3
fu"d"kZr% dguk mfpr gksxk fd ;tqosZnh; czkã.kksa esa vusd ,sls lUnHkZ gSa]
ftuesa frfFk&fo'ys"k.k gSA vekoL;k] [Link]] v"Veh] iQkYxquh&[Link]] oS'kk[k&
vekoL;k rFkk vU; jkf=k;ksa dk dFku ½f"k osQ vkdk'k voyksdu ,oa pUnzek osQ izfr
ltxrk dks n'kkZrk gSA izLrqr vè;;u czkã.k dky esa pUnzek ,oa u{k=kksa osQ la;ksxksa
osQ lUnHkZ esa izkjEHk gqbZ psruk dks Hkh Li"V djrk gSA frfFk&fo"k;d mijksDr lHkh
'kCn ;tqonZs h; czkã.kksa osQ dky&fu/kZj.k esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk j[krs gSAa vekoL;k vFkok
[Link] dks crkrs gq,] tc ½f"k (u{k=kksa osQ la;ksx osQ dkj.k) vekoL;k osQ lkFk
^oS'kk[k* dk vkSj [Link] osQ lkFk ^iQkYxquh* 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,oa ,dk"Vdk]
vuqefr] mn~n`"V vkfn dh ppkZ djrs gSa] rc muosQ ;s izlax czkã.k&dky osQ vfUre
pj.k osQ izrhr gksrs gSaA ;tqosnZ h; czkã.kksa esa [Link] ;g lHkh rF; fuf'pr gh T;ksfr"k
rFkk oSfnd xzUFkksa osQ dky&fu/kZj.k dh n`f"V ls vifjgk;Z gSaA

ggg

1- 'k- czk- 1-6-4-14] 11-1-4-1

2- [Link];ka iwoZegHkZofrA O;"Vdk;keqÙkje~---vekokL;k;ka iwoZegHkZofrA mn~n`"V mÙkje~A
rS- czk- 1-8-10-2
3- 'kadj ckyÑ".k nhf{kr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] i`- 61
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k

& MkW- chuk feJk
ch&23] v'kksd uxj foLrkj&;kstuk
i=kdkj&dkWyksuh] bykgkckn (m-iz-)

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/krk us vlw;k vkSj vulw;k osQ fo"k;ksa ij

fo'ks"k :i ls izdk'k Mkyk gSA

^vlw;k* og Hkko gS ftlesa O;fDr nwljksa osQ [Link] esa nks"kksa dks ns[krk gS vFkkZr~
bZ";kZ&}s"k Hkko ls ;qDr gksrk gSA bl ^vlw;k* Hkko ls 'kwU; O;fDr gh ^vulw;k* gSA
vu~$vlw;k bu nks inksa osQ ;ksx ls cuk ^vulw;k* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^vlw;k* ls jfgr
gksukA bl izdkj vulw;k ogh gS tks vlw;k ls jfgr ;k 'kwU; gSA
^vlw;k* 'kCn loZizFke ½Xosn (10-135) esa ,d ckj ^vlw;u~* osQ :i esa
iz;qDr gqvk gSA ;gk¡ ij ,d oqQekj osQ eu esa vius firk osQ izfr ;g ^vlw;u~* dk
Hkko mRi rks gksrk gS fdUrq iqu% LokHkkfod Lusgo'k bl Hkko dh 'kwU;rk gks tkrh
gS vkSj oqQekj osQ eku esa vius firk osQ izfr ^vLi`g* (bZ";kZ }s"k foghu ;k izse) dk
Hkko mRi gks tkrk gSA vius blh vulw;k Hkko osQ dkj.k oqQekj ;ejkt dks Hkh thr
ysrs gSaA ½Xosn osQ bl lwDr dh dFkk dk lkjka'k oqQN bl izdkj gSµ
dksbZ ,d oqQekj iqjkru&firjksa osQ jktk ;e osQ lkFk okrkZyki dj jgk gSA
(dBksifu"kn~ osQ ukfposQr dh lqfofnr dFkk dk laHkor% ;gh lwDr jgk gksxk)A lwDr
dh igyh nks ½pkvksa esa ,d oqQekj (laHkor% ufposQrk) fdlh vkSj (laHkor% ;e)
ls dg jgk gSµ¶esjs firk us ;e osQ lkFk lw[kiwoZd fuokl djus okys esjs iwoZtksa osQ
Lusg osQ dkj.k eq> ij vU;k; fd;k ftlls eSa igys cgqr Øksf/r gqvk Fkk ysfdu
LokHkkfod Lusg osQ dkj.k ckn esa esjs eu esa vius firk osQ izfr izse dk mn; gqvkA
rhljh rFkk pkSFkh ½pk esa ;e ml ½X:ih jFk dk [Link] dj jgk gS ftlesa
cSBdj oqQekj ;e osQ ikl igq¡pk FkkA
ik¡poha ½pk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd firk us oqQekj dks thrs th gh ;e dks
lefiZr dj fn;k FkkA blh dkj.k oqQekj osQ eu esa Øks/o'k vius firk osQ fy;s
( 158 )
oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k 159
^vlw;k* dk Hkko iSnk gks x;k FkkA blh LFky ij vuqns;h ;k vkuq"kafxd nku osQ :i
esa ^lke* dk mYys[k gqvk gSA oqQekj us vius izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa ½X:ih jFk gh
;e dks ns fn;k rFkk ml ij fodflr ^lke* Hkh mUgsa ns fn;kA ;s nksuksa nku ;e dks
cgqr ilUn vk;s vkSj mlus oqQekj dks firk osQ opu ls eqDr djosQ llEeku okil
Hkst fn;kA¸
vfUre lkroha ½pk esa la{ksi esa ;e dk ,s'o;Z [Link] gSA
bl lwDr dh nwljh ½pk esa ^vlw;u~* vkSj ^vLi`g;e~* 'kCnksa dk mYys[k
lkFk&lkFk gqvk gS&
¶[Link]¡ vuqosrUra pjUra iki;keq;kA
vlw;ÂH;pkd'ka rLek vLi`g;a iqu%AA¸
bl ½pk dk HkkokFkZ bl izdkj gSµ¶vius iwoZtksa osQ fy, lkSgknZ j[kdj bl
izdkj vuqnkj vkpj.k djus okys (esjs firk dks) eSaus bZ";kZ Hkko ls ns[kk fdUrq ckn
esa eq>s mlosQ fy;s izse Hkko (vLi`gk dk Hkko) mfnr gqvkA¸ blls Li"V gS fd
^vlw;k* dk Hkko tc lekIr gks tkrk gS rHkh O;fDr esa Lusg ;k vLi`gk dk Hkko iSnk
gksrk gSA fdlh osQ izse osQ o'khHkwr gksdj ;fn dksbZ vius vfr vkReh; ij vR;kpkj
Hkh djrk gS rks Hkh vR;kpkjh osQ izfr ^vlw;k* dk Hkko ugha vkuk pkfg;s vU;Fkk
vlw;k dk Hkko ;fn vk Hkh tk; rks mls cykr~ gVkdj vLi`gk ;k izse dk Hkko eu
esa ykuk pkfg;sA ¶vLi`gk&u Li`gkA u×k~ leklA bPNkHkko%A mnklhu%A¸ vFkkZr~ Li`gk
'kwU; gh vLi`gk gS rFkkµ
¶;FkksRiÂsu lUrks"k% dÙkZO;ks¿R;YioLrqukA
ijL; fpUrf;RokFk± lkLi`gk ifjdhfrZrkAA¸ (,dkn'khrRos)
vFkkZr~ euq"; dks vR;Ur LoYi oLrq ls lUrks"k dj ysuk pkfg;sA nwljs dh èku
dh dkeuk ugha djuh pkfg;sA blh fLFkfr dks vLi`gk dgk x;k gSA
blh ½pk osQ ¶vlw;u~¸ 'kCn dk vFkZ vkpk;Z lk;.k us bl izdkj fd;k gSµ
¶ijdh;&[Link]"kq nks"kkukfo"oqQoZu~¸ vFkkZr~ nwljs osQ [Link] esa nks"kksa dks <w<+uk gh ^vlw;k*
gSA bldk y{k.k o`gLifr us fn;k gS%&
¶u [Link]~ [Link] gfUr LrkSfr [Link]
ukU;nks"ks"kq jers lkulw;k izdhfrZrkAA¸ (,dkn'khrRos)
vFkkZr~ tks xqf.k;ksa osQ [Link] dk guu ugha djrk] eUn [Link] dh Hkh Lrqfr djrk
gS rFkk nwljksa osQ nks"kksa esa eu ugha yxkrk ogh ^vulw;k* gSA [Link] ½Xosn esa ek=k
,d gh LFky ij ¶vlw;u~¸ 'kCn eu osQ ,d fodkj osQ :i esa vk;k gSA bl fodkj
160 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dh 'kwU;rk gh ^vulw;k* gSµ¶[Link]"kq nks"kkjksi'kwU;s¸] rFkk ¶ukfLr vlw;k ;L; l
vulw;¸ bfr okpLiR;e~A xhrk esa ¶J¼k¸ Hkko osQ lkFk bldk mYys[k gSµ¶J¼koku&
ulw;'psfrA¸ J¼koku~ rFkk vulw; (nks"kn`f"V ls jfgr O;fDr) dks ije xfr izkIr
gksrh gSA ½Xosn esa J¼k vkfn eu osQ lw{e vewrZ Hkkoksa dk Hkh ewrhZdj.k gekjs ½f"k;ksa
us fd;k fdUrq ^vlw;k* Hkko dk ewrhZdj.k ugha izkIr gksrkA ½Xosn osQ ifjf'k"V la[;k
ckbl esa vulw;k dk mYys[k vf=k dh fiz;iRuh osQ :i esas gSA ½Xosn osQ n'ke
[Link] osQ ipklhosa lwDr esa lw;kZfookg dk [Link] gS ftlesa fookg osQ ckn o/w osQ
fy, vk'khZopuksa dk mYys[k gSA blh lwDr osQ vuUrj gh bl ifjf'k"V dks j[kk x;k
gSA bl ifjf'k"V lwDr osQ lHkh N% eU=kksa esa o/w dks vk'khZokn fn;k x;k gS fdµ
¶vfo/ok Hko o"kkZf.k 'kra lkxza rq lqozrkA
rstLoh p ;'kLoh p /eZiRuh ifrozrkAA1AA
tu;}gqiq=kkf.k ek p nq%[ka yHksr~ Dofpr~A
HkrkZ rs lkseik fuR;a Hkos¼eZijk;.k%AA2AA
v"Viq=kk Hko Roa p lqHkxk p ifrozrkA
HkrqZ'pSo fir`HkzkZrqâZn;kuafnuh lnkAA3AA
bUæL; rq ;FksUæ[Link] Jh/jL; ;Fkk fJ;kA
'kadjL; ;Fkk xkSjh rn~HkrqZjfi HkrZfjAA4AA
v=ks;ZFkkuqlw;k L;kn~ ofl"BL;kI;#U/rhA
dkSf'kdL; ;Fkk lrh rFkk Roefi HkrZfjAA5AA
/zqoSf/ iks";k ef; eáa Roknkˆ`gLifr%A
e;k iR;k iztkorh la tho 'kjn% 'kre~AA6AA
;gka ij ik¡poh ½pk esa vuqlw;k dk vf=k dh iRuh osQ :i esa mYys[k fd;k
x;k gSA ^vuqlw;k* 'kCn osQ fo"k; esa okpLiR;e~ esa mfYyf[kr gSµ¶vuqlw;k&L=kh
vuql;w rs vuq$lw$D;i~A 'koqQUryklgpjh Hksns 'koqQ-A vuql;w Rs ;soQs A¸ ;gha ij ^vulw;k*
'kCn osQ fy;s Hkh mYys[k gSµ¶vf=keqfuiRU;ka p 'koqQUryklgpjhHksns 'koqQ-A¸ blls
Li"V gS fd vf=keqfu dh iRuh osQ fy, vulw;k rFkk vuqlw;k nksuksa gh uke iz;qDr
gSaA
;gk¡ ij rstLoh] ;'kLoh] /eZijk;.k rFkk ifrozrk /eZiRuh osQ :i esa vuql;w k
dh [Link] [Link]] y{eh] xkSjh] v#U/rh rFkk dkSf'kdiRuh lrh osQ lkFk dh xbZ gSA
[Link] okÄ~e; esa ifrozrk osQ :i esa bldk mYys[k feyrk gSA vius deks± osQ }kjk
gh yksd esa vulw;k dks [;kfr izkIr gqbZµ
oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k 161
¶vulw;sfr ;k yksosQ deZfHk% [;kfrekxrkA¸ (ok-jk-v;ks- 117-16)
vulw;kozr (dHkh fdlh osQ izfr }s"kHkko u j[kuk) dk ikyu djosQ bUgksaus
[Link] fo?u ck/kvksa dk uk'k fd;k gSA [Link] mYys[kksa osQ vk/kj ij vulw;k
¶dnZe¸ ½f"k dh ifrozrk iRuh nsogwrh dh ukS dU;kvksa esa f}rh; gSaA
rFkk ;gha ij ;g Hkh mYys[k gS fd vulw;k dk fookg vf=k ½f"k osQ lkFk
gqvkA vè;kRe&jkek;.k osQ v;ksè;k dk.M osQ uosa vè;k; esa vf=k ½f"k jke ls viuh
Hkk;kZ vulw;k osQ fo"k; esa dgrs gSaµ
¶Hkk;kZ es¿rho lao`¼k áulw;sfr foJqrkA
ri'pjUrh lqfpja /eZKk /eZoRlykAA¸
okYehfd&jkek;.k esa v;ksè;kdk.M esa vf=k eqfu jke ls dgrs gSaµ
¶iRuha p reuqizkIrka o`¼kekeU=k; lRÑrke~A
lkURo;kekl /eZK% loZHkwrfgrs jr%AA
vuqlw;ka egkHkkxka rkilha /[Link]~A
izfrx`âh"o oSnsgheczohn`f"klÙke%AA¸ (ok-jk-v- 117-7&8)
;gha ij ½f"k viuh Hkk;kZ osQ lRdeks± dk [Link] jke ls djrs gSa fdµnl o"kks±
rd itZU;o`f"V u gksus ij yksd nX/ gksus yxk rc vulw;k us iQyewy mRi fd;k
rFkk vkJe esa xÄõk dks izofrZr fd;k ;k izokfgr fd;kµ
¶n'k o"kkZ.;uko`"V~;k nX/s yksosQ fujUrje~A 117-9
;;k ewyiQys l`"Vs tkÉoh p izofrZrkAA 117-10
;g mxz ri'p;kZ djus okyh ,oa n`<+ fu;eksa okyh gSA nl gtkj o"kks± rd
bUgksaus cM+h riL;k dh gSA blosQ ozrksa ls gh ½f"k;ksa osQ riL;k osQ ekxZ esa vkus okys
fo?u nwj gq;s rFkk nsodk;Z gsrq ifjJe djrs le; nl jkrksa dh ,d jkf=k bUgksua s cukbZµ
¶mxzs.k rilk ;qDrk fu;eS'pkI;yaÑrkAA 117-10
n'k o"kZlgÏkf.k ;;k rIra egr~ ri%A
vulw;kozrSLrkr izR;wgk'p fucfgZrk%AA 117-11
nsodk;Z&fufeÙka p ;;k laRojek.k;kA
n'kjk=ka Ñrk jkf=k% ls;a ekrso rs¿u?kAA¸ 117-12
lhrk us tc budk n'kZu fd;k rc buosQ xk=k f'kfFky gks x;s Fks&
¶f'kfFkyka ofyrka o`¼ka [Link]/Ztke~AA¸ 117-18
162 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
[Link] lalkj dh [Link];] Øks/jfgr rifLouh osQ :i esa vulw;k dk [Link]
gSµ
¶rkfeeka loZHkwrkuka ueLdk;k± rifLouhe~A
vfHkxPNrq oSnsgh o`¼keØks/uka lnkAA¸ 117-13
vulw;k osQ iq=kksa osQ lEcU/ esa [Link] esa fHkÂ&fHk mYys[k feyrs gSaA fo".kq&
iqjk.k esa buosQ rhu iq=k crk;s x;s gSaµnÙkk=ks;] lkse rFkk nqokZlkµ
¶vulw;k rFkSok=kstZKs fu"dYe"kku~ lqrku~A
lksea nqokZlla pSo nÙkk=ks;a p ;ksfxue~AA¸
(fo-iq-va'k 1 v- 10 'yksd 8)
budks vkf/nSfod dgk x;k gSA bu rhuksa dks czãk] fo".kq vkSj egs'k osQ va'k
ls mRi dgk x;k gSA Hkkxor egkiqjk.k (Hkkx 8] 7) esa vulw;k osQ }kjk mudh
mRifÙk dh dFkk gS fd ½{k ioZr ij iq=k izkfIr osQ fy;s ri djrs gq;s vf=k ½f"k
ls lUrq"V gksdj czãk] fo".kq] egs'k ,d lkFk vkdk'k esa izdV gq;s vkSj vf=k ½f"k
ls dgk fd ge rhuksa ,d gh bZ'oj osQ rhu :i gSaA ge rqe ij izl gSa vkSj ge
rhuksa va'k :i ls rqEgkjs iq=k :i esa mRi gksxsaA blosQ vuUrj czãk pUnzek :i esa
fo".kq nÙkk=ks; :i esa vkSj f'ko nqokZlk osQ :i esa vf=k osQ iq=k gq;sA bl izlax esa vU;
iqjk.k blls Hkh vf/d foy{[Link] mifLFkr djrs gSa muosQ vuqlkj vf=k ½f"k dh
ifrozrk L=kh vulw;k dk czãk] fo".kq] egs'k rhuksa nso iq=kRo gksuk Lohdkj djrs gSA
vkSj bu rhuksa nsoksa osQ va'k ls vf=k dks tks iq=k izkIr gqvk og ^nÙkk=ks;* dgyk;kA
bl izlax dh dFkk oqQN bl izdkj gSµvulw;k vf=k ½f"k dh ifrozrk iRuh FkhA
czã[Link]] y{eh vkSj ikoZrh us vius&vius ifr dks vulw;k osQ ikfrozR; dh ijh{kk
ysus osQ fy;s dgkA czãk] fo".kq] egs'k rhuksa nso vf=k ½f"k osQ vkJe esa fHk{kk ek¡xus
osQ cgkus ls mifLFkr gq;s vkSj fuoZL=k gksdj fHk{kk nsus osQ fy;s dgkA vius rikscy
ls czãk] fo".kq] egs'k dks mifLFkr ns[kdj vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQ izHkko ls
mu rhuksa dks ckyd cuk dj Lruiku djk;kA rc nsoifRu;ksa us vulw;k ls cgqr
vuqu; fou; fd;kA mudh izkFkZuk ls vulw;k us rhuksa nsoksa dks ckY; Hkko ls eqDr
dj nsfo;ksa dks vfiZr dj fn;kA vulw;k us rhuksa nsoksa dh izkFkZuk dh rc rhuksa nsoksa
us vius ,d&,d va'k ls vulw;k dk iq=kRo Lohdkj fd;k bl izdkj nÙkk=ks; iq=k
dh izkfIr vulw;k dks gqbZA bl dFkkud esa vUrj ;g gS fd nÙkk=ks; ,dek=k fo".kq
osQ va'k ls mRi ugha gSa oju~ muesa rhuksa nsoksa osQ va'k gSaA
Hkkxor esa (LdU/ 4] vè;k; 11) dnZe ½f"k dh iq=kh vulw;k ls pUnzek
oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k 163
dh mRifÙk vf=k osQ }kjk crykbZ xbZ gS ftlesa nÙkk=ks; vkSj nqokZlk Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
vfXuiqjk.k (vè;k; 20 'yksd 12) esa n{kiq=kh vulw;k esa vf=k osQ }kjk lkseksRifÙk
crykbZ xbZ gSA dnZe eqfu dh dU;k tks vf=k dh iRuh Hkh vulw;k dgh xbZ gS] n{k
dh dU;k dks Hkh vulw;k dgk x;k gS vkSj Hknzk'o dh jktdU;k Hknzk dks Hkh vulw;k
osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA czãk.M&iqjk.k (vè;k; 8 'yksd 77) esa Hknzk'p
dh jktdU;k Hknzk esa pUnzek dh mRifÙk crykbZ xbZ gSµ¶Hknzk;ka tu;kekl lksea iq=ka
;'kfLoue~A¸
czã[Link].k esa ½f"[Link] osQ vUrxZr (1-2-11-22) vulw;k osQ iq=kksa
esa lkse (pUnzek) dks [Link] fd;k x;k gSµ¶vulw;k fotKs oS iapk=ks;kudYe"kku~A
lR;us=k'p gO;'p vkiksewfÙkZ% 'kuS'pj%AA lkse'p iapeLrs"kkeklhr~ Lok;aHkqosrjsA
;kensoSLlgkrhr% iapk=ks;k% izdhfrZrkAA¸ bl izdkj lR;us=k] gO;] vkiksewfÙkZ] 'kuS'pj
rFkk lkse ;s ik¡pksa vf=kiq=k dgs x;sa gSA
vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQ izHkko ls nsoksa osQ va'k dks iq=k :i esa rks izkIr
fd;k gh lkFk gh ,sls m¼j.k Hkh izkIr gksrs gSa tgk¡ vulw;k us vius ikfrozR; osQ
izHkko ls nsoksa dk rFkk euq";ksa dk fgr fd;kA
x#.kiqjk.k osQ vè;k; 142] eko±QMs;iqjk.k 16] LdUniqjk.k 5-3-169&172
rFkk iÁiqjk.k l`- 51 esa vulw;k osQ ikfrozR; ls lEcfU/r ,d dFkk bl izdkj [Link]
gSµ
¶dkSf'kd uked oqQ"Bjksxh] czkã.k dh iRuh 'kSO;k vius ifr osQ }kjk frjLdkj
feyus ij Hkh ifr dks nsork:i gh ekurh FkhA ,d ckj og ifr dh bPNkuqlkj ifr
dks dU/s ij cSBkdj oS';k osQ ?kj tk jgh Fkh] jkf=k esa vU/dkj gksus osQ dkj.k
dkSf'kd czkã.k dk iSj yxus ls lekf/jr [Link] ½f"k (tkS ykSg'kÄ~oqQ osQ mQij
lekf/LFk Fks) dh lekf/ HkÄõ gks xbZ vkSj vlá osnuk ls mUgksua s Øks/o'k 'kki fn;k
fd lw;ksZn; gksrs gh czkã.k dh e`R;q gks tk;sxhA ;g lqudj iRuh us vius ikfrozR;
/eZ osQ izHkko ls lw;ksnZ ; gh ugha gksus fn;kA lw;ksnZ ; gksus osQ fy, nsoksa us vulw;k dh
izkFkZuk dh rc vulw;k us vius ri osQ izHkko ls czkã.kh ls lw;ksZn; djkus osQ fy,
dgk vkSj mlosQ ifr dks vulw;k us u;k lqUnj 'kjhj ;qDr thou iznku fd;kA¸
ikfrozR; dh vkn'kZ vulw;k okYehfd jkek;.k osQ v;ksè;kdk.M osQ ,d lkS
l=kgosa lxZ esa ukfj/eZ rFkk ikfrozR; dh egÙkk osQ fo"k; esa lhrk ls dgrh gSa
fd&vius Lokeh uxj esa jgsa ;k ou esa] Hkys gksa ;k cqjs ftu fL=k;ksa dks os fiz; gksrs
gSa] mUgsa egku~ vH;qn;'kkyh yksdksa dh izkfIr gksrh gSµ
164 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
¶uxjLFkks ouLFkks ok 'kqHkks ok ;fn ok'kqHk%A
;klka L=[Link] fiz;ks HkrkZ rklka yksdk egksn;k%AA¸
ifr oSQlk Hkh gks ukfj;ksa osQ fy, Js"B nsork osQ leku gSµ¶ijea nSora ifr%¸A
vulw;k ifr ls c<+dj fdlh dks Hkh fgrdkjh cU/q ugha ekurhµ
¶ukrks fof'k"Va i';kfe ckU/oa foe`'kUR;ge~A¸
ifr ij 'kklu djus okyh] vlkèoh fL=k;ksa dks vi;'k dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
lkèoh] iq.;deks± okyh fL=k;ksa dks LoxZ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA lrh /eZ dk ikyu djus
okyh] ifr dks iz/ku nsork le>us okyh rFkk vius Lokeh dk izR;sd le; vuqlj.k
djus o lg/[Link] cuh jgus okyh fL=k;k¡ lq;'k vkSj /eZ nksuksa dks izkIr djrh gSA
okYehfd dk vuqlj.k djrs gq;s rqylh us Hkh ekul esa vulw;k osQ eq[k ls lhrk dks
ikfrozR; /eZ dk mins'k yksd f'k{[Link] fnyok;k gSA dEc jkek;.k esa bl izlax dks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gS ogk¡ dEc us ikfrozR; dk vkn'kZ ofl"B iRuh v#U/rh dks ekuk
gSA dEc jkek;.k (1-10-7) osQ vuqlkj ikfjokfjd thou dh liQyrk ifr&iRuh osQ
rqY;kuqjkx ij fuHkZj gSA ;g rHkh laHko gS tc ifr ,diRuhozrh gks vkSj iRuh ifrozrkA
dEcu~ us viuh iRuh dks NksM+ vU; vaxuk dk Li'kZ u djus okyh Hkqtk dks ifo=k
dgk gS (1-16-23)] fL=k;ksa osQ ikfrozR; dks x`gLFk/eZ dk vk/kj crk;k gS (1-9-
70)] vkSj ikfrozR; dks bfUnz; fuxzg vkSj iapkfXu lsou djus okys rifLo;ksa dh
riL;k ls dgha mPprj dgk gS (5-3-72)] ftlosQ izHkko ls vuko`f"V dk ladV nwj
gksdj fu;fer o"kkZ gksrh gS (1-2-59) rFkk vius ifr osQ vfrfjDr vU; fdlh nso
dks u ekuus okyh ifrozrkvksa osQ eu dks mUgksaus Jhfo".kq dh riksHkwfe osQ rqY; ifo=k
crk;k gS (1-8-16)A blh izdkj rqylh osQ jke Hkh ,diRuhozrh gSaµ
¶eksafg vfrl; izrhfr eu osQjhA
tsafg liusgq¡ ijukfj u gsjhAA¸ (1-231-6&7)
dkslyoklh ,diRuhozrh gSµ
¶,dukfj ozr jr lc >kjhAA¸ (7-22-8)
ekul osQ vj.;dk.M esa lrh vulw;k lhrk dks mins'k nsus osQ cgkus ls
ukfjèkeZ esa ifrlsok dks izeq[k /eZ ekurh gSaµ
¶vfer nku HkrkZ c;nsghA v/e lks ukfj tks lso u rsghAA
o`¼ jksxcl tM+ /ughukA va/ cf/j Øks/h vfr nhukAA
,slsgq ifr dj fd,¡ viekukA ukfj iko teiqj nq%[k ukukAA
,d /eZ ,d ozr usekA dk;W opu eu ifr in izsekAA¸
oSfnd vlw;k Hkko dk ewÙkZ:i&vulw;k 165
vulw;k pkj izdkj dh izfrozrkvksa dk mYys[k djrh gSaµ
¶tx ifrozrk pkj fof/ vgghaA osn iqjku lUr lc dgghaAA
mÙke osQ cl cl eu ekghaA liusgq¡ vku iq#"k tx ukghaAA
eè;e ijifr ns[kb oSQlsA Hkzkrk firk iq=k fut tSlsAA
/eZ fopkfj leqf> oqQy jgbZA lks fufd"V f=k; Jqfr vl dgbZAA
fcuq volj Hk; rsa jg tksbZA tkus v/e ukjh tx lksbZAA¸
ifr izfrowQy ukfj;ksa osQ nq"[Link] osQ lEcU/ esa Hkh vulw;k us dgk gSµ
¶ifr oapd ijifr bfr djbZA jkSjo ujd dYi lr ijbZAA
fcuq Je ukfj ijexfr ybbZA ifrozr /eZ NkfM+ Ny xgbZAA
ifr izfrowQy tue t¡g tkbZA fo/ok gksbZ ikb r#ukbZAA
lgt vikofu ukfj ifr lsor lqHk xfr ygbA
tlq xkor Jqfr pkj vtgw¡ rqyfldk gfjfg fiz;AA¸
okYehfd jkek;.k (v;ksè;k dk.M 118-9&11) esa lhrk vulw;k ls dgrh gSa
fd ifr gh xq# gSa & ¶uk;kZ% ifrxqZ#%¸ rFkk ifrlsok gh lcls cM+k ri gSµ
¶ifr'kwJw"kkÂk;kZLriks ukU;n~ fo/h;rsAA
lkfo=kh ifr'kqJw"kka ÑRok LoxsZ egh;rsA
rFkko`fÙk'p ;krk ,oa ifr'kwJw"k;k fnoe~AA
ofj"Bk [Link]"kk p fnfo nsorkA
[Link] u fouk pUæa eqgwrZefi n`';rsAA¸
vulw;k us ifr osQ lkFk ouokl Lohdkj djus okyh lhrk dh iz'kalk dh rFkk
mUgsa fnO;ekyk] vkHkw"k.k] oL=k ,oa fnO;kaxjkx iznku fd;k ftls lhrk us /kj.k
fd;kµ
¶bna fnO;a oja ekY;a oL=[Link] pA
vÄõjkxa p oSnsfg egkgZeuqysiue~AA¸ (ok-jk-v;ks- 118-18)
vulw;k us lhrk dks fo'odekZ osQ }kjk fufeZr nks fnO; [Link] Hkh iznku
fd;sµ
¶fnO;s nnkS [Link] }s fufeZrs fo'[Link]
nqowQys }s nnkS rL;S fueZys HkfDrla;qrkAA¸ (vè;kRejkek;.k 9-88)
166 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vulw;k us lhrk dks vk'khZokn fn;k fd rqEgkjk uke ysdj lalkj esa fL=k;k¡
ikfrozR; /eZ dk ikyu djsaxhµ
¶lquq lhrk ro uke lqfefj ukfj ifrozr djfgaA
rksfg izkufiz; jke dfgm¡ dFkk lalkj fgrAA¸
bl izdkj lalkj dk fgr pkgus okyh vulw;k vius vlw;k Hkko dh 'kwU;rk
osQ dkj.k gh ifrozrk ukjh osQ :i esa yksd fo[;kr gqbAZ oSfnd ½f"k dk vlw;k Hkko
ls jfgr (vulw;k) gksus dk lan's k [Link] okÄ~e; esa vulw;k ukjh osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ
nsrk gS ftlus vlw;k Hkko ls jfgr gksdj ikfrozR; /eZ osQ ikyu dk lans'k fn;k vkSj
ifrozrkvksa esa Js"B ekuh xbZA vUr esa ,slh ifrozrk rFkk l¼eZ&laikfnuh vulw;k ls
eaxydkeuk gS fd oks oqQ'kyrk iznku djsaµ
¶ikfrozR;e;su;kReeglk czãkCtukHks'ojku~
pozsQ izkÑrckydkfuo nnkS HkwdU;dk;S eqnkA
j{kks¿U/[Link]Äõjkxefi ;k l¼eZlEikfnuh
lk uks¿=ksZx`[Link] ruksrq oqQ'kya ukEuk¿ulw;k lrhAA¸

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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~

& MkW- vuhrk 'kekZ
vuqns'kd] jk-la-laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

vfLeu~ 'kks/i=ks vuqlU/k=;k eè;edkO;eknk; vusosQ"kka fo"k;[Link]

foospua Ñre~ fo'ks"k:is.k vk/qfud dkO;L; mnkgj.k nÙke~A
dkfynklek?kHkkjfoJhg"kkZn;% egkdo;% vfrizfl¼k% lfUr laLÑrdkO;txfr
;s"kka fo"k;s b;e~ lwfDr% lehphuk izfrHkkfr &
t;fUr rs lqÑfru% jlfl¼k% doh'ojk%A
ukfLr ;s"kka ;'k%dos [Link] Hk;e~AA
dkfynklkfnuka egkdohuka dkO;a jE;a Js"Ba iBuh;e~ mÙkedkO;e~ ,o vfLr
ukfLr v=k foaQfpr~ lansgkolj% ijUrq vk/qfuosQ dkO;txfr rkn`'kh izfrHkk nqyHZ kk ,oA
vr,o vk/qfudkuka dohuka dkO;a iz/kur% eq[;r% p eè;edkO;L; ,o [Link]~A
dkfynkliwooZ frZuh] dkfynklh;k dkfynklksÙkjdkfydh p laLÑrlkfgR;/kjk
ijLijfoy{[Link] fHkÂk p orZrsA vr% [kz"V;ksufoa'k'krosQ vkèkqfudlaLÑrlkfgR;/kjk
uohus foy{[Link] ekxsZ ina djksfrA v=k ukfLr fdefi vLokHkkfodRoe~A lkEizfrosQ
vfLeu~ le;lhfEu ,[Link];k% izcyk;ekuRokr~ ifjofrZr% thoucks/% rFkk
lkekftdh fLFkfr% vfr nzqrrjxR;k foofrZrkA vr% lân;ân;#pkS vfi ifjorZue~
tkre~A vr,o vokZphulaLÑrlkfgR;'kSY;ka oSy{k.;a lqLi"Vr% ifjy{;[Link] tk;rsA
jkek;.kegkHkkjrkfn"kq izfl¼eso o`ÙkeoyEC; lTtukns'pfjra lekfJR; ok
ykSfddfeJdkO;kfu fojfprkfu vHkou~A vokZphus vfLeu~ le;s laLÑrlkfgR;/kjk%
xfrizÑR;ks% ckgqY;su ifjorZus y{;[Link] vfi oSQf'pr~ dfofHk% izkphuijEijkuql`R;
jkek;.[Link]¼a o`Ùka izkphua ok fdefi pfjreqithO; egkdkO;kfu
fojfprkfuA ;Fkk NTtqjke'kkfL=k.k% ^f'kodFkke`re~*] MkW- jes'kpUnz'kqDyL; ^lqxejkek;.ka*
rFkk ^JhÑ".kpfjre~* gfjnklfl¼kUrokxh'kL; ^#[Link]~* bR;kn;%A vfLeu~
dkys ,rkn`'ka 'kkL=kh;a egkdkO;efi fofufeZra foyksD;rs ;L;ksithO;a oLrq ¶vkRerÙoe~¸
vfLrA MkW- dfiynsof}osfnuk jfpra ^vkRefoKkua* uke foa'kfrlxkZReoaQ egkdkO;a
,rkn`'keso fo|rs ;=k vkReKkufo"k;dk% losZ fo"k;k% iz'uksÙkj:is.k leqiLFkkfirk%A
bnkuhUrue~ bfro`Ùka rFkk pfjra voyEC; ckgqY;su fojfprkfu egkdkO;kfuA ;Fkk
( 167 )
168 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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Hkkjre~* j?kqukFkizlknprqofZs nu% ^JhtokgjT;ksfr%* ijes'ojnÙkf=kikfBu% ¶jDrfgeky;e~¸
lR;ozr'kkfL=k.k% ^bfUnjkxkfU/pfjre~* dfrpu lfUrA ,rs"kq dkO;xzUFks"kq lkEizfrdkuka
o`Ùkkuka pfjrkuka ok [Link] Ñra dfofHk%A vfi p vkReu% firq% firkegL; ok pfjr&
eoyEC; dfrpu egkdkO;kfu fojfprkfu voyksD;Urs vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;sA
,rkn`'ks"kq egkdkO;s"kq {kekjkoegkHkkxk;k vkReu% firq% Jh'kÄï[Link]Äõ[Link];
pfjreoyEC; jfpra 'kÄïjthouLFkkufefr] Jhfo|k/j'kkfL=k.k vkReu% firkegL;
gjukenÙkL; pfjrek/kjhÑR; fufeZra gjukeke`rfefr p egkdkO;f}r;a fo'ks"kr%
leqYys[kegZfrA ijUrq iz/kur% vk/qfuosQ dkO;txfr loZ=k eè;edkO;L;So izk/kU;a
izkI;rs ;r% dkfynkllek uouoksUes"k'kkfyuh mÙkedkO;ltZu{kek izfrHkk vfrnqyHZ kkA
izkphulaLÑrlkfgR;s laLÑregkdohuka loZfo/dkO;jpuklq jlksiLFkkueso ija
fof'k"Va y{;eklhr~A Hkjrsu mDre~ &
¶ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% izorZrs¸
egkdkO;s jlfLFkfre~ vfHky{; Hkkegsukfi mDre~ &
;qDra yksdLoHkkosu jlS'p ldyS% i`Fko~QA &(1@21)
vkuUno/Zusukfi mDre~ &
izcU/tkrh;s dfodeZf.k losZ jlk% fr"Bs;q% ijUrq r=kSdL; jlL;
vfÄõrkÄõhdk;kZA
;FkksDre~ &
izfl¼s¿fi izcU/kuka ukukjlfucU/usA
,dks jlks¿ÄõhdÙkZO;Lrs"kkeqRd"kZfePNrkAA &(èoU;kyksd 3@21)
iqu% fo'oukFksu egkdkO;L; vfÄõjlfo"k;s fdefi fu;U=[Link]~ vkjksfire~ rsu
mDre~ &
Ük`Äjõ ohj'kkUrkukesdks¿Äõhjl b";rsA
vÄõkfu losZ¿fi jlk% ----------------AA &(lkfgR;niZ.k 6@316)
fdUrq okYehfdÑrd#.kjliz/kujkek;.kL; egkdkO;Roe~ vO;kgra p izfl¼e~
orZrsA ,rsu mÙkedkO;RoL; laHkkouk vf/dk vklhr~ fdUrq vk/qfudegkdkO;s"kq
jlfo"k;oaQ oSy{k.;a n`';rsA izkphus"kq egkdkO;s"kq egkdos% izfrHkk mÙkedkO;ltZus
jlksiLFkkius ;Ruorh vklhr~A lân;L; fp=ko`fÙkjfi jlkLoknus leqRlqdk O;xzk vHkor~
ijUrq vk/qfuosQ"kq egkdkO;s"kq u fo|rs rFkkfo/% iz;Ru%A v/quk dfodeZlq lkekftd&
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 169
iz'ukuka jkf"Vª;psrukuka izk/kU;a orZrsA iqjk rq vkpk;s.Z k eEeVsu dkO;izdk'ks o.;Zekus"kq
fofo/s"kq dkO;iz;kstus"kq jlkLoknL;ksifj ija xkSjoe~ vkjksfire~A eEeVersu ldyiz;kstu&
ekSfyHkwra leuUrjeso foxfyros|kUrje~ vkuUne~A vr% izkphuegkdkO;s"kq jlL; dkO;&
lkSUn;ZL; p izk/kU;e~ vklhr~ vr% mÙkedkO;jpuk;k% egrh laHkkouk vklhr~A ijUrq
vk/qfuosQ"kq egkdkO;s"kq lektxrkuka iz'ukuke~ miLFkkiua ckgqY;sukoyksD;rs vr% jlL;
èous% ok loZLok;ekurk u fo|rsA
laLÑrlkfgR;L; egkdkO;ijEijk;k% mn~Hko;qxa dkfynkliwoeZ ~ vklhr~ ;fLeu~
jkek;.kegkHkkjrs fojfprsA laLÑregkdkO;kuka vH;qRFkku;qxa rq dkfynklksn;su lg
vk;kfr Jhg"kZi;ZUra fo|rs ,rfLeu~ dkys vHkwriwokZ vk'kkrhrk leqÂfr% latkrk lexz&
laLÑrlkfgR;L; mÂrs% [Link] lq"BqlkekftdO;oLFkk vklhr~ Jhg"kkZuUrja egkdkO;&
l`tuxfr% {[Link] izkIrk vk/qfuosQ dkys rq laLÑrHkk"kk;k% fLFkfr% 'kkspuh;k dk dFkk
egkdkO;jpuk;k%A
dkO;Ñfr% lokZReuk dosfjPN;So rnfHkerjlkÄõrka /ÙksA dkO;a ;Fkk dkO;kfHkera
jla /Ùks rFkSo rnfHkera yksdfp=[Link]] thoun'kZua rnfHkerka yksdlaons uka /ÙksA èofudkj%
vkuUno/Zu% ifjLiqQVa onfr ,rnso &
vikjs dkO;lalkjs dfojsd% iztkifr%A
;Fkk¿LeS jksprs fo'oa rFksna ifjorZrsAA
Ük`Äõkjh psr~ dfo% dkO;s tkra jle;a txr~A
l ,o ohrjkx'psÂhjla loZeso rr~AA
Hkkokupsrukufi psruoPpsrukupsruor~A
O;ogkj;fr ;Fks"Va lqdfo% dkO;s LorU=kr;kAA
vusu [Link] ljLorhiq=kL; dos% fujÄ~oQq 'kRoa loZFkk Li"Va HkofrA izkphudkyhu&
laLÑrdo;% ;Fkk fyf[kroUr% rFkSo vk/qfuddohuka izo`fÙk% bfr u vko';oaQ
;qxifjorZua tkre~A dkO;izo`Ùk;% ifjofrZrk% n`';UrsA [Link]¿fi df'pr~
vikj% bo l×tkr%A thouL; los"Z kq {ks=ks"kq vfi fo'[Link]; izfr"Bk leoyksD;rsA
Hkkjrh;ys[kus n`';rs ;wjksih;ys[kuL; izHkko% izfrPNk;k pA vr% vk/qfuosQ laLÑr&
dkO;txfr èofudkO;L; iwoZor~ leknjks u laHkkO;rs rFkk èofudkO;l`tu{kerk u
lqyHkk rFkk ;Fkk vklhr~ laLÑrlkfgR;L; le`f¼dkysA [Link]% eè;edkO;L;
izkpq;± lgtLokHkkfode~ vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;lkfgR;sA
vk/qfuddkyL; laLÑrdfo% Hkkjrh;% lÂfi fuf[[Link]/% izrh;rsA
VkWyLVk;&ysfuu&oSQusMhlekfJrkfu egkdkO;kfu [Link];Urs&^dusMh d#.kk×tfy%* MkW
'kf'k/j 'keZ.k%] ^ysfyuke`re~* in~e'kkfL=keksn;L;A lR;ozr'kkfL=[Link] fojfpra cksfèklÙo&
pfjra uke egkdkO;a cksf/lÙoL; izkDrutUeuka rFkkfUretUeu% o`ÙkkUra [Link];frA
170 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
'kdVkjO;ktsu [Link];Fkka lukru% dfo% izdk'k;rsA dfo% vfHkjkt&
jktsUnz% vn`"Vefi ckyh}hia gLrkeydhdjksfr e`xkÄïnrw &ckyhfoykl&;olkfgR;&'krdk&
fnO;ktsuA dkfufpr~ vijkf.k egkdkO;kfu lfUr& (1) jDrfgeky;e~&ijes'ojnÙk&
f=kikBh] (2) [Link]~ & izHkqnÙk'kkL=kh] (3) fryd;'kks¿.kZo%ek/o% [Link]]
(4) lqHkk"kpfjre~&czãkuUn 'kqDy%] (5) usg:pfjre~&czãkuUn 'kqDy%] (6) Jh
ekyoh;dkO;e~&jkeoqQosj% ekyoh;%] (7) usg:;'k% lkSjHke~&cyHknz'kkL=kh] (8)
jktsUnzilz knkH;qn;% iknÑ".kewfrZ 'kkL=kh] (9) rtZuh&nqxkZnÙk'kkL=kh] (10) esyurhFkZe]~
(11) efgee;Hkkjre~&MkW ;rhUnzfoeypkS/jh] (12) xaxklkxjh;e~&fo".kqnÙk% 'kqDy%]
(13) tokgjT;ksfr%&jktkjke 'kkL=kh] (14) xhrtokgje~&jkefd'kksjfeJ%] (15)
fo'oekuoh;e~&fo|k/j'kkL=kh] (16) #[Link]~&dk'khukFk f}osnh] (17)
jkenklpfjre~ rFkk Kkuso'ojpfjre~&[Link] {kekjko] (18) uUnpfjre~ rFkk
jkenkldkO;e~&lw;uZ kjk;.k%] (19) [Link] h;e~ rFkk egf"kZKkukuUnpfjre~&foUè;s'ojh&
izlkn 'kkL=kh] (20) lrhpfjre~&osQ-,l- Ñ".kewfrZ] (21) vk;ksZn;e~&xaxkizlkn
mikè;k;%] (22) 'kqEHko/e~ MkW- Hkksyk'kadj O;kl%] (23) lhrkpfjre~ izks- jsokizlkn
f}osnh vU;kfu cgwfu egkdkO;kfu fojfprkfu vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;sA jk"Vªh;Hkkouk;k%
[Link]~ ,o ewyHkwre~ mís';e~ vr% jlkfHkO;DrkS u rFkk #fp% ;Fkk vklhr~
dkfynklkfndkysA lhrkpfjrdkj% izk-s jsokizlkn f}osnh [Link]; dkO;iz;kstuL;
[[Link]~ djksfr&
u ;'kls u /uk; f'kosrj{kfrÑrs¿fi p uso ÑfreZeA
b;feeka HkjrkofulaLÑfra lqjxoha p fu"ksforqeqn~xrkAA
&(lhrkpfjre~)
fryd;'kks¿.kZodkj% Jhek/o% Jhgfj% [Link] dFk;frµ
yhyksÙkqax rjaxfp=kygjhu`Ùksu la'kksfHkrks
;fLeu~ funZgfr izcks/oMokofÉLreks¿Kkute~A
fo|kjRue;% ijkØeegkuØ% lq/ka /kj;u~
lks¿;a yksdxqjks;Z'[Link] bgkxk/ks¿Lrq u% Js;lsAA
&(fryd;'kks¿.kZo% 1@24)
vyadkjlq"kekeafMrfena i|e~ eè;edkO;L; Js"Be~ [Link]~ vfLrA usg:&
pfjrdkj% czãkuUn'kqDy% LoÑrs% mís';a [Link];u~ dFk;frµ
LokrU=;joiwR;ZFk± [Link]% ;S% lefiZrk%A
rs"kka 'kk'orlEeku:is;a dkO;;kstukAA &(usg:pfjre~ 1@35)
bnefi eè;edkO;L;[Link]~ vfLrA izHkqnÙk'kkfL=[Link] fojfprs egkdkO;s
^[Link]* [Link][;L; eè;edkO;L; n'kZua HkofrA vfLeu~ egkdkO;s vFkkZUrj&
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 171
U;kl&miek&mRizs{kknhuka [Link] lq"Bq iz;ksx% n`';rsA [Link]±µ
eUna eUne;a fgekfu fdjfr L;k æqra ;n~ O;;%A
foÙkk<~;Sjfi nh?kZnf'kZiq#"kSukZiO;;% lársAA
laj{;a /ucU/uSfuZt/ua ØhrhÑra psU/ue~A
dks /"ksZn~ oupUnuSjfi fpra O;Fk± futa L;Unue~AA
&([Link]~] egkdkO;e~ 1@22)
v=k ^fgeky;% eUna eUna fgekfu fdjfr* bfr fo'ks"kdFkua f=kfHk% lkekU;
dFkuS% lefFkZre~&(1) foÙkk<~;Sjfi nh?kZnf'kZiq#"kS% viO;;% u lárs] (2) /ua
ØhrhÑra bU/ua laj{;e~A (3) oupUnuSjfi fpra futa L;Unua d% O;Fk± /"ksZr~\ vr%
vFkkZUrjkU;klkyadkjL;[Link]~ bne~ eè;edkO;L; {ks=ks orZrAs
[Link]Ñra [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
^VSadku~* oØeq[kku~ 'k'kkadln`'kku~ uwRuku~ uokad'p okA
dkjadkjfees glfUr dfior~ yadkfoVadku~ ;FkkAA
owQnZUrs fxfjÜk`Äõrks¿fi uVor~ jksgfUr ok rr~ iqu%A
HkhrsHkhZfrdjk bes Hkjr&Hkw&iq=kk% ifo=kk ânkAA
&([Link]~ 1@20)
v=k fgeky;fLFkrkuka Hkkjrh;VSadkuka lSfudkuka p [Link]~ miekyaÑra orZrsA
[Link]'k% ekSuekLFkk; fy[kfr O;kl% onfr pA n`"VkUrkyadkjs.k 'kksHkua fp=[Link]
dfo% djksfr µ
n`"VSdk izfrosf'kuh cgqonk ;k dksirksifiz;kA
vU;L;ka p djksfr ;k izfrfnua ok:nokÄ~eks{[Link]~AA
'kkUrSdk rq x`gizekf"[Link] u yXuksÙkjsA
rn~n`';a u;ukxzr% fLFkrfena izkspqtZxR;ka tuk%AA
&([Link]~ 7@43)
^:[Link]~* egkdkO;e~ dk'khukFkf}osnhegksn;su fojfpre~A vfLeu~ egkdkO;s
uwruk dYiuk fo|rsA bne~ dkO;e~ vR;Urizfl¼e~ yksdksÙkjrke~ vtZ;frA xzh"edkyL;
jkf=ka [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;frµ
mHk;okljeè;xrk cHkkoriuk¿fi rnk ifjrkfiuhA
fojgeUeFklEiqVihfMrk ruqrjk ofurso foHkkojhAA
&(:[Link]~ 4@19)
bne~ vyaÑfrlEiÂe~ [Link]~ eè;edkO;L;A vU;nsde~ [Link]~ nz"VO;e~µ
172 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
i;fl Hkwfj fo/k; fueTtua 'kqfprjk r:.kho cHkkS eghA
rjyrk nn`'ks n`f'k [katus /uetk;r dksdoqQpksÂfr%A
&(:[Link]~ 4@61)
ik[[Link] [k.M;u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
ueks¿Lrq ik[[Link]; rs f}tsUæ/ekZ; foMEcuk¿¿ReusA
lgS/lk ;=k yrso uwruk 'kosu lÂk r#.kh iznársAA
&(:[Link]~ 11@91)
vU;nsoaQ [Link];e~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
LusgÏqra defyuh"kq n'kka ogf‰fuZEus ifjLiqQjfr iapf'k[kSjehfHk%A
uhjktukfeo djksfr lj%ljksta y{E;k% iznhifudjSfjo jktgalS%AA
dfo% uohuksiekukuka iz;ksxa djksfr&
vfrj;e;ua jFk% fl"ksos fxfj"kq oja ijr% f{kifÂoSue~A
uo;qxifjdfYirk oztUrh fodVtok 'kdVho /wetkye~AA
&(:[Link]~ 16@50)
ekyksiekfo/kua n'kZuh;e~&
deys deyso uhjns piysukEcqftuho iq"djsA
Hkous fdy rL; :[Link];[Link] Lo;fefUnjk¿Hkor~AA
&(:[Link]~ 1@3)
:idkyadkjL; [Link]~ n'kZuh;e~&
vyfeekUrjfra fo/[Link] LiqQjfr Hkwoy;s 'kf'kuka oztsA
bfr uurZ eqnk eq[kjhÑrk tynjaxuVh rfMnaxukAA
&(:[Link]~ 4@47)
vfr'k;ksfDrlkSUn;± n'kZuh;e~&
veq;k fut:ilkxjs y?kqyko.;tys fueTtukr~A
vforqa u;us foHkw"[Link] fofgra }hir;k LFkys LFkysAA
&(:[Link]~ 1@24)
vU;snde~ [Link] vfr'k;ksfDrlkSUn;ZL;&
uSokn~Hkqra l ;fn fu>[Link] cHkwo foanqfL=kykspudinZrVkfÂikrhA
,dks¿fi es u;uuhjd.k% l[khuka fpÙks"kq ;r~ d#.klkxjrkeqisr%AA
f=kyksputVksn~Hkwr% fcUnq% l[khuka fpÙks"kq d#.klkxjrka miSfrA fcUnq% flU/q%
HkofrA
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 173
dkO;fyaxsu la;ksx Ük`Äõkjjlèous%A pk{kq"ka fo/kua nz"VO;e~&
jkxks ;ef{k;qxys¿/jiYyoL;
vU;ks¿U;ekoqQy;r% LiqQVefrZtkre~A
d% izR;;Lro frjksfgroLrqfu
L;kr~ Ñ".kRoesrn/js u;u};L;AA &(:[Link]~ 13@71)
Ñ".kL; lSfudku~ [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
/uq"eUrks¿fi fourk% lqHkxk vfi Hkh"[Link]%A
xtZUrks¿fi ;Fkk es?kk vUr?kZujlkJ;k%AA &(:[Link]~ 15@103)
,oeso jsokizlknf}osnhegksn;su fojfprs egkdkO;s eè;edkO;L; [Link]
izHkwrkfu fo|UrsA bne~ ^lhrkpfjre~* ukeoaQ egkdkO;e~ vR;Urizfl¼e~A v=k vyadkj&
;kstuk dkO;lkSUn;ZL; vfHko`¼;s lgk;dHkwrk orZrsA dkfufpr~ [Link] nh;UrsA
jkeHkjrfeyua [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
l jkeukek Hkxoku~ l ekuoLrFkk p df'pr~ HkjrsfrukeHkko~QA
fofueZekrs fefyrkS fgekpyks egksnf/'pkfi ;Fkk¿¿;ZHkwfedke~AA
&(lhrkpfjre~ 1@2)
foiDoxHkk± iq=ko/wlhrka n`"V~ok ekrj% izlÂk% vHkou~&
foiDoxHkk± p o/wa n`xEcqfHkfuZtS% llaKk p fujh{; ekrj%A
fu'k'olqZeqf"Verha ;Fkk egha rjafxrka oh{; Ñ"[Link]
&(lhrkpfjre~ 2@44)
tud% yooqQ'kkS n`"V~ok izlhnfr&
ekrkegL;kfi fouk Lo=kha nkSfg=k;ksgZUr! r;ks% izlkn%A
tkrks uokIrizfroSQ% Lo'kkL=ks LoH;Lr;ks% 'kkL=kÑr% izlkn%AA
&(lhrkpfjre~ 10@29)
vFkkZUrjL; ,oaQ [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
vf; ekr:nL;rka Ro;k tudksia izfr dksi bZn`'k%A
ufg oqQDoqQjf/Ñrks xtks cq/oU|ks Hktfr izfrfØ;ke~AA
&(lhrkpfjre~ 4@43)
:idkyadkjL; ,oaQ lqUnje~ [Link] n'kZ;uh;e~&
mjLlqrslka folltZ dkSlqeh% Ït% l rs rL; p ok"ifufeZrk%A
veU;rkusu tuks u`iky;a xra rnk Lusglq/k iz;kxrke~AA
&(lhrkpfjre~ 1@29)
174 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
miekyadkjL; ân;kotZd% iz;ksx% nz"VO;%&
eq[ks"kq ekSuk vfi rs rnkuha eu%lq pkpY;Hk`rks fojstq%A
ljksojk ;n~onuqÙkjaxk ijUrq eè;s pyehulaxkAA&(lhrkpjfre~ 9@12)
lhrk;k% fLFkrizKfLFkfra [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
f=kfHk% equhUæS% frl`fHk'p lwfHko`Zrks cHkkls iq:"kksÙkeks¿=kA
;Fkk f=kos.;k lfgr% iz;kx% f=kfHk% leqæS'p ;FkS"k ns'k%AA
vklhr~ fonsgkf/irs% lqrk rq rFkk rVLFkk fuf[kys"kq rs"kqA
;Fkk foyhukRefu jktgalh ;n~okfi xh% dkfi ijk LoiqaflAA
&(lhrkpfjre~ 9@2]3)
,oa Li"Va orZrs ;r~ vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa
fo|rsA lhrkpfjrs egkdkO;s vusdkfu lfUr [Link] ;=k eè;edkO;Roa izkI;rsA
voyksduh;e~ vU;snde~ [Link]~&
eeSo fdURo=k ifjP;qrkReuL=kqfV;Zns"kk turkLR;f'kf{krkA
firq% l nks"k% f'k'kqjfÙk ;n~ fo"ka fHk"kx~fg okP;ks ;fn o/Zrs #tkAA
&(lhrkpfjre~ egkdkO;e~ 2@26)
;Fkk izkphulaLÑrlkfgR;s rFkSo vk/qfudlaLÑrlkfgR;s vfi n`';dkO;efi
fo|rsA n`';a dkO;a rnfLr ;Pp{kqfjfUnz;xzkáa HkofrA vL; u bna rkRi;Ze~ vfLr ;r~
n`';dkO;s [Link];L; mi;ksfxrk ,o u Hkofr] dFkksidFkuL; laoknL; [Link];
[Link];L; lkgkÕ;a vfuok;Z:is.k Hkofr ,oA [Link] fouk ukVdL;
[Link] drq± u 'kD;rsA dks¿fi cf/j% [Link];a fouk ukVdL; [Link]
vleFkZ% HkofrA ijUrq [Link];L; lkgkÕ;s vfi p{kqfjfUnz;L;So izk/kU;kr~ rr~ dkO;a
n`';e~ bfr mP;rsA dkfynklL; vfHkKku'kkoqQUrya rFkk HkoHkwr%s mÙkjjkepfjra vfrizfl¼a
n`';dkO;e~A izkphun`';dkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; fo|ekurk vklhr~ rFkSo vk/qfud
laLÑrlkfgR;L; n`';dkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoe~ vfLr ,oa ;rhUnzfoey&
pkS/jhegksn;L; ^Hkkjrtude~* ukVoaQ izfl¼e~A ^Hkkjrfot;e~*] ^ohjizrki%* rFkk
xkfUèkfot;e~ bfr ukVdkfu eFkqjkizlknnhf{krL; lfUrA ^lqlga rHkkjre~* ukVde~ iqYysy&
jkepUnz Mw egksn;L; vfLrA ^foØkUrHkkjre~* (MkW- vkj- oh- 'kkfL=k egksn;L;)]
^lekueLrq es eu%* (xk-ok- iylqys egksn;L;) ^iknn.M%* (MkW- ouekykHkokydj
egksn;k;k%) bR;knhfu vusdkfu ukVdkfu fojfprkfu vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;txfrA
;s"kq losZ"kq eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa fo|rsA vk/qfuosQ laLÑrlkfgR;s fojfprkuka
ukVkdkuka la[;k Hkw;lh orZrs ;Fkk yksdukFkfeJegksn;su fojfpre~ ^oqQ;kZr~ lnk
eÄõye~* jekdkUr'kqDyegksn;su fojfpre~ jsfMvks&ukVoaQ ^[Link];e~* ^xaxklkxjh;e~*
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 175
egkdkO;e~ fo".kqnÙk'kqDysu fojfpre~A miekyadkjL; ,de~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
'kq¼a lekf/fof/uk oiqjh'ojL;
l|% ifo=kefrpk#rja pdkjA
vUrLFknhfIrfudj|qfreRiznhis
dkO;L; Hkkfr #fpja p ;Fkkfoèkkue~AA &(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 3@6)
'kadjL; r`rh;us=ka [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
us=ka r`rh;a xq#Hkkyns'ks cgsZ ;Fkk jktfr eè;foUnq%A
xzUFks"kq /eZL; Ñra lHkDR;k iwtkizlaxs fryoaQ ;Fkk okAA
&(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 2@37)
vU;nsde~ [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
T;ksRLuk lnk Luki;fr izlÂk djksR;q"kk lkEizreaxjkxe~A
ckykoZQfcEcS% ÑrHkkyfoUnq% Ük`axkfjrk lk lqHkxk o/wor~AA
&(xÄõklkxjh;e~ 2@24)
vyÄï[Link] dkO;e~ eè;edkO;e~ ,o Hkofr ^Jhcksf/lÙopfjre~* egkdkO;a
lR;ozr'kkL=khegksn;su fojfpra n`';rs ;r% vyÄï[Link] lfÂos'k% izpqjr;k izkI;rsA
,dfLeu~ 'yksosQ ,dkf/dkuka miekuka iz;ksx% n`';rs&
lkSnkfeuh ok¿¿fJrpUæ'kkyk yko.;oR;qRifyuho ckykA
izlÂ[Link] jkdk leqTToyn~nhif'k[kso lk dkAA
&(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 8@50)
vU;nsde~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
xrZL;ksi;Zo"VH; gLr;qXea egkcy%A
u fpjkRiouèoLres?kkPpUæ boksfnr%AA &(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 4@37)
lkE;a lwp;u~ vU;nsde~ [Link] eè;edkO;L; O;kfIra lwp;fr vfLeu~
egkdkO;s&
fof{kIrpsrk% LofuosQruLFk% dkekrqjks¿lkS cqcq/s u foaQfpr~A
izeqX/xhrèofuyqC/'kY;a izfc¼lkjax bokorLFksAA
&(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 6@5)
vFkkZUrjU;klkyadkjL; lqUnje~ [Link] voyksduh;e~&
bg foifn e;k rRlehis iz;s;;a
fu;reqfnrdhR;kZ rsu foÙka izns;e~A
fo"keifrrfe"Va izs{; lRizhfreUr%
176 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
LotueqipjUr% izksÂ;UR;so lUr%AA &(Jh cksf/lÙopfjre~ 13@11)
^f'kojkT;ksn;e~* jk"VªHkfDrHkkokuqikz [Link] fo'kkydk;laLÑregkdkO;a jlfl¼su
doh'ojs.k Jh/jHkk"[Link] Z [Link] f'kojkT;ksn;s egkdkO;s f'kojkT;a izfr dkUgksth&
dFkueoyksduh;e~&
jpkLokrU=;y{;k'[Link] fpdh"kZls psÂj'kh"kZin~e%S A
RoÂs=klÄïsrr`.khÑrkRek Loiq=k'kh"kkZ.;fi dfÙkZrk¿fLeAA
RoRdkaf{kra nq?kZVeI;dLekr~ lEiwjf;";kE;/quSo jktu~A
izfo'; nkokfXueqisR; okfC/a fu"is"; okfæa izfonk;Z okHkze~AA
&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 20@29] 30)
jk"VªLokrU=;Ñrs Loiq=kL; f'kjlks¿[Link] ns'kHkDrk% ok×NfUrA vokZphuegkdkO;s"kq
vyÄïkjiz;ksxks izkx~oÂkfLrA rFkkfi f'kojkT;ksn;s vyadkjiz;ksxks izpqj:is.k izkI;rsA
miekn`"VkUrkS vyadkjkS dos% fiz;kyadkjkS Lr%A [Link] nh;Urs&
^f'ko% izrLFks tuosQu lk¼± t;ks t;suSo egksn;su*A
&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 7@1)
^fuxzkg l jktf"kZfodkjku~ bo la;eh*A &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 16@28)
f'kolSfudku~ [Link];u~ miekukuka iz;ksx% Hkkfofot;kfHkO;×tu{kerka izn'kZ;fr&
x#Mk bo [Link] okujk bo j{klke~ cykdk bo ehukuka
EysPNkuka f'kolSfudk%A &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 9@14)
dos% miekuiz;ksxs Hkkjrh;sfrgkln'kZua rFkk izÑfrjaxuVhurZua n`';rs&
vkfgeky;[Link]|'kk% ohjo;Zfourkaf?kziadt%A
;su esdylqrkrVs Ñrks g"kZghu bo g"kZo/Zu%A
[Link] tUe&fl¼[Link]% lnkA
;=k 'kL=ke;osQfy'kkf;uh [Link] nn`'ks¿fælaHkokAA
eYyosQfylq fo'ks"kjkxr% '[Link]`Rd.k&fofyEiuSuZjk%A
&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 1@30&32)
,oa Li"Va orZrs ;r~ eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n`';rs vk/qfudlaLÑr&
lkfgR;txfrA jk"Vªh;HkkoukfHkO;fDr% jE;:is.k Ñrk dfouk&
LokrU=;y{eh oqQynsork ukS c¼su ik'kS;Zoukf/isuA
rUeqDr;s¿LekfHkjuU;HkDrS% izoR;Zrka laxjl=kesoAA
&(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ 57@29)
dfo% LodkO;a lathoujlk;ua dFk;fr&
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 177
jk"VªLokrU=;fu"Bkuka ns'kHkfDre;kReuke~A
nqnkZL;grlÙokuka lathoujlk;ue~AA &(f'kojkT;ksn;e~ Hkwfedk)
f'kojkT;ksn;a egkdkO;e~ vuqieÑfr% orZrs ;=k eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n`';rsA
{k=kifrpfjra egkdkO;e~ MkW- mek'kadjf=kikfBegksn;su fojfpre~A bna jk"Vªh;&
egkdkO;e~ vfLrA vyadkjiz;ksxs dfo% fu".kkr%A miekyadkjL; vf/dreiz;ksx%
n`';rsA ;su dkO;Jho`f¼% ifjy{;rsA [Link]~&
fiihfydk ;Fkk¿uqfo¼[Link]
cykf/is rFkk izrhixk forsuq#|ee~A
l ,d ,o oklqfd% lqes#cU/u{keks
ârkinkinU;i{ky{;ekRefoØeS%AA &({k=kifrpfjre~ 9@61)
:idkyadkjL; [Link] nz"VO;e~&
lUè;ks"k/iz;ksxs.k cyksxzTojfuxZesA
{[Link]¿I;s"kks egkjk"Vªks fn"V~;k LokLF;su o/Zrke~AA
&({k=kifrpfjre~ 12@143)
leklksfDr% vyadkj lq"Bq:is.k iz;qDr%&
fofPNÂ[Link] 'yFkkrkZ O;LrkEcjk e`"Vi;ks/jJh%A
foHkkrehrk xxukfHklkja jkf=ktZgkS Eykueq[ksUnqjkxkAA
&({k=kifrpfjre~ 18@83)
vU;kfu [Link] lfUr vyÄïkjfoHkwf"krkfu ;=k eè;edkO;Roa izkI;rsA
vkèkqfudusrkja izfr ,dk mfDr% voyksduh;k&
LokèofLFkj% leqn;Ureqiklrs¿oZQeaxh&
djksfr fotgkfr tua Lofl¼;SA
izkphaizxs uefr jkf=keq[ks izrhpha
uk;a fgrkfgriFks O;Fkrs euLohAA &({k=kifrpfjre~ 13@114)
Jhfryd;'[Link]% Jhek/oJhgfjegksn;su [Link]~ egkdkO;e~ izfl¼e~A vL;
fo"k;s lEikndkuka /[Link] voyksduh;k&
usr`RoxkSjoa xk;r~ frydL; egkReu%A
izFk;r~ Hkqfo loZ=k laLÑrL;kFkZxkSjoe~AA
dfoRoxkSjoa xk<a LFkki;r~ ek/oL; pA
egkdkO;fena yksosQ Hktrkn~ xkSjoa Lo;e~AA
&(fryd;'kks¿.kZo r`rh;[kaM dh Hkwfedk i`"B 9)
178 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
dfo% Hkkjrân;fryde~ vyaÑrdkO;Hkk"kkiz;ksxs.k uefr&
/S;sZ.k Hkw/j bokEcqf/on~ xHkhjksA
;LrstlkoZQ bo 'khrdj% 'k'khoAA
Kkusu xh"ifrfjoksÙke&deZ;ksxhA
ra HkkjrL; ân;a fryoaQ uekfeAA &(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 1@9)
lekpkji=kL; [Link] izfrfØ;k;k% xEHkhjO;×tuk vkyadkfjdHkk"kkiz;ksx.s k
Ñrk&
lkSnkfeuhizikrsu nX/%L;kr~ ikniks ;FkkA
iBusuksDri=kL; nX/k lk lwpuk rFkkAA
&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 45@52)
vU;nsde~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
lapkjiwrkfu fnxUrjkf.k ÑRokxr% if'peiq.;ns'ke~A
Hkkuq;ZFkk [Link] ckyLrFkklTtuxhrdhfrZ%AA
&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZuo% 56@163)
eè;edkO;L; vU;nsde~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
iq"[Link] Lrodks Hkkfr [Link] lewgor~A
iziqQYya deya r=k pUæek bo 'kksHkrsAA &(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 2@9)
lekpkji=[Link] egÙoa [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
o`Ùki=ka iztkgLrs izrksn bo orZrsA
drq± fnXn'kZua lE;x~ okftuka efU=k:[Link]~A
flags xtZfr dkuus e`[Link] HkhR;koqQyks /kofrA
fo|qn~xtZueEcqns"kq oqQ#rs HkwR;ka tuku~ dkrjku~AA
jkT;s efU=ktus LodeZfoeq[ks lRif=kdkxftZre~A
yksd{kksHkfoo/Zua p oqQ#rs Hkhfra iztkdksitke~AA
&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 7@68] 69)
dfo% ns'kLokra=;e~ ve`rrqY;a eU;rs&
fouke`ra u fr"BfUr LoxsZ¿fi lqf[kuks¿ejk%A
u lfUr lqf[kuks HkwE;ka yksdk% LokrU=;oafprk%AA
&(Jhfryd;'kks¿.kZo% 56@14)
lqHkk"kpfjra egkdkO;a Jh fo'oukFkosQ'koN=kegksn;su fojfpre~A lqHkk"kpfjrs
egkdkO;s [Link] lgtiz;ksx% n'kZuh;%&
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 179
LojkT;i{kkH;qn;su HkwRok RoLoLFk ,okxztloZdkj%A
dfVa reqUewyf;rqa ccU/ oaQlks ;Fkk xksoqyokflÑ".ke~AA
&(lqHkk"kpfjre~ 5@23)
v=k [Link]; dykRedjhR;k iz;ksx% Ñr%A vU;nsde~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
rrks¿Uo/kou~ futxqIrpkjSfoZ¼sxzt% ozqQ¼ brLrr'pA
LokfHk% iquoZU;gfja xzghrqa iykf;ra O;k?kz bo Lotkykr~AA
&(lqHkk"kpfjre~ 7@44)
vU;nsde~ [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
rfLeu~ foekus¿f{kinknrhrs 'kksdkoqQyk HkkjrHkwlqiq=kk%A
;n~H;ka tMkH;ka olfra fuo`Ùkk% jkes oua ;kr bokrZikSjk%AA
&(lqHkk"kpfjre~ 10@46)
vewrsZu ewrZL; miek;k% [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
oLrqtkreHkor~ lqnqyZHkeR;o';feg thouk; ;r~A
izR;ga izoo`/s egk?kZrk izko`"kho lfjnEcqfoxzg%AA
&(lqHkk"kpfjre~ 10@11)
vfLeu~ egkdkO;s¿fi eè;edkO;L; fo|ekurk orZrs bfr Li"Ve~A xkfUèkpfjra
egkdkO;a lk/q'[Link];su [Link]~A xkfU/fo"k;s [Link];k% mn~xkj%
n'kZuh;%&
;Fkk jfo% larela djS%
fujL; fo|ksr;rs¿f[kya txr~A
rFkk Hkoku~ Loh;ri%izHkkorks fouk';
rku~ u% lqf[krku~ fpja fØ;kr~AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 8@194)
xkfU/egksn;% jkeukeegÙoa eqDroaQBsu Lohdjksfr&
u yksosQ fo|rs rkor~ ikroaQ rr~ {[Link]Â ;r~A
lhrkjkeLe`rsuZ';sr~ lkSjsfjo djSLre%AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 10@30)
vfLeu~ egkdkO;s [Link] iz;ksx% Ñr% dos% miekyÄïkj% fiz;ks orZrsA
,de~ [Link]~ nz"VO;e~&
vk;Zos'korka r=k [Link] HkkjrkSdlke~A
n'kZua otZ;UR;srs HkkLdjL;so dkSf'kd%AA &(xkfU/pfjre~ 6@45)
v=k dfo Loi{ka lw;Zor~ foi{ka mywdor~ dFk;frA vyadkjs.k oLrqèous%
mÙkee~ [Link]~ bne~A
180 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
Jh usg:pfjra egkdkO;a JhczãkuUn'kqDyegksn;su fojfpre~A vfLeu~ egkdkO;s&
¿fi eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa n`';rsA [Link] nz"VO;e~&
rLekn~ fookgfof/ukfi enh;dk;Zjks/ks Hkos|fn r ;qDre~A
iRuh fopkj#fpjk] ifrdk;Zn{kk lalkj&lkxj&leqÙ[Link]; iksr%AA
&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 10@22)
Lo:ijkuha [Link];u~ dfo% dFk;fr&
u Hkofr Le dnkfi p dksiuk u piyk u p yksHkijk;.kkA
vuqcHkwo les"kq futkRerka lejlk ljlk dforso lkAA
&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 4@13)
vfLeu~ egkdkO;s [Link] leqfprlfÂos'k% Ñr%A vyadkj;kstuk u
lk;klÑrkA [Link] nz"VO;e~&
deyk olfr LekL; ân;s LFkyifn~euhA
eU;s rLekn~ n/kjk¿lkS rr~Le`rh LFkyin~ede~AA
&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 18@40)
'ys"[Link][;k;k% fp=[Link] nz"VO;e~&
o`f¼fuZrEcs"kq xq.k'p gkjs ;=kkaxukuka ij:irkLrsA
[Link]?kksZ turklq ;=k la;ksx;ksx'p dVk{keks{ksAA
&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 7@5)
vFkkZUrjU;klkyadkjL; ,oaQ eksgde~ [Link] nz"VO;e~&
fnO;kReuka iq.;p;SLriksfHk% LokrU=;ykHkLRoHkoTtukuke~A
foÙka fouk fdUrq u lkS[;yC/h fjDrks ?kVks ukigjsr~ fiiklke~AA
&(Jhusg:pfjre~ 17@17)
ewruZs vewrLZ ;] vewruZs ewrLZ ; rFkk ewruZs ewrLZ ; miek fo|rs vfLeu~ egkdkO;sA
;Fkk&
lejlk ljlk dforso lkA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 4@13)
rFkk
forrlL;iQyk /[Link] lkA
rnuqdkefi uwrurka xrkAA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 4@11)
,oe~ Li"Vfen~ ;r~ eè;edkO;L; vusdkfu [Link] lfUr vfLeu~ egkdkO;sA
Hkxon~xhrka izfr Jhusg:egksn;L; vuqjkx% lq"Bq:is.k dfouk vfHkO;aftr%&
vk/qfuosQ laLÑrdkO;txfr eè;edkO;L; LFkkue~ 181
JhÑ".kpUæ&eq[k&fuxZr&fnO;rÙoa
xhrksDreso ee thoulk/oaQ L;kr~A
xhrklq/ka ifjfuih; HkokE;tÏa
lalkj&lkxj&leqÙ[Link]; lTt%AA &(Jhusg:pfjre~ 14@4)
vU;s"kq egkdkO;s"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; ,o O;kidRoa Hkforqa laHkkO;rs ;r%
dkfynklln`'kk% do;% nqyZHkk ,o vk/qfuosQ laLÑrtxfr ;s"kka Ñfr"kq mÙkedkO;L;
izkpq;± Hkforqa laHkkO;rs ijUrq vk/qfudlaLÑrlkfgR;e~ vusdn`"V~;k le`¼e~ vfLrA
vfHkuolaLÑrlkfgR;s¿fi 'kk'orrÙokuka ekuoewY;kuka p fu:[Link] fo|rs ;s"kka ifjikyusu
O;fDrlektjk"Vªfo'okuka dY;[Link] lqfuf'prekfLrA ;Fkk xÄõk;k% iwoZlafprtya
fpjdkyi;ZUra foÑra u Hkofr rFkSo dkfynklknhuka iwoZlafpra ijeJ¼kg± jlflDra
lkfgR;e~ v|kfi iq.;kuka v[[Link] Loknq ,o orZrsA [Link] lkSUn;± fo|rs
,oA [Link];Ä~X;L; fu:[Link] izkI;rsA vr% eè;edkO;L; O;kidRoa fo|rs
vkèkqfudlaLÑrdkO;txfrA izkphuksiekukuka [Link]~ vk/qfudksiekukuka lekos'k%
izkI;rsA pk#Ro;qDrokP;kFkZ% pk#Ro;qDr O;aX;kFkZ% jlHkkokn;% p orZUrs vr% [Link];rk
izkI;rsA
bRFka Li"Vfena ;r~ laLÑrlkfgR;s izkphudkyknkjH; v|kof/ fufeZrs dkO;s
eè;edkO;L; izk/kU;a izkI;rs ;r% [Link];Ä~X;L; fofHkÂ:[Link] n'kZua ckgqY;su
izkI;rsA dkfynklkfnjlfl¼dfo"kq vyaÑr'kSyhi{kikfr"kq ek?kJhg"kkZfn"kq rFkk vkèkqfud
dfo"kq vfi eè;edkO;L; pk#Roa O;kidRoa p fo|rsA èofuizfr"Bkid% vkuUn&
o/Zuks¿fi vkÑ"V% n`';rs eè;edkO;a izfr ;su l% bRFke~ mins"Vqa izsfjr% vHkor~&
izlÂxEHkhjink% dkO;cU/k% lq[kkogk%A
;s p rs"kq izdkjks¿;eso ;ksT;% lqes/lkAA &(èoU;kyksd% 3@35)
;s dkO;izcU/k% izlÂxEHkhjink% vkÈkndk'p HkofUr rs"kq [Link][;a eè;e&
dkO;a lqcqf¼uk dfouk lEiknuh;e~A èousfjo eè;edkO;L; ;kstuk;S jpuk;S vfr
oSnXè;e~ visf{kre~A [Link];Ä~X;L; èous'p iFkk dkO;[Link] izfrHkk vuUrrka
izkIuksfr uoRoek;kfrA
èous;Z% [Link];Ä~X;L;kèok iznf'kZr%A
vusukuUR;ek;kfr dohuka izfrHkkxq.k%AA &(èoU;kyksd% 4@1)
vyadkjpk#RolefUorO;Ä~X;kFksZu ifjiw.k± eè;edkO;a fofHkÂkyÄïkjfoHkwf"krk
uo;qorh bo lân;ku~ vkd"kZfrA eè;edkO;L; jpukdkjk% vk/qfuddo;% egkdo;%
,o lfUr bfr vlfUnX/e~A

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k

rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ
& vfer oqQekj feJ
'kks/ Nk=k] jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku]
xaxkukFk >k ifjlj] bykgkckn (m-iz-)

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/krk us i;kZoj.k osQ egÙo dks laLÑr lkfgR;

esa fdl izdkj o£.kr fd;k bl fo"k; dks fn[kk;k gSA

laLÑr lkfgR; osQ vxk/ ikjkokj esa i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk osQ jRu vijEikj :i
esa mPNfyr gks jgs gSaA laLÑr lkfgR; osQ vf[ky czãk.M&Hkk.M osQ xok{k ls
voyksdu djus ij ;g ykspu&xkspj gksrk gS fd leLr thoksa vkSj i;kZoj.k dk
lEcU/ vU;ksU;kfJr vFkok vfoukHkko gSA ;g e/qj lEcU/ vktUe ;k xHkZdky ls
gh ugha vfirq l`"V~;kjEHk ls gh jgk gSA
[Link] [Link] osQ prqfoZ/ tho (tjk;qt] [Link]] Losnt ,oa mn~fHkTt)
izÑfr osQ ØksM esa gh fodflr] lEof¼Zr ,oa foyflr gks jgs gSa D;ksafd ekuoh;
psruk czã[Link]; psruk ls rknkRE; j[krh gSA czã ls fufeZr fofp=k fp=k&fpf=kr bl
lalkj esa prqfoZ/ thokRek;sa [Link] eap ij eapu dj ¶deZ dk Hkksx] Hkksx dk
deZ] ;gh tM+ psru dk vkuUn¸ iFkkuqxkeh gksrs gq, u;u iFk fiu¼ ls gks jgs
gSaA
lkEizfrd [Link];dj.k osQ ;qx esa vk/qfud Kku foKku&ifjKku n{krk dh
ijkdk"Bk ij dne j[krk gqvk lk ekuo bl c`gr~ lalkj :ih ;U=k dk ,d vaxHkwr
gksrs gq, Hkh Lo;a esa ,d [Link] ;U=k Lo:i gksdj ;kfU=kd ;qx esa ;U=kor~ thou
O;rhr dj jgk gSA ekuo viuh izKk dk yksgk euokrk gqvk] leLr thoksa ij 'kklu
djrk gqvk] izÑfr :ih uVh osQ lkFk Hkh NsM+&NkM+ dj jgk gSA fo'o osQ lHkh ns'kksa
osQ ifjisz{; esa flagkoyksdu djus ij ,slk izrhr gksrk gSA vk;kZorZ esa Hkkjr ns'k osQ
(Hkk¾Kku esa] jr¾rYyhu] fuefTtr) euhf"ktu] ½f"kx.k] czãf"kZx.k viuh&viuh
( 182 )
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 183
[Link] izKk osQ vuqlkj ekuo tho dk ije y{; ¶vkReuks eks{kkFk± txf¼rk;
p¸ vFkkZr~ vius eks{k osQ lkFk lalkj dk fgr djus osQ vkn'kZ dks Hkh j[kkA
bl [Link] Hkkouk esa vkn'kZHkwr izÑfr&uVh] txÂkf;dk] lsfodk]
lg/[Link]] ek;kfouh vkfn'kfDr&Lo:ik fofo/ HkkokfHkO;aftr FkhA Hkkjrh; n'kZu
'kkL=k osQ oqQyewy vkfn n'kZu&lka[;n'kZu osQ [Link] dfiy eqfu (dnZe&nsogwfr osQ
iq=k) us rks izÑfr osQ rsbZl foÑfr;ksa lfgr iq:"k osQ la;ksx ls iapfoa'kfr rÙo tU;
lalkj dk ifjp; nsdj izÑfr iq:"k osQ lE;o~Q Kku ls gh f=kfo/ nq%[kksa
(vkfèknSfod] vkf/HkkSfrd] vkè;kfRed) ls ,sdkfUrd ,oa vkR;fUrd fuo`fÙk vFkkZr~
eks{k dk ekxZ fn[kyk;kA bl eaxy Hkko esa i;kZoj.k lapsruk ifjiq"V ,oa ifjiksf"kr
gSA
leLr n'kZu :ih ufn;k¡ ftl Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk :ih ifjokj esa vkdj foyhu
gks tkrh gSaA bl ifo=k nk'kZfud xzUFk esa tho] ijekRek] txr~] izÑfr] foÑfr vkfn
dk lw{ekfrlw{e foospu fd;k x;k gSA bldks osQoy Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us gh ugha
vfirq fo'o osQ egku~ nk'kZfudksa us viuh&viuh izKk&fud"k ij j[kdj fo'kn~
foospuk fd;kA
ukosZ osQ izfl¼ nk'kZfud ¶vusZuhl¸ dgrs gS fdµ¶Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa
[Link] tks v"V/k izÑfr (i`Foh] ty] rst] ok;q vkdk'k] cká ,oa eu] cqf¼]
vgadkj vkUrfjd) gS] blesa ckgjh izÑfr dh gypysa balku dh vkH;Urfjd izÑfr
dks fgyk,&Mqyk, fcuk ugha jgrhA¸ bl lR; dks vusZuhl us vius rÙofpUru esa
[Link];k Lohdkj fd;k fd ekuo thou osQ leLr fØ;k&dyki fdlh u fdlh :i
esa i;kZoj.k ls lEc¼ gSA bl ¶lIr'krh lafgrk¸ esa ;ksx's oj Jh Ñ".k Lo;a dks leLr
o`{kksa esa vuU; o`{k v'oRFk (ihiy) dh laKk nsrs gq, dgrs gS fd&
¶eSa lc o`{kksa esa ihiy dk o`{k gw¡] nsof"kZ;ksa esa ukjn eqfu gw¡] xU/oksZ esa
fp=kjFk gw¡ vkSj fl¼ksa esa dfiy eqfu gw¡A1¸
Hkkjrh; oSfnd Kku lEink dk voyksdu djus ls n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS fd
izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo thou osQ lEcU/ cgqr gh [Link] ,oa e/qj FksA ½Xosn
osQ fgj.;xHkZ lwDr esa fgj.;xHkZ ls i×pegkHkwrksa dh mRifÙk ekuh x;h gSA
¶fgj.;xHkZ% leorZrkxzs HkwrL; tkr%ifrjsd vklhr~A¸2

1- v'oRFk% loZo`{[Link] nso"[Link] p ukjn%A

xU/[Link] fp=kjFk% fl¼kuka dfiyks eqfu%AA (Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk&10@20)
2- ½Xosn&10-121-1
184 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
lkeosn esa egf"kZx.k 'kq¼ ty dks viuh euh"kk&izKk ls voyksdu dj izkFkZuk
djrs gSaA
¶'kÂks nsohjHkh"V;s vkiks HkoUrq ihr;sA 'ka ;ksjfHkÏoUrq u%A¸1
;tqosZn osQ bZ'kkokL;ksifu"kn~ esa nè;Ä~ vFkokZ ½f"k Hkh i;kZoj.k osQ lalkèkuksa
osQ fu"dke lnqi;ksx dh f'k{kk nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd&
¶bZ'kkokL;fena lo± ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~A
rsu R;Drsu Hkq×thFkk% ek x`/% dL;fLo¼ue~AA¸2
vFkoZons osQ vuqlkj i;kZoj.k osQ ikap ?kVd rÙo lUrqfyr jgdj gh lUrqfyr
okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vr% ekuo dks buesa vlUrqyu ugha djuk pkfg,A
oSfnd ½f"k;ksa us Lo;a dks izÑfr dk vfoHkkT; vax ekuk gS vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ j{kkFkZ
lnSo leiZ.k Hkko O;Dr fd;k gS tSls fd&
¶lw;ksZ es p{kqokZr% [Link]¿Urfj{kekRek i`fFkoh 'kjhje~A
vLr`rks ukekge;efLe l vkRekua fun/s |kok&i`fFkohH;ka xksihFkk;A¸3
bl vj.; laLÑfr esa o`{kksa dh iwtk dks xkSjo le>k tkrk FkkA tSls fd o`{kjkt
ihiy (vgfuZ'k [Link];q iznkrk) dks nso o`{k dh laKk nsuk vkSj mlesa loZnsoe;Ro
dk fo/ku mifu"knksa rFkk [Link] osQ vkyksd esa fn[krk gS tSls fd LdUniqjk.k esa dgk
x;k gS fd&
^ewyczãk Ropkfo".kq% 'kk[kk:æks egs'oj%A
i=ks&i=ks p nsokuka o`{kjkt% ueksLrqrsAA*
½Xosn esa lkseyrk ,oa vFkoZosn esa iyk'k (<kd) o`{k dks iwT; ekuk x;k
gSA ek¡ 'khryk dk okl iyk'k o`{k esa ekuk x;kA 'keho`{k dks loZikiuk'kudkjh ,oa
fo'ks"kr% 'kfuxzg dh rqf"V ,oa Ñik izkfIr dk gsrq ekuk x;k gS tSls&
^'keh 'ke;rs ikia 'keh [Link]~A
/kj;s¿tqZu [Link] 'keh o`{kueksLrqrsAA*
blh izdkj uoxzgksa dh rqf"V gsrq vyx&vyx o`{kksa dh iz/kurk cryk;h x;h
gSA vfXuiqjk.k esa rks ins&ins o`{kksa vkS"kf/;ksa vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ vU; ?kVdksa dk
lqfoLr`r [Link] izkIr gksrk gSA

1- lkeosn iz- 3-13

2- ;tqosZn&40-1
3- vFkoZosn&5] 9] 7
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 185
eRL;iqjk.k esa rks ekr`&fir`½.k ls eqDr gksus osQ gsrHq kwr iq=kksRifÙk ls Hkh 'krkf/
d xquk efgek o`{kkjksi.k dh cryk;h x;h gS&
¶n'kowQilek okih n'kokih leks ßn%A1
n'kßn% leks iq=k% n'kiq=kkr~ leks æqe%AA¸
vFkkZr~ ^n'k oqQvksa osQ cjkcj ,d ckoM+h] nl ckoM+h osQ leku ,d rkykc
vkSj n'k rkykcksa osQ cjkcj ,d iq=k vkSj nl iq=kksa osQ cjkcj ,d o`{k gSA*
vkfndfo okYehfd [Link] vk"kZdkO; jkek;.k egkdkO; rks i'kq] i{kh] tUrq]
ikni] o`{kksa osQ laj{k.k dh egkxkFkk gh gSA i;kZoj.k dh lapsruk ls ijeiwr bl
vkfndkO; dh mRifÙk gh ØkSap i{kh osQ tksMs+ esa ls ,d osQ O;k/ osQ }kjk o/ djus
dh izfrfØ;k osQ :i esa gqbZA tks tho&tUrqvksa osQ laosnuk dh ijkdk"Bk dks O;Dr
djrk gS ;Fkk&
^ek fu"kkn izfr"Bka Roexe% 'kk'orh lek%A2
;RØkS×pfeFkquknsdeo/h% dke eksfgre~AA*
;g egf"kZ okYehfd dk vkSnk;Z [Link]; gSA izfFkr T;ksfrfoZn ojkgfefgj
[Link] ¶c`gRlafgrk¸ esa oqQvk¡ dgk¡ [kksnk tk;\ cxhps dgk¡ yxk;s tk;\ bl ij
foLr`r [Link] fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl vè;k; dk uke gh ¶owQikjke vè;k;¸ j[k fn;k
x;k gSA blosQ vykok euq us Hkh ouLifr;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk oS'k|&Hkko ls foospu
fd;k gSA bUgksaus jkf=k&csyk esas o`{kksa osQ uhps tkus dk fu"ks/ fd;k gS&
¶jk=kkS p o`{kewykfu nwjr% ifjotZ;sr~A¸3
D;ksfa d o`{k jkf=k esa CO2 (dkcZuMkbZ&vkDlkbM) dk mRltZu djrs gS]a tks fd
LokLF; osQ fy, gkfuizn gSA
egf"kZ okRL;k;u Ñr ^dkelw=k* dh t;eaxyk Vhdk esa iq"i osQ fo"k; esa
[Link]; 'yksd fy[ks x;s gSa tSls fd&
iq"iL; /[Link] dkfUro/Zua dkedkjde~A
vkst% Jho/Zd×pSo ikixzgfouk'kue~AA
dkenso osQ ik¡pksas ck.k iq"iksa ls gh miyf{kr gSa&

1- osnksa esa i;kZoj.k&n;k nos i`"B&7

2- okYehfd jkek;.k&ckydk.M
3- euqLe`fr&4] 73
186 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
vjfoUne'kksoaQ p pwra p uoekfydkA
uhyksRiya i×pSrs i×[Link] lk;dk%AA
bUgh e/qj Hkkokssa dks O;Dr djrh yksd laLÑfr ij n`f"Vikr~ djs rks ;g lk{ksi
izpyu gS fd ^tks O;fDr gjs o`{kksa dks dkVrk gS*] og fu%lUrku gksdj ejrk gS*] ;g
ije fu"ks/kKk gh gSA vusd vapyksa esa T;s"Bekl dh vekoL;k dks miokl j[kdj
oV o`{k dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA rqylh o`{k dks vkaxu esa yxkdj Hkoeks{kiznk ekudj
mudh iwtk dh tkrh gS] eU=k i<+dj rqylh i=k rksM+dj HkksT; inkFkks± esa Mkyus ls
gh Hkkstu dh [Link] ekuh tkrh gSA blosQ vykok vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa viuh izFkk osQ
vuq:i fookg osQ mijkUr egq, osQ isM+ ij flUnwj yxkdj loZnk lqgkfxu gksus dh
;kpuk dh tkrh gSA vU; {ks=kksa esa gy"k"Bh osQ fnu efgykvksa }kjk oqQ'kk] iyk'k]
>jcsjh] ck¡l vkfn dks lesfdr dj mudh iwtk djosQ ozr j[kdj lUrkuksa osQ nh?kZthoh
gksus dh dkeuk dh tkrh gSA gfj izcksf/uh ,dkn'kh osQ fnu vk¡oys osQ o`{k osQ uhps
gh Hkkstu idkuk o iwtu djus dh izFkk loZfofnr gh gSA f=kewfrZ Lo:i ekudj
f=kny foYoi=k dks rki=k; uk'kdkjh ekudj egknso dh iwtk vkfn fo/k;sa i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k dh jh<+ fl¼ gksrh gSaA oSfnd laLÑfr rks vj.; laLÑfr dk [Link] gh
FkkA tgka ounsoh vj.;kuh dh izkFkZuk vfuok;Z Fkh tks ouekrk izÑfr dh gh i;kZ;
FkhA tks thoksa] tUrqvksa] ouLifr;ksa osQ thou dh iksf"kdk] lajf{kdk ,oa fodkl dh
vk/kj FkhA tSlk fd czãk dk Hkwfe osQ izfr mn~xkj nz"VO; gS&
¶ekrk% Hkwfe iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%¸1
blh eU=k dks vkn'kZ okD; ekudj ½f"ktu eqfutu lkxjksa] ouksa dks nsorqY;
ekurs Fks vkSj ufn;ksa dks ekrk rqY; ekudj xaxk (xE;rs czãineu;sfr) f=kiFkxk dks
LoxZ lksiku iafDr osQ :i esa vpZuk dhA ;gh ugha vfirq [Link] ½f"kp;kZ osQ
voyksdu esa mudh czãeqgwrZ esa dh tkus okyh izkFkZuk nz"VO; gS&
i`Foh lxU/k ljlkLrFkki% Li'kZ'p ok;qToZyua lrstk%A
uHk% l'kCna egrk lgSo] ;PNUrq losZ ee lqizHkkre~AA
fo'o izfl¼ fo'kkydk; egkdkO; egkHkkjr esa egf"kZ osnO;kl us Hkh i;kZoj.k
vkSj thoksa dk lEcU/ vÄõkfÄõHkko gh Lohdkjk gS tSls fd&
ps"Vk ok;q% [kekdk'k% mQ"ekfXu% lfyya æo%A
i`Foh pk=k la?kkr% 'kkjhja ik×pHkkSfrde~AA

1- vFkoZosn&i`fFkohlwDr&12-1-12
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 187
blh izdkj egkHkkjr osQ Hk`xq&Hkkj}kt laokn osQ ekè;e esa ekuo efLr"d esa
mRi gksus okyh fofo/ izdkj dh 'kadk dk mUewyu dj o`{kksa dh leLr fØ;k,¡
ekuo osQ lkis{k crk;h x;h gS vkSj vUrr% o`{kksa osQ dkVus dk fu"ks/ fd;k x;k gS
fd&
,rs"kka loZo`{[Link] Nsnua uSo dkj;sr~A
pkrqekZls fo'ks"ks.k fouk ;Kkfn [Link]~AA
;s o`{k Hkh euq"; dh rjg ns[krs gSa D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh oYyjh vius ik'oZorhZ
lgdkj vkfn o`{k dk gh os"Vu djrh gS vU;=k ugha tkrh gSA
o`{k lqurs Hkh gSa D;ksafd ckny osQ xM+xM+kgV vkfn osQ [Link] Hk;&Hkhr
o`{k osQ i=k&iq"i vkfn uhps fxjs tkrs gSaA
o`{k Li'kZ dk vuqHko Hkh djrs gSa D;ksafd ¶Nq;h&eq;h¸ uked yrk Li'kZ osQ
i'pkr~ ,d uoks<+k ukf;dk osQ leku laoqQfpr gks tkrh gSA foaQfpr dky esa
Lo&voLFkk dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA
o`{k ?kzk.k 'kfDr lEi gksrs gSa os lw¡?krs Hkh gSa D;ksafd fdlh Hkh iQynkj o`{k
osQ fudV owQM+k vkfn vif'k"V inkFkks]± HkV~Bs vkfn dh fpefu;ksa osQ gksus ls iQy vkuk
cUn gks tkrk gSA iQyghu o`{kksa esa o`{kk;qosZn dh vkS"kf/;ksa osQ mipkj ls iQy yxus
'kq: gks tkrs gSaA
blh izdkj o`{k ¶iknS% lfyyikukPp¸ vFkkZr~ ewy ls ty dk iku Hkh djrs
gSaA ?[Link] vkfn ikS/s izR;{k Hkkstu djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tcfd vU; o`{k vizR;{kr%
izdk'k&la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k ls [Link] Hkkstu djrs gSaA
oSfnddkyhu [Link] lw=kdkyhu ijEijkvksa dk ;kFkkrF; [Link] viuh
lkoZdkfyd thoUrrk ls v|kof/ laLÑr lkfgR; osQ dfo;ksa dh okX/kjk dk fo"k;
cudj vck/ xfr ls cg jgk gSaA
¶dkO;s"kq ukVoaQ jE;a r=k jE;k 'koqQUryk¸ lwfDr dks pfjrkFkZ djrk gqvk
fo'o izfl¼ loZtu 'yk?; fo'o eap ij eafpr ukVd ¶vfHkKku 'kkoqQUrye~¸
osQ [Link]] izÑfr NVk osQ lw{e nz"Vk egkdfo dkfynkl osQ leLr dkO;ksa esa
([[Link];};] egkdkO;};] ukVd=k;) tSlh i;kZoj.k dh psruk dk lapkj oDrk]
nz"Vk] cks¼k vFkok Jksrk dks gksrk gS oSlk vU;=k dgha fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA euks&
'kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dh blh /kjk esa fueXu gq, teZu dfo xsVs dh vkeqDr d.B 'yk?kk
dks 'yksdc¼ dj MkW- oklqnso fo".kq fejk'kh oqQN ;w¡ dgrs gSa&
188 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
¶lkSUn;Z ;fn ok×Nfl fiz;l[ks 'kkoqQUrya lsO;rke~A¸
dkfynkl osQ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ vkowQr dks foaQfpn~ va'kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk
gS&fulxZ lqUnjh 'koqQUryk vkJeLFk thoksa ls lksn;Z Lusg djrh Fkh] ftldks 'koqQUryk
dh fonkbZ osQ le; mlosQ ikyd&firk d.o riksou osQ o`{kksa dks lEcksfèkr djrs gq,
dgrs gSa fd&¶gs o`{kks!a rqEgs fcuk ty fiyk, tks ty ugha ihrh FkhA rqEgkjs izfr
izse osQ dkj.k tks lkSUn;Z&[Link] gksus ij Hkh (rqEgkjs) u;s dksiyksa dks ugha
rksM+rh FkhA rqEgkjs iq"iksn~xe osQ le; tks mRlo eukrh Fkh] ogh ;g 'koqQUryk
(vc) ifrx`g dks tk jgh gS] rqe lc viuh LohÑfr nksA¸1
fojg dkrj vkJe osQ thoksa dh n'kk dk Hkh [Link] dkfynkl dh okpk ls
ân; ls vNwrh ugha jg tkrh gS&
¶[Link] us oqQ'k osQ xzkl dks mxy fn;s gS] eksjksa us ukpuk NksM+ fn;k
gS vkSj yrk;sa vk¡lw osQ :i esa ihys iÙks gh fxjk jgh gSaA¸1
blh rjg d.o 'koqQUryk dk e`x ls Lusg ,oa Hkfxuh dk lEcU/ yrk&Hkfxuh
ouT;ksRLuk dks crkrs gq, dgrs gSa fd&
¶voSfe rs rL;ka lkSn;ZLusge~A¸2
rkr d.o ls 'koqQUryk dgrh gS&¶rkr! ,"kksVti;[Link] xHkZeUFkjk
o/w;Znk vu?kizlok Hkofr] rnk eáa defi fiz;fuosnf;r`oaQ foltZf;";FkA¸3
;gk¡ e`fx;ksa osQ fufoZ?u izlo gksus dh lwpuk nsus dk laosQr vxk/ tho&izse
oQks bafxr djrk gSA rHkh rks 'koqQUryk dh fonkbZ osQ oDr e`x&'kkodksa osQ ckjs esa d.o
dgrsa gSa fd&

1- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~&4@9 i`-213 O;k-&dfiynso f}osnh&

ikrqa u izFkea O;oL;fr tya ;q"ekLoihrs"kq ;k
uknÙks fiz;[Link] Hkorka Lusgsu ;k iYyoe~A
vk|s o% oqQlqeizlwfrle;s ;L;k HkoR;qRlo%
ls;a ;kfr 'koqQUryk ifrx`ga loSZjuqKk;rke~AA
1- (vfHk- 4@12 i`- 217 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh)
mn~xfyrnHkZdoyke`X;% ifjO;drcrZuk e;wjk%A
vil`[Link]=kk eqapUR;[Link] yrk%AA
2- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 4@87 i`- la-&219 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh
3- vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ 4&i`- 221 O;k- dfiynso f}osnh
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 189
¶oqQ'kkxzks ls eq[k fo/ tkus ij baxqnh dk rsy yxkdj ';kekd (lk¡ok]
pkoy) osQ eqfV~B;ksa ls ikys x;s e`x 'koqQUryk dk ekxZ gh ugha NksM+rs gSa¸1
blls Ñrd iq=kksa dk okRlY; vfHkO;aftr gksrk gSA
,sls gh i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk ls lEi`Dr jkek;.kksithO; nwrdkO; esa fljekSj
lgt e`nqy e×tqy euksHkko iwr es?knwr dkO; Hkh HkkSxksfyd vkfn [Link] esa vf}rh;
LFkku j[krk gS D;ksafd es?knwr esa jkefxfj vkJe (fp=kowQV) ls ysdj vydk uxjh
mTtf;uh rd osQ HkkSxksfyd Hkze.k o`ÙkkUr esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk lq[kn vkSj vkuUnjl&
ikf;uh gSA
,slk gh e/qj lwfDr dyjo xqf×tr unh] ou] ioZr miR;dkfn dk ân;dkjh
[Link] dj dkfynkl "kM~ ½rqvksa esa mn~Hkwr iq"iksa ls laofyr vydk dh ukf;dkvksa
osQ vu?klkSUn;Z dk [Link] djrs gSaA o`{kksa] tUrqvksa osQ izfr [Link] ân;&vUr%Li'khZ rd
gks tkrk gS tc os ;{k eq[ksu ;f{[Link] osQ Ñrd iq=kksa esa dnEc] eUnkj] lkfjdk]
jDrk'kksd vkfn ij viuh lw{e n`f"V Mkyrs gSa] tSls fd&
¶;gha (ØhMk 'kSy ij) oqQjcd dh ckM+ okys ek/oh yrk osQ oqQ×t
osQ vR;Ur ikl esa fgyrs gq, uohu dks;yksa okyk v'kksd ,oa lqUnj coqQy
(ekSyfljh) dk o`{k gS] (muesa ls) ,d esjs lkFk rqEgkjh l[kh osQ (HkkHkh osQ)
ck;sa iSjs osQ izgkj dk bPNqd gS vkSj nwljk ooqQy dk o`{k nksgn osQ cgkus ls
mlosQ eq[k dh efnjk dks pkgrk gSA¸2
vle; esa Hkh o`{kksa dh iqf"ir gksus osQ fy, dfo&izflf¼ vxzfyf[kr :i
esa fnXnf'kZr gSµ¶fiz;axq lqUnfj;ksa osQ Li'kZ ls fodflr gksrk gS] coqQy lqUnfj;ksa
osQ [Link]"k lspu ls] v'kksd dkfefu;ksa osQ oke&ikn osQ izgkj ls] fryd ns[kus
ls] oqQjcd vkfyaxu ls] eUnkj ueZ okD;ksa ls] pEid lqUnj vkSj dksey g¡lh

1- (vfHk- 4&14 i`"B la- 222 O;k[;k&dfiynso f}osnh)

;L; Ro;k [Link]
rSya U;f"kP;req[ks oqQ'klwfpfo¼sA
';kekdeqf"Vifjof/Zrdks tgkfr
lks¿;a u iq=kÑrd% inoh e`xLrsAA
2- dkfynkl&es?knwr&mÙkjes?k&18
jDrk'kksd'pyfdly;% osQlj'pk=k dkUr%
izR;klÂkS oqQjcdo`rsekZ/[Link];A
,d% l[;kLro lg e;k okeiknfHkyk"kh
dk{kR;U;ks onuefnjka nksgnPNn~eukL;k%AA
190 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
ls] vke eq[k dh gok ls] ues: xhr ls] [Link] lqUnj ukf;dk osQ u`R; ls
fodflr gksrs gSA¸1
bl rjg es?knwr i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk egku mn~?kks"k gSA tks iwoeZ ?s k ls cká izÑfr
rFkk mÙkjes?k esa vkUrfjd izÑfr dk ân;gkjh [Link] djrk gSA
blh izdkj ½rqlagkj [[Link]; Hkkjrh; "kM~&½rqvksa ij voyfEcr euksje
vk[;ku gSA blesa fnXn'kZu ek=k osQ fy, eUeFk dk fe=k ½rqjkt olUr dk lkdkj
[Link] nz"VO; gS&
æqek% liq"ik% lfyya lin~eksfL=k;% ldkek% iou% lqxfU/%A2
lq[kk% iznks"kk% fnolk'p jE;k% loZ fiz;kspk:rja olursAA
¶j?kqoa'k¸ egkdkO; esa ¶ikoZrh }kjk o`{kksa dks lUrku osQ ln`'k ikyus dk
[Link] feyrk gSA f'ko Hkh mUgsa vius iq=kor~ ekurs gSaA taxyh gkFkh nsonk: osQ
rus ls jxM+&jxM+ dj viuh duiVh [kqtykus yxk] blls mld Nky fNy
x;hA ikoZrh th dks mruk gh 'kksd gqvk ftruk nSR;ksa osQ [Link] ls ?kk;y
dkfrZosQ; dks ns[kdj gqvk FkkA¸3
blosQ vfrfjDr Hkh [Link] dks ?kkl vkfn f[kykuk vkSj o`{kksa dks Ñrd iq=kor~
ikyus dk [Link] gSA
j?kqo'a k egkdkO; osQ =k;ksn'k lxZ esa v[k.M jRu lEHkkj lkxj dks o"kkZ osQ gsrq
es?k osQ mRiknd :i esa O;k[;ku iwoZd txr dk ikyu djus okys fo".kq dh laKk
nh x;h gS&fo".kksfjokLekuo/[Link];e~---------
laLÑr lkfgR; esa izÑfr osQ lw{e nz"Vk x|lezkV egkdfo ck.k dk viuk
vuU;re LFkku gSA dknEcjh dFkk esa dknEcjh [Link]] egk'osrk o`rkUr] tkckfy&vkJe
[Link] osQ izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dh NVk lân;&ân;ksa osQ fy, vR;Ur euksgj gks tkrh gSA
g"kZpfjr vk[;kf;dk esa ân; osQ vUr%Lryh; izÑfr izse osQ Ï"Vk rFkk ekuo dh
vUr%izÑfr dk cká izÑfr ls vuwBk leUo; LFkkfir djus okys yksduk;d rqjax

1- (dkfynkl es?knwr&mÙkjes?k 'yksd&29 O;k[;kdkj cztsUnz oqQekj)

L=[Link] Li'kkZr~&fiz;axqfoZdlfr coqQylh/[Link]"klsdkr~
iknk?kkrkn'kksdfLrydoqQjcdkS oh{[Link];ke~A
eUnkjks ueZokD;kr~ iVqe`nqglukPpEidks oD=kokrkr~
pwrks xhrkÂes:foZdlfr p iqjks [Link]%AA
2- ½rqlagkj&6-2
3- j?kqoa'k egkdkO; f}rh; lxZ%
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 191
mikf/ foHkwf"kr [Link]~V us izHkkdjo¼Zu dh chekjh ls vkgr ;'kkserh osQ ekè;e ls
o`{kksa osQ izfr vius i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/r nkf;Ro vkSj laprs uk dh vfHkO;fDr djok;h
gSA tks fd Lo;a esa o`{kkjksi.k ,oa ou laj{k.k dh ijkdk"Bk gSA ;'kkserh vfXuizos'k
osQ iwoZ o`{kksa ls {kek ek¡xrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd&
¶rkr pwr! fpUr;kRekua izolfr rs tuuhA oRl tkrhxqPN! xPNkE;ki`PNLo
eke~A e;k fouk|kukFkk Hkofl] Hkfxfu nkfMeyrs! jDrk'kksd! e"[Link];k%
iknizgkjk% [Link] [Link]"[Link] yr! n`"Vks¿fl oRls! fiz;xa y q frosQA xk<ekfyax
ek nqyZHkk Hkokfe rsA Hkæ Hkou}kjklgdkjdA nkrO;ks fuokirks;k×tfyjiR;&
eflA¸1
vFkkZr~ ¶iq=k vkez! vc rqEgkjh tuuh tk jgh gSA oRl tkrhxqPN! tkrh gw¡]
fonk nks! cgu nkfMeyrk] esjs fcuk rw vkt vukFk gks jgh gSA jDrk'kksd! tks esjs pj.k
izgkj gS vkSj [Link] cukus osQ fy, rqEgkjs iYyo rksM+s gS] mu vijk/ksa dks ekiQ
djukA gs fiz; iq=k! vUr%iqj osQ NksVs&NksVs coqQy] efnjk osQ [Link]"k ysus esa nqyZfyr]
vc rsjk vfUre n'kZu gSA iqf=k fiz;xa fq ydk! eq>s dldj vkfyÄõu djks] nqyHZ k gks jgh
gw¡! gs Hknz! Hkou}kj osQ lgdkj rq>s eSaus viR; le>k gS tyk×tfy nsukA¸
egkdfo HkoHkwfr Ñr d:.k jl iz/ku izfl¼ ukVd mÙkjjkepfjr esa nso
ufn;ksa xaxk] xksnkojh] relk] eqjyk dk ekuohdj.k dj ekuo ls vxk/ izse ,oa
ounsoh oklUrh dk fp=kowQV vH;kxr jke dk o`{kksa ls Lokxr djokuk vR;Ur gh
[Link]; gSA Nk;kad (mÙkjjkepfjr r`rh; vad) esa lhrk osQ Ñrd iq=kksa dfjdyHk]
dnEc] e;wj] fgj.k dk izxk<+ izse iqjLlj [Link] vkSj lhrk dk galks osQ lkFk dkSrqd
fp=k.k nz"Vk] Jksrk] cks¼k dks vkuUnkfrjsd rd igq¡pk nsrk gS tSlk fd&
¶vfi xzkok jksfnR;fi nyfr otzL; ân;e~A¸
vr% laLÑr lkfgR; osQ fo'kky [Link] esa izÑfr fp=k.k gh i;kZoj.k psruk
gSA laLÑr lkfgR; vowQikj esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ jRu vUrLry rd vifjfer ek=kk
esa U;kflr gSA bu xksfir Kkuksa dk vUos"kd }kjk vuko`Ùkhdj.k mldh izKk dk vHkkl
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i;[Link]] lkfgR;dkjksa dks viuh uhj{khj foosfduh n`f"V ls fujh{k.k leh{k.k
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gq, LodY;k.k ,oa Lo/eZ ikyu gh ugha vfirq fo'odY;k.k ,oa fo'o/eZ osQ
vkn'kZ dks LFkkfir djus okys iwoZtksa }kjk iznÙk ,d /jksgj gSA

1- g"kZpfj=k&[Link]~V mPN~okl&7
192 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
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lkfgR; dk vkyksMu&foyksMu djuk gh gksxk D;ksfa d orZeku dh tM+ lnSo vrhr esa
jgrh gS vkSj iQy Hkfo"; esaA vr% i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k tSlh /[Link] laLÑr lkfgR;
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gksxkA
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gh fot; ik ysus dks gh viuk thou ekurs gSaA lH;rk dh fodkl ;k=kk osQ
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izrhr gks jgh gSA vk/qfud Kku&foKku n{k fofo/ O;olk; esa fujr O;olkf;;ksa osQ
}kjk foLFkkfir iSQDVªh] dkj[kkus] dEifu;k¡ ekuks vV~Vgkl djrh gqbZ lh utj vk jgh
gSaA muls fudyus okys dpjs] vif'k"V inkFkZ /qvk¡ CO, CFC, SO2 vkfn leok;
ls la?k"kZ djrk gqvk i;kZoj.k (thou j{kd dop) vkRej{kk gsrq iqdkjrk gqvk utj
vk jgk gSA tho&tUrqvksa dk ne lk ?kqV jgk gSA usrk&jktusrk gkl djrs fn[kkbZ ns jgs
gSA oSnsf'kd lH;rk dk vk/qfud fodkl dh gksM+ esa vxzlj oS|ksa] vfHk;Urkvksa]
iSQDVªh ekfydksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k gh ifjofrZr gks x;s gSaA
fofo/ fo"k;ksa osQ Kkrk bldh lalkj dks lc oqQN fo"k; (Hkksx) gh n`f"V ls
ns[k djosQ budh n`f"V tc igkM+ksa ij iM+h rks igkM+ksa osQ Nkrh ij ce&foLiQksV dj
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ioZrksa ls >jus okys izikrksa dh [Link];rk dks ns[kk rks ogk¡ mldh vfojy èkkjk
dks ck¡/dj fo|qr osaQnz dh LFkkiuk dj nhA txg&txg i`Foh dk lhuk phj&phj
dj ty la;U=kksa] tyowQiksa dh LFkkiuk dj nksgu djus yxkA brus ij Hkh tc bPNk
'kkUr ugha gqbZ rks budh n`f"V oukPNkfnr izn's kksa ij iM+h vkSj ouksa dh vU/k/q/ a dVkbZ
djrk gqvk xkaoksa] dkj[kkuksa dks clkrk gqvk oU; thoksa dk f'kdkj djrk gqvk muosQ
futhZo ru (yk'k) dks [kkrk gqvk viuh loZHk{kh izo`fÙk dk ifjp; nsus yxkA ouksa
osQ iq"ikPNkfnr izns'kksa osQ euksgkjh iq"iksa dks ns[k dj mlesa fiz;tuksa dks migkj esa
nsus okys xqynLrs utj vkus yxs vkSj tc e`nt q y osQ Ïksr ciQhZyh igkfM+;ksa dks ns[kk
rks ciZQ dh iSQDVªh lewg dh LFkkiuk dk fnO; LoIu fn[kus yxkA LokRe&izKk ls
foKku :ih ojnku dks izkIr gks tkus osQ ckn rks vk/qfud ekuo us viuk vkik gh
[kks fn;kA og eqEcbZ tSls lokZf/d tu leqnk; okys 'kgjksa esa leqnz ftldh xEHkhjrk
;k 'kkariu fo'ofofnr gS mldks Hkh ujheu&IokWbUV tSls LFkyksa ij vkèkqfud la;a=kksa
ls ty dks ihNs <osQyrk gqvk cfLr;ksa dks clkrk gqvk pyk tk jgk gSA
foKku izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ fodkl osQ lkFk rks euq"; vkSj
laLÑr lkfgR; osQ xok{k ls >k¡drk i;kZoj.k rFkk orZeku lUnHkZ 193
i;kZoj.k esa ekuksa 'k=kqrk dk [Link]'k gh gks x;k D;ksafd euq"; ubZ izkS|ksfxdh dk
fodkl dj izkÑfrd ifjfLFkfrd ra=k osQ ctk; ^eSu esM bZdks flLVe* esas thus yxkA
Mh-Mh-Vh- vkfn jklk;fudksa osQ mi;ksx ls Hkw&iznw"k.k rFkk Dyksjhu lYisQV] ckbZ
dkcksZusV] ukbVªsV] lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e] iQkLisQV vkfn osQ vk;u dk foekspu euq";
gh djrk gSA dkj[kkuksa ls fudyus okyk dpjk vkSj xUns ty osQ ukyksa osQ ekè;e ls
tyk'k;ksa >hyksa ufn;ksa dks iznwf"kr fd;k tk jgk gSA tgjhys feFkkby :i esa ikjs dk
foekspu] rsyokgd ty;kuksa ls [kfut rst dk lkxjh; ty esa fjlko] lhls dk
foekspu ?kqys gq, vdkcZfud rRoksa dk fofHk ek=kk esa feJ.k vkfn ty iznw"k.k osQ
dkj.k gSaA
fofdj.k iznw"k.k vf/d :i esa izHkkodkjh gSA tkiku esa 1945 esa ukxklkdh
vkSj fgjksf'kek ij fxjk;s x;s [Link] ce blosQ ToyUr izek.k gSaA
mi;qDZ r foospu ls Li"V gS fd i;kZoj.k lUrqyu dk vO;ofLFkr gksus dk gh
[Link] ty iznw"k.k] ok;q iznw"k.k] èofu iznw"k.k] fofdj.k iznw"[Link] Hkw&iznw"k.k osQ
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j{kd dop] vkstksu ijr osQ {kj.k dh fLFkfr Hk;kog cuh gqbZ gSA 5 twu dks fo'o
i;kZoj.k fnol eukus vkSj thou osQ ije drZO;ksa ij vey djus ls vk/qfud
lkoZHkkSfed dEI;wVjhÑr ;qx [Link] Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gSA izÑfr izse
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k tSls fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;Øe esa ykxw djus ls Hkkoh vkinkvksa ls futkr
ik;h tk ldrh gSA izkÑfrd rRoksa osQ izfr fnO; Hkkouk ls fuyksHZ k R;kx] nkukfn mnkÙk
ekuoh; xq.k mRi djus ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gks ldrk gSaA yk[kksa o"kZ iwoZ gekjs
egf"kZ;ksa osQ mn~?kks"k ^ekrkHkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%* laLÑfr dks LFkkfir djuk gksxk vkSj
thou dk ije y{; ^vkReuks eks{kkFk± txf¼rk; p* dks ekuuk iM+xs kA rFkSo i;kZoj.k
ls lEcfU/r jkf"Vª;&vUrkjkf"Vª; iz;kl liQyrk osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡p ldrs gSa]
tu&tu dks Lo dÙkZO;ksa dks le>uk vfuok;Z gS&
djsa ns'k osQ lHkh ukxfjd
fut dÙkZO;ksa dh leh{kkA
gksxk fuekZ.k vkstksu ijr dk
ikdj i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kkAA
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laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"[Link]:firkyÄïkjleh{kk
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foospua iwokZpk;Zfn'kk [Link]Ñre~ bfr lE;x~ fopk;Z [[Link]~A

dkO;kdkO;foosdfo/kuk;kIrSeuZ hf"kfHk% Ñr% rÙofopkj% laLÑrokÄ~e;s dkO;&

'kkL=kRosu izfr"BkekogfrA dkO;rÙoksUehyus Jqfra 'kkL=kkUrjfl¼kUrka'p [Link];ksiU;lf‰%
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'kkL=kfo"k;dk fopkjk% lekykspdlân;s"kq ppkZfo"k;rkexq%A vr% fu"d"kZr;sna oDrqa
'kD;rs rn~ Hkkjrh;dkO;'kkL=kh;lqnh?kkZpk;ZijEijk;ka lql{w efopkjS% ifj"Ñrkuka LokuqHko&
[Link] lqn`<Hkkjrh;dkO;'kkL=kfl¼kUrkuka dFkefi [[Link] ifjorZua ok dÙkq± u
'kD;rsA ifjo/ZuL; ifj"dkjL; ok r=k lEHkkouk uSo tkxfrZA izdkjkUrjs.k oDrqa 'kD;rs
;r~ vU;n'kZukfn'kkL=kh;ewyfl¼kUrk ;Fkk v[k.MÔkLrFkSo dkO;'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrk vfi
v[k.MÔk ,oA vr ,o foxr'kr=k;kReosQ dkys ukHkwr~ dL;kfi uO;L; dkO;&
( 194 )
vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"[Link]:firkyÄïkjleh{kk 195
oknL;k=k LohÑfr%A Hkkjrh;k dkO;fu>[Link] ;su lqxeekxs.Z k izogekuklhr~] ;ks okYehfd&
egf"[Link] izfn"V% O;kldkfynklHkkjfoek?kJhg"[Link]% ifj"Ñr% vk/qfuoSQ%
jfrukFk>koVqdukFkf[kLrs'ksoMsiHz k`frfHk'pkuqÑr% dkO;'kkL=ka p veqeos dkO;Lo:i&
euq'kkfLrA fdUrq vk/qfuosQ¿fLeu~ oS'ohdj.k;qxs foKkukuqxrkFkZdkeksiktZud S jrs [Link]
fo'oO;kIr;k ykSdk;frdfl¼kUrleFkZdik'pkR;thoy'kSY;k izkP;ijEijklq fo?kfVrklq]
thouksn~ns';s"kq ifjofrZrs"kq dfolEiznk;ks¿fi izHkkforks¿Hkwr~A Hkkjrh;srjlaLÑfrizHkkforS%
fdfofHk% izkP;ek"kZekxZeYq yÄ~?; uO;kuka fo"k;[Link] uohukuka izoÙ` khuk×pkoyEcua foèkk;
dkO;iz.k;uekjC/e~] rnuqlkjefHkuodkO;O;k[;kuk; 'kkL=kksYys[kizof` ÙkjI;qnHkwrA~ dkO;k&
yÄïkfjdkdkO;lR;kyksdkfHkuodkO;kyÄïkjlw=kkn;ks¿uSoQs A uO;dkO;'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksUes"kdk
xzUFkk izdkf'krk vHkou~A ijEijk;keL;ka dfoojL;kfHkjktjktsUnzfeJL; vfHkjkt;'kks&
Hkw"[Link][;% xzUFk% lekykspdlekts lfo'ks"ka pfpZrks¿Hkwr~A ifjp;'kjhjkRefufeZfr&
[Link]Ùok[;s"kq i×pksUes"ks"kq foHkDrs¿fLeu~ xzUFks vk|s"kq prq"kwZUes"ks"kq dkO;'kkL=ks
;FkkijEijkekpk;SZ% izfrifnrkuka dkO;rÙokuka lÄïyua ÑrefLrA izFkes dkO;iz'kalk&
iz;[Link]{[Link];%] f}rh;s 'kCnkFkZrPNDR;kfnoaQ jhfro`fÙ[Link]Äïkjkfnizrh;ekukFkks&Z
iLdkjdkf.k dkO;rÙokfu] r`rh;s dkO;kRer;k iwoZpk;Zizfrf"Bkfirkuka jlkyÄïkjjhfr&
oØksfDR;kSfpR;èoU;kfnrÙokuka iqujoyksdua] èous% dkO;Rerk;k% leFkZua] prqFksZ p
n`';JO;x|i|kfnLo:iÑrdkO;Hksnkuka izkphukfu lkEizfrddkO;uq:ikf.k p y{[Link]
fyf[krkfu lfUrA i×pes feJo;ZL; ekSfyoaQ fpUrueoyksD;rsA r=k ½rqioZlaLdkj&
jksRlokfnlEc¼fofo/yksdHkk"kkizpfyrxhrkuqxrlaLÑrHkk"kkfuc¼xhrkuka oSnfs 'kdjhR;uqxr&
dforkuka NUnkseDq rjpukuk×p dkO;HksnRosu y{[Link]%lja O;k[;kua fo/k; fuf[kyL;
yksddkO;L;kfHkuodkO;'kkL=kizkek.;a ifjdYI;kpk;s.Z k LoekSfydfpUrufno~Q izknf'kZA
xzUFkL;kL; ukUnhokfp ¶ukga i{k/j% dL;fpr~ dkO;kRefl¼kUrL;A dkO;&
fo"k;oaQ ;PNk'ora lR;a rnso eáa jksprsA ijEijka loZFkksigk; uO;a fdf×pnk[;krqa
uksfpra] ijEijk;ka fo|rs ;PNk'ora lR;a rnsokfHkizrs a eeA vr ,o 'kk'orrkokn
,o ee dkO;fl¼kUr%¸ bR;qDRok Lofl¼kUrRosu 'kk'orrkoknks¿ÄõhÑr%A 'kk'orrkoknks
uke iwokZpk;kZfHkrdkO;rÙoleFkZue~] [Link] ijEijk;ka ifj"Ñra dkO;rÙo&
tkre~A fo'ks"kr% èofua dkO;kRer;kÄõhÑR; O;oLFkkfira dkO;Lo:ieso] 'kk'orokn&
RosukÄõhdÙkq± U;kÕ;er% rRleFkZus uO;xzUFkiz.k;ueuko';deso izfrHkkfrA ;rks fg xzUFk%
[Link]% vr% ikjEifjddkO;rÙofpUrukfrfjDrsu uO;[Link]=k HkkO;esosfr f/;k
xzUFkkykspuijs.k e;k y{[Link]"kq n`f"Vikrs Ñrs r=k dkfpÙkkn`'kh uO;rk ukUoHkkfo ;k
izkP;fpUruO;frfjDrr;k LFkkI;srA xzUFkdkjksnkârkfu vk/[Link]|kfu ,o
uO;r;k fujhf{krkfu] fo'ks"krks¿yÄïkjfu:[Link] ,rn~ fo"k;s Lo;eso [Link]~&
196 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
¶vyÄï[Link] y{[Link] iwokZis{k;k Hkk"kkn`"VÔk ljyrjkf.k vfHkizk;n`"VÔk p
Li"Vrjkf.k Ñrkuhfr Lor% izkek.;su fuosn;sA lokZ.;[Link] ledkydohuka
jpukr ,o lÄïyfurkuhfr fo'ks"k%A lân;kuka dhn`'kks¿uqHko bfr i'pknso
Kkrqa 'kD;rsA¸
v=k xzUFkÑrk lân;kuqHkoks ftKkflrks¿r% vè;srf` Hk% LokuqHko% vfHkO;×tuh;
,osfr f/;k=k vyÄï[Link]{; e;k LokuqHkoks foKkI;rsA

vyÄïkjy{[Link]~&%
'kCnkFkZlafJrk ;s oS dkO;'kksHkka izrUorsA
gkjkfnonyÄïkjkLrs¿uqizklksiekn;%AA (vfHkjkt&91)
izeq[kk ;s¿I;yÄïkjk% 'kCnL;kFkZL; lEerk%A
r ,o uo;k 'kSY;k izLrw;Urs fonkEeqnsAA (vfHkjkt&98)
v=k xzUFkÑrk uo'kSyhlekyEcua izfrKkra] dhn`'kh;a fonka eksfndk uo'kSyhfr
ftKkl;kè;srqa izo`Ùksu e;k y{[Link]"kq dkfpÂO;rk ukoyksfdrk] izkP;y{[Link] fo'ks"krks
fo'oukFkÑrkU;yÄïkjy{[Link];sok=k fdf×pr~ ifjoR;Z LFkkfirkfuA ifjorZuus r=k ljyrk
Li"Vrk p lek;krk uosfr i`Fkxso fopkjfo"k;%A [Link]"kq dhn`'kh y{[Link]Äõfr%
dkO;rk psfr fopk;Zrs¿=kA i{kikrjfgrS% lân;S% uses ee fopkjk vU;Fkk xzkák%] ;r%
loZfena ikjEifjddkO;'kkL=kkyksosQ fopkfjre~A

1) miek&%
oS/E;Zjfgra lkE;a ;=k dkO;a Dofpn~ };ks%A
okD;SD;s lksiek [Link] prqjÄõlefUorkAA (vfHkjkt&105)
bR;soa :is.k izkP;kpk;ksZDrksieky{[Link]|] linÑR;×p O;k[;k;[Link]
jfldfogkfjtksf'ku% i|feneqiU;Lre~&%
jk/s rs d#.kkdVk{kygjh uhykEcqtLif/Zuh
dkfyUnh izfrHkkfr dkfi foeyk lEiRlq/kof"[Link]
foaQ ok ekSfDrddkfUriq×ttf;uh lkjLors;hPNVk
foaQ ok [Link]#pka enfjiqHkkZxhjFkhlUrfr%AA (vfHkjkt&i`-109)
xzUFkÑrk lkf/rk pk=kksiek&¶v=k jk/kdVk{kyg;qiZ es;e~A dkfyU|qiekue~A
lEiRlq/ko"kkZ lk/[Link] /eZ%A izfrHkkrhfr okpd''kCn%A [Link] es;e~A¸ bfrA v=k
¶jk/s uhykEcqtLif/Zuh lEiRlq/kof"[Link] rs n`f"V% dkfi dkfyUnh izfrHkkfr¸
bR;soa :is okD;kFksZ okpdinkHkkokr~ [Link] ek uSoA uuq ¶izfrHkkrhfr okpd% 'kCn%¸
vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"[Link]:firkyÄïkjleh{kk 197
bfr xzUFkÑrSo O;k[;kre~] rRdFke=k okpd'kCnkHkko%\ bfr psr~ rRloZFkkfopkfjrk&
fHk/kue~] u [kyq fØ;kokpd% 'kCn% DofpnqiekokpdRosu n`"V% Jqrks okA dnkfpr~
fØ;kokpdinL; lk/kj.k/eZrk HkforqegZfr u rwiekokpdrk] vr% okpdinkHkkos¿fi
dFke=k [Link]/uiz;kl%\ uuq okpdyqIrs;feR;o/k;Zrkfefr psÙknfi uSoA
oknsyksZis lekls lk dekZ/kjD;fp D;fÄA
deZd=[Link] ------------------------AA (dk-iz- lw=k 130)
bfr eEeVksDrlokZpk;ZlefFkZrokpdyqIrkHksnHs ;ks uk=kSdks¿fi lEHkkO;rs] uk=k lekl%
u deZ.;k/kjs ok D;p~ D;Ä~ ok] u p deZf.k drZfj ok .keqy~] rRdFke=k okpd&
yqIrklk/uiz;kl%\ uk=k dkI;qiek dFkefi lEHkofrA oLrqrks¿=k :idkyÄïkjks HkforqegZfr]
vLR;soA ^jk/k;k% d#.kkdVk{kygjh dkfyUnh izfrHkkfr* bfr okD;kFksZ d:.kk&
dVk{kyg;kZ% dkfyU|k'p Hksn¿s fi dfodfYirkgk;kZHksnfu'p;L; LiqQVa izrhfrfo"kRokr~A
,oeso [Link] fpUR;esoA ,dL;Soksies;L;kusdksiekuln~Hkkos tk;ekuka
ekyksieka ;Fkkiwo± y{kf;Rok xzUFkÑrk lhrkpfjregkdkO;L; i|feneqnkâre~µ
'kjRlq galk fnols"kq HkkLdj% lq/ka'kqjÉks foxes"kq nhO;frA
u`ukFk dkys"of[kys"kq ikoua ;'kLrq rs nhO;fr nhIrekstlkAA
(vfHkjkt&110)
O;k[;kr×p ¶v=kSdL;So ;'klL=kh.;qiekukfu galHkkLdjlqèkka'kqizHk`rhU;q&
iLFkkfirkfuA rsu ekyksiek=kA¸
vf; lân;/qjh.k! Hkork u lE;x~ fopkfjrks¿=k dkO;kFkZ% vusdksiekul‰koek=ks.k
u [kyq ekyksiek lEHkofr r=k los"Z kkeqiekukuka lk/E;Zefi foof{kra HkofrA mDri|s u
lk/E;± dfofoof{krefirq lkekU;r;k lk/E;Zorkeqies;ksiekukukesosQu /esZ.k oS/E;±
izn';ksiZ es;L; O;frjsdks¿=k dfofoof{krks¿=k O;frjsdkyÄïkj ,o u rq ekyksiekA r|Fkk
¶jkt;'k% 'kqHkzRokr~ gallq/ka'kqln`'ke~] vkstlk nhIrRokPp HkkLdjlkn`';efi
n/kR;so] fdUrq galk osQoya 'kjRlq HkkLdjks fnols"kq lq/ka'kq'pkÉks foxes"oso
nhO;fr] rs ikoua ;'kLrq vf[kys"oso dkys"kq nhO;rhfr rsH;ks¿f/de~¸ bR;L;kFkZL;
LiqQVr;So dfofoof{krRosu lân;izrhfrfo"k;rk] vr% ^miekukn~ ;nU;L; O;frjsd%
l ,o l%* (dkO;izdk'k lw=k&159) bfr y{[Link]=k O;frjsd% dkO;kFkZeyÄïjksfrA
jkt;'klks galkfnH; vkf/D;eso dfofu"Bjktfo"k;dHkkoèofueqiLoqQoZnyÄïkjrkekruksfrA
[Link];ksiLFkkiua loZFkkfopkfjrkfHk/kuesoA ,oeso&
dyso pkUæh LiqQVpk#'kksHkk Toyn~/qrk'kizfr;krusoA
yrso ekyso /jklqrso izeksgfo¼a fon/s tua lkAA (vfHkjkt&111)
198 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
bfr xzUFkÑf}jfprtkudhthouegkdkO;knqÂhra f}rh;[Link] fpUR;esoA
v=k xzUFkÑrksDre~&¶v=kkfi ,dL;k ,o tkuD;k% i×pksiekukfu leqnkârkfu
vrks ekyksiekA¸ lR;e~ i|s¿fLeu~ tkuD;k% pkUnzhdykToyn~èkqrk'kyrkekykèkjklqrknhfu
i×pksiekukfu lfUr] fdUrq los"Z kkeqiekukuka leku/eZfuns'Z kkHkkokÂk=k ekyksiek peRÑfra
n/kfrA lkekU;r;ksieky{[Link]{krk;ka ekyksiek;keqiekucgqRoeso fo'ks"k%] miekuS% lg
lk/kj.k/es.Z kkfi HkkO;eso] l p izfl¼Roknqiek;ka DofpÂksiknh;rs] fdUrq ekyksiek;ke&
fuok;Zeso vusdksiekulk/E;ZizfriÙ;FkZe~A lks¿fi f}fo/% ,dks¿usd'pA ;=kSdeso
lk/kj.k/e± iqjLÑR;kusdksiekulkn`';a o.;Zrs r=kSdlk/kj.k/feZdk ekyksiek] ;=k p
izR;qiekua fHk ,o lk/[Link] /eZ miknh;rs r=kkusdlk/kj.k/feZdk lEHkofrA ;Fkksnkârk
eEeVsu&%
vu;suso jkT;JhnSZU;suso eufLorkA
eEykS lkFk fo"kknsu ifn~euho fgekEHklkAA (dkO;izdk'k&410)
bR;=kkusdksiekukuka Eykfu:ia lk/kj.k/e± iqjLÑR; ekyksiek fu"ikfnrkA
T;ksRLuso u;ukuUn% lqjso [Link]~A
izHkqrso lekÑ"VloZyksdk furfEcuhAA (dkO;izdk'k&411)
bR;=k T;ksRLuk;k% u;ukuUna lqjk;k [Link] izHkqrk;k'p lekÑ"VloZyksdRoa
/e± iqjLÑR; furfEcU;k lg ekyksiek dfYirkA
izÑrs dysofs r i|s¿usdlk/kj.k/eZorh ekyksiek dYif;rqa 'kD;rsA r=k izFkeks&
iekuHkwrpkUnzhdyk;k% 'kCnksikÙksu LiqQVpk#'kksHkkRosu lkn`';a lEHkofr] fdURoU;s"kka
èkqrk'kyrkekyk/jklqrknhuka i`Fko~Qi`Fkxisf{krkuka lk/kj.k/[Link]=k ukfLrA loks&Z
iekukuqxrL; rkn`'klk/kj.k/eZL; izfl¼~;HkkoknqÂ;uefi dÙkq± u 'kD;rsA vrks /e±
foukSiE;izrhrsjHkkokr~ loZFkk nks"kxzLrSo;s eqiekA
uuq ¶izeksgfo¼a fon/s tua lk¸ bR;qDRok dfouk /eZfunsZ'k% Ñr ,oA
,desok=k izeksgfo¼Rok/ua leku/ehZÑR; lkn`';fo/kua dosjfHkizsrfefr psÂ] u [kyq
Toyn~èkqrk'kyrkekyk/jklqrk|qiekukfu izeksgk/k;dRosu iwoZizrhrkfuA èkqrk'ksu lg
ekykyr;ks% DoSd/eZrk\ fd×p mies;HkwrtkuD;k miekur;ksDrk /jklqrk rnfHkÂk]
tkuD;so èkjklqrk vr ,dL;So inkFkZL;ksiekuksies;Rok/kuefi O;FkZesoA bRFke=k
miekukuka ekyk rq orZrs fdUrq ekyksiekyÄïkjks ukfLrA
,oeso mies;ksiek;k [Link] y{[Link] xzUFkÑrk iwokZpk;ZÑra
y{[Link]|&%
vfHkjkt;'kksHkw"[Link]:firkyÄïkjleh{kk 199
[Link] eqDrso ;L;klhn~ eqDrk [Link] fueZykA
djik=k;rh'kkua oUns dk'khfoHkw"[Link]~AA (vfHkjkt&109)
bR;[Link];Lre~] ¶v=k [Link];ks% i;kZ;.s kksiekuksies;Roa lqLi"Veso¸
bR;qDRok=kksies;ksiekÄõhÑrk] fdURo=k lR;fi i;kZ;.s kksies;ksiekuRoe~ mies;ksiek;k vyÄïkjrk
ukfLrA dFkfefr psnPq ;rsµmies;ksiek;ka fHkÂokD;;ks% fuc¼;ks% };ks% inkFkZ;ks% i;kZ;.s kks&
ies;ksiekuRoa r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsniQyoaQ ;nk Hkofr rnSo rL;k vyÄïkjrk] rnHkkos
peRdkjkHkkoknyÄïkjrk uSoA ;FkksDra eEeVsu&%
¶brjksiekuO;oPNsnijk mies;suksiek bfr mies;ksiekA¸
(dkO;izdk'k&91 o`fÙk)
ldykyÄïkfjdlEerfena r`rh;ln`'kO;PNsndRoa izÑ[Link] u izrh;rsA r|Fkk
¶;L; dk'khfoHkw"[Link]; djik=kLokfeuks [Link] eqDrk bo eqDrk p [Link]
fueZyk vklhr~ ra oUns¸ bfr dfofoof{krs¿FksZ [Link];ks% i;kZ;.s kksies;ksiekuRoa rq
orZrs fdUrq rr~ r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsna u iQyfrA dFkfefr psnPq ;rs&djik=kLokfeuka [Link]
rq fueZyk vklhr~ fdUrq rRln`'kh ;k eqDrk dfouksDrk lk dk\ LokfeiknlEcfU/uh
dkfi fo'ks"keqDrk] vU;k lekU;eqDrk ok\ LokfeiknlEc¼r;k u dkfi fo'ks"keqDrk
izfl¼k ;k rs"kka [Link] fueZyklhr~A lekU;eqDrk psr~ rL;k% [Link]`'kRoa
u lEHkofr] yksosQ rRln`'kkukeU;eqDrkuka lEHkokr~A vr% uk=k r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsn%
iQyfrA ;Fkk Lokfeiknkuka [Link] fueZyr;k eqDrkfHkÂinkFkZlkn`';a u n/kfr Le rFkSo
eqDrk;k vfi djik=kLokfelEcU/su [Link]ÂinkFkZlkn`';a ;fn u L;kr~ rnSo ijLij&
ln`'k;ksju;[Link];ks% r`rh;ln`'kO;oPNsn% lEHkkO;sr~A l p u lEHkofr eqDrk;k%
djik=kLokfelEcU/kHkkokr~ vr% vyÄïkjrkfoghus;eqies;ksiekA

2) leklksfDr%&%
izLrqrs¿izLrqrL;So dk;ZfyÄõfo'ks"[Link]%A
leS;Z=k lekjksi% lk leklksfDr#P;rsAA (vfHkjkt&126)
y{[Link] fpUR;e~A izkP;kpk;S%Z izLrqr¿s izLrqrO;ogkjL; lekjksis leklksfDrjÄõhÑrk]
v=k rq izLrqr¿s izLrqrlekjksis leklksfDrfjR;qDra] rÂksfpra O;ogkjlekjksi ,o leklksDrs&
jFkZykHkkr~A vfi p leS% dk;ZfyÄõfo'ks"[Link]% izLrqrs¿izLrqrL;So O;ogkj% lekjksif;rqa
'kD;rs ukU;L;] vr% y{[Link]¿fLeÂU;;ksxO;oPNsnk; fufo"V% ,odkjks O;FkZ ,oA
vL;k xzUFkkÑrk ;[Link] rÙorho fpUR;e~A ;Fkk&%
lek;krk bek o"kkZ% ';kekxzS% Loi;ks/jS%A
ik;;UR;% i;Lrw.k± iztkH;ks ekr`oRlyk%AA (vfHkjkt&126)
200 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
¶v=k iz;qDr'kCnkuka f'y"Vr;k o"kksZifj tuU;k O;ogkjlekjksi%
ifjLiqQV%A¸ bR;qDRok xzUFkÑrk=k ;k leklksfDr% [Link] lk uSo] v=k rq f'y"Vksiek&
yÄïkj% U;kÕ;%A leklksfDr% dFka usfr psnqP;rs&v=k ekr`oRlysfro"kkZfo'ks"[Link]
insukizLrqrL; tuuhinkFkZL;ksiekur;k okP;Rokr~A leklksDrkS f'y"Vfo'ks"[Link]=klkeF;kZr~
izLrqrs¿izLrqrO;ogkj% lekjksI;rs] vizLrqrks fo'ks";inkFkZ% 'kCnsu ukfHk/h;rsA ;FkksDra
eEeVsu&%
¶izÑrizfrikndokD;su f'y"Vfo'ks"[Link];kr~ u rq fo'ks";L;kfi
lkeF;kZr~ ;nizÑrkFkZL;kfHk/kua lk leklsu la{ksi.s kkFkZ};dFkukr~ lelksfDr%A¸
(dkO;izdk'k okeuh&61)
leklksDrkS vizÑrL; okP;Roa fu"ks/;rk [Link];qDre~&¶;=k RoizÑr&
O;ogkj ,o 'kCn'kfDra lgsr u RoizÑr/ehZ r=k leklksfDr%A¸ (jl- r`rh; Hkkx
i`-&228)
izÑ[Link] ekr`oRlysR;usu o"kkZfo'ks"[Link] insu vizLrqrks tuuhinkFkksZ
okP;rkekuhr%A l p ;Fkk&ekr`oRlysR;L; inL; f}fo/% lekl% lEHkofr&ekrfj
oRlyk] ekrso oRlysfr pA vu;ks% izFkeks uksi;qT;rs fo'ks";Hkwrk;ka o"kkZ;ka ekrfj
oRlykRoL;kuqi;qT;ekuRokr~] u [kyq o"kkZ;ka ekr`fo"kf;.kh oRlyrk lEHkofrA ekrso
oRlysfr f}rh; mi;qT;r ,o] oRlyrka leku/ehZÑR; ekrq% o"kksiZ ekuRosukUo;lEHkokr~A
bRFke=k O;Äõ;r;kisf{krks¿izLrqrks fo'ks";Hkwrks ekr`inkFkZ% izLrqrL;ksiekur;k okP;rkekuhr%A
fo'ks";s okP;s rf}'ks"[Link] okP;Roeso] vr% ';kekxzi;ksè[Link];%iku:iL;
o"kkZtuU;ks#Hk;ksjfi O;ogkjL; okP;Rokr~ leklksDrs% xU/ks¿I;=k ukfLrA ¶iztkH;%
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3- dkfynklh;k rf¼[Link];rk] i`-54
4- ik-v-] 51-59
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8- ^thofr rq oa';s ;qok*A ik-v-] 4-1-163
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'kkUruo%& 'kkUruksjiR;a iqeku~ (Hkh"e%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-178
ekuo%& euksjiR;a ekuo% µ e-Hkk-] 6-11-17
oSoLor%& fooLorks¿iR;a iqeku~ (euq%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-12-1
;kno%& ;nksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (;nqoa'kh) µ e-Hkk-] 6-19-41
ek/o%& e/ksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (Ñ".k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-173
ek/oh& e/ksjiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok L=kh (lqHknzk) (^fV<k.k×kú* (v"Vk-4-1-
15) bfr ^Ähi~*) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-151
tkÉoh& tÉksjiR;a L=kh (xÄõk) µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-31
^vr b×k~* (v"Vk- 4-1-95) bfr lw=[Link];kFksZ ^b×k~* izR;;su fu"iÂk% 'kCnk%&
æksf.k%& [Link];kiR;a iqeku~ (v'oRFkkek) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-32
lkSenfÙk%& lksenÙkL;kiR;a iqeku~ (HkwfjJok) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-8
xkoYxf.k%& [Link];kiR;a iqeku~ (l×t;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-350
ykSeg"kZf.k%& ykseg"[Link];kiR;a (mxzJok) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-5
lkSfr%& lqrL;kiR;a lkSfr% (mxzJok) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-7
^½";U/do`f".koqQ#H;'p* (v"Vk- 4-1-114) bfr lw=[Link];kFksZ] ^v.k~* izR;;su
fu"iÂk% 'kCnk%&
1- ^Hkzkrfj p T;k;fl*A ik-v-] 4-1-164
2- ik-v-] 4-1-93
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/krZjk"Vª%& /`rjk"VªL;kiR;a iqeku~ (nq;ksZ/ukn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-116
oklqnso%& olqnsoL;kiR;a iqeku~ (Ñ".k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-130
oSfp=koh;Z%& fofp=koh;ZL;kiR;a (/`rjk"Vªkn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-225
ikfjf{kr%& ifjf{krL;kiR;a (tuest;%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-91

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ikS=k%& iq=kL;kiR;a ikS=k% µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-347
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Hkkj}kt%& Hkj}ktL; xks=kkiR;a iqeku~(nzks.k%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-305
HkkxZo%& Hk`xksjiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok (ij'kqjke% P;ou'p) µ e-Hkk]- 1-2-170
xkSre%& xksreL;kiR;a xks=kkiR;a ok(Ñikpk;Z%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-32

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ækSins;%& ækSi|k viR;a iqeku~ (nzkSi|k% i×piq=kk%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-6
^}~;p%* (v"Vk- 4-1-121) bfr lw=ks.k viR;kFksZ ^<o~Q*&
dkSUrs;%& oqQUR;k viR;a iqeku~ (oqQUR;k% =k;% iq=kk%] fo'ks"k:[Link]¿tqZu%) µ
e-Hkk-] 6-9-27
^'kqHkzkfnH;'p* (v"Vk- 4-1-123) bfr lw=[Link];kFksZ ^<o~Q*&
xkÄõs;%& xÄõk;k viR;a iqeku~ (Hkh"e%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-94
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ok".ksZ;%& o`".ksjiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok (Ñ".k%] lkR;dhR;kn;%) µ e-Hkk-]
1-1-196
^vo`¼kH;ks unhekuq"khH;ú*] (v"Vk- 4-1-113) bR;.k~&
lkSHkæ%& lqHknzk;k viR;a iqeku~ (vfHkeU;q%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-6
^rL;kiR;e~* (v"Vk- 4-1-92) bfr ^v.k~* bfr ck/f;Rok ^}~;p%* (v"Vk- 4-1-
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ikFkZ%& i`Fkk;k v;e~ iqeku~ (;qf/f"Bjkn;%) µ e-Hkk-] 6-9-25
^fnR;fnR;kfnR;iR;qÙkjink..;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-85) bfr viR;kFksZ .;%&
nSR;%& fnrsjiR;e~ µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-30
vkfnR;%& vfnrsjiR;e~ µ e-Hkk-] 6-18-21

tuinokfp'kCnr%&
^lkYos;xkU/kfjH;ka p* (v"Vk- 4-1-167) bfr lw=ks.k xkU/kfj$v×k~¾xkUèkkjLrrks
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xkU/jh& xkU/[Link];a L=kh (/`rjk"VªL; L=kh) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-216
^tuin'kCnkr~ú* (v"Vk- 4-1-166) bfr lw=[Link]¿×izR;;%&
lSU/o%& flU/ksjiR;a iqeku~ (t;nzFk%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-198
^oqQokZfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr ^.;%*&
dkSjO;%& oqQ:.kka jktk¿iR;a ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-95

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ik×pkyh& i×pkykukeiR;a L=kh (nzkSinh) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-44
^o`¼sRdkslykú* (v"Vk- 4-1-69) bfr ×;Ä~] ^fL=k;keofUrú* (v"Vk- 4-1-174)
bfr yqo~Q] ^brks euq";tkrs%* (v"Vk- 4-1-65) bfr Äh"k~&
oqQUrh& oqQUrsjiR;a L=kh µ e-Hkk-] 6-20-44
{kf=k;okfpu%@tuinokfpuks yqo~Q&
^oqQ#ukfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr ^.;* izR;;% (,dopus)&
dkSjO;%& oqQ:.kka jktk viR;a ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-95
^oqQ#ukfnH;ks .;%* (v"Vk- 4-1-151) bfr ^.;* izR;;%] ^ræktL; cgq"kq rsuSok&
fL=k;kfe*fr (v"Vk- 2-4-62) yqx~ cgqopus&
dkSjo%& oqQ:.kka jktkuks¿iR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-29
oqQ#.kke~& v=kkfi ^.;* izR;;L; yqo~Q µ e-Hkk-] 1-1-13
^tuin'kCnkr~ú* (v"Vk- 4-1-166) bfr ^v×k~* ^ræktL;ú* (v"Vk- 2-4-62)
bfr yqo~Q&
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i×pkyk%& i×pkykuka jktkuks¿iR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-294

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(v"Vk- 2-4-64) bfr lw=ks.k xks=kl×KdL; cgqopus yqo~Q&
Hkjrk%& HkjrL;kiR;kfu xks=kkiR;kfu ok µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-92

viR;s tkrkS&
^{k=kkn~ ?k%* (v"Vk- 4-1-138) bfr ^?k* izR;;%] rL; LFkkus ^vk;usú* (v"Vk- 7-
1-2) bfr lw=ks.k ^b;~* vkns'k%&
{kf=k;%& {k=kL;kiR;a {kf=k;% µ e-Hkk-] 6-2-27

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^eukstkZrko×;rkS "kqo~Q p* (v"Vk- 1-1-161) bfr ^v×k~* vFk p ^;r~* izR;;kS rFkk
p "kqxkxe%&
ekuq"k%& euksjiR;a tkrkS µ e-Hkk-] 6-5-11
euq";%& euksjiR;a tkrkS µ e-Hkk-] 6-5-11

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^xxkZfnH;ks ;×k~* (v"Vk- 4-1-105) bfr xks=kkiR;s ^;×k~*] v=k vUrjkiR;s xks=kRokjksi%A
tkenXU;%& tenXusjiR;e~ (ij'kqjke%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-168
ikjk'k;Z%& ijk'kjL;kiR;e~ (O;kl%) µ e-Hkk-] 1-2-270
,oa [Link]=k LFkkyhiqykdU;k;suk¿iR;[Link] egkHkkjrh;kU;[Link]
izn';Z [Link];ke"Vkè;k;ka Ñrks foe'kZ% izLrqr%A

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[Link];rU=ks rf¼rkUriz;ksxL;k¿rho Hkkf"kdekgkRE;eSfrgkfldekgkRE;×pkfLrA ;Fkk&
^fiz;rf¼rk nkf{[Link];k%*A izkphudkys rf¼rkUr'kCnkuka cgqiz;ksx vklhr~] fdfURonkuha
rf¼riz;ksxk fnukuqfnua {kh;UrsA ,rka nqn'Z kka n`"V~ok O;koqQyk% iz;ksxeeZKk nq%[ksu onfUr&
¶xhrkLrf¼rkUrk e`rk% izfØ;ktk grk% lfU/cU/k yqÄ'p iz;ksxk%A bnkuhUrukuka tukuka
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HkofrA vrks¿fLeu~ 'kks/i=ks¿iR;[Link] egkHkkjrh;kU;[Link] izn';Z [Link]&
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lksuhir] gfj;[Link] % 1988
2- dkf'kdk (Jhokeut;kfnR;fojfprk)] la- fot;ikyks fo|kokfjf/%] jkeyky&
diwjVªLV] cgkyx<+] lksuhir] gfj;[Link] % la-1_ 1997
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ia- bZ'ojpUnz%] pkS[kEck laLÑrizfr"Bkue~] uonsgyh % 2010
4- egkHkkjr (JheUegf"kZ osnO;[Link]) ([Link]] N% Hkkxksa esa)] vuq-&[Link]
jkeukjk;.k 'kkL=kh [Link];] xksfoUnHkou dk;kZy;] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj % la- 5_
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Vhdkdkj%&MkW- gfjukjk;.kfrokjh] pkS[kEck ifCyf'kax gkmQl] uonsgyh %
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la-&fxfj/j'kekZ prqonZs % ijes'ojkuUn'kekZ p] eksrhykycukjlhnkl] ubZ fnYyh
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eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] uonsgyh % la- 8_ 2012
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2- [Link]"k%] O;k- ia- bZ'ojpUnz] pkS[kEck laLÑr izfr"Bku] fnYyh % 2008
3- ½Xosnlafgrk] ukx izdk'kd] uonsgyh % 2003] r`rh;[Link]~A
4- /krqikB% ([Link])] ia- jkeyky diwj VªLV] jsoyh (lksuhir&
gfj;[Link]) % 2006
5- [Link];f'k{kk] O;k- f'kojkt vkpk;Z% [Link];k;u%] pkS[kEck fo|kHkoue~]
[Link] % 2008
6- euqLe`fr%] MkW- mfeZyk jLrksxh] ts-ih- ifCyf'kax gkmQl] fnYyh % 2005
7- ;tqonZs &vFkoZons Hkk";e~ (fgUnh&Hkk"kkuqoknlfgr)] O;k- ia- cq¼nso fo|kyÄïkj%]
xksfoUnjke gklkuUn] ubZ fnYyh % 2008
8- ;kKoYD;Le`fr% (ferk{kjkO;k[;k)] O;k- MkW- xÄõkljk; jk;] pkS[kEck laLÑr
izfr"Bku] fnYyh % 2013
9- okD;inh;e~ (czã[Link]~) (HkrZ̀gfj%] lksiKo`R;k vEckd=;kZ p lEHkwf"kre~)]
[Link]Ñrfo'ofo|ky;%] [Link] % 1988

f}rh;dÏksrkafl&
d) laLÑrxzUFkk%&
1- [Link];%] jkekKk] O;[Link]'kZuHkwfedk] ljLorhHkou&vè;;uekyk&11] [Link]&
uUnlaLÑrfo'ofo|ky;%] [Link] % la- 2_ 1982
[k) fgUnhxzUFkk%&
1- vxzoky] oklqnso'kj.k] [Link] Hkkjro"kZ (v"Vkè;k;h dk lkaLÑfr
vè;;u)] pkS[kEck fo|kHkou] [Link] % la-2_ 1969
2- ehekald] ia- ;qf/f"Bj] laLÑr O;kdj.k 'kkL=k dk bfrgkl (Hkkx 1&3)]
jkeyky diwj VªLV] cgkyx<] lksuhir] gfj;[Link] % 2057 fo-la-
x) 'kks/izcU/k%&
1- feJ] jek'kadj%] egkHkkjrs¿[Link];iz;[Link] foe'kZ%] la-la-fo-fo- [Link] %
1980
2- 'kekZ] MkW- t;dkUr%] dkfynklh;k rf¼[Link];rk] vejxzUFkifCyosQ'kUl]
uonsgyh % la- 1_ 2003
ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~;

& MkW- Hkokuh 'kadj 'kekZ
vuqns'kd] 'kS{[Link] foHkkx
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh

bl 'kks/i=k esa vuqlU/ku drkZ us vk;qosZn dk fdruk egÙo jksxksa osQ

fuokj.k esa gS bldks n'kkZ;k gSA

vk;qonZs
vk;qosZn dks thou dk foKku vkSj dyk dgk x;k gSA blesa thou dh
nk'kZfud vkSj tho&oSKkfud leLr n'kkvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS] vkSj blesa jks/d rFkk
jksxuk'kd vkS"kf/ vkSj 'kY;fØ;k lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSaA vk;qosZn izkphu Hkkjr dh
,d LokLF; dyk gS ftldk mís'; gS ekxZ vkSj lk/uksa dk fnXn'kZu djkdj LokLF;
dh j{kk djuk] rFkk thou dks lq[kh vkSj ijksidkjh cukukA1
vk;qosZn dk rkRi;Z
vk;qonZs dk rkRi;Z gS fd vk;q dk Kku gksuk vFkkZr~ thou dh igpku djukA
'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus dk foKku gh vk;qonZs gSA tSu ijEijk esa pkSng iwoksZ esa [Link];q
uked iwoZ gS ftlesa vkpk;Z vdyad osQ vuqlkj (rÙokFkZokfrZd 1@20)2 dk;fpfdRlk
vkfn vkB vaxksa osQ :i esa [Link] vk;qosZn =kwr'kkfUr osQ mik;] fo"kfpfdRlk
(tkaxqfyizØe) vkSj izk.k&viku vkfn ok;qvksa osQ 'kjhj /kj.k djus dh n`f"V ls
foHkktu dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA vk;qosZn osQ ;s vkB vax gSa&dk;fpfdRlk
(esfMflu)] 'kY; rU=k vkSj okthdj.k;U=kA fpfdRlk osQ leLr fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k
bu vaxksa esa gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ [Link];q esa 'kjhj'kkL=k vkSj fpfdRlk'kkL=k bu nksuksa
fo"k;ksa dk [Link] feyrk gSA oLrqr% vk;qonZs dk iz.k;u gh vdky] tjk vkSj e`R;q dks
mfpr mik;ksa }kjk jksdus osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA

1- tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; lekt i`-la- 308&10

2- rÙokFkZokfrZd 1@20
( 226 )
tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~; 227
egkohj fuokZ.k osQ yxHkx 160 o"kZ rd iwoks± dk Kku FkkA JqrosQoyh Hkznckgq
leLr iwoZ Kkuh FksA ij fo'kk[kkpk;Z rd vkrs&vkrs yxHkx 200 o"kZ es pkj iwoks± dk
Kku yqIr gks x;k vkSj fiQj vkxs og Hkh lekIr gks x;kA dyk] fo|k] ;U=k&rU=k ls
cpk 'ks"k Hkkx vU; vaxksa esa lekfo"V gks x;kA blfy, n`f"Vokn dks fofPNÂ ekuk
tkus yxkA vax izfo"V osQ bl ckjgosa Hksn ls gh fnxEcj ijEijk osQ vkxe xzUFk gSaA
miyC/ vkxe lkfgR; esa vk;qosZn ls lEc¼ lkexzh dks LFkkukax foikd mÙkjkè;;u
vkfn lw=kksa esa izkIr gSA mÙkjkè;;u osQ vuqlkj iapdeZ] oeu fojspu vkfn dk izpyu
cgqr FkkA 'kjhj ls eksg u djuk tSu eqfu vkpkj lafgrk dk vfHk vax gSA blfy,
lk/q lkèoh Jkodksa ls dksbZ fpfdRlk ugha djkrsA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g vko';d gS fd
os viuh fpfdRlk Lo;a djsaA rnFkZ fpfdRlk'kkL=k dk Kku vko';d gSA ewy :i
esa ;g ykSfdd fo|k osQ :i esa FkkA ij tc mldk nq#i;ksx gksus yxk rks lk/qvksa
dks ykSfdd fo|kvksa dk lh[kuk ;k mi;ksx djuk fuf"k¼ gks x;kA iQyr% n`f"Vokn
dk gh yksi gksuk 'kq: gks x;kA iwoZ n`f"Vokn dk prqFkZ Hksn FkkA
vk;qosZn dks ukS ikiJrksa esa fxuk x;k gSA /UoUrjh bl 'kkL=kh osQ izorZd FksA
mUgksua s vius foHkax&Kku ls jksxksa dk irk yxkdj oS|d'kkL=k dh jpuk dh] vkSj ftu
yksxksa us bl 'kkL=k dk vè;;u fd;k os egkoS| dgyk;sA ckr] fiÙk] 'ys"e vkSj
lfÂikr ls gksus okys jksxksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA vk;qosZn dh vkB 'kk[kk,¡ ekuh x;h
gS&a dkSekjHk`R; (ckydksa osQ Lruiku lEcU/h jksxksa dk bykt)] 'kkY;gR; (r`.k] dk"B]
ik"kk.k] yksgk] vfLFk] u[k vkfn 'kY;ksa dk m¼j.k)] dk;fpfdRlk (Toj] vfrlkj
vkfn dk mi'keu)] tkaxqy (fo"k?kkrd rU=k)] Hkwrfo|k (Hkwrksa osQ fuxzg dh fo|k)]
jlk;u (vk;q] cqf¼ vkfn c<+kus dk rU=k) vkSj ckthdj.k (oh;Zo/Zd vkS"kf/;ksa dk
'kkL=k)A
jksxksa osQ izdkj
vkpkjkax lw=k esa 16 jksxksa dk mYys[k gS ;Fkk&xaMh (xaMeky] ftlesa xzhok
iwQy tkrh gS)] oqQ"B (dks<+)] jkt;{ek] viEekj] dkf.k; (dk.;] vf{kjksx)]
f>fe; (tM+rk)] oqQf.k; (ghukaxRo)] [kqfTt; (oqQcM+kiu)] mn~jjksx] ewdiuk]
[Link]; ('kjhj dk lwt tkuk) fxyklf.k (HkLed jksx)] oscb (dEiu)] ih<lfIi
(iaxqRo)] flyho; ('yhiniQhyikao dk jksx)] vkSj e/qesgA
jksx vkSj O;kf/ esa vUrj crk;k x;k gSA jksx ls euq"; nsj esa e`R;q dks izkIr
gksrk gS] fdUrq O;kf/ ls mldk 'kh?kz Hkj.k gks tkrkgSA1 foikdlw=k esa lksyg izdkj
dh O;kf/;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS%&'okl] dkl ([kkalh)] Toj] nkg] oqQf{k'kwy]

1- foikd lw=k i`- 307

228 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
HkxUnj] v'kZ] [Link]] n`f"V'kwy] eq/Z'kwy] vjkspdA (Hkkstu esa v#fp)] vf{kosnuk]
[Link]] [Link] ([kqtyh)] tyksnj vkSj oqQ"B (dks<+)A
vU; jksxksa esa nqOew; oqQyjksx] vkejksx] uxjjksx] eaMyjksx] 'kh"kZons uk] vkS"Bosnuk]
u[kosnuk] narosnuk] 'kks"k ({k;)] dPNw] [klj ([kljk)] ikaMqjksxk] ,d&nks&rhu&pkj
fnu osQ vUrjky ls vkus okyk Toj] bUnzxzg] /uqxzZg] LdUnxzg] oqQekjxzg] ;{kxzg]
Hkwrxzg] m}sx] ân;'kwy] mnj'kwy] ;ksfu'kwy vkSj egkekjh oYxqyh (th epykuk)]
fo"koaqQHk (iqQfM;k) dk mYys[k gSA
jksxkRifÙk osQ dkj.k
LFkkukaxlw=k1 esa jksxkRifÙk osQ ukS dkj.k crk;s gSa%&vR;Ur Hkkstu] vfgrdkj
Hkkstu] vfrfunzk] vfr tkxj.k] iqjh"k vkSj ew=k dk fujks/] ekxZ&xeu] Hkkstu dh
vfu;ferrk vkSj dkefodkjA tSu vkxeksa esa dgk gS fd iqjh"k osQ jksdus ls ej.k] ew=k
osQ fujks/ ls n`f"Vgkfu vkSj oeu osQ fujks/ ls oqQ"Bjksx dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA
blh izdkj ls ftunÙklwfj fojfpr ^foosdfoykl* xzUFk esa vk;qosZn dk
oSf'k"V~; crk;k x;k gSA vk;qosZn osQ fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk gSa%2&
izÑfra Hks"kt O;kf/a lkRE; nsga cya o;%A
dkya ns'ka rFkk ofÉ foHkoa izfrpkjde~AA
fotkuu~ loZnk lE;o~Q iQyna yksd;ks}Z;ks%A
vH;ls}s|oaQ /heku~ ;'kks/ekZFkZfl¼;sAA
lkekU;r;k jksx dh izÑfr] vkS"k/] O;kf/] lkRE;] 'kjhjcy] vk;q] dky] ns'k]
tBjkfXu] oSHko vkSj izfrpkjd&bruh ckrksa dks cjkcj tkudj cqf¼eku~ /eZ vkSj èku
osQ ykHk osQ fy, fujUrj vH;kl djuk pkfg,A
oS|d 'kkL=k esa vkB vÄõksa dk [Link] feyrk gSA
dk;ckyezgksn~èokZÄõ 'kY;na"Vk tjkfo"kS%A
,rSj"VfHkjÄõS'p oS|oaQ [;kre"V/kAA
vk;qosZn osQ vkB vÄõ izfl¼ gSa& 1- dk; fpfdRlk] 2- ckyfpfdRlk] 3-
HkwrfpfdRlk] 4- mQèokZÄõfpfdRlk] 6- 'kY;fpfdRlk] 6- fo"kfpfdRlk] 7- jlk;u
vkSj 8- [Link]
tBjL;kuy% dk;ks ckyks ckyfpfdfRlre~A
xzgks Hkwrkfnfo=kkl mQèokZÄõewèoZo'kks/ue~AA

1- LFkkukÄõlw=k la- 9-667

2- foosdfoykl i`-la- 197&198
tSu ijEijk esa vk;qosZn dk oSf'k"V~; 229
'kY;a yksgkfn na"VkgstZjkfi p jlk;ue~A
o`"k% iks"k% 'kjhjL; O;k[;k"VÄõL; ys'kr%AA
dk; vFkkZr~ tBjkfXu osQ fodkj ls gksus okys jksxksa dk fuokj.k dk;fpfdRlk
gSA ckyd dks gksus okys jksx dk fuokjk.k ckyfpfdRlk gSA Hkwrfi'kkpkfndksa osQ minzoksa
dk fuokj.k HkwrfpfdRlk esa fd;k x;k gSA xzhok ls mQij eqg¡ ] ukfldk] [Link]] us=k] flj
vkfn osQ jksxksa dk mik; djuk mQèokZÄõfpfdRlk gSA 'kY; ;k phjiQkM+ ls jksxksipkj
djuk 'kY;fpfdRlk gSA o`¼koLFkk dks jksdus vkSj ;qokoLFkk dks v{kq..k j[kus osQ
mik; jlk;u dgs tkrs gSa tcfd vf/d dky rd L=khlÄõkfn gks losQ] ,slk mik;
okthdj.k dgs tkrs gSa ,slk mik; gSA ,sls vk;qosZn osQ vkBksa gh vÄõksa dh foospuk
gksrh gSA
bl izdkj ls ge ikrs gSa fd tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa tks vk;qosZn dh ijEijk
feyrh gS mldk vusd #iksa esa orZeku le; rd izkIr gks jgk gSA ysfdu vk;qosZn
'kkL=k orZeku esa ek=k vkSj lqJqr lafgrk dk yksxksa osQ }kjk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA tcfd
vko';drk gS fd tSu vkxeksa vkSj ikfy f=kfiVkosQa esa tks fpfdRlk osQ fofo/ Lo#i
;k lw=k feyrs gSa mlosQ vuqlkj [kkst gksuh pkfg,A

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh

osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk
& MkW- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
lgk;dkpk;Z] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
bl ys[k esa vuqlU/ku drkZ us oktlus; izfr'kk[; esa inikB osQ
fo"k; esa cgqr vPNk fpUru fd;kA

izkfr'kk[; osn dk y{[Link] gSA blosQ }kjk osn osQ cká Lo:i fufnZ"V fd;k
tkrk gSA mPpkj.k] Lojfo/ku] lfU/] LFkku&LFkku ij ßLo dk nh?kZ fo/ku vkfn
lafgrkvksa osQ ikB ls lEcfU/r leLr fo"k;ksa dk izkfr'kk[; xzUFkksa esa lkÄõksikÄõ
foospu fd;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa laLÑr Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k bUgha izkfr'kk[;ksa ls
izkjEHk gksrk gSA oSfnddky esa O;kdj.k 'kkL=k osQ mn;&vH;qn; dk lwpd izkfr'kk[;
lkfgR; gh gSA
izkfr'kk[; osQ inikB esa lafgrkikB ,oa ØeikB fuekZ.k osQ fu;e] voxzg osQ
LFky] ifjxzg osQ izdkj] osnkè;;u fof/ vkfn fo"k;ksa dk lqlEc¼ rFkk oSKkfud jhfr
ls fo/ku izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj izkfr'kk[; xzUFk] f'k{kk ,oa O;kdj.k lEcUèkh
,sls xw<+ fo"k;ksa dk xgu vè;;u izLrqr djrs gSa tks vU;=k nqyZHk gSA vr ,o
oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ Hkk";dkj mOoV us izkfr'kk[; 'kkL=k dks f'k{kk ,oa O;kdj.k
'kkL=k dk ifjiks"kd cryk;k gSA1 oSfnd xzUFkksa osQ vUrKkZu osQ fy;s ftl izdkj
fu#Dr xzUFk mi;ksxh gS mlh izdkj osneU=kksa osQ ckáLo:i osQ Kku osQ fy;s
izkfr'kk[; xzUFkksa dk Kku furkUr vko';d gSA
oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ i×pe vè;k; esa inikB dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA
oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; dk oSf'k"VÔ Hkk"kk 'kkL=k dh n`f"V ls egÙ[Link] gSA fo"k; dk
izfriknu fo'kn~] ryLi'khZ rFkk Hkk"kk oSKkfud i¼fr ij voyfEcr gS [Link] us
v"Vkè;k;h esas bl izkfr'kk[; osQ mi/k] mnkÙk] vuqnkÙk] Lofjr] vkezsfMr] yksi]
vi`Dr] vkfn ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dks xzg.k fd;k gSA vr% izkfr'kk[; [Link] ls
iwoZorhZ gSA bldk dky foØe'krd ls v"Ve 'krd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
1- ok-izk- 1@96 ij moV Hkk";
( 230 )
oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk 231
'kqDy;tqosZn dk dkR;k;u eqfu }kjk [Link] oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; ,d ek=k
miyC/ izkfr'kk[; gSA bl izkfr'kk[; esa v"V vè;k; gSA ftlesa ifjHkk"kk] Loj] rFkk
laLdkj bu rhuksa fo"k;ksa dk lfoLrkj [Link] gSA oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; esa eq[;r% N%
fo"k;ksa dk fopkj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&(1) [Link]] (2) Lojfopkj] (3)
lfUèkfopkj] (4) inikBfopkj] (5) ØeikBfopkj] (6) osnkè;;ufopkjA

inikBfopkj
lafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ inksa dks vyx&vyx dj nsuk gh in&ikB dgykrk gSA
izkfr'kk[;dkjksa us inksa osQ }kjk laf/ fu;eksa osQ vk/kj ij lafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ fuekZ.k
dh fof/ dks cryk;k gSA lafgrk ikB inikB dk ewy gS rFkk osnksa osQ }kjk lafgrkikB
osQ [Link] dh fof/ izkfr'kk[;ksa osQ fo/ku dh fof'k"V fo/k gSA blh dkj.k bu
xzUFkdkjksa us laf/ fu;eksa osQ lkFk&lkFk inikB fo"k; esa Hkh fo/ku fd;k gSA fdlh
eU=k osQ vHkh"V vFkZ dk Kku eU=kxr inksa osQ Kku osQ fcuk lEHko ugha gSA vr,o
eU=kkFkZ Kku osQ fy;s mlesa iz;qDr inksa dk Kku vifjgk;Z gSA blh mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ
fy;s izkfr'kk[;dkjksa us in&ikB fo"k;d izfØ;k dk fo/ku fd, gSaA
oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; oktlusf; lafgrk osQ inikB ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g inksa dks
fl¼ ekurk gS vkSj fl¼ inksa ls lafgrk ikB osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s fu;eksa dk fo/ku
djrk gSA oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; esa inksa dh flf¼ ugha dh x;h gS D;ksafd os igys
ls gh fl¼ gSaA eU=kxr vfHk"VkFkZ fu/kZj.k osQ fy;s inksa osQ lkekU; Lo:i dk Kku
oDrk dks gksuk vko';d gSA vr ,o in dk y{k.k] pkj izdkj osQ in ,oa muosQ
y{k.k] in ikB esa bfrdj.k dk fo/ku] fLFkrksifLFkr dk Lo:i] voxzg dk foLr`r
fo/ku bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dk izfriknu oktlusf;izkfr'kk[; osQ izFke ,oa prqFkZ vè;k;
osQ dfri; lw=kksa rFkk [Link] i×pe vè;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA

inikB dk egÙo ,oa iz;kstu

oktlusf; izkfr'kk[;1 osQ vuqlkj osnkè;;u ;fn [Link]] v{kj] foHkfDr vkSj in
osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mldk Lo;a iBu nwljksa osQ vè;kiu ,oa nwljksa ls Jo.k
djuk iq.;izn gksrk gS2A lw=kdkj vkpk;Z dkR;k;u us bl lw=k esa inikB dh egÙkk
osQ lkFk gh mlosQ iz;kstu vkSj vko';drk dh vksj Hkh lÄïsr fd;k gSA 'kkL=kdkjksa
us inikB osQ dfri; fof'k"V iz;kstu ;FkkLFkku cryk;s gSa] tks bl izdkj gS&

1- nwrks fu½ZR;k bnektxke bfr i×peFkZisz{kk ok "k"BÔFkZizs{kk ok¿dkjkUre~A ijks fu½ZR;k

vkp{o bfrA prqFkZizs{ksdkjkUre~A fu#Dr- 1@17
2- inizÑrhfu [Link] ik"kZnkfuA fu#Dr 1@17 i`-82
232 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
1- oktlusf; izkfr'kk[;1 osQ Hkk";dkj mOoV dk dFku gS fd lafgrkxr eU=kksa osQ
vFkZ dk lqLi"V Kku in&ikB ls gksrk gSA bldh iqf"V esa Hkk";dkj moV us
vkpk;Z ir×tfy dk er mn~/`r fd;k gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fo}ku
O;fDr dks in vius vFkZ dk Kkiu djkrs gSaA ^in* osQ vFkks± dh tkudkjh gks
tkus ij os (in ,oa mlosQ vFkZ) tqVdj okD;kFkks± dk cks/ djkrs gSAa bl izdkj
in osQ vk/kj ij inkFkZ dk ifjKku rFkk inkFkZ ifjKku osQ vk/kj ij okD;kFkZ
dk Kku gksrk gS2A
2- oktlusf; izkfr'kk[; osQ prqFkZ vè;k;3&(4@107) osQ vuqlkj in&ikB dk
iz;kstu inksa osQ vfUre vkSj vkfn [Link]± dk Kku] 'kCn osQ oSfnd 'kq¼ :i
dk Kku] mnkÙkkfn Loj ,oa vFkZ dk Kku gS4A
3- lfUnX/ LFkyksa esa ^in* dk ewyLo:i D;k gS bldk Li"VKku in&ikB ls gh
lEHko gS D;ksfa d blesa lafgrk dk foPNsndj nsus ls [Link] rFkk lfU/leq‰o
[Link] dk Li"V ifjKku gks tkrk gSA [Link]&^rÂ%* in ½Xosn lafgrk esa
,dkf/d ckj vk;k gSA inikB osQ vè;;u osQ fouk ;g lUnsg cuk jgrk gS
fd ^re~ u%* in gS5 ;k ^rr~ u%* in gSA
4- eU=kxr inksa esa lqfIoHkfDr osQ lUnsg dk [Link]; gksuk in&ikB dk vU;re
iz;kstu gSA vkpk;Z ;kLd us mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k gS fd ½Xosn lafgrk
esa fu½ZR;k in nks LFkyksa ij gSA blesa ls uS½ZR;k% ;g folxkZUr in gS fu½ZR;
vkp{k (½-la- 8@8@22@1) bl lafgrk ikB osQ LFky esa prqFkhZ dk vFkZ ekuk
tkrk gS6 D;ksafd ;gk¡ in&ikB esa fu½ZR; ;g ,dkjkUr in gSA bl izdkj ;g
fl¼ gS fd eU=kxr foHkfDr dk [Link]; in ikB ls gksrk gSA
5- in ikB osQ }kjk in osQ izÑfr&izR;; dh egÙ[Link] tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS]
ftlls vFkZ esa cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA
6- laLÑrO;kdj.k osQ fodkl dh vk/kjf'kyk oSfndinikB gSA O;kdj.k dk
eq[;iz;kstu 'kCnksa dh O;kÑfr djuk] vFkkZr~ 'kCnksa dh bdkbZ;ksa dks i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q
djosQ le>kuk gSA inikB esa lfU/] Loj] lekl] milxZ] /krq] izx`â;

1- vFkZ% ine~A ok-izk- 3@2

2- ok-izk- 4@23
3- rnso 3@119
4- fLFkrksifLFkreox`áL;A ok-izk- 4@181
5- ok-izk- 4@181 ij moV Hkk";A
6- voxzg dk mnkgj.k bl izdkj gS&la-ikB&ozrirs (la-ik- 1@5) inikB&ozrir bfr
ozr irsA
oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk 233
izkfrifnd] izR;;] foHkfDr vkfn dk fo/kukuqlkj i`FkDdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
lafgrk ikB izÑfrHkwr vifjorZuh; vk/kj gSA blesa lfU/ vkfn dk inikB esa
fo'ys"k.k O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ,oa fo/kuksa dks fodflr djus dk ewy Ïksr gSA
7- oSfnd'kCn jkf'k dh lqj{kk osQ fy;s inikB dk fo'ks"k egÙo gS D;ksfa d inikB
osQ vk/kj ij gh ØeikB rFkk tVk ikB] ekyk ikB vkfn vkB foÑfr ikBksa
dk izpyu gqvk gS ftuosQ }kjk osnksa osQ [Link] ,oa Lojksa dk vfopy ,oa
foLe;dkjh j{kk gqbZ gSA
8- vk/qfud fopkjd osneU=kksa dh [Link] fl¼ djus esa Hkh in&ikB dks
lgk;d ekurs gSA izkfr'kk[;ksa osQ fu;eksa osQ vk/kj ij inikB gS1A vr%
inikB fo"k;d fu;eksa dk Kku izkfr'kk[; osQ ifj'khyu esa vR;Ur egÙ[Link]
gSA

inikB osQ eq[; fl¼kUr

1- lafgrk osQ fufeÙk ls inksa esa gksus okys lHkh fodkjksa dks gVkdj in osQ 'kq¼:i
;k foÑfr dks izLrqr djukA vr,o lafgrk osQ fufeÙk ls gksus okys nh?kkZHkko
xq.k] o`f¼] yksi] vuqukfldLoj] vuqLokj] Hkko] folxZ] fodkj] "kRo .kRo
Hkko vkfn dks gVkdj inikB esa inksa dk vlafgr :i fn;k tkrk gS2A
2- inksa esa NkUnl~ Lo:i tks lkekU;r;k O;kdj.k fu;e ls lefFkZr ugha gS mldks
Li"V djukA ok-izk- 3@19 ls vè;k; lekfIr i;ZUr vUr%inh; fodkjksa dk
fo/ku fd;k x;k gS3A ok-izk- 4@23 osQ }kjk ;g fo/ku fd;k x;k gS fd ,sls
(NkUnl~) fodkj;qDr in dks inikB esa igys dguk pkfg;s rnuUrj vf/dkjh
Lo:i dk ikB fo/kukuqlkj djuk pkfg;sA
3- ok-izk- osQ i×pe vè;k; esa voxzg dk fo/ku gSA mu fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkj
in&ikB esa rÙkr~ LFkyksa dk bfrdj.k lfgr ikB gksrk gS4A
4- ok-izk- 4@166&170 rd laØe izdj.k esa dfFkr fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkj lafgrk
ikB osQ tks in xfyr gks tkrs gSa mudk inikB esa xzg.k ugha gksrk gSA
1- ;tqosZn osQ inikB esa gh lHkh izx`á vkSj fjfiQr inksa dk fLFkrksifLFkr ikB gksrk
gSA vU; osnksa esa lkekU;r;k izx`á ,oa fjfiQr inksa ls osQoy bfr lfgr mifLFkr
ikB fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ;fn lekl esa izx`á ,oa fjfiQr gksrs gSa rks mudk
fLFkrksifLFkr ikB gksrk gSA
2- fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCnsu os"Vdks¿fHk/h;rsA ok-izk- 1@147 ij moVA
3- ok-izk- 4@21
4- tc foltZuh; vfoÑr vFkok vU; fodkjksa esa [Link] gksrk gS rks og vfu#Dr
fjfiQr dgykrk gSA
234 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
mDr pkj rF;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, 'kqDy;tqosZn dh nksuksa 'kk[kkvksa esa
lafgrkxr inksa dk inikB fd;k tkrk gSA [Link] ,d eU=k dk lafgrk ikB ,oa
inikB nz"VO; gSA

lafgrk&ikB
ekuks egkUreqrekuks vFkZdEeku m{kUr eqreku mf{kre~A
ekuks of/% firja eksr ekrja eku% fiz;kLrUoh #æjksfj"k%AA
(la-ikB&16@15)
inikB
ek%A u%A egkUre~A mrA vHkZde~A m{kUre~A mf{kre~A o/ks%A firje~A
fiz;k%A rUo%A :æ%A jksfj"k%A fjfj"k¿bfr fjfj"k%AA (i-ikB&16@15)
bl mnkâr inikB esa&
1- lafgrk ikBxr lHkh inkUr inkfn lfU/ fodkj gVkdj 'kq¼ inksa dk ikB fd;k
x;k gSA
2- eU=k dk vfUre in fjfj"k% ok- izkfr- osQ }kjk NkUnl~ nh?kZ izkIr djuk gSA vr%
inikB esa NkUnl in Lo:i dks LorU=k jhfr ls i<+dj mldk U;k; lafgr
:i os"Vd ls cryk;k x;k gSA
3- mnkâr eU=k esa vox`á in u gksus osQ dkj.k voxzg dk vHkko gSA
4- lafgrk ikB esa ^ek* vkSj ^u%* ;s nks in dbZ ckj vk;s gSaA vr% iqujko`r gksus
ls bu inksa dk (izFke ckj dks NksM+dj) vU;=k f}rh; vkfn vko`fÙk esa yksi
dj fn;k x;k gSA

in&ikB esa LokjÄïu

inikB esa izR;sd in dk viuk izÑfrLoj fpfÉr gksrk gSA iwooZ rhZ rFkk ijorhZ
inksa osQ Loj osQ izHkko ls tks Loj&fodkj mRi gksrs gSa] mudks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
voxzg] izx`á] fjfiQr] ,oa NkUnl~ fodkj;qDrinksa esa fo/kukuqlkj fLFkrksifLFkr
(vFkkZr~ bfr dj.k lfgr in dh f}jko`fÙk) ikB gksrk gSA f}jko`fÙk dk eè;xr ^bfr*
in fuikr gksus osQ dkj.k loZFkk vk|qnkÙk jgrk gSA izFke vko`fÙk dk inkUrh; [Link]
^bfr* osQ lkFk lfU/;qDr gksdj mnkÙkkfn Lojfo"k;d lfU/;ksa dks Hkh fu;ekuqlkj izkIr
djuk gS rFkk bfr dk vfUre [Link] f}rh; inko`fÙk osQ [Link] osQ lkFk fu;ekuqlkj
[Link]&lfU/ ,oa Loj&lfU/ izkIr djrk gSA ;Fkk&¶vkrUokusH;%¸ ;g lafgrk ikB
(16@22) dk :i bldk in&ikBh; fLFkrksifLFkr :i bl izdkj gS& ^vkrUokusH;¿bR;k
oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk 235
rUokusH;% (inikB)* ;gk¡ [Link] lfU/ osQ lkFk bfr osQ iwoZorhZ inkUrh; ^H;%* dk
Lofjr bdkj dh mnkÙkrk osQ dkj.k vuqnkÙk gks x;k gS rFkk ^fr* osQ bdkj osQ lkFk
f}rh;ko`fÙk% dk iwoZi| vkdkj viuh vuqnkÙkrk dks NksM+dj Lofjr gks x;k gSA
ok-izk- 1@148&150 osQ fo/kuksa osQ vuqlkj f}rh;ko`fÙk dk mÙkj i|kfn
lokZuqnkÙk gksrk gS rks iwoZi| osQ vk/kj ls Lojlaf/ ;qDr i<+k tkrk gSA ;fn mÙkj i|
eè;ksnkÙk gksrk gS] rks og viuh LorrU=k lÙkk osQ vuqlkj LojkfÄïr fd;k tkrk gS
fdUrq vUrksnkÙk mÙkji| LFky esa mÙkji| osQ iwoZorhZ ,dkf/d [Link] vuqnkÙk jgrs gSa
rks mnkÙk ls iwooZ rhZ [Link] esa gh vuqnkÙk dk LokjkÄïu gksrk gSA ;Fkk lokZunq kÙk mÙkji|&
ofÉrefefrofÉree~A (i-ik-) eè;ksnkÙk mÙkji|&[Link]=[Link];[Link]=ks.k (i-ik-)
rFkk vUrksnkÙk i|[Link]'ks bfr [Link] dy'k% (i-ik-)A

inikB esa fLFkrksifLFkr

fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCn ^fLFkr* vkSj ^mifLFkr* in osQ ;ksx ls fu"i gksrk gSA
blfy;s bls fLFkrksifLFkr dgrs gSaA fLFkr] mifLFkr] ,oa fLFkrksifLFkr ;s nks in dks
i<+us dh rhu 'kSfy;k¡ gSaA in dk LorU=k :i ls mlosQ ewy:i esa mPpkj.k djuk
fLFkr dgykrk gSA ;Fkk&b"ksA RokA (i-ik-) vkfn ewy in dks bfr osQ lkFk lfUèk;qDr
i<+uk ^mifLFkr* dgykrk gSA ;Fkk izkrfjfrA in dks bfr osQ LFkk mifLFkr :i ls
igys i<+dj iqu% mlh in dks fLFkr :i ls fo/kukuqlkj v[k.M ;k f}[k.M esa i<+uk
fLFkrksifLFkr dgykrk gSA vFkkZr~ bfrdj.k dks eè; esa j[kdj in dks f}jko`fÙk djuk
fLFkrksifLFkr gSA ;|fi 'kCnØe dh n`f"V ls fLFkr :i osQ ckn mifLFkr in :i
i<+uk lkekU;r;k gksuk pkfg;s fdUrq lekl osQ fu;ekuqlkj vYi vp~ okyk fLFkr
'kCn iwoZ fuikfrr gqvk gSA blfy;s O;ogkj esa igys mifLFkr ikB vkSj ckn esa fLFkr
ikB gksrk gS fLFkrksifLFkr dks gh Hkk";dkjks us ^osf"Vd* 'kCn ls Hkh dgk gSA

fLFkrksifLFkr osQ fo/ku

ok- izk- esa fLFkrksifLFkr osQ fo/ku nks LFkyksa esa izfrikfnr fd;s x;s gSaA ,d
inikB osQ vf/dkj esa gS] nwljk Øe ikB osQ vf/dkj esaA inikB osQ vf/dkj esa
tks fo/ku gS os ikno`fÙk osQ eè; esa [Link] fo/kukRed gSA Øe ikB osQ
vfèkdkj esa tks fo/ku gS os fLFkrksifLFkr 'kCn ls fo/kukRed gSA
ok- izk- (4@21) dk fo/ku gS fd Øe izdj.k esa dfFkr fLFkrksifLFkr
lEcfUèk inksa dh vko`fÙk in ikB esa djuh pkfg;sA inko`fÙk osQ eè; esa bfrdj.k osQ
vkxe dk fo/ku ok-izk- (4@818&20) esa fd; x;k gSA inko`fÙk ,oa blosQ eè; esa
bfr dj.k dk vkxe bu nksuksa dk iQfyr :i in&ikBuh; fLFkrksifLFkr ikB gSA
ftldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&
236 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
1- izx`álaKd inksa osQ inikB esa ^ppkZ* mlh in dk iquoZpu ckn esa gksus ij
eè; esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@281) mnkgj.k&}s (la-ikB 17@84) }s bfr
}s (i-ik-)
2- lafgrko esa vfu#Dr fjfiQr inksa osQ inikB esa ^ppkZ* ckn esa gksus ij eè;
esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@19) [Link]&iqu% (la-ik- 4@15) iqufjfr
iqu% (in ikB)A
la-ikB 4@15 esa 6 ckj iqu% in vk;k gSA muesa rhu iqu% in dk folxZ lafgrk
esa jsiQ fodkj ;qDr gS vkSj rhu iqu% in osQ folxZ vfoÑfr gS vFkkZr~ vfu#¼
gSA vr% inikB esa vfu:Dr rhu iqu% inksa osQ eè; bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA
3- vUr% in nh?kZHkko vkSj fouko (ew/UZ ;Hkko) fodkj;qDr inksa dks iqujko`fÙk osQ
eè; esa bfr dk vkxe gksrk gSA (4@20) mnkgj.k 1- ekegku% (la-ik-
17@51) ekegku%A ekegku bfr ekegku% (i-ik-) lq"kko&lq"kkoA lq"kkosfrA
^ekegku%* ^lq"kko* [Link] esa Øe'k% vUr% in nh?kkZHkko ,oa ew/ZU; Hkko
gqvk gSA vr% ok- izk- 4@23 osQ vuqlkj in ikB esa igys fodkj lfgr :i
i<k x;k gS vkSj rnUrj vfodkjh :i ls frdj.k i<k x;k gSA

inikB esa voxzg

voxzg dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ i`Fko~Q djukA ok- izk- osQ Hkk";dkj moV osQ vuqlkj
nks inksa dk i`FkXxzg.k (ukuk in:irk ls izn'kZu) djuk voxzg gS1A inikB esa lekl
osQ leLr inksa rFkk dfri; leklsrj inksa ls izÑfr vkSj izR;; dks ;Fkk fu/kZfjr
laosQr] fpÉ }kjk i`FkDdj.k osQ fy;s izkfr'kk[;ksa esa voxzg laKk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA voxzg }kjk ftl in dk foHkktu fd;k tkrk gS mls vox`á vFkok bÄõ; dgrs
gSaA
voxzg ikB dh 'kSyh
;tqosZn osQ 'kqDy ,oa Ñ".k nksuksa Hksnksa esa vox`á inksa dk ikB bfr [Link]
lfgr (los"Vd) fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ vox`á in dks igys bfrdj.k lfgr i<k
tkrk gS vkSj rnuUrj mldk vox`ghr (nks [[Link] esa foHkDr) :i i<k tkrk gSA ;Fkk
& Ñ".kxzho% (la-ik- 24@1) Ñ".kxzho bfr Ñ".kA xzho% (i-ik-) ½Xosn lafgrk ,oa
vFkoZons lafgrk leklkox`á inksa dk los"Vd ikB ugha fd;k tkrk gS vfirq ogk¡ ml
in dks nks [[Link] esa vox`ghr (i`FkDÑr) djosQ eè; esa fojke nsrs gq, i<k tkrk
gSA ;Fkk iqjksfgre~ (½-la-ik-) iqj¿fgre~ (i-ik-) lkeosn osQ ikB essa igys iwjk in

1- };ks% in;ks% i`[Link]% ukukxzg% bR;FkZ%A ok-izk- 5@1

oktlus;izkfr'kk[; inikB izfØ;k dh osnO;k[;k esa vko';drk 237
i<k tkrk gS rnuUrj mldk vox`ghr :i i<k tkrk gSA os"Vd ;k bfr dj.k ;gk¡
Hkh ugha gksrk gSA ;Fkk gO;nkr;s (lke-la-ik-) gO;nkr;sA gO;¿nkr;s (i-ik-)A

voxzg osQ fu;e

1- ok-izk- dk lkekU; fo/ku gS fd leLr izdkj osQ lekl inksa esa voxzg gksrk
gS1A mnkgj.k 1- fo"kq:ie~ (la-ik- 6@20) fo"kq:ifefr fo"kqA :ie~A (i-
ik-)A
2- [Link] 'kCn ,oa la[;kokpd 'kCn osQ leklinksa esa fodYi ls voxzg gksrk
gSA(5@15) mnkgj.k i×pn'k (la-ik- 18@20) i×pkn'ksfr i×pn'k (i-ik)A
3- cgqin lekl esa voxzg ;Fkk iztkifr (la-ik- 31@12) iztkifrfjfr iztk%
ifr%A (i-ik-)A
4- liZnsotusH;% in esa iwoZin ls voxzg gksrk gS (5@4) mnkgj.k&liZnsotusH;%
(la-ik- 30@8) liZnsotusH;¿bfr liZA nsotusH;%A
5- /kq dk vFkZ j[kus okys ;dkj osQ ckn esa gksus ij LojkUr izkfrifnd ls voxzg
gksrk gSA (5@10) mnk- o`"kk;eku% (la-ik- 20@39) o`"kk;ek.k%A o`"kk;ek.k bfr
o`"kkA ;ek.k% (i-ik-)A

voxzg osQ viokn

1- izfr"ks/kFkZd u×k~ fuikr osQ lkFk voxzg ugha gksrk gSA (5@24) ;Fkk & vj{kek
(la-ik- 11@21) v{kjlk (i-ik-) bl mnkgj.k u×k~ lekl gqvk gS ftldk
Lo:i ;g gS fd u j{klk vj{klkA
fu"d"kZr% bl oktlusf; izfr'kk[; osQ inikB izfØ;k foospu ls Li"V gS fd
lafgrk osQ eU=kksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ fy;s inikB dh egrh vko';drk gSA vr% gesa
inikB osQ fu;eksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj lafgrk&ikB djuk pkfg;sA

lUnHkZxzUFklwph
1- ½Xosn izkfr'kk[;] MkW- ohjsUnzoQq ekj oekZ] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]
1972
2- ½Xosnizkfr'kk[;e~] vuqoknd&MkW- ohjsUnz oqQekj oekZ] pkS[kEck laLÑr
izfr"Bku] fnYyh&1986
1- lekls¿oxzgks ßLo ledky%A ok-izk- 5@1
238 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
3- oktlus; izkfr'kk[;% ,d vuq'khyu] izks- ;qxyfd'kksj feJ] [Link]
laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]] 1997
4- 'kqDy;tqonZs izkfr'kk[;e~ vFkok oktlusf;izkfr'kk[;e~] MkW- ohjsUnz oqQekj
oekZ] pkS[kEck laLÑr izfr"Bku] ubZ fnYyh&7] iqueqZfnzr la- 1997
5- Ñ".k;tqosZn izkfr'kk[;% ,d vuq'khyu] MkW- m"kk 'kekZ] dyk izdk'ku]
[Link]] 2005
6- rSfÙkjh;izkfr'kk[;e~] O;k[;kdkj&ia- lq'khy oqQekj ikBd] la-Mk- tequk
ikBd] pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht vkfiQl] [Link] 2007
7- rSfÙkjh;izkfr'kk[;e~] Jh oh- osadVjke 'kekZ] enzkl fo-fo-] 1930
8- vFkoZosn izkfr'kk[;] MkW- lw;ZdkUr] esgjpUn y{[Link]] ykgkSj] 1934

ggg
laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d

fpUru
& MkW- HkwisUæ oqQekj jkBkSj
VhplZ dkWyksuh] osQ'koiqjk dksVk (jkt-)

bl 'kks/ys[k esa vuqlU/kudrkZ us fofHk oS'ksf"kd fo"k; osQ fo"k;ksa

ij fpUru fd;k gSA

fo/krk dk vfUre laLdj.k ekuo gSA euu'khyrk mldk ize[q k xq.k gS] ftlls
og fujUrj fopkj/kjkvksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa osQ fo"k; esa fpUru euu djrk jgrk gSA bl
fpUru&euu dk izeq[k vk/kj vkè;kfRed rRo gSa] ftldh [Link] gsrq fl¼kUrksa
dks [kkstuk gS tks ekuo osQ fy, eks{k izkfIr esa lgk;d cu losQA n'kZu 'kCn dh
O;qRifÙk Lo;a bl vk'k; dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA n`';rs¿ususfr n'kZue~ vFkkZr~
ftlosQ }kjk ns[kk tk;s] ogh n'kZu gSA oLrqr% Li"V gS fd ftlosQ }kjk fdlh Hkh oLrq
osQ ewyHkwr rkfRod Lo:i osQ Kku ls voxr gks] og n'kZu gSA ;gk¡ LokHkkfod
ftKklk mRi gksrh gS fd & fdlosQ }kjk oLrq osQ ewyHkwr rkfRod Lo:i dks tkuk
tk;s\ bl iz'u dk lek/ku egf"kZ ;kKoYD; dk ;g mins'k gS&
vkRek ok vjs æ"VO;%] JksrO;%]
eUrO;%] fufnè;kflrO;%A
vkReuks ok vjs n'kZusu] [Link]]
eR;k] foKkususna lo± foKkra HkofrAA
vr% vkRek osQ n'kZu] Jo.k] euu rFkk foKku ls ijekReLo:i T;ksfr dk
lk{kkRdkj djuk gh ^n'kZu* gSA
Hkkjrh; euh"kk us ftu vkè;kfRed fof/;ksa dk vUos"k.k fd;k gSA os gh fHkÂ&
fHk n'kZuksa osQ :i esa izfl¼ gSa] tks vkfLrd o ukfLrd fopkj/kjk ls foHkkftr gSA
bl foHkktu ijEijk dk Js; egf"kZ euq dks gS] ftUgksua s ukfLrdks osnfuUnd% dgdj
fookfnr izlax dks fojke fn;k gSA bl izdkj osn dh [Link] dks Lohdkj djus
( 239 )
240 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
okys n'kZu vkfLrd n'kZu osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;s x;s gSA blosQ vUrxZr U;k;&
oS'ksf"kd] lka[;&;ksx] ehekalk&osnkUr n'kZu vkrs gSA blosQ foijhr osn esa fo'okl u
j[kus okys] mldh fuUnk djus okys n'kZu ukfLrd n'kZu osQ uke ls tkus tkrs gS tks
pkokZd&tSu rFkk ckS¼n'kZu gSA bls fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ls vfHkO;Dr djrs gS&
Hkkjrh; n'kZu

vkfLrd ukfLrd

1 U;k;

2 oS'ksf"kd ykSfdd fopkjksa ls mRi 1 pkokZd

3 lka[; 2 tSu

4 ;ksx 3 ckS¼

5 ehekalk oSfnd fopkjksa ls mRiÂ

6 osnkUr
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fopkj/kjk dk vkfLrd er osQ vUrxZr fo|eku U;k;&oS'ksf"kd
dh nk'kZfud ijEijk vfr izkphu :i ls Lohdkj dh tkrh gSA bu nksuksa n'kZuksa osQ
fo"k; esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd roZQ rFkk 'kkL=kkFkZ dk ;qx U;k; ,oa oS'ksf"kd
n'kZu dh ijEijk ls gh ekuk tkrk gSA roZQ dh ;g vo/[Link] vk"kZ n'kZuksa esa gh ugha
vfirq tSu ,oa ckS¼ n'kZuksa esa U;k; osQ izHkko ls fodflr gqbZ gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d fpUru

oS'ksf"kd 'kCn osQ fofo/ vFkZ &

(1) e- [Link] [Link] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk eq[;k/kj mldk fo'ks"k inkFkZ gSA fo'ks"k
'kCn dk vFkZ ^O;oPNsnd* gSA bl ekU;rk ls fo'ks"k 'kCn dh mRifÙk&fof'k";rs¾
loZrks O;ofPN|rs] ;su l fo'ks"k% vFkkZr~ O;oPNsndrk lk/E;Z rFkk oS/E;Z dh
vf/d ;qfDr laxr gSA vr% oS'ksf"kd 'kCn dh fuEufyf[kr nks O;k[;k,¡ vk-
<qf.<jkt 'kkL=kh us oS'ksf"kd lw=kksiLdkj xzUFk dh izLrkouk esa crkbZ gS&
& fo'ks"kkH;ke~ (prqFkhZ f}opus) ¾ O;oPNsndkH;ke~ lk/E;ZoS/H;kZEizHkorhfr
oS'ksf"koaQ n'kZue~] oS'ksf"kdks nk'kZfud%A
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 241
& fo'ks"kkH;ke~ (r`rh;k f}opus) ¾ O;oPNsndkH;ka O;ogjrhfr oS'ksf"koaQ n'kZue~]
oS'ksf"kdks nk'kZfud%A1
(2) oS'ksf"kd uke osQ ewyHkwr ^fo'ks"k* in dk vFkZ&rRofu'p;iwoZd O;ogkj
djukA bl 'kkL=k esa ,slk fd;k x;k gS] blh dkj.k oS'ksf"kd uke iM+k gSA
(3) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu }kjk izfrikfnr inkFkks± esa i×pe inkFkZ fo'ks"k dh fof'k"V
dYiuk gh blosQ ukedj.k dk ewyk/kj gSA2
(4) ^"kM~&n'kZu leqPp;* dh o`fÙk esa [Link] us uS;kf;dksa dh vis{kk nzO;&xq.k
vkfn rRoksa dh O;k[;k gksus osQ dkj.k gh bls oS'ksf"kd dgk x;k gSA3
(5) æO;a ukoqQyeqTToyks [Link].k% dekZf/oaQ 'yk?;rsA
tkfrfoZIyqfrekxrk u p iqu% 'yk?;kfo'ks"kfLFkfr%AA1AA
lEcU/% lgtks [Link];a ;=kkLrq lRizhr;sA
lkUoh{kku;os'edeZoqQ'kyk JhU;k;yhykorhAA2AA4
;gk¡ oYyHkkpk;Z us 'yk?;kfo'ks"kfLFkfr% dgdj bl rF; dh vksj laoQs r fd;k
gS fd bl n'kZu esa n'kZukUrj foy{k.k fo'ks"k inkFkZ dh O;k[;k gksus osQ dkj.k
bldk uke oS'ksf"kd iM+k gSA
(6) mn;ukpk;Z us viuh [Link] esa rRofu'p;iwoZd O;ogkj djus okyksa dks
oS'ksf"kd dh mikf/ nh gSA muosQ er esa fo'ks"k 'kCn O;oPNsn vFkkZr~
rRofu'p; dk okpd gS&fo'ks"kks O;oPNsn% rRo fu'p;%] rsu O;ogjrhR;FkZ%A5
(7) U;k;&lka[; vkfn n'kZuksa dh rqyuk esa nzO;kfn inkFkks± osQ miiknu esa mRd"kZ ,oa
fo'ks"k gksus osQ dkj.k bl 'kkL=k dk uke oS'ksf"kd uke iM+k gSA ;g ekU;rk
phuh fo}ku izks- mbZ osQ vuqlkn gSA6
(8) uS"k/h;pfjre~ osQ 22osa lxZ osQ 36osa i| esa nzO;] xq.k vkfn inkFkks± osQ rRo
Kkid gksus osQ dkj.k bl n'kZu dks oS'ksf"kd dgk gSA ;g er egkdkO; osQ
izfl¼ O;k[;kdkj Jh ukjk;.k HkV~V dk gSA7

1- oS'ksfZ"kdlw=kksiLdkj i`-&1
2- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu O;k[;kdkj mn;ohj 'kkL=kh Ñr i`-&7
3- uS;kf;osQH;ks nzO;[Link];k fof'k"Vfefr oS'ksf"kde~A "kMn'kZulaxzgo`fÙk] i`-&4
4- U;k;[Link].k&lfoo`fÙkizdk'kksn~Hkkflrk] i`-&5
5- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&7
6- Vais. Phil. P.4
7- uS"k/h;pfjre~ i`&142
242 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(9) oS'ksf"kd lw=k osQ vokZphu Hkk";dkj pUnzdkUr rdkZyd a kj us oS'ksf"kd ukedj.k
osQ ihNs er fn;k gS&;fnna oS'ksf"koaQ uke 'kkL=kekjC/a rr~ [kyq rU=kkUrjkr~
fo'ks"kL;kFkZL; vfHk/kukr~A1 vr% Li"V gS fd bl n'kZu esa fof'k"V rRoksa
dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA
(10) MkW- jk/kÑ".ku dk er gS fd oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dks ;g uke ^fo'ks"k* 'kCn osQ
dkj.k fn;k x;k gSA2
(11) ^vU;=k vUR;sH;ks fo'ks"ksH;%* bl lw=k osQ vuqlkj vUR; fo'ks"k inkFkZ osQ
lkFk lEc¼ ftl n'kZu esa gS] ogh oS'ksf"kd n'kZu gSA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd vU;
fdlh n'kZu esa fo'ks"k inkFkZ dh ekU;rk ugha gSA vr% fo'ks"k inkFkZ dh
foospuk osQ dkj.k gh bl n'kZu dks oS'ksf"kd uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA3
(12) eks{k osQ lUnHkZ esa U;k; n'kZu dk er gS fd&nq%[k dh vkR;fUrd fuo`fÙk eks{k
gSA4 oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa vkRek osQ v'ks"k fo'ks"k [Link] osQ [Link]:is.k foy;u dks
eks{k dgk x;k gSA5 vr% fo'ks"k [Link] dk voyEcu dj eks{k dks dgus ls vU;
n'kZuksa ls bl n'kZu esa fo'ks"k gSA bl izdkj fo'ks"k ,o oS'ksf"kd% bl LokfFkZd
^Bo~Q* izR;; osQ }kjk fu"i oS'ksf"kd laKk nh xbZ gSA6
(13) fefyUnziz'u] yadkorkjlw=k] yfyrfoLrj vkfn ckS¼ xzUFkksa esa bldh mRifÙk
lEcfU/r iz'u ij n`f"Vikr djsa rks Kkr gksrk gS fd U;k;n'kZu osQ fl¼kUrksa dks
Hkh oS'ksf"kd osQ uke ls mn~/`r fd;k x;k gSA7
(14) MkW- 'kf'kizHkkoqQekj us oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k uked xzUFk esa oS'ksf"kd
ukedj.k osQ ihNs fofo/ xzUFkksa ls rF; izLrqr fd;s x;s gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS
fd&bl n'kZu osQ vusd uke izpfyr gS&[Link]'kZu] vkSyDw ;n'kZu] iSyd w n'kZu
8
vkfnA ijUrq lokZf/d yksdfiz; ,oa izfl¼ uke oS'ksf"kd gh gSA
(15) ^la;qDrleok;knXusoS'ksf"kde~*9 vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ bldk vFkZ ^i`Fko~Q* djus okyk
;k ^fo'ks"krk* crk;k gSA ;g [Link] osQ lw=kksa esa [Link] lw=k gSA

1- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d vè;;u] i`&6

2- Hkkjrh;n'kZu (f}rh; Hkkx) MkW- jk/kÑ".ku~] i`-&15
3- oS'ksf"kd lw=k 1@2@6
4- rnHkko'pkioxsZ U;k;lw=k 4@2@85 i`-&282] 83
5- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u&i`-241] 42
6- oS'ksf"kdlw=k 1@2@6 rFkk [Link]×tjh i`-&8
7- roZQlaxzg vk- Jhfuokl 'kekZ] i`-&1
8- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&5
9- oS'ksf"kdlw=k 10@2@7
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 243
(16) [Link] us v"Vkè;k;h esa oS'ksf"kd 'kCn dh mRifÙk ^fo'ks"k* 'kCn ls crk;h gSA
ftldk vFkZ gS&^fo'ks"kijdxzUFk*A1
(d) izHksn%A izdkj%A O;fDr%A vfr'kf;rsA 'kCndYinzqe Hkkx&42
([k) izesnsA izdkjsA O;DrkSA fryosQA inkFkZHksnsA O;kI;/esZA vyÄïkjizHksnsA
okpLiR;lw=k Hkkx&6] i`-&4923A3
(x) (foxr% 'ks"kks ;Lekr~&izk-c-) vthc] iq"dy] izHksn vkfnA laLÑr fgUnh
'kCndks'k&i`-&9174
vaxzsth esa oS'ksf"kd uke osQ fy, ^Hksnoknh* in dk iz;ksx Hkh blh rF; dks
[Link] djrk gSA5
,f'k;kbZ n'kZu dks'k esa rks Li"Vr% bl oS'ksf"kd uke dk vk/kj oSf'k"V~; fopkj
;k Hksncqf¼ dks gh ekuk x;k gS rFkk bl Hksn&izfriknu dk egRo Hkh Li"V
fd;k x;k gSA6
bl izdkj vUr esa] lokZf/d [Link] rF; rks ;g mHkjdj vkrk gS fd
Hkkjrh;n'kZu ijEijk esa txr~ dh mRifÙk esa ewy dkj.k ekus x;s ik¡p lw{eHkwrksa dk
lefUor ,d uke ^fo'ks"k* gSA ml fo'ks"k dk lokZÄõ[Link] foospu djus osQ dkj.k bl
n'kZu dk uke ^oS'ksf"kd* iM+k gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh 'kkL=k o vkpk;Z ijEijk

(1) oS'ksf"kd lw=k

oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ laLFkkid o [Link] egf"kZ [Link] gSA blosQ dk';i] mywd]
vkSywD;] iSyqd vkfn vij uke gS bl fo"k; esa fofo/ xzUFk [Link] rF; izLrqr
djrs gSA7 budk le; fuf'pr :i ls Kkr ugha gksrk gS ijUrq vf/dka'k fo}kuksa dk
er gS fd ;s xkSre ls izkphu FksA8 [Link] eqfu ijeriLoh] mPpdksfV osQ oSjkX;oku]
f'kyksPN o`fÙk okys] ije oSKkfud vkSj egku rkfoZQd egf"kZ FksA ;g brus fojDr vkSj

1- v"Vkè;k;h 4@3@116
2- 'kCndYinzqe Hkkx&4 i`-&436
3- okpLiR; lw=k Hkkx&6 i`-&4923
4- laLÑr fgUnh 'kCndks'k okeuf'kojke vkIVs i`-&917
5- Differentialist-Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol.X. P.-327
6- Dictionary of Asian philosophies, By St. Elmo Naumaan IR, p.-186
7- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&3&5
8- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&7] 8
244 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
R;kxh Fks fd f'kykd.k cukdj [kkrs FksA mlh ls budk uke [Link] iM+k&[Link]~
vÙkhfr [Link]%A1
egf"kZ [Link] fufeZr oS'ksf"kd lw=k nk'kZfud lkfgR; dk vewY; xzUFk jRu gSA
bl n'kZu esa nzO;&xq.k&deZ&lkekU;&fo'ks"k&leok; bu N% inkFkks± dk [Link]
izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA bu inkFkks± dks lk/E;Z oS/E;Ziow d Z tku ysus ls eks{k dh izkfIr
ekuh xbZ gSA ;Fkk & /eZfo'ks"kizlwrkn~ æO;[Link];fo'ks"kleok;kuka
inkFkkZuka lk/E;ZoS/E;kZH;ka rÙoKkukfÂ%Js;le~A2 oS'ksf"kd lw=k n'k vè;k;ksa esa
foHkDr gSA izR;sd vè;k; esa nks foHkkx gS] ftUgsa vkfÉd uke fn;k x;k gSA blesa
lw=kksa dh la[;k 370 gSA [Link] dk fl¼kUr egf"[Link] dh gh nsu gS] ftlosQ
vk/kj ij gh oSKkfudksa us vkt vusdksa vL=kksa vkSj vk;q/ksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;sa gSA
bl fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij fo'o esa vusd vk'p;Ztud ifjorZu gq, gSA bldk y{;
/eZ dh O;k[;k djuk gSA bl n'kZu dh ewy izLFkkiuk ;g gS fd Ks; lalkj dh ewyr%
oLrqxr ,oa okLrfod lÙkk gSA blosQ vuq;k;h bldh cqf¼xr O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl
djrs gSA os izR;sd vfLrRoeku oLrq dks inkFkZ dgrk gSA3 ;s inkFkZ N% gS&nzO;] xq.k]
deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k rFkk leok;A bUgsa Hkko inkFkZ dgk tkrk gSA oS'ksf"kdn'kZu izR;{k
vkSj vuqeku bu nks [Link] dks ekurk gSA bl n'kZu osQ fo"k; esa ,d yksdksfDr izpfyr
gS&
f}Ros p ikdtksRirkS foHkkxs p foHkkxtsA
;L; u L[kfyrk cqf¼Lra oS oS'ksf"koaQ fonq%AA4
vFkkZr~ iDdk oS'ksf"kd mls dgrs gSA ftldh cqf¼ fnRo dh la[;k osQ fo"k;
esa ikdt mRifÙk osQ fo"k; esa rFkk foHkkx ls mRi gksus okys foHkkx osQ fo"k; esa
L[kfyr ugha gksrhA oLrqr% vfHkizk; ;g gS fd bl n'kZu esa bldh egÙkk fo'ks"k :i
ls gSA oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fofo/ fo}kuksa us viuh&viuh O;k[;k,a izLrqr dh gS] muesa
fuEufyf[kr O;k[;k,a izLrqr dh gS&

(d) okD;
bl Vhdk dk mYys[k tSu ys[kd egkrkfoZQd eYyoknh us vius ^}kn'kkju;pØ*
esa fd;k gSA bldk laLÑr :ikUrj cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr oS'ksf"kd lw=k osQ ifjf'k"V esa
feyrk gSA u;pØ esa ,d okD; gS & vlRlEcU/ifjgkjkFk± fu"Bk lEcUèk;ksjsd&

1- O;kseorh] i`-&20
2- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&16
3- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&18 (Hkwfedk)
4- loZn'kZulaxzg] i`-&360
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 245
dkyRokr~ bfr okD;a lHkk";a iz'kLrks¿U;Fkk O;kp"VsA blosQ O;k[;kdkj flag lwjh
us Hkh mDr Hkk"; dks ¶vL; okD;L; O;k[;kxzUFk%¸ dgdj okD; dh lÙkk dks
[Link] fd;k gSA1
okD; Vhdk ij ,d Hkk"; feyrk gS rFkk bu nksuksa ij iz'kLrefr dh Vhdk
feyrh gSA ftldk uke iz'kLrefr Vhdk gS] ;g mYys[k mi;qZDr m¼j.k esa gS &
dkj.k leosrL; oLrqu% mÙkjdkya lÙkk lEcU/% bfr cgwuke ere~] oLrwRifÙkdky
,osfr rq okD;dkjkfHkizk;ks¿uql`rkS Hkk";dkjS%] fl¼L; oLrqu% Lo&[Link]%
lÙk;k p lEcU/ bfr izk'kLrerks¿fHkizk;%A2
([k)
cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ ifjf'k"V esa vuwfnr fnÄ~ ukxkpk;Z osQ
izek.k leqPp; rFkk ftusUnz cqf¼ dh fo'kkykeyorh uke osQ fooj.k osQ vk/kj ij
oqQN vU; O;k[;kvksa dk Hkh laoQs r feyrk gSA buesa ize[q k :i ls Jk;Ld Ñr O;k[;k
dk ukeksYys[k feyrk gSA3
(x) [Link]";
ineukHkfeJ us [Link] HkkLdj esa] xksfoUnizHk us czãlw=k'kkadj Hkk";
O;k[;kjRu izHkk es]a vuqHkwfrLo:ikpk;kZ us izdVkFkZfooj.k esa jko.kÑr [Link]"; dk
mYys[k fd;k gSA ;Fkk&}kH;ka };.kqdkH;kekjC/s dk;sZ egRoa n`';rs] rL; gsrq% izp;ks
uke izf'kfFkyko;o la;ksx% bfr jko.k Ñrs Hkk";s n`';rs bfr fpjUru&oS'ksf"kd n`"V~;k
bne~A4 [Link] esa ftl Hkk"; dk ukeksYys[k feyrk gS] og i|ukHk feJ dh n`f"V
esa jko.k Hkk"; gh gSA5 ukfLrd fopkj/kjk dh cgqyrk gksus osQ dkj.k [Link]"; yqIr
gks x;k gSA ;g er fo}r lekt esa izpfyr gSA Journal of Oriental Of
Research [Link] pp. 1-5 esa fy[kk gS fd & oS'ksf"kdks dk vèkZoSukf'kd uke blh
Hkk"; osQ fl¼kUrksa osQ dkj.k iM+k FkkA

(?k) dVUnh Vhdk

bl Vhdk dk mYys[k u;pØ dh U;k;[Link] o`fÙk esa feyrk gSA6

1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&11 (miksn~?kkr)

2- ogha] i`-&12
3- iz'kLriknHkk"; i`-&18
4- czãlw=k'kkadjHkk"; ij jRuizHkkVhdk lw=k la-&2@2@11
5- [Link]] i`-&5
6- u;pØo`fÙk i`-&149] 50
246 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(Ä) vk=ks; Hkk";
vk=ks; dks oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dk Hkk";dkj cryk;k x;k gSA tSu nk'kZfudksa us budk
funsZ'k vusd LFkyksa ij fd;k gSA oS'ksf"kd xzUFkksa esa Hkh vusd LFkyksa ij vKkrdr`Zd
o`fÙk esa vk=ks; dh ppkZ miyC/ gS1 ijUrq ;g xzUFk vuqiyC/ gSA

(p) Hkk";
[Link]; dh ,d o`fÙk esa ,d vU; Hkk"; dk Hkh mYys[k gSA blesa
oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh LorU=k O;k[;k gSA ;Fkk&vlkSÂefiHkk";ÑnfHkfgrefLr] bfUnz;kFkZ&
lfÂd"kZ% izR;{ke~ vkReeu% lfÂd"kksZ okA2
(N) o`fÙk
pUnzkuUn us viuh oS'ksf"kd o`fÙk esa] ftusUnz cqf¼ us viuh fo'kkykerorh esa
rFkk 'kadj feJ us vius miLdkj esa ,d o`fÙk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA3
(t) Hkkj}kto`fÙk
U;k;dUnyh dh Hkwfedk esa bl o`fÙk dk mYys[k e-e-i- foUè;s'ojh izlkn
'kkL=kh us fd;k gSA ;g o`fÙk vuqiyC/ gSA4
(>) pUækuUno`fÙk
bl o`fÙk dk iz.k;u pUnzkuUn us oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fd;k gS] ftldk izdk'ku
1961 bZ- esa cM+kSnk ls gqvk gSA5
(×k) [Link] lw=k fucU/
HkV~V oknhUnz us oS'ksf"kd lw=k ij ,d Vhdk fy[kh gS] ftldk uke [Link]=k]
fucU/ Vhdk gSA bldk laosQr xq:oj vuUrykyBkoqQj cM+kSnk ls izdkf'kr pUnzkuUn
o`R;uqxr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ miks¼kr esa fd;k gSA6

1- U;k;dUnyh&e-e- foUè;s'ojhizlknf}osnh dh izLrkouk] i`-&7&10

2- [Link]; o`fÙk i`-&174] 195
3- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d n'kZu i`-&17 (miksn~?kkr)
4- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&20 (Hkwfedk)
5- ogh----- i`-&21 (Hkwfedk)
6- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u i`-&18 (miksn~?kkr)
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 247
(V) fefFkykfo|kihB o`fÙk ;k O;k[;k
vKkrdr`Zd ;g o`fÙk 1957 bZ- esa fefFkyk fo|kihB njHkaxk ls izdkf'kr gqbZ
gSA ;g O;k[;k uoe vè;k; osQ izFke vkfÉd rd gh miyC/ gSA1
(B) oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj
eSfFkyh nk'kZfud 'kadjfeJ osQ }kjk oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij 1500 bZ- esa ^miLdkj*
uked O;k[;k fy[kh gS] tks lokZf/d izpfyr ,oa uO; U;k; ls vksr&izksr gSA
bu izkphu O;k[;kvksa osQ vfrfjDr pUnzdkUr rdkZyd a kj dk Hkk";] t;ukjk;.k
roZQ i×pkuu dh foo`fÙk] j?kqnso dk O;k[;ku] gfjizlkn 'kkL=kh dh oSfndo`fÙk vkfn
[Link]; gSA

(2) inkFkZ/eZlaxzg
oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk loZizfl¼ lokZf/d [Link] xzUFk iz'kLrikn dk inkFkZ
èkeZlaxzg gSA ;g xzUFk iz'kLriknHkk"; osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu xr nzO;&
xq.k&deZ vkfn izfrik| fo"k; brus lkekftd rFkk oSKkfud gS fd ekuo lekt vkSj
mudh ekU;rk dks viuk;s fcuk O;ogkj gh ugha pyk ldrk gSA blfy, vkpk;Z us
oS'ksf"kd n'kZud xr lw=kksa osQ izfrik| fo"k;ksa dks viukdj ,d ^inkFkZ/eZlaxzg*
uked LorU=k xzUFk fy[kk gSA
oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh vis{kk blesa dbZ uwru fl¼kUrksa dk lekos'k gS&
& l`f"V ,oa lagkj izfØ;k dk [Link]
& rst }kjk ikd izfØ;k ,oa vU; Hkwrksa ij mldk izHkkoA
& lka[;fl¼kUr dk foospuA
& nwjRo vkSj lehiRo fl¼kUrA
& la;ksx foHkkx dh n'kkvksa dk fo'ys"[Link]
& ijkFkkZuqeku fu:[Link]
& xfr izfØ;k dh n'kkvksa dk o.kZuA2
blesa fo'ks"kr% [Link]] txr~ dh mRifÙk rFkk izy;] izek.k rFkk [Link] dk
foLr`r foospu mifLFkr fd;k x;k gSA bZ'oj dh LFkkiuk dk Js; iz'kLrikn dks gh
fn;k tkrk gSA iz'kLriknHkk"; ij vusd vkpk;ks± dh Vhdk,¡ miyC/ gksrh gS&

1- ogh----- i`-&19 (miksn~?kkr)

2- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&11 (fo"k;s izos'k)
248 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(d) O;kseorh
O;ksef'kokpk;Z dh ;g Vhdk lIre 'krkCnh esa fy[kh xbZ ,d LorU=k jpuk
gSA

([k) [Link]
mn;ukpk;Z us Hkk"; osQ jgL;ksn~?kkVu osQ fy, ,d fo}[Link] O;k[;k
^[Link]* fy[kh gSA ;s U;k; rFkk oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ vusd [Link] xzUFkksa osQ
jpf;rk gSA [Link] ij ojnjkt rFkk oknhUnz us Hkh Vhdk;sa fy[kh gSA

(x) U;k;dUnyh
;g Vhdk Jh /jkpk;Z }kjk [Link] gS] ;g oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa osQ fy, [Link]
Vhdk gSA

(?k) U;k;yhykorh
JhoRlkpk;Z }kjk Hkk"; ij [Link] ;g Vhdk vuqiyC/ gSaA

(Ä) U;k;yhykorh
blosQ [Link] oYyHkkpk;Z gSA ;g Vhdk oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa dk vkxkj gS vkSj
bldh izflf¼ [Link] osQ leku gh gSA1
(p) lsrq
in~eukHk feJ Ñr ;g Vhdk nzO; xzUFk rd miyC/ Vhdk xzUFk gSA

(N) [Link] jgL;

bl xzUFk osQ [Link] 'kadj feJ gSA ;g Vhdk xzUFk dh vis{kk oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa
dk izfriknd LorU=k xzUFk gSA

(t) lwfDr
txnh'kHkV~Vkpk;Z Ñr ;g Vhdk nzO; inkFkZ rd myC/ gSA

(>) Hkk";fud"k
Hkkjrh;n'kZu iqLrd esa cynso mikè;k; us bl Vhdk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;g
efYyukFk lwfj dh Vhdk gS tks vuqiyC/ gSA2
1- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] cynso mikè;k;] i`-&220
2- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] i`-&221
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 249
(3) n'kinkFkhZ
bl oS'ksf"kd xzUFk osQ [Link] pUnzefr gSA blesa nzO;&xq.k&deZ&lkekU;&fo'ks"k
rFkk leok; bu N% inkFkks± osQ vfrfjDr 'kfDr] v'kfDr] lkekU;fo'ks"k vkSj vHkko
uke ls pkj uohu inkFkks± dk [Link] gSA budk le; lIre 'krkCnh ls iwoZ dk gSA1
(4) lIrinkFkhZ
U;k; oS'ksf"kd osQ fl¼kUrksa dks fuckZ/ xfr ls vkxs c<+kus okys vkpk;ks± esa
f'kokfnR; feJ Ñr lIrinkFkhZ dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA blh ls f'kokfnR; feJ dk uke
vej gqvk gSA ;|fi xzUFkdkj us U;k;ekyk] gsrq[[Link]{[Link] vkfn xzUFkksa dk
fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA gsrq[[Link] xzUFk esa mikf/okfrZd vkSj vFkkZifÙkokfrZd uked
f'kokfnR; osQ vU; nks xzUFkksa dh ppkZ gSA f'kokfnR; dk y{[Link] xzUFk izk;% yqIr
gks pqdk gSA f'kokfnR; feJ dk le; mn;ukpk;Z (1025&1100 bZ-) osQ i'pkr~
cknsUnz (1100&1225 bZ-) ls iwoZ dk gSA ikWVj us budk tUe (1100&1150 bZ-) eè;
ekuk gSA2
lIrinkFkhZ osQ uke ls gh Li"V gks tkrk gS fd buesa nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;]
fo'ks"k] leok; vkSj vHkko dk foospu gqvk gSA ;|fi oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa lIrinkFkks±
dh ekU;rk gS fiQj Hkh f'kokfnR; feJ ls igys fo}kuksa us [Link]=k dk vuqlj.k djrs
gq, N% inkFkks± dk foospu fd;k gSA xzUFkdkj us Lo;a fy[kk gS fd&rs p æO;
[Link];fo'ks"kleok;kHkkok[;k%lIrSoA3 bUgha lIr inkFkks± osQ vk/kj ij
xzUFkdkj us vius xzUFk dk uke lIrinkFkhZ j[kk gSA
ia- f'kokfnR; xzUFkkjEHk essa lkaLÑfrd ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, Hkxoku 'kadj
o xq# dks [Link] djrs gSA lIrinkFkhZ esa f'kokfnR; feJ us 1&55 lw=kksa rd mís';
[k.M ekuk gS rFkk 56 ls 163 osa lw=k rd y{k.k izdj.k ekuk gSA f'kokfnR; us xzUFk
dh lekfIr ij fy[kk gS&
lIr}hik/jk;kor~ ;kor~ lIr/jk/jk%A
rkoRlIrinkFkhZ;eLrq oLrq izdkf'kuhAA4
vr% Li"V gS fd lIrinkFkhZ oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ [Link] fl¼kUrksa dk [Link];
[Link] <ax ls cks/ djkus esa [Link];k l{ke gSA

1- ogh----- i`-&218
2- MkW- HkwisUnz jkBkSj] 'kks/i=k izdkf'kr laLÑrfoe'kZ if=kdk] fnYyh] i`&1
3- lIrinkFkhZ] i`-&3
4- ogh------ i`-&153
250 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(5) [Link]×tjh
[Link]×tjh loZnso lwfj dh ,d vuqie Ñfr gSA [Link]×tjh in dk
O;qRifÙkH; vFkZ gS&[Link] izÑra 'kkL=ke~A rr~ ikniLFkkuh;e~ rL;s;a e×tjh
oYyjh vfHkuoiYyoLFkkuh;sfr vFkkZr~ izek.k dk vFkZ oS'ksf"kd 'kkL=k gS mldk
;g e×tjh Hkwr xzUFk gSA1 [Link]×tjh oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk ,d [Link] vkSj izkphu
izdj.k xzUFk gSA blesa oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ lIrinkFkks± dk foospu fo'ks"k :i ls fd;k
x;k gSA bldk ewy izfrik| Hkh lIrinkFkZ gh gS] tks Hkko&vHkko osQ Hksn ls yf{kr
gS [Link]×tjhdkj us&vfHk/s;% inkFkZ%A l HkkokHkkoHksnsu f}/k iwoksZ fof/
fo"k;%A l "kks<+k æO;kfnHksnsuA vFkkZr~ inkFkZ tkuus ;ksX; gSA og Hkko vkSj vHkko
osQ Hksn ls nks izdkj dk gS] Hkko inkFkZ fof/ dk fo"k; gSA ;gk¡ fof/ ls rkRi;Z gS
fu"ks/ jfgr] ;Fkk nzO;xq.k vkfnA Hkko inkFkZ nzO;kfn osQ Hksn ls N% izdkj dk gSA2
vkRek] cqf¼] [Link] 'kCn tSls jgL;[Link] fo"k;ksa ij xzUFkdkj dk fopkj
;FkkFkZr% iz'kaluh; gSA f}Ro la[;k] ikdt xq.k rFkk foHkkxt foHkkxkfn nq:g fo"k;ksa
dk ljyrk ls izfriknu fd;k gSA oS'ksf"kdks osQ izR;{k vkSj vuqeku izek.k ij izÑr
xzUFk esa foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA xzUFkdkj us vuqeku izek.k dk foLrkjiwoZd foospu
fd;k gSA vuqeku bl xzUFk dk [Link]:i gSA vU; [Link] dk mDr nksuksa [Link] esa
vUrHkkZo fn[kk;k x;k gSA LFky&LFky ij ckS¼ksa us fopkjksa dk cgqr gh vkstLoh Hkk"kk
essa [[Link] fd;k x;k gSA mfpr LFkyksa ij ehekald rFkk osnkfUr;ksa osQ er dk Hkh
[[Link] gqvk gSA U;k;er dk ;Fkkolj [[Link] djrs gq, oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa dh
n`<+rkiwoZd O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA vUr esa] vkpk;Z us rRoKku ls fu%Js;l~ (eks{k) dh
mRifÙk fn[kkbZ gS&vkRekdnkfpr~'ks"kfo'ks"kxq.k'kwU; vfuR;&fo'ks"[Link]~ ikfFkZo&
[Link] ukdk'ksO;fHkpkj% rL;kfi rFkk lk/ukr~A3
[Link]×tjh ij rhu Vhdk;sa gS] ;s Øe'k% Jhen~ v};kj.;] okeuHkV~V rFkk
cyHknz feJ osQ }kjk fojfpr gSA [Link]×tjh ij iz'kLriknHkk"; dk cgqr vf/d
izHkko feyrk gSA izks- vuUrykyBDoqQj us Li"V 'kCnksa esa fy[kk gS fd&iz'kLrikn dk
laf{kIr :i gh [Link]×tjh gSA4 bl izdkj oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ [Link] fl¼kUrksa dk
[Link];[Link] <ax ls cks/ djkus esa [Link]×tjh xzUFk l{ke gSA

1- [Link]×tjh cyHknz Vhdk] i`-&3

2- [Link]×tjh i`-&105
3- Origion and Development of the Vaisesika System p.-308
4- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy i`-&1 (Hkwfedk)
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 251
(6) y{[Link]
Hkkjrh;n'kZu dh izfrHkkvksa esa mn;ukpk;Z izfl¼ nk'kZfud fo}ku gSA budk
tUe 10oha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa fefFkyk esa ^[Link]* uked xzke esa mPp czkã.k
oqQy esa gqvk FkkA buosQ tUedky osQ fo"k; esa fookn ugha gS D;ksafd y{[Link] xzUFk
esa Lo;a us fy[kk gS&
rdkZEcjkizifz ers"orhrs"kq 'kdkUrr%A
o"ksZ"kwn;u'pozsQ lqcks/ka y{k.kkoyheAA1
y{[Link] xzUFk esa lIrinkFkks± dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA inkFkZ dh ifjHkk"kk
& vfHk/s;% inkFkZ% nh gS vFkkZr~ vfHk/s;Ro gh inkFkZ dk lkekU; y{k.k gSA2
mn;ukpk;Z us nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k] leok; rFkk vHkko bu lkr inkFkks±
dk ukeksYys[k fd;k gSA mUgksaus nzO; osQ rhu y{k.k izLrqr fd;s gS tks rkfoZQd n`f"V
ls 'kq¼ gksrs gq, ikfjHkkf"kd n`f"V ls dfBu gS & v=k [Link];UrkHkkokuhè[Link]
æO;e~A ewrRZ ojfgrleosrleosrRojfgrewrRZ ojfgrHkosrtkfren~ ok xUèkkleosr&
xxukjfoUnleosrtkfren~ okA xU/kleosrxxukjfoUnleosrtkfren~ okA3 xq.k osQ
fo"k; esa vkpk;Z dk er gS fd&[Link] ls leok; lEcU/ gksuk gh lHkh [Link] dk brj
O;koÙkZd /eZ vFkok y{k.k tkuuk pkfg,] vFkkZr~ [Link] uked lkekU; fo'ks"k osQ
lkFk ftudk leok; lEcU/ gS] os gh xq.k gS blhfy, os brj inkFkZ nzO;kfn ls fHkÂ
gSA4 deZ osQ izlax esa vkpk;Z us fy[kk gS&la;ksx esa vleosr] la;ksx osQ vleokf;
esa leosr jgus okyk deZ gSaA5 lkekU; leosr jfgr lc vkJ;ksa esa vU;ksU;kHkko dk
lekukf/dj.k leosr gS & leosrjfgrlokZ&U;ksU;kHkkolekukf/[Link] leosra
lkekU;e~A6 leosrRojfgrlokZU;ksU;kHkkolekukf/dj.;jfgr leosr~ gh fo'ks"k
inkFkZ gSA7 leok; og inkFkZ gS tks vizkIr ugha] izkIr gh inkFkZ gksrs gS] mudh izkfIr
fuR; gksus ij leok; dgk tkrk gSA8 vHkko u×k~ vFkZd Kku dk fo"k; gS u×k~
vFkZizR;;fo"k;ks¿Hkko%A9 bl izdkj lIr inkFkks± dh flf¼ gksrh gSA

1- y{[Link]] i`-&1
2- y{[Link]] i`-&2&3
3- ogh---- i`-&16
4- ogh---- i`-&24
5- ogh----- i`-&25
6- ogh---- i`-&25
7- ogh----- i`-&25] 26
8- ogh----- i`-&26
9- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy (fgUnh O;k[;k) i`-&18 (Hkwfedk)
252 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
bl y{[Link] osQ vfrfjDr mn;ukpk;Z osQ xzUFkksa esa iz'kLrikn Hkk"; ij
[Link] Vhdk] U;k;lw=k ij U;k;okfrZdrkRi;Z Vhdk ifj'kqf¼ Vhdk xzUFk fy[kk gSA
budk ,d xzUFk vkRek osQ foospu izlax esa gS] ftldk la{ksi esa [Link] bl izdkj gSA

(d) vkReRofoosd
vkRerRofoosd esa pkj ifjPNsn gSA izFke rhu ifjPNsnksa esa ckS¼ksa osQ erksa dk
[[Link] fd;k x;k gSA vfUre ifjPNsn esa vkRerRo dh flf¼ dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
blosQ milagkj esa mn;ukpk;Z us fy[kk gS&
cgqrjijrU=kizkUrjèokUrHkhfrfLrferifFkdj{kklkFkZokgsu ;Rukr~
bneqn;djs.k U;k;yksdkxekuka] O;f×tra oReZ eqDrs%AA
ukL; 'yk?kkedfyrxq.k% iks"k;u~ izhr;s u%A
dksU/Sf'pÂLrqfr'krfo/kS f'kfYiu~ L;kr~ izd"kZ%AA
fuUnkeso izFk;rq tu% fdUrq nks"kkfÂ:I;A
izs{;kaLrL; L[kfyropua izh.k;snso Hkw;%AA1
([k) U;k;oqQlqek×tfy
izÑr U;k;oqQlqek×tfy xzUFk mn;ukpk;Z dk lcls vf/d [Link] xzUFk gSA
bl xzUFk dh jpuk osQ fy, mUgsa dY;[Link]{kr dh bZ'ojHkaxdkfjdk ls izjs .kk izkIr gqbAZ
blesa bZ'oj dh flf¼ rFkk Kku vkSj izek.k dk foospu gSA eaxy'yksd esa bZ'oj dh
flf¼ osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS&
lRi{kizlj% lrka ifjeyizks}ks/c¼ksRloksA
foEykuks u foenZus¿e`rjlizL;UnekèohdHkw%A
bZ'kL;S"k fuosf'kr% in;qxs Hk`axk;[Link] Hkze&
Ppsrks esa je;Rofo?ueu/ks U;k;oqQlqek×tfy%AA1AA2
bl xzUFk esa ik¡p LrEcd gSA ftlesa bZ'oj dh flf¼ rFkk fofHk erksa dh
eq[;r% foospuk gSA bl xzUFk dkfjdk vkSj mudh O;k[;k esa foHkDr gSA xzUFkdkj us
xzUFk osQ vUr esa dkeuk dh gS fd bl xzUFk dh jpuk ls fdlh vkfLrd ;k ukfLrd
dk Hkys gh midkj u gks ijUrq gekjk ;g iz;Ru Hkxoku~ dks rks vo'; gh izlÂ
djsxkA
bR;s"k uhfroqQlqek×tfy:TToyJh]
;Z}kl;snfi p nf{[Link] }kSA
1- ogh----- i`-&2
2- U;k;oqQlqek×tfy] i`-&213
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 253
uks ok rr% fdeejs'kxqjksxqZ:Lrq]
izhrks¿LRosu inihBleiZ.ksuAA1
bl izdkj ;g vkdj xzUFk gS vkSj U;k; osQ [Link] dk ijh{kk fud"k gSA blosQ
mQij izdk'k] edjUn vkfn vusd Vhdk&izVhdk fy[kh x;h gSA Jh gfjnkl HkV~Vkpk;Z
us bldh ewy dkfjdkvksa ij ljy o lqcks/ O;k[;k fy[kh gSA

(7) U;k;yhykorh
bl ekSfyd xzUFk jRu dh jpuk Jh oYyHkkpk;Z us dh gSA U;k;yhykorh
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d xzUFk gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k iqLrd esa MkW-
'kf'kizHkkoqQekj dk er gS fd ;g iz'kLriknHkk"; dh Vhdk u gksdj ,d LorU=k xzUFk
gh izrhr gksrk gS] Hkys gh yhykorh uked dh iz'kLriknHkk"; dh dksbZ O;k[;k jgh
gksxh] ijUrq og vuqiyC/ gSA ;g xzUFk pkS[kEck laLÑr lhjht ls izdkf'kr gqvk gSA2
U;k;yhykorh pkj ifjPNsnksa esa foHkDr gS&1- foHkkxifjPNsn] 2- oS/E;ZijfPNsn] 3-
lk/E;ZifjPNsn rFkk 4- izfØ;kifjPNsnA xzUFkkjEHk osQ eaxykpj.k esa vkpk;Z us
iq:"kksÙke Hkxoku~ vFkkZr~ fo".kq dks ueLdkj fd;k gS&
ukFk% l`tR;ofr ;ks txnsdiq=k%
izhR;k rr% ijefuo`ZfÙkekn/kfrA
rLeS ue% lgtnh?kZÑikuqcU/&
yC/f=krÙoruos iq:"kksÙkek;AA1AA3
vkpk;Z us inkFkks± dh la[;k N% ekuh gS] ijUrq vHkko dks Hkko&fHk lIre
inkFkZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA4 iwoZi{kh us re] 'kfDr] Kkrrk] oSf'k"V~;]
vkèkkjkèks; Hkkolkn`'; bu N% rRoksa osQ inkFkZRo gksus dh vk'kadk;sa vfHkO;Dr dh5
rks mudk fuokj.k vkpk;Z us bl izdkj fd;k gS&
reµ;fn uhy:i re gS] ,slh izrhfr gh reksfo"kf;.kh gS] rks :i gh re gS] re dksbZ
i`Fko~Q izes; ugha] ;gh fl¼ gksrk gSA
'kfDrµ'kfDr Hkh vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha ekuh tk ldrh] pw¡fd mlosQ vfrfjDr
inkFkZRo esa dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA

1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&14] 15

2- U;k;yhykorh] i`-&1] 2
3- "kMso inkFkkZ-------vHkko'p oDrO;ks fu%Js;lksi;ksfxRokHkkoizi×por~A U;k;yhykorh
i`-&10&16
4- ogh----- i`-&18&28
5- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:i.k] i`-&30] 31
254 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
KkrrkµKkrrk Hkh lIr inkFkks± osQ vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha gS] vr% mls Hkh fujkÑr gh
tkuuk pkfg,A
oSf'k"V~;µbls i`Fko~Q inkFkZ ugha eku ldrs] D;ksafd mldk u rks ?kVkHkko esa vkSj u
gh Hkwry esa vuqHko gksrk gS] vfirq og Kku Lo:i gh gSA
vk/kjk/s;Hkkoµbls Hkh inkFkZ dh [Link] esa ugha j[kk tkrk] D;ksafd xq#Ro (xq.k) dk
izfrcU/d eku ysus ij gh fuokZg gks tkrk gSA
lkn`';µlkekU; esa vUrHkwZ gksus osQ dkj.k lkn`'; dks i`Fko~Q inkFkZ ugha ekuk tk ldrk
gSA bl izdkj oYyHkkpk;Z us mDr rRoksa osQ inkFkkZUrjRo dk fujkdj.k dj ;gh
fl¼ fd;k gS fd inkFkZ (Hkko) N% gh gSA1
(8) ekueuksgj
U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu osQ [Link] izkphure xzUFkksa esa okfnokxh'ojkpk;Z Ñr
ekueuksgj dk mYys[kuh; LFkku gSA ekueuksgj 'kCn ls gh vfHkizsr gS fd&ekuS%
euksgj% vFkok euksgjkf.k ;=k vFkok [Link] euks ekueu% rL; gjks gÙkkZ
nef;RokA2 bl vfHkizk; dks vkpk;Z us izfrokfnxoZi'z kkUr;s 'kCn ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k
gSA ekueuksgjkpk;Z us lukru ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, fpRLo:[Link] 'kfDr dks
ueLdkj fd;k gS&
ueLrL;S egkHkwrc¼ku~ ve`rlsoukr~A
eksp;R;oqQyLFkkfi ;k 'kfDrf'pRLo:fi.khAA3
ueLdkjkRed eaxykpj.k osQ i'pkr~ vkpk;Z us Lofo"k; rFkk xzUFk iz.k;u osQ
fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd dFkk ('kkL=k ppkZ) esa xjtrs gq, okfn [Link] osQ xoZ dks 'kkUr
djus osQ fy, Jh okxh'ojkpk;Z osQ iq=k okfnokxh'oj osQ }kjk ekueuksgj uked nqxeZ
xzUFk dk iz.k;u fd;k tk jgk gSA bl xzUFk esa 10 izdj.k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&
flf¼ izdj.k fo'ks"k izdj.k
nzO; izdj.k leok; izdj.k
xq.k izdj.k vHkko izdj.k

1- ekueuksgj (Hkqous'ojh) fgUnhO;k[;k] (Hkwfedk) i`-&8

2- ogh---- i`-&14
uksV&ekueuksgjdkj dk le; ckjgohj 'krkCnh rFkk tUeLFkku [Link] izns'k ekuk
x;k gSA
3- ogh---- i`-&21&24 (Hkwfedk)
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 255
deZ izdj.k inkFkZ fujkdj.k izdj.k
lkekU; izdkj.k eks{k izdj.kA1
okfnokxh'oj us vHkko dks i`Fko~Q inkFkZ Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fdUrq re dks
i`Fko~Q nzO; u ekudj vHkko:i gh fl¼ fd;k gS rFkk fuEu N% osQ inkFkkZUrjRo dk
fujkl fd;k gS & 'kfDr] Kkrrk] fof'k"Vrk] fo"k;] lkn`'; rFkk iz/kuA
'kfDrµblosQ ln~Hkko esa dksbZ izek.k u feyus ls 'kfDr vfrfjDr inkFkZ ugha gSA
Kkrrkµdkj.k dh lkexzh gh Kku fo"k; dh fu;ked gS] vr% Kkrrk inkFkZ ugha gSA
fof'k"VrkµKku tud lkexzh dh fofp=krk ls gh fo"k;xr fof'k"Vkfn dh miifÙk
gks tkrh gS] blls fof'k"Vrk inkFkZRo dk fujkdj.k gks tkrk gSA
fo"k;&fo"k;hµmlosQ fu;ked dk;Zdyki ls gh Kku vkSj vFkZ dk fu;e cu tkus
ls fo"k;&fo"k;h dksbZ i`Fko~Q inkFkZ ugha gSA
lkn`';µlkn`'; dks vfrfjDr inkFkZ blfy, ugha ekurs D;ksfa d mlesa dksbZ izek.k ugha
gSA
iz/kuµ;g inkFkZ lka[;lEer gS bldk dksbZ lk/d izek.k miyC/ u gksus ls
fujkdj.k tks tkrk gSA2
fu"d"kZr% Li"V gS fd ekueuksgj oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d vewY; xzUFk jRu gS]
ftlesa U;k; n'kZu dh ijEijk dk Hkh fuokZg mfpr :i ls feyrk gS lkFk gh vU;
n'kZuksa osQ er&erkUrjksa dk rkfoZQd 'kSyh esa [Link] izkIr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z us inkFkZ dh
ifjHkk"kk u nsdj oS'ksf"kd lEer N% Hkko inkFkZ rFkk vHkko inkFkZ dks [Link] dj cqf¼
xq.k osQ vUrxZr izek.k ehekalk dks foLrkj iwod Z le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vUrr%
izR;{k rFkk vuqeku izek.k dks gh ekU;rk iznku dh gSA re nzO; dh vflf¼ 'kfDr
vkfn dk fujkl rFkk eks{k izdj.k dh foospuk xzUFk esa nk'kZfud ehekalk dks [Link] dj
jgh gSA

(9) Hkk"kkifjPNsn
blosQ [Link] fo'oukFkU;k;i×pkuu gSA xzUFk esa 168 dkfjdk;sa gS] ftlesa
oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ fl¼kUrksa dk lqpk: :i ls [Link] fd;k x;k gSA Hkk"kk ifjPNsn ij
vkpk;Z us vius fiz; f'k"; jktho osQ midkjkFkZ U;k;fl¼kUreqDrkoyh Vhdk fy[kh
gSA blesa [Link] izfrikfnr fl¼kUrksa dk foospu feyrk gSA3

1- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k&i`-&31] 32

2- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] i`-&222
3- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&13
256 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(10) roZQdkSeqnh
blosQ [Link] ykSxkf{kHkkLdj gSA budk fLFkfrdky 17oha 'krkCnh dk gSA ;g
xzUFk y?kqdysoj ls ;qDr U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ls lEcU/ j[krk gSA U;k;fl¼kUrksa osQ
izfriknu vkSj 'kSyh esa ;g uO; U;k; dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUrksa osQ
izfriknu esa iz'kLrikn Hkk"; dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA

(11) oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj
fo}[Link]'kadjfeJfojfpr ;g xzUFk oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa dh O;k[;k izLrqr
djrk gSA budk tUe 14oha 'krkCnh ;k oqQN o"kZ i'pkr~ ekuk x;k gSA1 budk tUe
LFkku lfjlo xzke gS tks fcgkj osQ njHkaxk ftys esa fLFkr gSA buosQ fuokl LFkku osQ
lehi ,d iks[kjk gS] ftls ^pekbuiks[kjk* dgrs gSA2
'kadj feJ us lHkh 'kkL=kksa dk vè;;u vius firk ia- HkoukFk feJ ls gh
fd;k FkkA ;g lHkh 'kkL=kksa ij leku vf/dkj j[krs Fks ijUrq U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk
[Link]; izn'kZu budh vizfrgr izfrHkk dk ewrZLo:i gSA blhfy, Jh feJ osQ
O;k[;k xzUFkksa osQ vfrfjDr U;k; oS'ksf"kd 'kkL=k ij buosQ LorU=k xzUFk Hkh gS] ftuesa
HksnjRu izeq[k gSaA3 ftldk ljLorh Hkou] [Link] ls 1933 bZ- esa gqvkA Jh 'kadj
feJ osQ n'kZu o dkO; ls lEcfU/r 15 xzUFk izkIr gksrs gSA4
oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa ij fy[kk x;k ,d Vhdk xzUFk gSa mUgksaus
Lo;a fy[kk gS fd&¶eSa [Link] izkphu rFkk uohu uS;kf;dksa osQ erksa dk laxzg djus
okyh miLdkj uked O;k[;k dj jgk gw¡A l;ksxknHkko%deZ.k%A5¸ miLdkj Vhdk &
ewÙkZla;[Link];osxxq#Rokns% izfrcU/kr [Link]¿Hkkoks¿uqRiknks u Rok&
dk'kkHkkokr~ rL; O;kidRokr~A rLeknkdk'kkUo;ks¿U;Fkkfl¼ ,o ukdk'kfufeÙkrka
lk/;rhR;FkZA6
bl izdkj vkpk;Z dk [Link]; miLdkj esa in&in ij leqiyC/ gS vkSj
fo'ks"k :i esa eaxyokn] eqfDrokn] la'k;fu:i.k] O;kfIrokn] ikdizfØ;k] f}RoizfØ;k
rFkk cgql[a ;k Lo:i dk foospu nz"VO; gSA7 dydÙkk ls izdkf'kr ^ifj"dkj* bldh

1- ogh----- i`-&10
2- ogh----- i`-&11
3- ogh---- i`-&14] 15
4- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&3 (Hkwfedk)
5- oS'ksf"kdlw=k&2@1@23
6- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`-&147
7- ogh---- i`-&16
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 257
Vhdk gS tks e-e- i×pkuuroZQjRu us fy[kh gSA1
(12) roZQlaxzg
vÂaHkV~V dh vR;Ur yksdfiz; jpuk roZQlaxzg gS rks izkjfEHkd Lrj ij U;k;&
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ewy vo/[Link] ls ifjp; djkrh gSA xzUFkdkj us Lo;a fy[kk gS&
fu/k; âfn fo'os'ka fo/k; xq#oUnue~A
ckykuka lq[kcks/k; fØ;rs roZQlaxzg%AA2
roZQ;Urs izfrik|Urs bfr rdkZ% æO;kfnlIrinkFkkZ%] rs"kk [Link] laxzg%
bfr roZQlaxzg%A bl O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj oS'ksf"kd n'kZukfHker nzO;] xq.k] deZ]
lkekU;] fo'ks"k] leok; vkSj vHkko uked lIr inkFkZ roZQ gS] lexz fo'o esa ewy
:i ls ;s inkFkZ lkr gh gS] ftuosQ vUnj lalkj dh leLr oLrq,¡ lekfgr gSA
rD;ZUrs¿usufs r roZQ% [Link]~ vFkkZr~ ftlosQ }kjk ize;s ksa dk Kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gS]
og roZQ gSA [Link] ls ize;s ksa dh flf¼ gksus osQ dkj.k izek.k dks roZQ ekuk tk ldrk
gSA bl O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj U;k;kfHker izR;{k&vuqeku&mieku rFkk 'kCn bu pkj
[Link] dk foospu gSA3
roZQlaxzg osQ vUr esa mYys[k gS fd µ losZ"kka inkFkkZuka ;Fkk;FkeqDrs"oUr&
HkkZokr~ lIrSo inkFkkZ bfr fl¼e~A
[Link];k;er;ksckZyO;qRifÙkfl¼;sA
vÂEHkV~Vsu fonq"kk jfprLroZQlaxzgAA4
vr% Li"V gS fd lalkj osQ leLr inkFkZ iwoZdfFkr lkr inkFkks± esa gh
;FkklEHkko vUrHkwZr gks tkrs gS] vr% inkFkZ lkr gh gS] buls vfrfjDr dksbZ vU;
inkFkZ ugha gSA bUgha inkFkks± osQ lE;o~Q Kku ls euq"; dks vH;qn; ,oa fu%Js;l~ dh
izkfIr gksrh gS] ftlls vkR;kfUrd nq%[k dh fuo`fÙk gksrh gSA
vÂHkV~V us roZQlaxzg osQ mQij ^roZQlaxzgnhfidk* uked Vhdk fy[kh gS tks
U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk vfxze lksiku gSA blesa [Link] l`f"VizfØ;k] ikdizfØ;k
izHk`fr izk;% U;k; oS'ksf"kd lEer fl¼kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA blesa ehekald
ckS¼] pkokZd] osnkUr ls ysdj iwoZi{k dk Hkh rkfoZQd jhfr ls [[Link] fd;k gSA

1- ogh---- i`-&17
2- roZQlaxzg (eaxy'yksd)] i`-&1
3- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&21 (Hkwfedk)
4- ogh--- i`-&132
258 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
roZQlaxzg ij yxHkx 30 Vhdk,¡ laLÑr] fgUnh rFkk vaxzsth esa miyC/ gksrh gSaA1
(13) [Link]~
[Link]Ùk Ñr [Link]~ oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk ,d [Link] xzUFk gSA bl xzUFk
dk izdk'ku i- xksiky'kkL=kh usus us fd;k FkkA tks 1930 bZ- esa cukjl ls izdkf'kr
gqvk gSA [Link]Ùk 18oha lnh esa xqtjkr izkUr essa ohjs'oj osQ ?kj mRi gq;s FksA
[Link]~ osQ vfrfjDr buosQ 12 xzUFk jRu gSA Jh [Link]Ùk us inkFkZrRofu:i.k
esa [[Link] inkFkks± dk iqu% [Link] fd;k gSA blfy, bl xzUFk dk uke inkFkZ [Link]~
iM+k gSA
[Link] us JhÑ".k dh oUnukdj fufoZ?u xzUFk lekfIr dk vk'khokZn
izkIr fd;k gSa mUgksaus fy[kk gS&
ekrja nf/foeUFkuknjka oh{; uUnru;L; â";r%A
Jh gjs% LiqQjnrho papyk nk;Urq nqfjra n`xPpykAA2
[Link]Ùk us nzO;] xq.k] deZ] /eZ vkSj vHkko ;s ik¡p inkFkZ ekus gSA tks Hkko
inkFkZ gSA buesa nzO;ksa dh la[;k 9 gS&æO;a rq JqfrlEera i`fFkO;kfn uoSo gSA vFkkZr~
Jqfr lEer nzO;&i`fFkoh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk'k] dky] fno~Q] vkRek vkSj euA3
[Link] dh la[;k 24 u ekudj 19 ekuh gSA os i`FkDRo] ijRo] vijRo rFkk la[;k dks
xq.k ugha ekurs rFkk /eZ&v/eZ osQ LFkku ij ,d vn`"V dks gh Lohdkj djrs gSA4
deZ osQ izlax esa ^deZxeuk[;eso* vFkkZr~ xeu gh deZ gS] fy[kk gSA5 [Link]Ùk us
/eZ inkFkZ osQ 9 Hksn crk;s gS tks la[;k] lkekU;] fo'ks"k] oSf'k"V~;] fo"k;rk] dk;ZRo]
[Link]] LoRo ,oa 'kfDr gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa bl izdkj dk fpUru vyx gh izrhr

1- roZQlaxzg osQ vfrfjDr vkpk;Z osQ n'kZu lEcfU/r vU; [Link] xzUFk gSA ftldk
ukeksYys[k fuEu gS&
(d) roZQlaxzg osQ mQij ^roZQlaxzgnhfidk* uked VhdkA
([k) t;nso fojfpr ^rRofpUrke.;kyksd* xzUFk ij fl¼k×tuVhdkA
(x) mn;ukpk;Z osQ ^U;k;ifjf'k"V* ij izdk'kVhdkA
(?k) ^czãlw=k* ij ferk{kjkVhdkA
(Ä) ^rU=kokfrZd* osQ mQij lqcksf/uhlq/klkjVhdkA
(p) ^v"Vkè;k;h* dh ferk{kjkVhdkA
(N) dkR;k;u osQ 'kqDy;tqosZnizkfr'kk[; ij Hkk";AA
2- [Link]~] i`-&1
3- ogh---- i`-&36
4- ogh---- i`-&36
5- [Link]~] i`-&36
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 259
gksrk gSA1 vHkko osQ fo"k; esa lalxkZHkko rFkk vU;ksU;kHkko ;s nks Hksn Lohdkj fd;s gSA2
xzUFk osQ vUr esa [Link]Ùk us xzUFk iz;kstu vkSj le; dk fu:i.k fd;k gSA xzUFk
iz;kstu osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd tks bZ'ojoknh ugha gS ;k tks ukfLrd gS muosQ lgh
ekxZ osQ fy, geus ewy [Link] fy[kh gS] mu yksxksa osQ vuqxgz osQ fy, [Link]~
uked xzUFk fy[kk x;k gSA vr% Li"V gS fd xzUFkdkj us vKkuh tuksa dks lr~ ekxZ
dh vksj izo`Ùk djus osQ fy, xzUFk dh jpuk dh gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr oS'ksf"kd n'kZd ij O;k[;k xzUFk izkIr gq, gS] ftudk foospu
vk/qfud laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (lIre [k.M) esa izkIr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ij mudk
ukeksYys[k djus dk iz;kl gS&
Ø-la- vkpk;Z VhdkxzUFk izdk'ku le;
1- mÙkewj ohjk?kokpk;Z jlk;u O;k[;k 1958 bZ-
2- Lokeh gfjizlkn oSfnd o`fÙk 1961 bZ-
3- czãeqfuifjozktd czãeqfu Hkk"; 1962 bZ-
4- dk'khukFk 'kekZ inkFkZ O;k[;k 1972 bZ-
5- t;ukjk;.kroZQi×pkuu foo`fÙk 1867 bZ-
;g O;k[;k 'kadjfeJ [Link] oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj ij fy[kh xbZ gSA
6- i×pkuu HkV~Vkpk;ZroZQjRu ifj"dkjVhdk 1906 bZ-
7- pUnzdkUr rdkZyÄïkj rRokoyh 1866 bZ-
8- I;kjsyky vkRet Hkk";kuqokn% 1886 bZ-
9- nsonÙk 'kekZ Hkk";kuqokn 1886 bZ-
10- Vh mÙkewjohjjk?kokpk;Z oS'ksf"kd jlk;ue~ 1958 bZ-
11- nSf'kdfr:eySrkrkpk;Z lqxek 1979 bZ-3
ijUrq bl izlax esa FkksM+k d"V Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd [Link]~ osQ i'pkr~
U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ijEijk esa inkFkZ osQ lEcU/ esa dksbZ ekSfyd fopkjksa okyk xzUFk
miyC/ ugha gksrk gSA

oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk n'kZulkfgR; esa vonku

[Link] Hkkjrh; n'kZu okÄ~e; esa U;k; ,oa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu izo`fÙk&fuo`fÙk
1- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&35
2- [Link]~] i`-&27] 28
3- vk/qfud laLÑr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (lIre [k.M) i`-&540 ls 570 rd
260 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
mHk;ksUeq[k lkekftd thou osQ lqpk: l×pkyu gsrq loksPZ p LFkku ij izfr"Bkfir gS]
;g /zqo lR; gSA dgk Hkh x;k gS&
;[Link]/Ùks l /eZ osn usrj%A
[Link] [Link];×p loZ'kkL=kksidkjde~A1
[Link]'kZu ,oa [Link];O;kdj.k leLr'kkL=kksa osQ midkjd gksrs gSA ftl
izdkj 'kCnksa osQ ;FkkFkZLo:i dk [Link]; djus gsrq [Link]; O;kdj.k ijeksi;ksxh gS
mlh izdkj inkFkks± osQ Lo:i [Link]; gsrq [Link] Ñr oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh mikns;rk
lokZfr'kk;h gSaA
egf"kZ [Link] [Link] oS'ksf"kd lw=k gh bl n'kZu dk ewyk/kj gSA oS'ksf"kd lw=k
10 vè;k;ksa esa fuc¼ gS] izR;sd vè;k; esa nks&nks vkfÉd gSA muesa [Link] fo"k;ksa dk
Øe fuEu gS&
izFke vè;k; & inkFkZdFkuA
f}rh; vè;k; & nzO;dFkuA
r`rh; vè;k; & vkRek&euA
prqFkZ vè;k; & 'kjhjkfnA
i×pe vè;k; & deZA
"k"B vè;k; & /eZA
lIre vè;k; & xq.k leok;A
v"Ve vè;k; & izR;{[Link]
uoe vè;k; & vHkkogsrAq
n'ke vè;k; & vuqekuA
(1) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu izkjfEHkd inkFkZ&fo|k dk fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA bl n'kZu esas
loZizFke /eZ dks ekU;rk iznku dh gS & ;rks¿H;qn;fu%Js;lflf¼% l
èkeZ%A2 /ekZu"q Bku ls vUr%dj.k dh 'kqf¼ gksrh gS] vUr% dj.k 'kqf¼ ls oSjkX;
vkrk gS] oSjkX; ls ;ksxkH;kl gksrk gS vkSj ;ksxkH;kl ls rÙo dk lk{kkRdkj
gksrk gSA bl izdkj rÙoKku osQ fy, [Link] /eZ dk ikyu o èkekZuq"Bku
vko';d gSA /eZ esa osnksa dks gh izek.k ekuk x;k gS & r}puknkEuk;L;
izkek.;e~A3
1- roZQlaxzg O;k[;kdkj vkpk;Z Jh fuokl 'kekZ] i`-&1 (izLrkouk)
2- oS'ksf"kdn'kZue~] i`-&4
3- "kM~n'kZuleqPp;] i`-&16
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 261
(2) /eZ vkfn iq:"kkFkZ prq"V; dh flf¼ inkFkks± osQ rRoKku ls gksrh gSA ;Fkk &
/eZfo'sk"kizlwrkn~ æO;[Link];fo'ks"kleok;kuka inkFkkZuka lèkE;Z&
oSèkE;kZH;krÙoKkukfÂ%Js;le~A1 vr% bl n'kZu esa HkkSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed
inkFkks± dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA
(3) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ osQoy vfHk/s; gh ugha] Ks; Hkh ekus x;s gSA vr%
inkFkZ osQ lEcU/ esa oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk lokZf/d [Link] ;ksxnku ;gh gS fd
mlus inkFkZ dh fopkjfujis{k rFkk oLrqxr lÙkk fl¼ dh gSA
(4) oS'ksf"kd dk inkFkZoxhZdj.k rFkk [Link]] HkkSfrdokn ,oa {[Link]
ls Js"B gS vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu osQ fodkl Øe esa ,d [Link] Lrj gSA
(6) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu osQ vuqlkj inkFkZ osQ nks Hksn gS&Hkko rFkk vHkkoA Hkko inkFkZ
nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU;] fo'ks"k rFkk leok; gSA bu lkr inkFkks± osQ vUrxZr
fo'o dh izR;sd oLrq vk tkrh gSA
(7) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa i`Foh] ty] rst] ok;q] vkdk'k] dky] fno~Q] vkRek vkSj eu
;s ukS izdkj osQ nzO; ekus x;s gSA
(8) i`fFkoh uked izFke nzO; dh ppkZ ls Li"V gksrk gS fd i`fFkohRo tkfr dh
flf¼ o`{kkfn osQ LFkkojRo vFkok txeRo lEcU/h fo'ys"k.k rFkk ikfFkZo 'kjhj
dh ik¡p HkkSfrdRo fo"k;d foizfÙkifÙk esa oS'ksf"kd nk'kZfudksa us foy{k.k ;qfDr
dkS'ky ,oa rRo n`f"V izLrqr dh gSA ^o`{kkfn* esa Hkh thou gS] ;g oS'ksf"kd
ekU;rk vk/qfud ouLifr foKku ls Hkh lefFkZr gSA
(9) foKku osQ lcls cM+s [Link] fo"k; [Link] dk vkfo"dkj oS'ksf"kd
n'kZu ls gqvk gSA bl fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij fo'o esa vusd vk'p;Ztud
ifjorZu gq, gSA
(10) U;k; oS'ksf"kd n'kZu vlRdk;Zokn dks ekurs gSA dk;Z mRifÙkiwoZ vlr~ gS] og
vius dkj.k esa fo|eku ugha jgrk gSA dk;Z ubZ mRifÙk gS] uwru l`f"V gS vkSj
mRifÙk ls gh mldh lÙkk dk izkjEHk gksrk gSA blfy, bls vkjEHkokn Hkh dgk
x;k gSA
(11) vkRek dks oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa Kku dk vkJ; dgk gSA vkRek vuUr gS] D;ksafd
izfr 'kjhj fHkÂ&fHk gSA bZ'oj dks Hkh blh nzO; osQ vUrxZr j[kk x;k gSA
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk egRo vkRek o ijekRek osQ Lo:i fu:i.k esa ugha] vfirq
mudh flf¼ ,oa flf¼ izdkj esa gSA2

1- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&2
2- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&69] 70] 603
262 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(12) vfUre nzO; ^eu* osQ foospu esa oS'ksf"kd nk'kZfudksa us euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k
dk lw=kikr fd;k gS vr% Kkuk;kSxi| :i eu% lk/d gsrq ,oa eu osQ [Link]
rFkk vuUrRo lEcU/h ;qfDr;k¡ gh bl n'kZu dk [Link] ;ksxnku gSA1
(13) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa xq.k nzO; osQ fLFkj] vifjorZuh; /eZ ekus x;s gSA [Link] dh
la[;k pkSchl gS] blls de ;k T;knk ugha gSA
(14) xq.k lk/E;Z osQ fu:i.k volj ij [Link] osQ ;kon~nzO;HkkfoRo&v;kon~ nzO;&
HkkfoRo lkekU;[Link]Ùo rFkk fo'ks"[Link] dh ppkZ nk'kZfud n`f"V ls
[Link] gSA blosQ vfrfjDr xq.k ,oa [Link] ,d gh vf/dj.k esa jgus ij Hkh
i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q inkFkZ gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ekSfyd dYiuk leok; ij
vkèkkfjr gksus ls ;g fl¼kUr mYys[kuh; gSA2
(15) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa xq.k ,d LorU=k inkFkZ gS tcfd oqQN n'kZuksa esa xq.k dks
LorU=k inkFkZ Lohdkj u dj mls [Link] ls loZFkk vfHk ekuk gSA
(16) jl xq.k osQ vUrxZr dbZ oS'ksf"kdkpk;ks± us ty dh uhjlrk dk fopkj fd;k
gS] ijUrq ;g er [[Link] ijEijk dk f'kdkj gqvk gS] D;ksfa d jl ty dk izèkku
xq.k gSA ty esa ;fn jl dks Lohdkj u fd;k tk;s rks 'kjhj dk Hkj.k iks"k.k
gh furkar fujk/kj rFkk vlaHko gks tk;sxkA3
(17) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk [Link] HkkSfrd fl¼kUr ikdizfØ;k gSA ihyqikdokn ,oa
fiBjikdokn lEcU/h lw{efookn dk lkjrRo ;gh gS fd nzO; osQ :i] jl]
xU/ vkfn [Link] dh ifjorZuh;rk dh O;k[;k dh tk losQA
(18) vis{kk cqf¼ ls f}Rok|qRifÙk izfØ;k ,oa la[;k dk oLrqr% lr~ Lo:i Hkh
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh [Link] LFkkiuk gSA bl fo"k; esa [Link]; n`f"V ls la[;k
osQ Lo:i ,oa oS'ksf"kdkfHker ekU;rk dh rqyuk djosQ ;g izfrikfnr fd;k
x;k gS fd oS'ksf"kd fl¼kUr loZFkk [Link]'kkL=kh LFkkiuk osQ vuq:i gh gSA4
(19) [Link] osQ ikd dks ekuus okys (ihyqikd)] ?kV osQ fo?kfVr gq, fcuk gh
mldk ikd ekuus okys (fiBjikd) erkuq;kf;;ksa esa tks oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.k gS]
og yksdizpfyr mfDr ls ;qDr gks pqdk gS&
f}Ros p ikdtksRirkS foHkkxs p foHkkxtsA
;L; u L[kfyrk cqf¼% ra oS'ksf"koaQ fonq%AA5
1- ogh---- i`-&603
2- ogh----- i`-&603
3- ogh--- i`-&604
4- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu&rqyukRed vè;;u] i`-&73
5- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] i`-&604
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 263
(20) oS'ksf"kderkuqlkj Kku (cqf¼) vkRek dk Lo:i ugha] vkxUrqd xq.k gS tks
mlesa 'kjhj la;ksx ls mRi gksrk gSA
(21) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dh [Link] cqf¼ xq.k osQ vUrxZr gSaA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa nks
gh izek.k ekus x;s gS & izR;{k rFkk vuqekuA buosQ vfrfjDr [Link] dk bUgha
nks [Link] esa vUrHkkZo gks tkrk gSA1
(22) Le`fr] vk"kZKku] LoIu ,oa LoIukfUrd vkfn Kku izdkjksa osQ foospu esa bl
n'kZu dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA2
(23) ^xq#Ro* xq.k dk oS'ksf"kd izfrikfnr Lo:i n`f"Vxr djus ij O;Dr gksrk gS
fd vk/qfud foKku esa U;wVu osQ xq:Rokd"kZ.k fl¼kUr uke ls izfl¼
[Link] fl¼kUr dk ewy vk/kj ;gh gSA3
(24) Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa izkek.;okn ,d cgqr [Link] fo"k; jgk gSA U;k;oS'ksf"kd
us Lor% izkek.;okn dk [[Link] djosQ ijr% izkek.; dk leFkZu djrk gSA4
(25) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa laLdkj xq.k osQ rhu Hksn crk;s x;s gS&osx] Hkkouk rFkk
fLFkfrLFkkidA
(26) 'kCn xq.k osQ fo"k; essa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh fo'ks"k ekU;rk ;g gS fd mls vkdk'k
nzO; dk lk/d gsrq ,oa fo'ks"kxq.k dgk x;k gS rFkk osn dks vikS:"ks; ekuus
ij Hkh 'kCn osQ vfuR;Ro ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
(27) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa deZinkFkZ dk [Link] LFkku gSA deZ osQ ik¡p Hksn gS&
mR{ksi.k] vi{ksi.k] vkoqQ×pu] izlkj.k rFkk xeuA roZQlaxzgnhfidk esa Hkze.k
vkfn deks± dh vkpk;ks± us 'kadk mBkbZ gS] mldk vUrHkkZo vÂEHkV~V us xeu
esa gh fd;k gSAa bu foHkktuksa dks MkW- n;kuUn HkkxZo us vR;Ur oSKkfud crk;k
gSA5
(28) oS'ksf"kd n'kZu us lkekU; dks inkFkZ fl¼ djus dk liQy ,oa lkFkZd iz;kl
fd;k gSA blosQ Hksnksa dk izfriknu Hkh fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq tkfr ck/d rRoksa
dk fu:i.k vFkok tkfr ,oa mikf/ dk vUrj bl n'kZu dh lw{e roZQ fo|k
dks ,d [Link] nsu gSA

1- loZn'kZulaxzg] i`-&360
2- iz'kLriknHkk";] i`-&174&180
3- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa inkFkZfu:[Link]~] i`-&604
4- ogh----- i`-&604
5- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu ,d vè;;u] i`-&205&207
264 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(29) fo'ks"k inkFkZ oS'ksf"kd lEiznk; dh ,d nsu gSA bl lEiznk; ls vfrfjDr
lEiznk; okyks us fo'ks"k dks loZFkk vLohdkj dj fn;k gSA3
(30) leok; lEcU/ dh dYiuk U;k;&oS'ksf"kd dk ,d fof'k"V fl¼kUr gSA blh
ij U;k; oS'ksf"kd dh lkjh nk'kZfud izfØ;k vk/kfjr gSA ;g leok; fuR;
lEcU/ gSA ;gk¡ fuR; ls rkRi;Z gS fd ;g dk;Z dh mRifÙk osQ fcuk mRiÂ
ugha gksrk rFkk dk;Z osQ uk'k osQ fcuk u"V ugha gksrkA4
(31) vHkko dh i`Fko~Q LohÑfr oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh ,d [Link] ekU;rk gSA U;k;
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu bls cká inkFkZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj djrk gSA
(32) U;k; oS'ksf"kd er esa l`f"V ,oa izR;; dk fl¼kUr [Link] gSaA
(33) ;ksx dk y{k.k djrs gq, oS'ksf"kdn'kZu esa dgk gS fd eu dh bZ'oj esa fLFkfr
gksus ij ftrus Hkh deZ fd, FksA mudk iQy Hkksxus osQ i'pkr~] u;s deks± osQ
vkjEHk u gksus osQ dkj.k nq%[kksa dk vHkko gks tkrk gSA ;gh voLFkk ;ksx dh
dgykrh gSA
(34) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ;g gS fd ekuo thou dk mís';
vH;qn; vkSj fu%Js;l~ dks izkIr djuk gSA ftu deks± dks djus ls ykSfdd oSHko
vkSj vkfRed dY;k.k izkIr gksrk gS] ogh /eZ vFkkZr~ thou dk drZO; gSA1
(35) egf"kZ [Link] us eks{k osQ fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd tc vn`"V osQ vHkko gksus ij
deZ pØ dh xfr dk vius gh vki vUr gks tkrk gS rc vkRek dk 'kjhj
ls lEcU/ VwV tkrk gS vkSj tUe ej.k dh ijEijk Hkh mlh osQ lkFk cUn gks
tkrh gS] lkFk gh lc nq%[kksa dk uk'k gks tkrk gS] ;gh eqfDr gSA2
(36) oS'ksf"kdn'kZu dk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh [Link] LFkku gSA3
bl izdkj Li"V gksrk gS fd oS'ksf"kdn'kZu vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa LokHkkfod
n'kZu gSA bl n'kZu dh LokHkkfod mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd blosQ inkFkZ ,sls vuqHko fl¼
gS fd ge vius nSfud O;ogkj esa Hkh lgt :i ls bUgha inkFkks± dk mi;ksx djrs
gSA O;kogkfjd gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g roZQ osQ vk/kj ij oSKkfud fLFkfr dk mn~Hkkou
djrs gSA

1- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k) i`-&119

2- oS'ksf"kdn'kZu rqyukRed vè;;u] i`-&157
3- roZQlaxzg (rUohO;k[;k)] i`-&126
4- rnukjEHk vkReLFk eufl 'kjhjL; nq%[kkHkko% l ;ksx%AA6AA oS'ksf"kd lw=k 5@2@26
5- Hkkjrh;n'kZu'kkL=k dk bfrgkl] i`-&622
Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud ijEijk esa oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ,d fpUru 265
blosQ vfrfjDr budh egÙkk blls Hkh fl¼ gksrh gS fd lk/kj.k iq:"k lalkj
esa vklDr jgrs gS] Dys'k dh vuqHkwfr gksus ij Hkh lkalkfjd mik;ksa osQ voyEcu esa
gh mudh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA mlh ekxZ ls ;g mins'k fn;k tk;s rks vkSj vf/d liQy
gksrk gSA blfy, izÑr n'kZu esa O;kogkfjd inkFkks± osQ ;FkkFkZ Kku dks eks{k dk mik;
cryk;k gSA1 bl mik; osQ voyEcu esa tulk/kj.k dh Hkh vf/d v:fp ugha
gksxhA vr% mi;qZDr mik; osQ vuqlj.k osQ }kjk ge yksxksa dks ije iq:"kkFkZ fu%Js;l~
dk vf/xe djuk pkfg,A

ggg

1- Hkkjrh;n'kZu] :ikyh JhokLro] i`-&145

laLÑr&foe'kZ% 2016 (vÄï%&11) ISSN : 0975-1769

fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr%

& izks- jkts'ojfeJ%
oqQ#{ks=k&fo'ofo|ky;%] oqQ#{ks=ke~

fucU/s¿fLeu~ fu#Drs osnkÄõs p Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwr% fl¼kUr%

foe`"Vks fo|rsA

izk;% loZfo/Kku&foKkukuka ewyÏksrLLo:is osns xzhdnk'kZfudkuka Hkk"kkfo"k;d&

lÄïsrsH;ks cgq izkxso Hkk"kk&fpUruL; izo`fÙkchZt:is.k n`Xxkspjh&HkofrA loZizFkee`Xosns
Hkk"kkfo"k;oaQ lwDr};eqiyH;rsA1 osns¿fLeu~ Hkk"kkfodklL; frÏ% voLFkk%&(1)
vO;DrHkk"kk (2) vkfneO;DrHkk"kk (3) okLrfodHkk"ksfr lÄïsfrrk%A2 Hkk"kkfoKku&
L;sfrgkls oSfnd&½f"kfHkjsoknkS LiqQVr;k 'kCnL; foHkkxprq"V;L; ppkZ Ñrklhr~A3
rRdkyhu&Hkkjrh;&½"[Link] Hkk"kkfo"k;osQ fpUrus Hkk"kk;k% mRiÙksjfi p rL;k% Lo:i&
lEc¼k% osQpu lÄïsrk vfi yH;UrsA lalkjL;kfoHkkZos.k lg rs ok.;k#RifÙkjfi nsosH;
,o LohoqQoZfUr] vfi p r ,rnI;ÄõhoqQoZfUr ;ns"kk oko~Q Hkwrkuka O;ogkjk; leqn~Hkwrk
fo|rsA4 ^lqlLa Ñrk okxso iz;ksDrO;k* bR;fLeu~ fo"k;s¿fi rs"kke`"[Link]`'kh vklhno&
/[Link] ;r~] ;Fkk /hjk% fo}kal% frrmuk lDrwu~ iwRoksiHkq×trs] rFkSo izKku;qDrsu eulk
okpa ifo=khÑR;] vFkkZr~ lE;x~fopk;Z funqZ"Va ÑRok ok rL;k O;ogkj% [Link];%] ;rks
ásrkn`'khokxso dY;[Link] HkofrA5 rs"kke`"[Link]`'ka fpUrua Hkk"kk&fpUruL;kèkkj&

1- nz"VO;] ½-] 10-71_ 10-125 lwDrA

2- rnso] 1-164-45 %
pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu rkfu fonqczkZã.kk ;s euhf"k.k%A
xqgk =khf.k fufgrk usÄõ;fUr rqjh;a okpks euq";k onfUrA
3- rnso] 1-164-45 % pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu-A
4- ogh] 8-100-11 %
nsoha okpetu;Ur nsokLrka fo'o:ik% i'koks onfUrA
lk uks eUnzs"kewt± nqgkuk /suqokZxLekuqilq"VqrSrqAA
5- ogh] 10-71-2 %
lDrqfeo frrmuk iquUrks ;=k /hjk eulk okpeØrA
v=kk l[kk;% l[;kfu tkurs HknzS"kka y{ehfuZfgrkf/ okfpAA
( 266 )
fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% 267
Hkwfefjfr oDrqa 'kD;rs] lEHkor% reoyEC;So ijofrZdkys Hkk"kkfpUruL; ijEijk
fodflrk izrh;rsA
osns¿U;=kkfi dfri;s"kq eU=ks"kq ok.;k% [Link]~] rL;k mPpkj.k&izfØ;sR;kn;ks¿fi
lÄïsfrrk fo|UrsA1 brksI;f/oaQ] osQ"kqfpr~ eU=ks"o;efi lÄïsr miyH;rs] ;ÙknkuhUrus
dkys O;oârHkk"kklq eU=kkfHkO;Dr;s ½f"kfHk% iz;qT;[Link] Hkk"kka ekud:ikeqjjhÑR;
rL;k fo'ys"[Link] fØ;rs Le2 rFkk oSfndLrqfr"ofi rL;k O;ogkj% fØ;rs LeA3
^vO;kÑrHkk"kk;k O;[Link]"Ñrfefr*] ½XosnL; eU=kL;SdL; (3-34-10)
Hkk";s osadVek/osukI;qfYyf[kre~A4 rs nsok bUnzeczwofÂeka uks okpa O;koqQohZfr*] rkfeUnzks
eè;rks¿oØE; O;kdjksÙkLekfn;s O;kÑrk okxqP;rs* bR;qfYy[kUrh Ñ".k&;tqonZs &lafgrk¿fi
rF;fena LiqQVa izek.k;frA5 eU=ks"osr"s ofHkO;Drkfu Jqfropukfu Li"Vr% lÄïrs ;fUr] ;r~
rkRdkfydk euhf"[Link] Hkk"kk;k vo;o:ikf.k lE;o~Qr;kocksf/roUr%] vfi p rs rL;k
fo'ys"[Link]] lw{ekè;;us p izo`Ùkk vklu~A inkuka [k.M'kks foHkktus (O;[Link]) 'kCn&
O;qRiÙ;FkZ×p] ewy/kRoFkZifjKkus¿Uos"[Link] ok rs"kka izo`fÙkjklhfnR;L; izHkwrlÄïsrk vfi
n`XiFkek;kfUrA [Link]; Ñrs O;oârS% ^iqjUnj%* (½- 1-102-7_ 2-20-7_ 3-
54-15_ 5-30-1_ 8-1-7&8 bR;kn;%) ^ijk"kkM~* (10-74-6) bR;kfnfHk% inS% LiqQVa
izrh;rs] ;r~ 'kCn&jpuk;ka fo|eku&izÑfr&izR;;ks% ifjdYiu;k oSfnd&½"k;% [Link]%
ifjfprk vklu~A ,rLekn~ O;frfjDre`Xosns ^f{k* bR;srLekn~/krksjf/[Link] fu"iÂL;
^f{kfr* bR;L; inL; fuoklkFksZ iz;ksx% (7-88-7)6] vFk p rLekr~ /krks% deZf.k
fu"iÂL; ^f{kfr* bR;L; inL; 'kklukFksZ (5-37-4)7 iz;ksxks¿fi rF;fena lÄïsr;fr]
;nsdLeknso ewy/krksfuZ"iÂkuka inkuka fHkÂizR;;o'kkn~ fHkÂdkjdo'kk}k tkrL;kFkZxrHksn&
L;kfi fo"k;s rs tkufUr LeA ,oa O;qRifÙkijdrÙokuka :ioSf'k"V~;fena oSfndxzUFks"kwÙk&
jksÙkja LiqQV:is.k nz"Vqa 'kD;rsA brksI;f/oaQ osns 'kCnkuka inkuka ok [Link];rqeFk
1- nz"VO;] ½-] 1-182-4_ 5-63-6_ 8-100-11
2- nz"VO;] ½-] 10-71-3 %
;Ksu okp% inoh;ek;u~ rkeUofoUnÂ`f"k"kq izfo"Vke~A
rkekHk`R;k O;n/q% iq#=kk rka lIr jsHkk vfHk la uoUrsAA
3- ogh] 10-125-3 % vga jk"Vªh laxeuh olwuka fpfdrq"kh izFkek ;fK;kuke~A
4- ogh] 3-34-10 in osadVHkk";&okp'pkO;kÑrk] fo&uquqns O;kpdkjA
5- rSfÙk-la-] 6-4-7 %
okXoS ijkP;O;kÑrk¿Hkor~] rs nsok bUnzecwzofÂeka uks okpa O;koqQohZfr&&&&&
rkfeUnzks eè;rks¿oØE; O;kdjksÙkLekfn;a O;kÑrk okxqP;rsA
6- ½-] 7-88-7 % /zqoklq Roklq f{kfr"kq f{k;Urks&&&&&A
7- ogh] 5-37-4 %
u l jktk O;Fkrs ;fLefÂnzLrhoza lksea ficfr xksl[kk;e~A
vlRouSjtfr gfUr o`=ka {ksfr f{krh% lqHkxks uke iq";u~AA
268 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
p inkuka [Link]; laj{[Link]± inikBkfnfHkeZU=kxr&(okD;xr&) inkuka i`[Link]
i`Fko~QKkus ok ½f"kfHk;Z% iz;klks fofgr%] lks¿fi Hkk"kkfo'ys"[Link]; izkjfEHkoaQ izk;ksfxoaQ
p :ieklhfnfr Lohdrq± 'kD;rs] ;rksfg 'kCn&O;qRifÙk% leklfoxzg'pkL;k/kjks¿fLrA
Hkk"kk;k% rÙofo'ys"[Link];kL; izo`Ùks% LiqQVks oSKkfud'p fodkl% f'k{kkxzUFks"kq] vFk p
izkfr'kk[;xzUFks"kq n`Xxkspjh HkofUrA ,rs fo'olkfgR;s èofufoKkuL; izkphurek xzUFkk%
lfUrA
osnxzUFkkukeuUrja Hkk"kk&fpUruL; fnukuqfnua o/Zekua dkfBU;a lek/krqeos lEHkor%
Hkkjrh;SeuZ hf"kfHkosnZ kÄõkU;kfo"Ñrkfu vklu~A oLrqrLRosr"s kka 'kqHkkjEHkks osnL; lE;xocksèkuk;So
Ñr vklhr~A osnkÄõ"s osr"s kq ;kLdfojfpra fu#DrosnkÄõeI;sdefLr] ;L; Hkk"kk'kkL=kL;k&
è;;u{ks=ks egnqi;ksfxRoa loZfofnresokfLrA LdUnLokfeu vkjH;k/qfudO;k[;ki¼rsjk&
fo"dkjd&teZu&fo};Z&jkWFki;ZUreFk p rs"kkeuq;kf;u%] izk;% losZ osnHkk";dkjk fu#Dr&
L;So :ifo'ks"ka rqyukRedHkk"kkfoKkuek/`R; osnkFkZizopua leqfpra eU;UrsA ik'pkÙ;&
fonq"kks jkWFkegksnL; ^teZuegkdk'ks%*] vFk p xzklekuegksnL;* oSfnddks"k%* ;qxkuqoQw ya
lkrR;a LFkki;UrkS] fu?[Link];] vfi p rL;ksifj fu#DrO;k[;k;k% lkn`';a
èkkj;UrkS izrh;srAs vk/qfudHkk"kkfoKkua nso'kkL=k×p oLrqrLrq vk/qfuoaQ fu#Dr'kkL=kesokfLrA
vko';[Link] 'kkL=kkf.k ,drks Hkk"kk'kkL=kh;&fpUruijEijk;k fodklL; Kkua
dkj;fUr] vijr'p fodflrKkuL; ifjj{[Link] pksi;ksxkuqoQw ya rL; izlk/ueqifn'kfUrA
Hkk"kk'kkL=kL; fodkls Lodh;i¼R;k% izfriknukr~] vfi pkxkfefonq"kka iFkizn'kZusu
lgSo egÙ[Link];Z;kLdL; ;ksxnkua LrqR;esokfLrA ,[Link]
oSfndeU=ks"kq inkFkZKkuk; okD;kFkkZocks/uk; pkL; fu#DrxzUFkL;kR;qi;ksfxRoa lqfofnresoA1
;Fkk f'k{kk&xzUFkSjFk p izkfr'kk[;xzUFkSofZS ndinkuka 'kq¼:ikf.k leoLFkkrqa eguh;%
iz;klks fofgr% rFkSo dkykUrjs rs"kka ewykFkZeoxUrqa lgk;xzUFk:is.k fu?[Link] 'kCndks'kkuka
[Link] izpfyre~A ,rs xzUFkk fo'oL;ksiyC/okÄ~e;s izkphurek% dks'kk% eU;UrsA 'kCn&
foKkukFkZfoKku;ks'p izFke vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ,rku~ fu?[Link]/ÑR; Loh;a izfl¼a
xzUFka ^fu#Dra* jfproku~A ;|fi ;kLdkRiwo± }kn'kfu#Drdkjk vklu~] ;s"kkeqYys[k% rsu
Lo;eso Ñr%] ijUrq foKkuL;kL;ksiyC/izkS<rek Ñfr;kZLdL; fu#DrxzUFk ,o] ;ks
Hkkjrh;Hkk"kk'kkL=kL; es#n.M% LohfØ;rsA fuoZpukRedi¼R;k 'kCnkuka ijks{kkfrijks{[Link]&
eocks/dHkwrRoknso"S k O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; iwjdxzUFkks¿ÄõhÑr%A2 vrks O;[Link]; dkRLU;Z&
xzUFkHkwrRokfÂ#Drs O;[Link]; Hkk"kkfo"k;dL; ok osQ"kkf×pr~ rÙokuka lekos'kks¿uk;klsuoS
tkr%] ;Fkk&'kCnfuR;rk] inprq"V;e~] fuikrksilxkS]Z lokZf.k ukekU;k[;krtkfu] dkfufp&
1- fu#-] 1-15 %
vFkkihneUrjs.k eU=ks"oFkZizR;;ks u fo|rsA
vFkZeizfr;rks ukR;Ura LojlaLdkjksís'k%A
2- fu#-] 1-15 % rfnna fo|kLFkkua O;[Link]; dkRLU;± LokFkZlk/oaQ pA
fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% 269
nsok[;krtkfu ok] bR;knhfuA1 ,oekpk;Z;kLosQuSoknh fu#Drs Hkk"kkfo"kf;dh O;kidn`f"V&
#iLFkkfirkA Hkk"kk;k% ØfedfodklL;] rnqRifÙklajpukfo"k;s pkfLeu~ xzUFks izFkea
oSKkfudn`'kk ehekalk Ñrk fo|rsA lEHkor% oSfndxzUFks"kq lÄïfs rra Hkk"kkijdeUrO;esok=k
;kLdL; izjs .kk;k% [Link] izrh;rsA vkpk;Z'kkdVk;uL; ereqn/ ~ jrkpk;Z;kLosQuSo fl¼kUr
,"k% izfrikfnrks ;r~*A dLekPpu /krksjos 'kCnL; fu"ifrHkoZfr*A2 'kCnkuka fuoZpukFkZ&
ekpk;s.Z kkusu [Link];Z;&[Link]&[Link]'k&/kRoFkkZfr'k;;ksx:ioaQ i×pd&
esrr~ ize[q k vk/kjks¿uqer%A3 ^izFke% izreks cHkwo* (fu- 2-22) bR;usu dFkusuklkosoknkS
Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ra fl¼kUra lÄïfs rroku~&] ^;n~ èoU;kRedifjorZuo'kkÂwru'kCnkuka l`f"V&
HkZofr*] ijUrq Hkk"kkoSKkfud&fo'ys"[Link] rL; 'kCnL; ewy:ia Kkrqa 'kD;rsA
lkEizfrosQ ;qxs Hkk"kkfoKkua i;kZIra fodflresoaQ foKkufefr izfl¼e~A foKkus&
¿fLeu~ Hkk"kkfo"k;dcgqfo/kuka ekSfydkukeFk p egÙ[Link];kukeè;;ua fØ;rsA ijefr&
foLe;dkjdfena rF;a ;nkpk;Z;kLdL; rfLeu~ lqnwjs dkys¿fi ifjfu".kkrSu#ZS Drkpk;S%Z
oS;[Link]'p Hkk"kkfo"k;dk vusosQ ewyHkwrfl¼kUrk vkfo"Ñrk%A oLrqrLrq uS#Drkuka
[Link];Z;&[Link]&[Link]'k&/kRoFkkZfr'k;;ksx:ioaQ izfØ;ki×poaQ Hkk"kk&
foKkuL;k/kjHkwrfl¼kUrks HkforqegZfrA izfØ;ki×pdknsrLekn~ O;frfjDra fu#DrosnkÄõs
Hkk"kksRifÙk&èofu&:i&vFkZfoKkufo"k;dk% dfri;fl¼kUrk vfi n`XxkspjhHkofUr]
vkèkqfuosQ ;qxs Hkk"kkfoKkueè;srqa ;s fo"k;hHkwrk n`';Urs] rs"kka foospue=kkisf{kra fØ;rs
p&

Hkk"kksRifÙk%
Hkk"kk;k mRifÙkfo"k;s fonq"kka erSD;a u fo|rsA Hkkjrh;&ijEijk;ka dfri;s fo}kal&
'pSukeh'ojÑrka LohoqQoZfUr] osQpukU;s fo}kalLrq èousjL;k mRifÙka eU;Urs] vijs p
osQpukpk;kZ% Hkk"kk;k fodkloknfl¼kUresokL;k mRiÙks% [Link]ÄõhoqQoZQfUrA4 ijUrq fo"k;s¿&
fLeÂkpk;Z;kLdL; erefrO;kogkfjoaQ izrh;rsA rnuqlkjs.k tkxfrdO;ogkjk;So yksosQ
oLrwuka [Link] fØ;rs] ;rks áU;k% i¼r;% d"Vlkè;k% lfUr] vFkok lw{eHkkokukefHk&
O;DrkoleFkkZ HkofUr_ vrks O;kidHkwrRokPNCnk ,o ljyr;k Hkkokuka oLrwuk×p

1- ,rnFkZ nz"VO; fu#Dr dk izFke vè;k;A

2- fu-] 1-11 % r=k ukekfu vk[;krtkfu bfr 'kkdVk;u% uS#Drle;'pA
3- dkf'kdkdkj (6-3-109) dk dFku &
[Link] [Link];Z;'p }kS pkijkS [Link]'kkSA
/krksLrnFkkZfr'k;su ;ksxLrnqP;rs i×pfo/a fu#Dre~AA
4- nz"VO;] Taraporewala; Elements of the Science of language, Divine Theory,
Bow-bow Theory.
270 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
|ksrdk HkofUrA1 vkpk;Z;kLdL;kfHkersukusu LiqQVa izfrHkkfr] ;r~ ^Hkk"kk ekuoÑrk
fo|rs u Roh'ojÑrsfr* rL; fu'p;%A LokfHkera n`<hdÙkqeZ lkS iqu% roZQesdeqiLFkki;fr]
;fn O;[Link] izpfyrs Hkwrs lR;so dL;fpPNCnL; O;qRifÙk% fØ;rsA2 O;frfjDresrLekr~
^inkU;k[;krtkuhfr* fl¼kUrks3¿ihRFka lÄïrs ;fr ;n~ O;kikjk ,o (fØ;k ,o) 'kCnkuqn&~
Hkko;fUrA izdkjkUrjs.k rF;fenesoa oDrqa 'kD;rs] ;r~ df'pPNCn% izFkea rkor~ fØ;k;k
(O;kikjs.k) lEc¼ks Hkofr rnk izpfyrks HkofrA vrks ekuoO;kikjk% (fØ;k%) izFker%
'kCnsu lEc¼k HkofUr psPNCnks¿;a èofuuk (O;×tu;k)] y{k.k;k :iosQ.k ok osQukfi
izdkjs.k ok Lodh;eFk± izdV;sr~A
vkpk;Z;kLdks Hkk"kk;k mn~Hkofo"k;s¿[Link]¼kUrefi Lohdjksfr] ;ks orZekus
;qxs Hkk"kkfoKkukUrjxrs ^èofu&vuqdj.k*:is.k izfl¼%A4 ^'kCns"ouqÑfrfl¼kUrks ukLrhfr*5
iwoiZ {k:is.k&fu#Drs vkpk;kSiZ eU;oL; ereqn~/`R; vkpk;Z;kLd% rL; foijhra ^izk;%
i{[Link] ukekfu 'kCnkuqdj.k ,o fu/kZfjrkfu HkoUrhfr* Lodh;efHkereqiLFkki;frA6
Lodh;s fu#DrosnkÄõ¿s U;=kkfi ;kLosQu 'kCnkuqÑfrfl¼kUr% dfri;'kCnkukeqRifÙ[Link]
LohÑr%A7 ;kLdknuUrjekpk;[Link];O;Drè[Link]¼kUra LohdjksfrA8 vusu
[Link];ksZ ;kLdks euq";[Link] fØ;k (O;kikjkn~) ,o 'kCnksRifÙke~ vÄõhdjksfrA Hkk"kk&
foKkuL;sfrgkls fl¼kUr ,"k Hkk"kksRiÙkseZwyHkwrfl¼kUr bfr oDrqa 'kD;rs] ;% leqfpr&
lk/ukHkkokr~ rnkuhUrus dkys u fodflrks¿Hkor~A

èofu&foKkue~
Hkk"kkfoKkuL;kÄõeos Qa èofufoKkuefLr] ;fLeu~ èofu&ifjorZuL; fofHkÂ&fu;ekuka
fl¼kUrkuka ok foospua HkofrA fu#Dr'kkL=kL;kè;;usuoS a Kk;rs ;ÙkfLeu~ lqnjw s dkys¿fi&
vkpk;Z;kLdks u osQoya èofu&ifjorZuL; fl¼kUra tkukfr Le] izR;qr fo"k;s¿fLeu~
rL; fujh{[Link];Ura egÙ[Link] pk/qfudHkk"kkfoKkuL;kuqlU/kukuka loZFkkuqoQw ya orZrAs
rnuqlkja èofu"kq tk;ekukfu ifjorZukU;srkfu lfUr &

1- fu-] 1-2 % O;kfIreRokÙkq 'kCnL;A [Link];LRokPp 'kCnsu [Link] O;ogkjkFk± yksosQA

rqyuh;] dkO;kn'kZ] 1-2% bneU/re% ÑRLua tk;sr Hkqou=k;e~A
;fn 'kCnkà;a T;ksfrjklalkja u nhI;rsAA
2- fu-] 1-14 % Hkofr fg fu"iÂs vfHkO;kgkjs ;ksxifjf"V%A
3- ogh] 1-12 % r=k ukekfu vk[;krtkfu bfr 'kkdVk;u% uS#Drle;'pA
4- nz"VO;] Dr. Gune : Comperative Philoslogy, p.17
5- fu-] 3-18 % u 'kCnkuqÑfrfoZ|r bR;kSieU;o%A
6- ogh] 3-18 % dkd bfr 'kCnkuqÑfr%] rfnna 'koqQfu"kq cgqye~A
7- ogh] 5-22 % fdro% foaQ rokLrhfr 'kCnkuqÑfr%A
8- v"Vk-] 5-4-57 % vO;[Link]~ };tojkA
fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% 271
(I) vkfnLoyksi%
yksiks¿;a Lojk?kkro'kkn~ Hkofr] ;rks fg dfLeaf'pr~ Lojs cyfo'ks"kkn~ cyk?kkro'kk}k
[Link] HkofrA ¶vFkkfi vLrs% fuo`fÙkLFkkus"kq vkfnyksiks
Hkofr¸1 bR;qDRokpk;Z;kLdks fu#Drs¿L; lÄïsra Ñroku~A

(II) eè;eLojyksi%
vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% yksiesueqi/kyksi2 bfr mDRok lÄïsfrroku~] ;Fkk tXerq%
(√xe~>tXerq%)] tXeq% (√xe~>tXeq%) bfrA

(III) vUrLojyksi%
vkpk;Z;kLdL; ers yksiks¿;a ;ksxkReoaQ ifjorZuefLrA ¶vFkkfi vUryksiks
3
Hkofr] ;Fkk xRok] xre~¸ (√xe~>xRok] xre~) bR;usu opusu fu#Drs¿L;ksYys[kks
fo|rsA

(IV) vkfnfoi;Z;%
yksis¿fLeu~ [Link]'kr% [Link]'kr'p fo"[Link] HkofrA vkpk;Z;kLd%
¶vFkkI;kfnfoi;Z;ks Hkofr] ;Fkk T;ksfr% ?ku¸4 (√|qr~>T;ksfr%_ √gu~>?ku%)
bR;usu dFkusuuS a lÄïrs ;frA

(V) vk|Urfoi;Z;%
èofu&ifjorZuesrn~ ^[Link];Z;* bR;qP;rsA ¶vFkkI;k|Urfoi;Z;ks Hkofr
Lrksd% jTtq% fldrk bfr¸5 mDRok fu#Drs ;kLosQu ifjorZuesrr~ lÄïsfrre~] ;Fkk&
√Jqr~>Lrksd%_ √l`t~>jTtq%_ √dl~>fldrk] bR;kn;%A

(VI) eè;eLojkxe% (LojHkfDr%)

vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ifjorZuesua [Link] tufefr dFk;frA6 ;|fi èofuifjorZuesrr~
inL; eè;s LojkxeL;So fo/kua djksfr] ijUrq O;×tukukekxeks¿I;L;kUrxZrs lekfgrks
fo|r bfr fo}kal% LohoqQoZfUrA ;Fkk&√vl~>vkLFkkr~_ √o`>}kj%_ √HkzLt~>Hk:t
vFkok [Link]%>[Link] bR;kn;%A
1- fu-] 2-1
2- ogh] 2-1
3- ogh] 2-1
4- ogh] 2-1
5- fu] 2-1
6- ogh] 2-1 % vFkkfi [Link]% vkLFkkr~] }kj%] Hk:tk bfrA
272 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
(VII) [Link]~
;~] o~] j~ izHk`R;/[Link] LFkkus Øe'k% b] m] ½ bfr ifjorZua [Link];rsA1
èofu&ifjorZuL;kusu fof/uk¿fi ;kLd% [Link]% ifjfpr vklhr~A fo"k;s¿fLeu~ fu#Drs
izdkjkUrjs.k rsuksDra ;|=k LojknO;ofgrks¿[Link]% (;~] j~] y~] o~) /krksjUrfLFkZrk
fo|Urs] r=k f}izÑrhuka ('kCnkuka) LFkkua Hkofr2] ;Fkk & bf"V% (√;t~>bf"V%)_ mQfr%
(√vo~>mQfr%)_ e`nq% (√ezn>~ e`nq%)_ i`Fkq% (√izFk~>i`Fkq%) bR;kn;%A
vusuizdkjs.k èofu&ifjorZuL; fofHkÂkfHk% jhfrfHk% lqfoKks ;kLd% Lodh;fu#Dr&
osnkÄõL; f}rh;s¿è;k;s fo"k;s¿fLeu~ lE;Xr;k fufnZ'kfrA vk/qfuosQ Hkk"kkfoKkus
èofuifjorZuesrr~ f}fo/a foosfpre~ & (i) Lo;eqRiÂa ifjorZueFk p (ii) ijksRiÂa
ifjorZue~A vkpk;ksZ ;kLd% ifjorZueqHk;a [Link] foosfproku~A

:i&foKkue~ (Morphology)
'kCn&jpukHkk"kkfoKkus fo'ks"ka LFkkua Hktrs] ;rks fg 'kCnSjso okD;jpuk Hkofr]
okD;L; p lokZf.k inkfu ijLija la;kstf;rqes"kq ('kCns"kq) lEcU/rÙoL;ko';drk
orZrs] rnk rs ('kCnk%) okD;s"kq iz;qT; okD;kFk± izdk'k;fUrA ,[Link] rs"kq
:iifjorZua HkofrA 'kCnkuka rs"kka fofHkÂ:[Link]è;;ueso :ifoKkueqP;rsA vkpk;Z;kLdL;
fu#Drs¿fi rRdkyL; fodflr:ifoKkuL; ifjp;% izkI;rsA
fu#DrosnkÄõs inkuka fuoZpuizlÄõs rs"kka izÑfr&izR;;:ikuo;oku~ foHkT;]
rs"kkeo;okukeFkkZul
q kja leqnk;:is.k inkukeFkkZocks/ mifn"V%A vkpk;Z;kLdks ukek[;krksi&
lxZfuikrk'psfr prq"kqZ leqnk;s"kq 'kCnkuka [Link] Ñroku~A3 prq"osZrs"kq oxsZ"kq losZ
'kCnk% lekfgrk fo|UrsA vYila[;krÙoknqilxkZ fuikrk'p u osQoya rsu [Link]%]
lE;x~ foosfprk'pkfiA4 :i&ifjorZua ifjHkkf"krqekpk;Z;kLosQu ^O;;fefr 'kCnksA
O;oâr%] vFk p ;s"kq 'kCns"kq :iifjorZua lEHkkO;a] rs 'kCnk% rsu n`"VO;;fefr insu
lÄïsfrrk%A5 prqoZxsZH;ks¿of'k"Vk% 'kCnk vO;;kfu bR;lkS LohdjksfrA Hkk"kk;ka izeq[ka
eU;ekukuka ukek[;krinkuka (laKkfØ;kinkuka) :iifjorZuL;k/kj% rs"kq fo|ekua lEcUèk&
rÙoesokfLrA rnuqlkja fyÄõ&opu&dkjdk.;k/`R; laKk&(uke)&inL; [Link]
p fØ;kinL; dky&opu&iq#"ksR;s"kka |ksruek=keso lEcU/&rÙoL; ize[q ka dk;± HkofrA
1- v-] 1-1-45 % bX;.k% [Link]~A
2- fu-] 2-2 %
rn~ ;=k LojknuUrjkUrLFkkUr/kZrq Hkofr] rn~ f}izÑrhuka LFkkufefr izfn'kfUrA
3- fu-] 1-1 % r|kU;srkfu pRokfj intkrkfu ukek[;krs pksilxZfuikrk'pA_ n"VO;%
ogh] 1-12 % bfr bekfu pRokfj &&&&A
4- ogh] 1-3&11 iknA
5- ogh] 1-8 % rRdFke~ vuqnkÙkizÑfr uke L;kr~\ n`"VO;;a rq HkofrA
fu#DrosnkÄõs Hkk"kkfoKkuL; ewyHkwrfl¼kUr% 273
;kLdL; fu#Dr&xz U Fks la K k'kCnku~ iz f r lEcU/rÙoL;ks i ;q Z D rkfu lokZ f .k
dk;kZf.k lÄïsfrrkfu fo|UrsA xzUFks¿fLeu~ LFkys"ousosQ"oequk 'kCnrks foHkDrhuk1eFk p
opukuk2eqYys[k% Ñr%A fu#DrL; lIres¿è;k;s rq lokZ foHkDr; mfYyf[krk% lfUrA3
fØ;kinkuka lEcU/rÙoL; ppkZ LiqQV:is.k fu#Drs u n`XxkspjhHkofr] ijUrq izFke&
eè;e&mÙkesfr =k;[Link] iq#"[Link] ukEuksYys[k miyH;rsA4 dkyL; fo"k;s ;|fi ;kLdks
/`rekSuks n`';rs] ija rs"kka iz;ksxS% LiqQVa Kk;rs ;r~ fØ;k;k vL; rÙoL;kI;lkS foK
vklhr~A
,rLekn~ O;frfjDra 'kCnkuka la;ksxus tkrkuka leLrinkuka fo"k;s¿I;kpk;Z;kLosQu
fopkfjre~A Li"Vr% rsu LohÑra ;r~ 'kCnjpuk f}fo/k fo|rs & (i) izFke%
èkkrksfuZ"iÂk% 'kCnk% (ii) f}rh;'p iwofZ u"iÂ'kCnS% iqufuZ"iÂk% 'kCnk%A vkpk;Z;kLosQuSrs
'kCnk% Øe'k% ^Ñr~* & ^rf¼r* bR;fHk/kusukfHkfgrk orZUrsA rf¼r'kCnkukesrs"kka
fuoZpufo"k;s¿lkofrlroZQ% izfrHkkfr] rLekr~[Link]Ùkq leLrinkukesrkn`'[Link] fuoZpukFkZeusu
fo/kuesoaQ lEikfnra] ;r~ lekl&[Link] inkfu i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q ÑRok] rnk rs"kka
fuoZpua dÙkZO;fefrA5
,oa 'kCnkuka oxZprq"V;a] ukeinkuka foHkfDr%] opueFk p fØ;kinkuka iq#"k]
bR;kfn&lEcU/rÙosH;ks tk;ekukuka dk;[Link] lÄïsra oqQoZrkpk;Z;kLosQu rkRdkfydL;
:i&foKkuL; ifjp;ksifLFkkfir%A oS;[Link] vfi infoHkkxkfnfHk% loZFkk¿fHkKk
vklu~A ;|fi ;kLdÑrL; inprq"V;L; lÄïsr vkpk;[Link] u Ñr%] ijUrq rL;
lw=ks"kq lkekU;r;k 'kCnkuka pRokjks Hksnk miyH;UrsA ¶pRokfj Ük`Äõk =k;ks¿L;iknk%¸
(½- 4-58-3) vfi p ¶pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk inkfu¸ (½- 1-164-45)
bR;u;kseZU=k;ksO;kZ[;kizlÄõs egkHkk";dkjs.k ir×tfyuk¿fi inkukesrs pRokj% leqnk;k
uker mfYyf[krk% lfUrA6 ¶pRokfj oko~Q ifjferk-¸ (½- 1-164-45) bR;L;

1- ogh] 1-17 %
^nwrks fu½ZR;k bnektxke* & i×pE;FkZizs{kk ok "k"B~;FkZizs{kk ok vk% dkjkUre~A*
ijksfu½ZR;k vk p{o*& prqF;ZFkZizs{kk ,sdkjkUre~A
2- ogh] 2-24 %
vfi f}or vfi cgqor~A r|r~ f}or~ mifj"Vkr~ rn~O;k[;kL;ke%A vFk ,rn~ cgqorA
3- ogh] 7-1 % r=k ijks{kÑrk% lokZfHk% ukefoHkfDrrfHk% ;qT;ursA
4- ogh] 7-1 % izFkeiq#"kS'p vk[;krL;A_
ogh] 7-2 % vFk izR;{kÑrk% eè;eiq#"k;ksxk%A_
ogh] 7-2 % vFk vkè;kfReD;% mÙkeiq#"k;ksxk%A
5- fu-] 2-2 %
vFk rf¼rlekls"kq ,dioZlq p vusdioZlq p iwo± iwoZe~ vijeija izfoHkT; fuczwZ;kr~A
6- v"Vk-] 1-1-1] iLi'kkfÉd % pRokfj Ük`Äõkf.k&intkrkfu ukek[;krksilxZfuikrk'pA
274 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
eU=kL; O;k[;k;kekpk;Z;kLosQukfi inkuka prq"kqZ oxs"Z kq foHkktufeR;fLeu~ fo"k;s oS;[Link]
ereqn/~ r` e~A1 ,oeso inkuka prq"kqZ oxs"Z kq foHkktua uS#Drk oS;[Link]'pksHkkoso LohoqQoZfUr]
;r~ rRdkyhu:ikfoKkuL; ifjp;eqiLFkki;frA

vFkZfoKkue~ (Semantics)
foKkuesrr~ 'kCnkFkZ;ks% Lo:ieFk p r;ks% ikjLifjdlEcU/ku~ foosp;frA
Hkkjrs¿FkZrÙoL;kè;;uekpk;Z;kLosQuSo izorZr]s ;rks áFkZfoKkueso rL; fu#Dr'kkL=kL;k&
/kjHkwfe%A foKkufenek/`R;So rL; fu#DreFkZehekalka izLrkSfrA rnuUrja oS;[Link]]
uS;kf;dkuka ehekaldkuka p nk'kZfud&foospusu foKkuesrr~ izkSf<a xre~A lEHkor%
,[Link]~ izFkesukFkZfonkpk;Z;kLosQu fu#Drs¿Fk p egkoS;[Link];Zir×tfyuk
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};e~] ,oaQ 'kCnlk/qRolEiknue~] vija ikjk;.ktU;kn`"Vflf¼% lw=kHksns 'kCnlkèkqRo&
lEiknua rq Hkfo";fr fdUrq ikjk;.ktU;a ;nn`"ViQya rRiQykizkIrsfjfr psÂA vÄõkuka
;Fkk lEHko ,o n`"ViQy}kjSokn`"VkFkZrk Hkofr] ;rksfg ;fn osnkÄõkuka ek=kkn`"VkFkSoZ L;kr~
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n`"V}kjSokn`"VkFkZRoa dYiuh;eÄõkuke~A ,o×p izÑrs] [Link];Ro:iks nks"kks ukfLrA
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1- ik- lw- 01@01@52

2- ik- lw- 07@04@32
3- 07@04@47 ik- lw- Hkk";
4- ik- lw- 07@04@46
5- 06@04@78 ik- lw- Hkk";
6- ik- lw- 06@04@78
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[Link]~] ;r~ lkeF;Z;ksxkÂfgfdf×p=k] i';kfe 'kkL=ks ;nuFkZoaQ L;kr~3A vFkkZr~
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n`"V}kjSofs r jhR;k ijLijHkk";fena fo#¼fefr psÂ] ^bdks ;.kfp* bfr lw=kLFka Hkk";esd&
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1- ik- lw- 06@04@78
2- ik- lw- 06@01@77
3- 06@01@77 ik- lw=kHkk";
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2- 01@01@03 ik- lw- Hkk";
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Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄašå 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Synthesis : The Governing Principle of

the Vedic Way of Life
Dr. Shashi Tiwari
Former professor of Sanskrit,
University of Delhi, New Delhi

oSfndthoui¼rs£ofgrfl¼kUrk oSKkfudn`"VÔqisrk% dkykuofPNÂka

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'kks/ys[ks¿fLeu~ fonq";k ysf[kdk;k oSfndthoui¼rs% LiqQVfl¼kUrkuka
lqfo'kna la'ys"[Link] izkLrw;r~A
In this age of globalization we are totally influenced by
modernity or materialism. Individuals nowadays are mostly far away
from ethos and morality. Absence of values directs society to that
extent where everyone wants success through violent competition
and rivalry, both of which are based on disintegration, undesirable
cruelty, and jealousy. In this context, it is important to know the
viewpoints of our great ancestors who realized the true meaning
of human life. Vedic insight guides us for the achievement of true
success in all stages and the attainment of a happy, flourishing and
peaceful life. Obviously, the Vedic way of living has various
dimensions, so in this paper, focus is given only to its principle of
synthesis and harmonization by bringing together important aspects
related to this thought specially in reference to life. Simultaneously,
some essential Vedic concepts and techniques will be discussed
which help to keep life on the right track and make it more healthy
and enjoyable.
I may say at the outset, that the Vedas reveal their seers as
men of very great intellectual caliber. The poetical elements of the
Vedic hymns, namely imagery, symbolism etc. are thoroughly
fascinating and entrancing. Besides its poetic grandeur, the Vedas
contain detailed injunctions for a well-ordered society and social
life, great philosophical truths, and even scientific laws. There is
( 306 )
The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 307
spiritualism of the highest order, not only in certain hymns, but
even in those verses where it is not too apparent. Above all, there
is a central concept running throughout the Vedic literature, which
includes ideas for ensuring the wellbeing of all in this world and
the world to come.
The Vedas are the most reliable source of knowledge about
what life is and how one should live one’s life. They guide the
actions of a person from the moment of birth to the moment of
death and thereafter to ensure his or her salvation. How should
society behave, how should a king govern his country, what should
be the conduct of a woman, what are the duties of a man - all such
matters have been presented to us in a codified form in the Vedas.
The essential purpose of the Vedas is to ensure the well-being of
the universe. They contain divine laws for the well-being of the entire
humanity. Collective wellbeing does not refer only to humanity,
because animals and plants also come under its vision. It goes even
further and stresses the well-being of shrubs, trees, mountains and
rivers- in fact all creation. The famous Ç‚nti Mantra is its best
example:
Dyauš Ä‚ntirantarikÅamÅ‚ntišp¼thi-
vœ Ä‚ntir‚paš Ä‚ntiroÅadhayaš Ä‚ntiš/
Vanaspatayaš Ä‚ntirviÄvedev‚š Ä‚ntirbrahma Ç‚ntiš
sarvam Ä‚ntiš Ç‚ntireva Ç‚ntiš s‚ m‚ Ä‚ntiredhi //
-Yajurveda, 36.17; Atharvaveda, 19.9.94
Ç‚nti. e. peace is a state of equilibrium which is needed for
the proper existence of all and everyone in this universe. For a
peaceful and fine life, the Vedas visualize the key principles of
synthesis and balance. Combination of often diverse concepts into
a coherent mood is called synthesis, which is regarded as the basic
law for maintaining harmony. We can see this principle as the crux
of Vedic wisdom in its various notions. Some of them are concepts
of life, aims of human life, means for achievement, concepts of
happiness, a definition of health, and ideal nature or behavior.

1. Vedic Concept of Life

The seers of the Vedic hymns were very optimistic about
human life. In many mantras they express their love for life and
hate for death. Life is a specific duration of time between taking
birth and leaving the body. Birth and death are two ends of life.
308 laLÑr foe'kZ%
The duration of time between the birth and the death varies.
Everyone wants to live in this world for the maximum period.
VasiÅÊha, the seer of the seventh Ma«Šala of Àgveda says, ‘that bright
eye (Sun) placed in the east by the gods, has arisen. A hundred
autumns may we see that bright eye, i.e. the sun, beneficent to gods;
a hundred autumns may we live'.
TaccakÅurdevahitamÄukramuccarat paÄye-
maÄaradaš Äatamjœvema ÄardašÄatam/ -RV 7.66.16
The Vedic Seers believe that they have been granted a life of
a full hundred years by the gods. So they ask them not to break
the course of life in the midst, but to extend it to the full hundred
years (RV 1.89.9). They always seek the friendship of the gods, so
that they may grant all auspicious things to make life happy. Gotama
ÀÅi says, ‘May the auspicious favor of gods be ours, may the bounty
of the righteous gods descend on us. We devotedly seek the
friendship of gods, so may the gods extend our life that we may
live here'.
Dev‚šna ‚yušpratirantujœvase / - Àgveda, 1.89.2.
Gotama says in another verse, ‘O Gods, may we hear good
with our ears, may we see good with our eyes, with firm bodies and
limbs eulogizing you, O All, we may attain the hundred year's life'.
Bhadam kar«ebhiš Äru«uy‚ma dev‚-
bhadram paÄyem‚k«abhiryajatr‚š /
Sthiraira¡gaistuÄÊuv‚nsastanÒbhir-
vyaÄema devahitam yad‚yuš // -Àgveda 1.89.8
From these and many other similar verses, it is clear that a
life of hundred years was always sought for from the gods. Longevity
was the important general object to be asked for from the gods. It
is to be pointed out that whenever the Vedic seers asked for a full
hundred year's life, they always mean a life with good health and
wealth. They knew that a life of a hundred years will be a curse if it
is devoid of good health and wealth. Yajurveda says clearly, ‘May
we see for hundred years, may we breath for hundred years, may
we hear for hundred years, may we speak for hundred years, may
we be not poverty-trodden, and if provided so, we would like to
live even after hundred years.'
PaÄyema Äaradaš Äatam, Jœvema Äaradaš-
Äatam, Äru«uy‚ma Äaradaš Äatam,
The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 309
prabrav‚ma Äaradaš Äatamadœn‚š sy‚ma-
Äaradaš Äatam, bhÒyaÄca Äaradaš Äat‚t /
-Yajurveda, 36.24
The big objective is to secure a long life of one hundred years
with prosperity, brave offspring, freedom from diseases, and
abundance of food and drink. For the Vedic seers, life means
‘active' not ‘inactive'. They always desire an active life of one
hundred years (YV 40.2). A man should aspire to live a life of one
hundred years only being active; otherwise he will not be able to
enjoy the fruits of life. Along with worldly requirements, intelligence
is also desired for a happy life. The famous G‚yatrœ mantra
expresses desire for the improvement of mental faculties (RV
3.62.10). A prayer to Agni is about the desire of intelligence, ‘O
Agni! Make me endowed with that intelligence which is always
sought for by the divine beings and ancestors'.
Y‚mmedh‚m devaga«‚š pitaraÄcop‚sate/
Tay‚ m‚madya medhy‚'gne medh‚vinam kuru //
-Yajurveda 22.14
This Vedic Concept of life is very realistic, scientific and
balanced. It has several angles and applies generally to all men.
Certainly other than this, higher goals for life are mentioned in the
Vedic verses to make a holistic concept of life.

2. Aim of Human Life

PuruÅ‚rtha-chatuÅÊaya i.e. fourfold values of human existence -
Dharma, Artha, Kama and MokÅa are prescribed in the Vedic
tradition. The four aims in the life of a human being are well
established in post-Vedic intellectual traditions, but the root of the
aims lies in the Vedic texts. The Vedic society acknowledges the four
pursuits of human life, namely, Dharma (principles of virtue), Artha
(economic development), K‚ma (pleasure and entertainment) and
MokÅa (final emancipation from the cycle of birth and death). All
are important. All are interrelated. All are to be pursued by a man
in his life time. Their sequence is often linked with the different
stages of life (†Ärama).When combined, they make a ‘man's goal
of life'. Making an effort to possess any one of them is condemned
as it will be harmful and will make life one-sided. Emphasis is given
to the coordination of all the four at the same time.
Out of first three Purułrthas, Dharma (righteousness) is
310 laLÑr foe'kZ%
considered more important because without it Artha (wealth) and
K‚ma (pleasure) would be baseless. The Vedas have established the
foremost virtues (Dharma) for men.
T‚ni dharm‚«i pratham‚ny‚san / -Àgveda 10.90.16.
Vedic culture believes in a hierarchy of goods, so here wealth
is not negligible. Man's natural urge for wealth and prosperity is
seen in the numerous prayers of the Vedas. Without wealth one
cannot discharge even one's religious duties efficiently. A Vedic ÀÅi
says clearly, ‘O Agni! Whatsoever good you will give to the doer of
sacrifice, it will definitely be returned to you in the form of religious
rites.'
Yadanîga d‚ÄuÅe tvamagne bhadram kariÅyasi /
Tavettatsatyamanîgiraš// -Àgveda 1.1.6
Realizing the importance of material pleasures in life, Vedic
seers pray, ‘May we be the masters of prosperity.'
Vayam sy‚ma patayo rayœ«‚m /
- Àgveda10.121.10; Yajurveda 10.20
The emphasis was always laid on honest means for the
attainment of wealth. A Àgvedic prayer indicates,' O Agni! Lead us
to wealth through the right path'.
Agne naya supath‚ r‚yeasm‚n/ -Àgveda 1.189.1
The freedom of the soul is the ultimate goal of mankind. In
the Vedic traditions, it is generally called MokÅa i.e. liberation from
the cycle of life and death. There is no point of difference in
realizing that the supreme happiness lies in the liberation of soul.
The UpaniÅads elaborate this idea in length and declare, ‘after
knowing Brahman one becomes Brahman.
Brahmavidbrahmaiva bhavati/ -Mu«ŠakopaniÅad,3.2.9
Knowledge of Brahman leads to liberation, the state of
Mok¬a. Thus, in a human life, a person should set his goals
progressively on the higher side, keeping all the four collectively as
aims of life. Veda Vy‚sa explained this aspect very clearly, ‘Firstly
Dharma should be pursued. Then Artha should be pursued
according to Dharma. Then K‚ma should be accomplished and
finally ones hould attain MokÅa'.
Dharmam sam‚caretpurvam
tato'rthamdharmasam¼Êyutam /
The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 311
Tataš k‚mam caret
pasc‚tsiddh‚rthaš sa hi tatparam //

3. Means for Achievement

For attaining certain goals, means are required. The means may
be in the form of a principle, an action, or may be material. Vedic
seers have discussed values, morality and ethics, which lay the
grounds for the cultivation of the final goals of life. The observance
of morality in domestic and public-life is prescribed forcefully.
These are shown as means, but till they are practiced, they should
be treated as the main instrumental goals to be acquired. They are
s‚dhana for the accomplishment of certain s‚dhya.
The importance of knowledge or Vidy‚ is explained variously
in the Vedas, which are themselves considered as the source of
whole knowledge. Here actions are proposed as most essential for
human being. The Vedic Seers knew very well that mere knowledge
and its practice in action are two different things. Is life to be spent
in walking the path of renunciation or in striving on the path of
action? The Vedic literature covers a wide range of thoughts about
it, but the £Äa UpaniÅad's real excellence lies in the analysis of two
doctrines, the two ways i.e. knowledge(Jü‚na) and action (Karman).
According to some thinkers, this UpaniÅad advocates a synthesis
of Karman and Jü‚na, for the achievement of final liberation. Its
first verse says, ‘whatever there is changeful in this changing world,
all that must be enveloped by the Lord. Protect the Self by
renunciation. One should not lust after any man’s wealth.'
£Ä‚v‚syamidam sarvam yatkiüca jagaty‚m jagat/
Tena tyaktena bhuüjœth‚ ma g¼dhaš kasyasviddhanam//
-£Äa. Up. 1
An illumined person regards the whole universe as †tman
alone, and so he renounces worldly objects. The second verse
indicates the path of action. It declares, ‘In this world one should
desire to live a hundred years, but only by performing actions. Thus,
and in no other way, can man be free from the taint of action'.
Kurvanneveha karm‚«i jijœviÅecchatam sama‚š/
Evam tvayi n‚nyatheto'sti na karma lipyate nare//
-£Äa. Up. 2
This verse says that those who are attached to earthly life]
312 laLÑr foe'kZ%
should perform righteous duties in a spirit of dedication. The Verse
provides the philosophical background of Karma-yoga for the
Bhagavad-Gœt‚. Verses nine to eleven indicate that knowledge (Vidy‚)
and ignorance or action (Avidy‚) are to be taken together for a
superior result. In the opinion of some commentators such as
Madhv‚ch‚rya, Ved‚nta DeÄika, and Uvata, the harmonization of
knowledge and action is suggested here for the attainment of
immortality, Amrita or MokÅa. The ninth verse shows that those
who worship ignorance or action i.e. Avidy‚ enter into blinding
darkness, but into even greater darkness enter those who are devoted
only to knowledge i.e. vidy‚. The tenth verse says that by the pursuit
of Vidy‚ a really different result is achieved, and another different
result is achieved from the practice of Vidy‚. The eleventh verse says,
‘who synthesizes both, crosses death, evil by ignorance or action
(Avidy‚) and enjoys immortality, perfection by knowledge (Vidy‚)'.
Vidy‚m c‚vidy‚m ca yastadvedobhayam saha/
Avidyay‚ m¼tyum tœrtv‚ vidyay‚m¼tam aÄnute//
-£Äa. Up. 11
The Upanishad, therefore, considers that both concepts are
apparent contradictions, and results achieved by those concepts
are different. But when known and pursued together consecutively
by the same person, Avidy‚ enables an aspirant, on the path of
spirituality, to overcome death, and Vidy‚enables him to attain to
immortality. The text hints at the combination of Vidy‚ and Avidy‚.
It is not necessary to withdraw from active life to give oneself up
to contemplation. Even a Jü‚nœ or Samny‚sin cannot give up action,
though his action must be without attachment. The message is clear
that knowledge and action are to be taken together. A man attains
the ultimate goal only by the combined pursuit of religious duties
(karman) and spiritual knowledge (Jü‚na). Knowledge without
action and action without knowledge cannot lead to salvation as
the synthesis of both is recommended here by the UpaniÅad.
Mu«ŠakopaniÅad states this point differently, ‘There are two
kinds of knowledge to be acquired - one is the lower knowledge
(Apar‚ Vidy‚) and the other superior knowledge (Par‚ Vidy‚)'.
Dve vidye veditavye par‚ ca apar‚ ca/ -Mu«Ša. Up. 1.4
Simply it means that after completion of textual knowledge,
it is essential to experience the superior level of knowledge i.e. vidy‚,
which alone can lead to realization of the Self. So a combination
The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 313
of action and knowledge is the best means for the achievement of
goals in life according to Vedic philosophy.

4. Concept of Happiness
The ultimate goal of human life is happiness. Happiness, all
in all, is a state of mind. The mind is the most valuable instrument
given to us by nature. In Indian philosophical thought, it comprises
Chitta, Buddhi, Manas and Aham. The faculty of liking, disliking,
feeling, and memorizing is called Chitta, the faculty of discriminating
right and wrong is called Buddhi or intellect, that which takes
decisions on the basis of instruction from either Chitta or Buddhi
is Manas, and lastly the one that implements the determination or
otherwise of Manas is called Aham. Aham is the essence, the
executor power of the self, Jœv‚tam‚, or the soul. Disciplining of
the mind, comprising of Chitta, Buddhi, Manas and Aham,is the
ultimate key to happiness and that is why seer Patanjali's Yoga
DarÄana, in its entirety, is only an exercise in disciplining the
aforesaid faculties of the mind. He says that when all the
fluctuation of mind are restricted, then comes Yoga.
YogaÄchitta-v¼tti-nirodhaš/ - YogasÒtra 1.2
When the soul as master succeeds in freeing Chitta from all
V¼ttis then the soul establishes itself in the svarÒpa of God, the
great supervisor, and this state is called ultimate happiness.
The soul in its very nature is always calm and quite like the
full moon in the sky. Only when it gets involved with Chitta, does
it get perturbed, and that only when it has different kinds of v¼ttis
rising in it due to contacts with outward worldly objects. So one
has three options for being away from worldly tensions that agitate
the mind - remaining away from such agitating objects, keeping away
such agitating objects , or strengthening spiritually in such a manner
that even if the soul comes into contact with worldly objects, it
does not allow any waves to rise in it.
All schools of Indian thought consider life to be lived for
attaining absolute happiness. The option of living a life in mere
enjoyment of the senses is ridiculed by most of the schools and
therefore, they include the above mentioned end in their viewpoints.
Hence, for real happiness, a combination of physical and
spiritual life is recommended in the ancient scriptures. Vedas speak
about all sort of worldly achievements, but highlight the attainment
314 laLÑr foe'kZ%
of inner peace, and set goals for utmost happiness.

5. Definition of Health
Health is a constitutive attribute of human life. A Vedic seer
prays for a long life with good health as ‘this body is very dear to
him and he wishes that it should be in perfect shape up to his old
age for the worship of Gods.'
Ayam lokaš priyatamo dev‚n‚mapar‚jitaš/
Yasmai tvamiha m¼tyave diÅÊaš puruÅa jajÒiÅe//
AV 5.30.17
In the modern perception of health, there is no end for
which one is preserving it. Attainment of health is considered to
be a substantial end in itself. Hence health is for health's sake. One
might achieve other ends after attaining health but that does not
make health a means. The notion of health is not related with a
grand narrative like a spiritual end. Something can become a means
if it has the potential to make somebody meet an end. Taking the
road is not an end in itself. We find the notion of health in the
Vedas as most composite, precisely because it is interlaced firstly
to provide the purpose of serving MokÅa, and secondly, to provide
features such as wellbeing and morality, which find a place in the
design of this notion. Nowhere in the history of civilization, have
we found a notion of health consisting of moral features. This is
because here, MokÅa is understood as a state where moral
righteousness and good conduct help one to reach towards it.
According to the Vedic view, the human body is a vehicle to be
used for attaining an end. As says the Upani¬ad, ‘you should realize
your body as chariot and the soul as its master.'
†tm‚nam Rathinam viddhi ÇariÄram rathameva tu /
-KathopaniÅad,1.3.3
So health of the body has to play merely an instrumental role.
It is only a means to attain something higher in virtue. †yurveda
basically evolved not as a medical system, but as a way of life that
would enable man to reach the state of Brahman or MokÅa, which
is the highest Purułrtha. For attaining the last end man should
be physically, mentally and socially healthy.
In Indian traditions, moral acts are tightly linked with the
overall wellbeing of a person. Several principles of moral acts and
righteousness are considered important for maintaining good health
The Governing Principle of the Vedic Way of Life 315
also. The fuel of the spiritual journey is acquired through virtuous
acts and cleansing of the body, so health is basically connected
with morality. The constitution of the nexus and interrelation
containing morality, health and MokÅa is evaluated in most of the
Vedic literature. The Atharvaveda indicates that moral righteousness
and good health jointly function as a means to push one towards
superior end.
Brahmacarye«a tapas‚ dev‚ m¼tyumap‚ghnata/
Indro ha brahmacarye«a devabhyaš svar‚bharat//
-AV 11.5 .19
Just as the Sun dispels darkness with light and produces
excellent materials like green trees, similarly man should dispel
disease, laziness, wretchedness etc. to obtain the bliss of inner peace.
Health and morality not only place one in the right direction, but
also speed up the process of attainment of goals.
Importantly, health is not a necessary condition for attaining
the spiritual end of life, as without good health also one can
proceed towards it, but proper health enhances one’s chances of
attaining MokÅa. In the modern perception of health, no other
aspects of life are essentially linked to the concept of health.

6. Balanced Nature
One of the main causes of our unhappiness is our
uncontrolled reaction to our human environmentåwhat people do
around usåand to the pleasant or unpleasant conditions in which
we get involved. The ordinary man has no well-defined principle
for the regulation of these reactions. He reacts to these things in a
haphazard manner according to his whims and moods with the
result that he is being constantly disturbed by all kinds of violent
emotions. Some people, finding these emotional reactions
unpleasant, decide not to react at all and gradually become cold,
hard-hearted and indifferent to those around them. But these
attitudes are undesirable and cannot lead to acquiring a calm, gentle
and compassionate nature in accordance with the requirements of
the higher life. Spiritual life can go neither with violent reactions
nor with cold indifference which some misguided Philosophers
recommend to their followers. It requires a balanced nature in
which our reactions are correctly regulated by the highest motives
and are in harmony with the Divine Law. Maharshi Patanjali has
316 laLÑr foe'kZ%
given a very good Sutra for this state of affairs which defines, ‘the
mind becomes calm and purified by the cultivation of friendliness
toward happiness, compassion towards pain, goodwill or joy
towards merit and indifference towards demerit'.
Maitrœkaru«‚muditopekÅ‚«‚m sukhaduškhapu«y‚
pu«yaviÅy‚«‚m bh‚vn‚taÄcittapras‚danam/
-YogasÒtra 1.33
The mind becomes calm and delighted by cultivating good
feelings and ignoring bad feelings. The Shivasankalpa SÒkta of
Yajurveda is the basis of all such thoughts. A balanced nature is
prescribed as an ideal nature in the Vedic living. Only then our
reactions are correctly regulated by the highest motives and are in
harmony with Divine Law.
The above discussed points clearly show the balanced
approach of the Vedic seers for leading a happy and successful life.
Coordination with diverse concepts and sentiments is the key for
pleasant living according to the message of the Vedic sages. Later
Shri Krishna called it ‘Smatvam Yoga' in Gœt‚. By adopting these
views, we can ensue, even today, a better way of life with a
meaningful existence in this world. Finally a beautiful prayer from
›gveda is mentioned here to highlight the comprehensive vision
of the Vedic people of the bright days of a happy life.
O God! bestow on us the best treasures,
The efficient mind, and spiritual luster,
The increase of wealth, the health of bodies,
The sweetness of speech, and the fairness of days.
Indra ÄreÅth‚ni dravi«‚ni dhehi
Cittim dakÅasya subhagatvamasme /
PoÅamrayœ«‚mariÅÊim tanÒnam
Sv‚dm‚namv‚cašsudinatvamahn‚m// -RV 2.21.6

ggg
Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

The Rg-Vedic Hymn to VasiÅÊha: the

Oldest Attested Divinization
Dr. Koenraad ELST
Renowned Orientalist, Belgium

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lq f /;k ys [ kos Q uxZ o S f ndofl"Blw D rkukekyks o s Q ns o RokiknuL;
izkphurekfu lk{;kf.k izLrksrq ;Ruks O;/kf;A vusuo S fe"[Link]¿usdkfu
lEc¼rH;kU; LiqQV~;fØ;UrsA

1. The Vedic context

1.1 The prehistory of the Vedas

The Àgveda contains a few vague references to its past, which
happen to concur with a fuller account given in the Pur‚«as, a
notorious mixture of myths, embellished history and sometimes a
really historical core. The genealogies, in particular, were carefully
memorized and may very well have that historical core. The Puranic
tradition is at any rate much older than its written version edited in
the first millennium CE, existing already “in the UpaniÅadic period
if not earlier" (Siddhantashastree 1977:8) and mentioned in the
Mah‚bh‚rata (18.6.97, “eighteen Pur‚«as") and even in the Ch‚ndogya
UpaniÅad ([Link]-4).
The time of origin would, according to the master narrative of
the Puranic tradition, be the time of Manu's enthronement. Manu
was the Aryan patriarch who established his kingdom in the North-
Indian town of Ayodhy‚ after having survived the Flood. In the Àgveda
too, he is mentioned some forty times: as an ancestor, as the Father
of Mankind, and implicitly as a law-giver, once even explicitly (RV
[Link]-2: “by Manu’s law"). Though the extant text of the
M‚navadharmaÄ‚stra hardly predates the Christian age, the idea of a
normative system established anciently by Manu is at least as old as
the Veda.

( 317 )
318 laLÑr foe'kZ%
The Vedic seer VasiÅÊha links Manu with the fire as agent of the
sacrifice, as transmitter of the sacrificial offering to the gods, and
also as immunizer against evil: “Worship the gods on this occasion,
Agni, as (thou didst)for Manu: be our messenger, our protector
against malignity." (RV [Link])
Manu's direct succession went through his eldest son IkÅv‚ku,
founder of the Solar Dynasty, who remained in Ayodhy‚ where his
descendant R‚ma was to rule. Most KÅatriyas in the Ga«g‚ plain,
including R‚ma, the Buddha and the Gupta kings, claimed to belong
to this Solar [Link] of Manu's other heirs was his first-born,
daughter I΂, whose son (or descendant) PurÒravas (see RV [Link])
started the Lunar Dynasty originally based in PratiÅÊh‚napura near
Pray‚ga (Siddhantashastree 1978:14).Their descendant NahuÅa
moved westwards to the Sarasvatœ basin (alluded to in RV [Link]).
His descendant Yay‚ti had five sons who became the patriarchs of
the “five peoples" (RV [Link]), the ethnic horizon of the Vedas:
PÒru, Anu, Druhyu, TurvaÄa and Yadu. According to a later myth, PÒru
or Puru was the youngest but was rewarded with the privileges of
primogeniture because of having lent his youth to his father who
had become impotent. At any rate, his tribe occupied the centre
when the five tribes were given their historical locations, the centre
being the Sarasvatœ basin.
Within PÒru's tribe, the Pauravas, then, king Bharata started the
Bh‚rata clan, the backbone around which the Vedic tradition was to
grow. According to later tradition, he was the adoptive father of the
first-generation Vedic seer, Bharadv‚ja, grandson of Anîgiras and thus
member of the first seer clan, a principal author of RV Book 6. This
Bharadv‚ja was born from the same mother as another prominent
first-generation seer, Dœrghatamas (Nagar 2012:93, referring to Matsya
Pur‚«a 49:25 and 49:30). As a grown man Bharadv‚ja became court-
priest to king Divod‚sa (RV [Link]), an ancestor toVasiÅÊha's patron
Sud‚s (“Sud‚s's father Divod‚sa", RV [Link]).
Near the time of the very first Vedic hymns, an important
historical event took place, or at least, so the Pur‚«as report. A war
was triggered between the Druhyu tribe in Punjab and its eastern
neighbours, mainly the Pauravas in Haryana, ending in the westward
expulsion of most Druhyus (Pargiter 1962:298, Bhargava 1971:99,
Pusalker 1996:283, Talageri 2000:260 with reference to the
Pur‚«as: V‚yu 99:11-12, Matsya 48:9 etc.; and Talageri 2008:247).
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 319
Their place in West-Punjab was taken by another of the five tribes
originally living in the north (Kashmir), the †navas. These will play a
central role in VasiÅÊha's career.
The chronology of these putative characters and events is
important in its own right, but is not the topic here. For what it is
worth, the Puranic king-list as known to Greek visitors of Candragupta
Maurya's court in the 4th century BC or to later Greco-Roman India-
watchers, started around 6776 BC. Pliny wrote that the Indians
date their first king to “6,451 years and 3 months" before Alexander
the Great (d. 323 BC), while Arrian puts “Pater Liber" (Dionysus) as
head of the dynastic list at 6,042 + 300 + 120 = 6,462 years
before Sandrokottos (Chandragupta Maurya), to whom a Greek
embassy was sent in 314 BC. (Arrian 2002:35, Majumdar
1981:340) After a thorough study of the possibly historical data
in the Pur‚«as, Siddhantashastree (1977:44) estimates that Manu's
time is at least as far back as “7976 BCE".

1.2 Ethnicity in the Vedas

The oldest work of Sanskrit literature is the Àg-Veda. We have
consulted the original text, included in Wilson's published
translation (1997, originally published in 1860 ff.), and the
translations by Griffith (1991, originally published in 1889),
Geldner (2003, originally published in 1951, though written before
his death in 1929) and Jamison & Brereton (2014).
The Àg-Veda always refers to the Pauravas, whether friends or
traitors, as †rya. This term, often analyzed for ultimate deep meanings,
has the effective meaning of “compatriot", “fellow citizen", “us" (as
against “them"), in Vedic as well as in Iranian and Anatolian
(Mallory& Adams 2006:266, Talageri 2000:154-160, Elst 2013).
As Fortson (2004:187) writes: the term was a “self-designation of
the Vedic Indic people", also used in self-reference by the Iranians.
The Paurava king at the beginning of the composition of the
Àgveda is Bharata, mentioned in RV [Link] (already as a memory:
“Bharata of old") and [Link]. After him, India is still named Bh‚ratavarÅa
or Bh‚rata. His progeny is mentioned in RV [Link], [Link]-12,
[Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]; two of his sons are named as
having composed hymn RV 3:23and named in the hymn itself. Agni,
the fire, is also described as a son of Bharata, including once by the
Sage VasiÅÊha (RV [Link]). Note that all these references are in the
320 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Family Books; by the time of the later books, people seem to have
forgotten about this ancestor, or chosen not to mention him.
The Bh‚rata clan remained in power until the internecine war
described in the Mah‚bh‚rata epic, “the Great (Epic) of the Bh‚rata's",
an epic containing many a historical literary or mythological motifs
but undoubtedly also a historical core. This may be compared to
the Iliad (ca. 700 BCE), a story of gods and men about a city dug
up by archaeologists, of which we, now know that it was based on a
historical war ca. five hundred years earlier than the epic poem. Even
after the Bh‚rata war, the dynasty maintained itself through the lone
surviving grandson ParœkÅit. (There still may have been a PÒru kingdom
in India’s Northwest when Alexander fought one “Poros", but soon
after, his kingdom was absorbed in Candragupta Maurya's empire.)
The contending cousins in this war, the Kauravas and the
P‚«Šavas, are depicted as socially descendants of Bharata but
biologically the grandsons of K¼Å«a Dvaipayana, also known as Veda-
Vy‚sa, “the orderer of the Veda", the final codifier of the Vedic corpus
of hymns. Apart from having an “official" son Çuka, Vy‚sa served as
sperm-donor for his half-brother king Vicitravœrya's widow (Nagar
2012:569-571). And Vy‚sa, in turn, is described as a descendent
of VasiÅÊha. At least, his father was called Par‚Äara, not historically to
be equated with VasiÅÊha's similarly named grandson, but deemed a
first name that ran in the VasiÅÊha's family, and at any rate treated (or
narrarively used) as indicating the latter's ancestorhood.

1.3 History of the Àg-Veda's composition

The Àgveda consists of ten books (Ma«Šala, “circle"), made up
of hymns (SÒkta, “well said"), in turn divided into verses (Mantra,
“mental instrument"). They were written, or rather composed, by a
group of seers (ÀÅi) spanning a number of generations, in praise of
one or more of the Gods. VasiÅÊha composes what is easily the most
homogeneous book: the hymns collected in book are almost entirely
his work.
VasiÅÊha asserts, like other seers, that the hymns are composed
for the Gods, not the other way around. He affirms that it is the
ÀÅis, not (in that particular case) Indra, who have “engendered" the
hymns: “Among all ÀÅis, Indra, old and recent, who have engendered
hymns as sacred singers, even with us be thine auspicious
friendships." (RV [Link]) This may sound trivial to the present
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 321
readers, but for some Hindu ears it really deserves to be emphasized.
Very many traditional-minded Hindus are sure that the Vedas are
God-given: dictated by the Gods and then “seen" and recited by the
seers.
This would turn the Veda into a kind of Ten Commandments
or Qur'‚n, where it is God who does the speaking and who talks
down to man. Those who hold this view, are in contempt of the
evidence given by the Veda itself, which they claim to be venerating
as God-given. From the very first verse, the correct relation is made
crystal-clear: “O§ Agnim iÊe", “I worship the Fire" (RV [Link]) So, man
is worshipping a chosen deity, and it would be perverse to make the
Gods dictate the very hymns with which they should be worshipped.
Note also that VasiÅÊha inscribes himself in a hoary tradition
of “ÀÅis old and recent". This is the general outlook in Hinduism:
treading in the footsteps of the ancients. It is not necessary to invent
anything new, as the truly important things have always been available.
The Vedas themselves clearly inscribe themselves in an existing
tradition. The Buddha equally said that he had merely gone the way
of the former Buddhas, and the contemporary masters equally
emphasize that they teach nothing new. If they do claim originality,
you know you are dealing either with a charlatan or with a Western
sophomore who tries to impress his audience, like that fellow student
who promised a “totally new" reading of the Yoga SÒtra. The more
classical position was enunciated in a lecture about the ancient yoga
teacher and Yoga SÒtra author Pataüjali by Dr. PÒkh R‚j Çarm‚ from
Jodhpur,who explained: “There is no improvising on Pataüjali."
(1988) Innovators like Sri Aurobindo receive lip-service but their
novelties do not have much impact in the long run, unless they too
use a discourse of “returning to the ancient roots".
Internal evidence, principally genealogical data, as well as
linguistic details, reveal an internal chronology (Talageri 2000:35-
93, building on Oldenberg 1894). The oldest period consists of
Book 6, then book 3, then (though partly overlapping) book 7.
This is followed by book 4, then book 2, the middle period. The
late period starts with book 5, the youngest of the “Family Books",
each one written by a family of seers;and then book 8. A collection
of separate hymns covering the period of books 4-2-5-8 is book 1.
These 8 formed a first corpus of hymns. A collection of hymns
related to the psychedelic brew Soma forms book 9, and a distinctly
322 laLÑr foe'kZ%
younger collection of hymns constitutes book 10. This latter is part
of a younger culture shared with the Yajur- and Atharva-Veda (the
S‚ma-Veda mostly consists of hymns of the Àg-Veda put to music).
Many Vedic characters reappear in the Itih‚sas and Pur‚«as.
Thus, Dœrghatamas, composer of hymns 1.140-164, is said since
the Aitareya Br‚hma«a (8:23) to have been the court priest of founding
king Bharata and half-brother of the seer Bharadv‚j. This is not based
on data made explicit in the ›g-Veda itself. The Mah‚bh‚rata makes
him born blind, hence his name meaning “long darkness" (Nagar
2012:120); but this seems to be a made-up story based on the
etymology of his name, and especially strange for a seer most famous
for his astronomical observations to the extent that his name is even
explained as a nickname for a nightly observer of the sky.
Famously, the Epics and Pur‚«as turn the Vedic rivals ViÄv‚mitra
and VasiÅÊha into representatives of competing castes: the KÅatriyas,
among whom R‚jarÅi ViÄv‚mitra is counted, and the Br‚hma«as
including Brahma¼Åi VasiÅÊha. But these stories are reflective of social
concerns of later society, not in evidence in the Vedic account. The
KÅatriyas, VaiÄyas and ÇÒdras are only mentioned at the fag end of the
Àg-Veda ([Link]), without even discussing their recruitment,
heredity, social roles, mutual relations or anything we now know as
the caste system. By the time the Epics were edited, by contrast,
caste was an uppermost concern. Let us keep in mind that references
to Vedic characters by later Hindus are generally to these transformed
personae whose name is Vedic but whose story is a later creation.

2. VasiÅÊha's life
VasiÅÊha is described as the son of Mitra-Varu«a with the nymph
UrvaĜ. (RV [Link]). Not that he was born from her womb, but she
accepted him as her son after seeing the new-“born" emerge from
the effusion of sperm deposited by Mitra and Varu«a, which they
couldn't contain after seeing her. In this case, the later Puranic story
has a definite basis in the Vedic verse itself. He is therefore called
Maitr‚varu«i (his family name in the Anukrama«i list of hymn authors),
just like Agastya, seer of RV 1:165-191. Therefore, these two are
sometimes described as brothers. In post-Vedic writings, VasiÅÊha is
described as the mind-born son (Manasputra) of Brahma, who (e.g.
in the Yoga-VasiÅÊha) often quotes instructions he received from
Brahma himself.
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 323
His proverbial wife Arundh‚tœ is not mentioned yet, but that
he has sons is already clear, and not only because hymn 7:33 is
partly dedicated to them. One hymn (RV 7:32) is composed together
with his son Çakti. He also mentions Par‚Äara (RV [Link]) together
with Çatay‚tu, seemingly another name of Çakti (thus Griffith
1991:343). Par‚Äara is described as the son of Çakti by the
Anukrama«i list when it mentions him as the seer of RV 1:65-73
and part of RV 97:7.
His clan is said to wear their hair-knot on the right-hand side
(RV [Link]). For this reason, a copper ÀÅi statue found with this
odd placement of the hair-knot is known as “VasiÅÊha's head" (Hicks
& Anderson 1990). Though the copper was first cast in the 4th
millennium BC, inscriptions on it are much younger, and it is
assumed that the copper was smelted and recast as the present statue
in the historical age, when statues had become common in
Hinduism.
Possibly after a rivalry (about which the facts are not given)
with Sud‚s's court priest ViÄv‚mitra, VasiÅÊha becomes the court priest
himself. ViÄv‚mitra is the main composer of Àg-Veda's Book 3
including the single most famous Vedic verse, the G‚yatrœ mantra (RV
[Link], a prayer to the rising sun, still recited daily as part of the
Sandhy‚-vandan‚ (the “salutation of the morning twilight"). The major
historical event treated in his hymn collection is his aid as court
priest to Sud‚s in the victory over the KœkaÊas in the east (RV 3:53). In
spite of this success, he seems to have been replaced as royal priest
by VasiÅÊha, who stars as the king's decisive helper in the subsequent
“Battle of the Ten Kings" (D‚Äar‚jüa Yuddha).
The texts of the hymns allows us to deduce that ViÄv‚mitra
had reason to be envious of VasiÅÊha. Yet, though this envy and the
ensuing struggle became the topic of many more recent stories (see
below, 6.1), the rivalry between the two seers is not treated in the
Àg-Veda and can only be inferred. Verses RV [Link]-24, traditionally
interpreted as a curse by ViÄv‚mitra on VasiÅÊha (as by Nagar 2013:222,
citing S‚yana in support), contain “no whiff of this personal hostility"
and “there is certainly no mention of VasiÅÊha, directly or indirectly"
(Jamison and Brereton 2014:537).

3. VasiÅÊha's religion
The religion expounded in VasiÅÊha’s hymns is not noted for
324 laLÑr foe'kZ%
anything aberrant from the Vedic pattern. On the contrary, it has
greatly helped in shaping our image of what the Vedic religion was.
Thus, a general principle of most religion is: “Make the god pay
heed by pouring libations" (RV 7:16.11), or what the Romans called:
Do ut des (“I give so that you will give"). He sings of “immortal fame"
(RV [Link]), which was found to be a corner stone of the Indo-
European worldview, the expression being common to divergent
Indo-European poetry traditions. And he praises “male posterity"
(RV [Link]), which ensures the hero of a constituency of descendants
who will venerate his memory.

3.1 The categories of gods

VasiÅÊha is first of all a worshipper of Heaven and Earth: “I
worship Heaven and Earth, parents of the Gods." (RV [Link], likewise
43:1) Just like Ouranos and Gaia in Greek mythology, they are the
gods of the first generations, progenitors of all the other gods.
Apart from this basic couple, the gods, then, are conceived as
belonging to one of three categories: Vasus, Rudras, †dityas (RV
[Link]), i.e. earthly, atmospheric and heavenly gods. Here they are
not yet given their classical number: the “cubic" and “earthy" 8 for
the Vasus, the “unseizable" 11 for the Rudras, and the zodiacal 12
for the †dityas (as in e.g. B¼had‚ra«yaka UpaniÅad 3.9.2). At least not
explicitly, for the total number of 33 gods (2 + 8 + 11 + 12) already
existed, as is seen in RV [Link], [Link], [Link] (all three: 33 as
3 x 11), [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]. “The Gods, the Thirty-Three"
is already a fixed expression, 33 is the unrivalled number of the
Vedic Gods.
In the anukrama«œs , the classes of Gods are called ga«a, “group,
troupe", as in Marudga«a (RV 7:56-59), Àbhuga«a (RV 7:48) or
†dityaga«a (RV 7:66). In the modern terms of set theory: a ga«a is a
“set" and its “cardinal number". It is herefrom that a popular God is
called Ga«eÄa or Ga«apati, “lord of classes (of gods)", “lord of cardinal
numbers", which effectively means “god of gods".

3.2 Varu«a
Foremost among the Gods are Indra and Varu«a: “One kills
V¼tra, the other maintains the Law." (83:9) Whereas Indra is the God
of strong vs. weak, of vigour and power, Varu«a is the God of good
[Link], of norms, of morality.
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 325
He reminds us somewhat of the Christian God: he has an eye
for sin, for defects, for straying from the “law of nature" (¼ta). Thus:
“Not our own will betrayed us, but seduction, thoughtlessness,
Varu«a, wine, dice, or anger." ([Link]) Sometimes he also shows the
vindictiveness of the Old-Testamentic God, who visits the sins of
the fathers upon the next generations: “Free us from sins committed
by our fathers, [Varu«a]." (RV [Link]) But overall, he is the merciful
one, like Jesus’ father and like Islam's al-Rašm‚n al Rašœm, though
he knows everything about his worshippers' sinfulness: “Have mercy,
spare me, Varu«a." (RV [Link])
He makes his devotee medhira, “wise" (RV [Link]), meaning
that he has and confers medh‚, “wisdom", the Sanskrit equivalent of
Iranian mazda. So, Ahura Mazd‚ (Asura Medha) is the equivalent of
Varu«a. This helps explain why the polarity good/evil is so central in
Mazdeism, and how post-exilic Judaism could have been conceived
as seriously influenced by Mazdeism, the dominant religion of the
Achaemenid Empire to which Israel belonged when the Thora was
given its definitive editing.

3.3 Indra
Indra is VasiÅÊha's favourite object of devotion. He is worshipped
as himself, as Indr‚gni, as Indravaru«a, as B¼haspati (RV 7:97) and also
as the rain-god Parjanya (hymn 7:101-102, composed together with
A¡giras priest Kum‚ra †gneya).
B¼haspati was originally just a name of “Indra (....) in his role as
priest-king and with priestly weapons – songs and correctly
formulated true speech (....) But in time the epithet was split off into
a separately conceived divine figure Brhaspati, first as an alloform of
Indra and then detached from Indra as an independent divinity who
served as Indra's priest – taking with him Indra's priestly role, with
Indra retaining his role as king and warrior." (Jamison & Brereton
2014:633, introducing RV 4:50) He is also named Brahma«aspati,
“lord of the formula" (RV [Link] and [Link]). Significantly, B¼haspati
also became an alloform of GurÒ as the name of the planet Jupiter,
both used till today in the name of Thursday.
The name Parjanya is cognate with Baltic Perkunas, Slavic Perun,
Albanian Per”ndija, the name of the stormgod; and probably also
with the Sanskrit tree name parkaÊœ, Latin quercus, “oak". Since the
oak is a tree reputed to attract lightning, the link seems to be the
326 laLÑr foe'kZ%
lighting, Indra's weapon (vajra) and opener of rainstorms (“probably
a link with the concept of lightning", Delamarre 1984:171).
The hymn 7:103, commonly known as the “Hymn of the
Frogs", is somewhat jocular in spirit. (Due to the later canonization
of the Vedas, the playful aspect of the Vedic poems is insufficiently
realized, see Elst 2011:36.) It likens the recitations by the priests to
the croaking of the frogs. The chosen day for this concert is the first
day of the rainy season when, after months of unbearable heat, the
first rain is liberating: “As Brahmans talk at the Soma-rite, so, Frogs,
ye gather round the pool to honour this day of all the year, the first
of Rain-time." (RV [Link]) After extreme drought, fertility is restored
and at once maximized by the generous rains. The frogs rejoice in
the overflow of water, the priests in the manifestation of their
favourite object of worship, Indra.
This at once explains a lot about Indra's character. The Vedic
pantheon has two main storm-gods: Rudra and Indra. Rudra stands
for the unexpected and dangerous storms in the mountains.
Precisely because he is so unpredictable and threatening, he is
flattered with the apotropaeic nick name Çiva, “the auspicious one".
White as the snow on the mountains, his wife P‚rvatœ, “she of the
mountain", is also called Gaurœ, “the white one". Indra, by contrast,
is simply good. He is the yearly recurring storm that opens the longed-
for monsoon. This is a recurring and perfectly predictable
phenomenon eagerly awaited by cultivators, just like the yearly
flooding of the Nile Valley. He has slaughtered the dragon of the
summer heat that withholds the waters, and releases them: “He
defeated the snake and released the waters" (RV [Link]; more
allusions to Indra killing V¼tra are in RV [Link], 20:2, 21:6, and in
hymns by other seers).
Indra has elsewhere (e.g. RV [Link]) been called the purandara
or “fort-destroyer", which has also given rise to a lot of heady
speculation, with the forts being the ruined Harappan cities
destroyed by the invading Aryan armies. Instead, the truth is not so
sinister: “Usually human habitations were located on the banks of
the rivers", but in the monsoon region, the onset of the rainy season,
opened by Indra with thunderstorms, a few days are enough to make
drought give way to inundations: “[T]he Himalayan rivers destroyed
the human habitations by the torrential flow of water (....) This is the
precise reason why the water-god Indra has been considered the
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 327
purandara or the ‘destroyer of the villages'. (....) contrary to the general
claims that pura means ‘fort', (....) the word always means ‘village' in
the Indian and Iranian languages." (Priyadarshi 2014:34) VasiÅÊha
has not used this expression for Indra, but has described Agni in
similar terms (RV [Link]) because fire does indeed have a similar effect
on houses: sweeping the work of years away in one hour.
Indra's name is interchangeably used with Maghavan, “the
generous one". So, here we get the usual image of Indra as mighty,
giving boons, victorious and conferring victory in war to his
worshippers. He is also described as a great consumer of Soma,
meaning that it is often sacrificed to him. But jokes about his sexual
prowess and adventures are not so much in evidence here, as they
are in later parts of Vedic literature(e.g. RV 4:10, 8:80, 10:86,
discussed in Elst 2011:36-37) and in the stories of related storm-
gods like Zeus and [Link], later generations saw the descent
of Indra into becoming a figure of fun, with his amorous pursuits
ending in disgrace -- a colourful sunset before oblivion set in.

3.4 The M¼tyuüjaya Mantra

The famous M¼tyuüjaya Mantra (RV [Link]) invokes Çiva as
“the tree-eyed one" (Tryambaka). This concept is otherwise nowhere
attested in the Vedas. Already Wilson in the 1860s thought it was
obviously interpolated: “The wish expressed being for final
emancipation (....) and the denomination Tryambaka are, in my
opinion, decisive of the spuriousness of this stanza" (Wilson
1997:270). So do Jamison and Brereton in their recent most
translation of the text: “The last four verses are clearly late additions"
(2014:953).
Hindu Tradition says that the Vedas were given their final
ordering by K¼Å«a Dvaipayana a.k.a. Veda-Vy‚sa, “analyzer/orderer of
the Veda". He is commonly taken to be a descendant of VasiÅÊha:
according to the ViÅ«u-Sahasran‚ma (3), “Vy‚sa is VasiÅÊha's great-
grandson." For what it is worth, we speculate that he interpolated
by then the prestigious M¼tyuüjaya Mantra into his famous ancestor's
hymn collection in order to counterbalance the prestige of
ViÅv‚mitra's G‚yatrœ mantra. It may have been composed by Vy‚sa
himself (upgrading his own little poem into a canonical Vedic verse)
or by another descendant of VasiÅÊha, and in that sense it could
legitimately be attributed to “VasiÅÊha" as a family name.
328 laLÑr foe'kZ%
4. The Battle of the Ten Kings
The single most important historical event mentioned in the
Àg-Veda is the Battle of the Ten Kings. It is the topic of hymns RV
7:18/33/83, and a number of allusions elsewhere, both by VasiÅÊha
and by other seers. It is a battle between the †ryas (meaning the
Pauravas, the seer’s own tribe) and the D‚sa coalition of ten clans,
led by Kavi and Bheda.

4.1 History of the battle

The coalition comes from the west, from the basin of the Asiknœ
river, the present-day Chenab, to attack Sud‚s on the riverside of the
ParuÅ«œ, the present-day Ravi ([Link]-9), both in Pakistani Punjab.
The word “attack" does not really imply that the coalition was the
aggressor, though the Vedic people saw it that way. It may just as
well have been a tactical counteroffensive within a war in which Sud‚s
himself was the main aggressor. Our knowledge of this conflict is
just too sketchy and moreover based on a partisan source.
The tactical moves mainly pertain to the military use of the
river: it seems that, when the coalition surrounded Sud‚s's army, the
latter escaped by fording the river (“Indra made the river shallow and
easy for Sud‚s to traverse", RV [Link], “fordable ParuÅ«œ", RV [Link]),
that the coalition fell into disarray while trying to cross the river,
that some soldiers drowned while others were overtaken in hot
[Link] leader KavaÅa drowns, along with Druhyu (RV [Link]).
Kavi “dies" (RV [Link]), Bheda first escapes but later gets killed (RV
[Link]-19), and one Devata is also killed (RV [Link]). Both the
legitimate enemy and Sud‚s's tribesmen siding with the enemy were
defeated: “Ye smote and slew his D‚sa and his †rya enemies and
helped Sudas with favour, Indra-Varu«a." (RV [Link])
At any rate, the outcome of the battle is a clear victory, for the
enemies are killed, dispersed or thrown back to the west, to the
Asiknœ basin:“Agni chased these Dasyus in the east and turned the
godless westward" (RV [Link]).They leave their possessions behind
and (part of) their land is occupied to become part of the Paurava
domain.

4.2 Who were the enemies?

The Vedic text gives quite a bit of detail about the enemy
coalition. The ethnic identity of the enemies, often treated as a
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 329
mystery (if not filled in as “obviously the black aboriginals"), is in
fact crystal-clear.
Sud‚s, the T¼tsu, defeats the Pauravas' northwestern neighbor
among the five tribes, the †navas: “The goods of Anu's son he gave to
T¼tsu." (RV [Link]) In the next verse, the †navas are mentioned
again, together with what remained of the Druhyu tribe, as having
been “put to sleep". The enemies include Kavi and KavaÅa, the enemy
tribes P¼Äsu, P¼thu, Paktha, Bhalana (RV [Link]) are collectively known
as D‚sa, some of them as Pa«i (lambasted already in [Link]), and
their priests as Dasyu. Practically all the names of enemy tribes or
enemy leaders are Iranian or pertain to tribes known from Greco-
Roman sources as Iranian: Kavi, the name of the Iranian dynasty
still featuring in Zarathuätra's G‚th‚s (e.g. G‚th‚ 51:16, Insler
1975:107);
KavaÄa/Kaoäa;D‚sa/Dahae;Dasyu/Danghyu;Pa«i/Parnoi; †nava/
Anaoi;ParÄu/Persoi;P¼thu/Parthoi;Paktha/Paätu;Bhal‚na/Baluc/Bol‚n.
A few are not, at least at first sight, and it is after all a
heterogeneous coalition. But names like Bheda, while not
conspicuously Iranian, are not recognizably Dravidian or Munda
either, and none of these names is.
On the same pattern, we later get the theological contrast
between Asura and Ahura. The first seers including VasiÅÊha still use
the word in a positive sense, as “lord" or “powerful one": one of his
hymns for Agni starts out as “praise of the Asura" (RV [Link]), and he
calls Agni again “the Asura" (RV [Link]), while Indra provides asurya,
“lordliness", “manliness" (RV [Link]). Yet, he also call Agni the “Asura-
slayer" (RV 7:13.1): this could be neutral, meaning “even mightier
than the mighty ones", but it could also signal the shift from positive
to negative.
In the later hymns and in Hindu literature ever since, Asura
has served as the usual term for “agent of evil", “demon", but still
with a dignified status and an unmistakable dexterity, in distinction
from the lowly R‚kÅas‚s. In Buddhism too, Asuras are associated with
powerful quasi-human emotions, especially jealousy of the gods,
but do not inhabit one of the hells where the Hungry Ghosts and
other lowly creatures dwell (Krishna 2014:60-61). Conversely, in
the Iranian tradition they retain their divine status and it is the Deva/
DaŒvas who got demonized.
330 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Note also that unlike the term Asura, the term D‚sa had already
acquired a negative connotation before the battle. It had been used
for Çambara, a proverbial enemy slain by the Vedic king Divod‚sa (RV
[Link] and [Link], also mentioned as his defeated foe in [Link]
and [Link]). Yet, originally the term did have a neutral or positive
meaning, as is clear enough from its use in the names Divod‚sa and
Sud‚s.
Though clear enough, Iranologists generally keep labouring
under the notion that early Avestan history is a mystery. By contrast,
Parsi scholars candidly link the Battle of the Ten Kings (and the
subsequent V‚rÅ‚gira Battle, sung esp. in RV 1:100) to early Avestan
history (Hodiwala 1913:12-16). Others create a confused picture,
theorizing e.g. that the Vedic tribe consisted of Aryan invaders
penetrating India eastwards, and that the D‚sas were either aboriginals
or earlier invaders resisting the western newcomers.
Thus, D‚sas and Dasyus were “people and cultures either
indigenous to South Asia or already in South Asia å from wherever
or whenever they may have come å when the carriers of Rgvedic
culture and religion moved into and through the northwest of the
subcontinent" (Jamison & Brereton 2014:56). The thrust of Sud‚s's
Vedic Aryans was towards: “the region to the east (....), the Ga«ga-
Yamun‚ Doab to which the Bharatas advanced (....) In this country of
the D¹sas and Asuras". (Pradhan 2014:188)
Yet, nothing in the text supports this idea that the Vedic people
came from the west and the D‚sas from the east, or that the D‚sas
mentioned lived across the Yamuna, or that the Vedic people were
intruders while the D‚sas were the established population, or that
the Aryans even outside the context of this battle were on the move
from west to east. On the contrary, twice and in two different ways,
the source text says it is the D‚sas and Dasyus who came from the
west. It says that they have come to the “east" for a fight and that
these “godless ones" are turned back “westward" ([Link]); and it has
them come from the westerly Asiknœ/Chenab river valley to challenge
and fight Sud‚s on the shores of the easterly ParuÅ«œ/Ravi. That
doesn’t mean they were intruders into India, though: it is a big
country, and it is most unlikely that any of the warring parties
identified with India as a whole (as opposed to their own slice of it)
as “their" country.
Even Pradhan, who hurries to toe the orthodox line, breaks
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 331
ranks with his Western mentors by accepting as simply obvious the
Iranian identity of the Ten Kings, e.g.: “their Indo-Iranian past gave
the D‚sas the institution of sacrifice" (Pradhan 2014:124), “their
Aryan antecedents become clear from the Avest‚ and the Greek
historians' notices of the Dahae and the Parnoi" (Pradhan
2014:132). He silently passes over the improbable implication that
this would put the Iranians where he had earlier located the Ten
Kings, viz. east of the Yamuna, a rather unorthodox hypothesis.
So everything, including a western-neighbourly location, points
to the Iranians. Nothing is there to deny it, nothing points to anyone
else.

4.3 The enemies' religion

The heroes of this hymn, the T¼tsus, are †ryas and supported
by Indra. The enemy camp as a whole is deemed anindra, “without
Indra" ([Link]), in a verse that seems to furnish the first instance
of this [Link] books use this as a standard allegation of the
enemies: “Indra-less destructive spirit" (RV 4:23.7), “how can those
without Indra and without hymns harm me?" (RV [Link]), “enemies
without Indra", truth-haters (RV [Link]), “my enemies without
Indra" (RV [Link]), “Indra-less libation-drinkers" (RV [Link])
According to Geldner (2003/3:166), the latter is a “reminiscence
of [Link]". Either the same enemy people was involved or, perhaps,
this had ultimately become a set phrase in referring to enemies.
Included in the enemy camp are the Dasyus, described as
“faithless, rudely-speaking Pa«is/niggards, without belief, sacrifice
or worship" (RV [Link]). Other seers call them “without sacrifice" (RV
[Link], [Link]), “without oath" (RV [Link], [Link], [Link],
[Link]), “riteless" (RV [Link]), “godless" (adeva, RV [Link]),
“faithless" (RV 1.33.9, [Link]), “prayerless" (RV [Link]), “following
different rites" (RV [Link], [Link]).All these are properties
pertaining to religion.
Dasyus are the D‚sa's priests and the special target of VasiÅÊha's
ire. In fact, opposition to the Dasyus is a general Vedic trait: “Dasyus
never figure as rich or powerful enemies. They are depicted as sly
enemies who incite others into acts of boldness([Link]) (....) The
Dasyus are clearly regarded with uncompromising hostility, while the
hostility towards the D‚sas is relatively mild" (Talageri 2000:253).
Whereas commoners go to the movies to watch famous actors
332 laLÑr foe'kZ%
and actresses, intellectuals (the kind who come out of the movie
theatre commenting: “I liked the book better") go there to make
their point of view on the scenarist’s plot and the director's
elaboration of it. Whereas commoners speak of World War 2 in
terms of “German" aggression, “British" fortitude and “Russian"
sacrifices, intellectuals see a three-way contest between the competing
ideologies animating the Axis, the Soviet Union and the Atlantic
countries. So, Sud‚s's court priest is less interested in the warriors
who do the actual fighting, and more in the ideologues who have
turned the battle in a competition between different pantheons and
different ways of pleasing them.
The Iranian religion fits the bill. The Vedic seers saw a very
similar religious practice and a very similar worldview, of people
whom they understood in spite of a different accent, and therefore
were extra sensitive to the points where the Athravans had “deviated"
from the Vedic standard. Consider: the Mazdeans are “without fire-
sacrifice": they don’t throw things into the sacred fire, because they
hold it even more sacred than the Vedic sacrificial priests, who still
use it as a channel towards the gods. An Avestan yasnais not a Vedic
yajüa.
They don't worship the Devas, whom they have demonized:
DaŒva means “devil".Conversely, the Vedic Aryans originally
worshipped but ultimately demonized the Asuras Hale 1986).
Among the gods, Indra in particular was identified with the principle
of Evil. Nevertheless, though the substantivated epithet Verethraghna
(“V¼tra-slayer") was separated from him and remained popular.
We may speculate that in an earlier confrontation, Indra did
not give them victory, so they demonized him, turning him into the
“angry spirit", Angra Mainyu. Vedic Manyu (addressee of RV 10:83-
84) was a name of Indra in his aspect of fury and passion. Anîgra
seems to be a pun on the Anîgiras, the clan of his priests. Alternatively,
the far northwest of the Subcontinent has no clear monsoon, a
time opened with a thunderstorm signified by Indra. During their
migrations as sketched in the Pur‚«as, the †navas are said to have
moved from the Western Ga«g‚ basin, which has a monsoon, to
Kashmir and West-Panjab, where the memory of a monsoon must
have faded, so Indra became less relevant and easily identified with
the people from monsoon territory.
Another element that may have played a role here, is VasiÅÊha's
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 333
stated opposition to magic: “Let the heroes (....) prevail against all
godless arts of magic" (RV [Link]), “Against the sorcerers hurl your
bolt" (RV [Link]). Human experience teaches the perfect
compatibility of this “skeptical" position with the fact that his own
sacrificial rituals deemed to result in battlefield victories (just like
the “miraculous" medallions worn by Catholics resulting in
impossible cures) equally amount to magic. At any rate, this cursed
sorcery was identified with the Asuras, who are often depicted in
stories as more resourceful than the Devas. Magic sis at the centre of
the Atharva Veda, named after the Iranian priestly class, the Athravans,
and held in lower esteem than the Veda-trayi, the other three [Link]
this case, it is not yet clear what was cause and what was effect: magic
(from Magoi, the Greek name of the Iranian priests) was associated
with the Iranians, and both the one and the other were mistrusted.
Finally, on the Vedic side, it is possible that Varu«a's identity
with the enemies’ god Ahura Mazd‚ had something to do with his
decline and gradual disappearance from the Vedic horizon: “One
notices the decline of Varu«a in Book X, which has no hymn for
him (....) If he is seen in his glory in some of the Family Books, Book
X registers his decline and subordination to Indra." (Pradhan
2014:153-154) At any rate, he did decline, both in power and in
moral stature: “Varu«a, who is now second to Indra unlike in VI, VII
and IV, is reduced to singing his praises (....) Varuªa of Books X and
I acquires semi-demoniacal features which he did not have in the
Family Books (....) the former guardian of immortality is now
associated with the world of the dead (....) unlike in the early Àgveda,
the [Yaju] Sa§hit‚s treated Varu«a with dread" (Pradhan 2014:156).
Likewise, the Varu«a-related concept of ?ta, “righteousness", “world
order", “normative succession of phases in a cycle", “truth", dwindles
and is more or less replaced by dharma, “righteousness", “social and
seasonal correctness".
This is only a partial and gradual demonization of Varu«a the
Asura, nothing like the radical demonization of Indra the DaŒva. But
that is commensurate with the fleeting Paurava war psychology as
against the deep grudge the †navas bore after their defeat.

4.4 Who the enemies were not

None of the names or nicknames associated with the Ten
Kings, their tribes or their religion is attested in Dravidian, Munda,
334 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Burushaski, Nahali, Tibetan or any other nearby language. Most of
them, by contrast, are completely transparent as Iranian names.
Similarly, their stated religious identification points to the Mazdean
tradition. Yet, quite a few translators and students of the Vedas insist
that they are the “black aboriginals".
The first reason is that those targeted by VasiÅÊha are m¼dhrav‚c
(RV [Link]), “babblers defective in speech" (Wilson), “rudely-speaking"
(Griffith), “wrongly speaking" (“misredend", Geldner), or “of disdainful
words" (Jamison and Brereton). This is not normally said of people
speaking a foreign language, but of people who are comprehensible
yet don't use the accent or the sociolinguistic register we are used
to. Still it is popularly thought that this refers to foreigners, the way
the European settlers in America considered the Amerindians alien.
The second reason is the frequent use of the word “black" as
referring to the enemies, notably VasiÅÊha's enemies: the asikni viÄa,
“the black tribe" ([Link]). But the use of “black" is not as pregnant
with sinister racist implications as if often made out. Hock (1999)
shows that this is but an application of a universal symbolism
relating whiteness or lightness to what is good or friendly, and
darkness or blackness to what is threatening, inimical or evil. In the
writer’s country, Belgium, collaborators with the German occupier
during World War II were called Blacks (“zwarten"), resistance fighters
Whites (“witten"). Colour symbolism is India has many applications
unrelated to race, e.g. the “white" and the “black" Yajur-Veda are
merely the well-ordered and transparent c.q. the miscellaneous and
labyrinthine parts.
Moreover, in VasiÅÊha's case we are probably dealing with a pun,
a double-entendre: asikni means “black", but it is also the name of a
river, Asiknœ, “the black river", which happens to be the river whence
the Ten Kings come to do battle. This is a normal type of hydronym,
e.g. the Thames in England and the Demer in Belgium mean “dark
(river)" as well, both names being cognates of Sanskrit tamas,
“darkness"; just as rivers may have colour names referring to their
lighter aspect, e.g. the Chinese Huanghe, “Yellow River".
In this case, the unimaginative interpretation of this pun as
indicating a black skin colour in the enemy, has been unusually
consequential. The British-colonial as well as the Nazi-German
narrative was that the presumed “White Aryan conquest of India
from the Black Aboriginals" illustrates the colonial and racialist view:
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 335
that superior races should rule over the inferior races and that master
races should preserve their purity. All this could have been avoided
if the Vedic words for “black" (asikni, k¼Å«a) had been interpreted
properly. There was no racial difference between D‚sas and †ryas,
and Iranians are not black.

4.5 Merits in the battle

Hymn RV 7:33 contains a bit of self-praise by VasiÅÊha. Of
secondary importance is his praise for his sons' military role in the
battle: they “slaughtered Bheda" (RV [Link]). Also, affirmations that
the seer was special and talented are not what is exceptional here,
e.g.:“With divine birth, VasiÅÊha is a thinker and knower of Earth and
Heaven." (RV [Link]-12)
The main focus of praise is that his recitation praising Indra
managed to move the god and channel his energies towards the
Bh‚rata army. He attributes to himself the best singing as well as the
best Soma for Indra (RV [Link],4). And this singing made a decisive
difference: the T¼tsus found themselves embattled and defenceless,
until VasiÅÊha became their guide (RV [Link]-6). The same point is
made in hymn 83: “Encircled, helpless, but Indra-Varu«a came to
the rescue (....) effectual was the service of the T¼tsus' priest." (RV
[Link]-4)
From a skeptical viewpoint, it must be borne in mind that he
may have been deluded about this. Kings who got defeated on the
battlefield also had court-priests who believed in the effectiveness
of their rituals. VasiÅÊha may simply have been lucky. His whole self-
praise and the resulting belief in the effectiveness of Vedic rituals
may have been an over confident deduction from a victorious turn
in this battle which was no more than a felicitous coincidence. No
doubt he was a great poet, but whether his poetry caused (rather
than just happened to coincide with) victory on the battlefield is a
matter of belief.

5. Deification
Hymn 7.33 glorifies the crucial role in Battle of the Ten Kings
of VasiÅÊha. (verse 10-14)and his sons. It is the first attested Indian
case of divinization, though we shall see that an earlier instance had
already been completed.
336 laLÑr foe'kZ%
5.1 Apotheosis
The process of a mortal’s deification was called äirk in ancient
Semitic, “association". It is attested in Ugarit, Syria, where after dying,
fabled kings were associated with a star. (De Moor 1990) In Islam,
this äirk/“association" of a mortal with a star, or of a creature with
the Creator, became the single worst sin: polytheism.
In Greek it was called ap²theosis, “elevation to Godhood",
“deification". Mortals thus deified among the stars include in
mythology Hercules, Perseus, Andromede, Ganymede, but there are
historical cases too: Antinoos, Roman emperor Hadrian's lover-boy
(ever since, a star in Aquarius), and Jan Sobieski, who broke the
Turkish siege of Vienna and then got associated with a newly
discovered southern constellation, Scutum (Sobieskii), “(Sobieski's)
Shield".
The logic, which at once explains the Indo-European poetic
formula “undying fame" (Greek kleos aphthiton, Sanskrit Äravas akÅitam),
is that one becomes immortal by one's glorious deeds, and
immortality is the key characteristic of gods. At the same time, the
gods are identified with stars: the Sumerian ideogram for “God"
shows a star, pronounced as dingir (in Akkadian pronounced as el,
related to Hebrew Elohim and to names like Micha-el, “who is like
God?" or Gabri-el, “my strength is God", and to Arabic al-il‚ha, “the
deity", whence All‚h), and intimates how the concept of a “god" was
originally conceived. A god was one who lived in heaven, who would
remain there long after you as a mortal have died, and who can be
seen every day by everyone. He is thus part of the collective
consciousness. So, that is what a man achieved by earning glory and
being recognized as a god.
VasiÅÊha went through this process not just after his death, he
described it himself: “When Varu«a and I embark together and urge
our boat into the midst of the ocean, we, when we ride over ridges
of the waters, will swing before that swing and there be happy. Varu«a
placed VasiÅÊha in the vessel and deftly with his might made him a
¼Åi." (RV [Link]-4) The vessel of the heavenly god Varu«a signifies
the seeming motion of the stars around the earth. VasiÅÊha is
associating his status as a ¼Åi with his elevation to the starry sky.
This way VasiÅÊha was given a place among the stars. With his
wife Arundh‚tœ (sister of Kapila, a seer glorified as the perfected being
par excellence in the Bhagavad-Gœt‚ 10.26) he is eternalized as the
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 337
star Mizar in the Great Bear, actually a double star, with VasiÅÊha as
the main star and Arundh‚tœ as his companion [Link] was the
embodiment of marital fidelity,therefore her star is shown to a bride.
On this pattern, Vedic civilization elevated seven sages jointly
to a kind of godhood by associating them with the seven stars of
the Great Bear. There are different versions, from late-Vedic to
medieval, the latter including sages associated with South India and
even Southeast Asia. (Mitchiner 2000) Together with seer Atri,
VasiÅÊha is the only one to be present in all versions of the “Seven
Sages".

5.2 Other deifications in the Àg-Veda

Anything that outlives man and is therefore felt to be immortal,
can be deified. In that sense, the disembodied ancestors are gods
too, for after death they stay on to watch over their progeny. To
limit ourselves to VasiÅÊha's book, it addresses hymns to the frog
species (RV 7:103) and to the waters (RV 7:47/49), as well as to
the named gods and to his own sons and himself (RV 7:33). A
colourful example elsewhere is the hymn “to the press-stones" (RV
10:44), the implements used by the Soma priests, on the pattern of
the annual sacrifice by a warrior to his weapons or by a craftsman to
his tools.
Since the line between god and man is fluid, some people are
addressed in passing as “divine", e.g. Trasadasyu is twice named “half
a god" (RV [Link]-9). Persons about whom you may never have
heard, but who each had one hymn addressed to them by the seer
KakÅœv‚n, were the generous princes, son and father, Svanaya and
Bh‚vayavya's (RV 1:125-126). These are but a kind of D‚nastutis,
lavish praise to express gratitude for gifts of [Link], a
part of a hymn is dedicated to a R‚j‚ Citra [Link]-18.
Further, a hymn is jointly dedicated to Indra and the composing
seer Vasukra, who is deemed to be the God’s son (RV 10:28).By
then, authorships and dedications often have something fanciful.
Hence, finally, the hymn to the ancestor PurÒravas (founder of the
Lunar dynasty) and his beloved, the heavenly nymph UrvaĜ (RV
10:95). And that brings us to the one great success story of Vedic
divinization: Pururavas's mother I΂ (RV [Link]).
338 laLÑr foe'kZ%
5.3 The matriarch I΂
If VasiÅÊha may be considered the first one to be deified, there
was a “zeroth" (0th) candidate to be acknowledged. She lived well
before the first Vedic hymn, hence we can’t witness the process of
her climb from human being to Goddess, but in the hymns
themselves her invocation is deemed very important. As the ancestress
of the Vedic tribe, she had become, so to speak, the presiding deity
of the Vedic tradition: I΂.
She is often mentioned together with clan goddess Bh‚ratœ
and with the personified life artery of Vedic civilization, the river
goddess Sarasvatœ. This follows a well-known pattern visible in many
traditions, from the “triple goddess" of the made-up (but in this
respect authentic) Wicca religion; via al-L‚t, al-Uzza and al-Man‚t,
the three pre-Islamic goddesses of Mecca mentioned in the Qur'‚n's
“Satanic verses"; to the Vedic moon-goddesses Gunîgu, Sinœv‚lœ and
Raka (signifying the first visible moon, the full moon and the last
moon, RV [Link], more elaborately sung in the Atharva-Veda); and
the later Hindu triplicity P‚rvatœ, Durg‚ and K‚lœ.
VasiÅÊha himself calls her “divine I΂" (RV 7:44.2). He also
mentions her in RV [Link] and [Link]. Her oldest mention is
probably in RV [Link] by Bharadv‚j son-of-B¼haspati, where the fire,
the first of the Gods, is asked to “sit down on the foot-mark of I΂,
accepting the (sacrificial) food and being glorified".
Puranic stories make her into Sudyumna, a son of Manu, who
had emerged from an enchanted pond finding himself transformed
into a woman. Already a father, she now gets impregnated by Budha
and becomes a mother. When the Gods turned against her and
announced the death of one half of her children, she offered to
have those killed she had had as a man, because “a woman loves her
children more". Though later on the Gods were pleased with her
and offered her the boon of choosing her own sex, she preferred
remaining a woman, as “women enjoy the sex act nine times more
than men do". (The same observation was attributed by the Greeks
to Teiresias, equally a veteran of life as both a man and a woman. We
apparently have an ancient motif of Indo-European poetry that
found its way into various different narratives.)
This is not bad as a story, but it may be transparent of an
actual historical sequence which has been reconstructed as follows:
'Manu desired that his first child should be a son, whereas his wife
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 339
desired a daughter. Their first child was a girl. (....) I΂ gave birth to a
boy named Sudyumna (....) He could not ascend to the throne because
of being [Manu]'s daughter’s son. Sudyumna, therefore, was
appointed to rule PratiÅÊh‚napura (....) This has been mentioned in
the form of allegory, which runs thus: I΂, the first child of Manu,
herself was transformed into a man, and then again into a woman
(...) But when we carefully consider all the different descriptions in
different Pur‚«as and epics, we can easily find the historical fact."
(Siddhantashastree 1978:35)
Siddhantashastree (1978:84-87) cites both the Mah‚bh‚rata
(1:90), where I΂'s successor is called PurÒravas, like in RV [Link],
and various Puranic lists, where the Lunar dynasty is founded by
Soma or Candra (“moon"), and without any [Link] for the
sex change, the Vedic seers know nothing of it and just venerate her
as the presiding Goddess of their tribe.

5.4 Temple near Manali

Outside Man‚lœ (Him‚cal), there is a temple to VasiÅÊha with
sulphur hot springs. In modern Hinduism, That is the formal
recognition of his divine status. Other gods are brought before him
to take a bath. It is asserted that this was the site where Manu's Ark
landed after the Flood. As Brahma has only one temple (PuÅkar) but
is undoubtedly a god, VasiÅÊha can also claim to be up there.

5.5 Significance of one's divinization

Singing one's own praise is not that unusual in the Vedic
tradition, witness e.g. Y‚jüavalkya claiming the herd of cows awarded
by king Janaka for a debate that had yet to take place, as if actually
winning it is a formality too small for a man of his calibre to go
through (B¼had‚ra«yaka UpaniÅad 3.1.2). This could be understood
as a matter of personal conceit, at least of an assertive temperament.
But it could equally be a grateful acceptance and proper appreciation
of the divine working in and through you. It also prefigures the
Tantric practice of divinization by means of self-identification with
a visualized deity: visualizing the divine in yourself, feeling yourself
to be a deity.
In serious theology, we might ponder this act of divinization
as profoundly heaven-challenging, as a Nietzschean repudiation of
“envy on the part of those who by their very nature are incapable of
340 laLÑr foe'kZ%
self-affirmation and want to chain the whole world with their own
shackles", thus illustrating “the connection between denial of God
and self-worship" (Halbertal and Margalit 1994:250).
But there is no indication that VasiÅÊha had such a radical
intention, if only because he was quite serious about Indra and other
gods. Indeed, he saw his main claim to fame in his skill of channeling
the energies of the gods through his rituals and recitations. Probably
we shouldn’t read too much in VasiÅÊha's self-deification: it was really
just a daring rhetorical flourish, momentarily placing himself on the
pedestal where normally only the gods reside. After the Battle of the
Ten Kings and its literary digestion, he returned to business as usual
and didn’t take his self-deification too seriously.
Yet, the question arises whether the Vedic seers were ever
spiritually ambitious enough to go beyond the dichotomy god-man.
Even while using the language of serving the gods and being rewarded
by them, did they sometimes transcend this dichotomy? The Greek
Vedic scholar Nicholas Kazanas thinks so:
“In the RV we can detect a process which I call ‘divinization'
and which is, really, the same as the upanishadic or yogic ‘Self-
Realization'. (....) Repeatedly in the RV one god or another is said to
reside within man. (....) The Holy Power br„hman is also within man
or as the innermost armour([Link]). A very clear statement reveals
that ‘the mighty and wise guardian of the entire world has entered
me, a simpleton' ([Link]). Some prudent visionaries seek and
manage to realize these powers within themselves, chiefly the acittam
br„hma, ‘the Holy Power that is beyond conception' (1.152.2). Many
descriptions are given in the hymns (....): ‘they found the spacious/
infinite light even as they were reflecting' ([Link]) (....) the seer Ka«va
declares how he was born even like the Sun-god SÒrya afer he had
received essential knowledge (medh‚) about the Cosmic Order (¼ta)
from his father." (Kazanas 2015:321-322)
This way, the Vedic hymns do already carry within them the
germs of a vision that will flourish in the UpaniÅads: of the divine
within man, of non-duality between the individual Self (‚tman) and
the Absolute (brahman). The common belief in an opposition
between Vedic karmak‚«Ša and Upanishadic jü‚nak‚«Ša (the sections
of ritual c.q. knowledge) is unfair to the Vedic poets, who had their
moments of profound insight too.
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 341
6. Later place in Hinduism
Since our topic concerns the Àg-Veda, we disclaim responsibility
for the enormous task of narrating VasiÅÊha's “after life". But as there
is so much of it, we should at least give a nod to this enormous
material. Our very incomplete list of his roles in later literature and
philosophy includes the following instances.

6.1 Epics
In the R‚m‚ya«a we get the classical image of VasiÅÊha: a
proverbial sage living in a hermitage, married to Arundh‚tœ, possessor
of the wish-cow K‚madhenu and her calf Nandinœ, and in rivalry with
ViÄv‚mitra, the princeling who tries to wrest his wish-cow from him
but finds out the hard way that Brahmanical power is superior. A
section (B‚lak‚«Ša 51-56) describes the rivalry with ViÄv‚mitra, who
has VasiÅÊha's 100 sons killed, though grandson Par‚Äara survives –
an uncanny resemblance to the Mah‚bh‚rata narrative, where the
P‚«Šavas' children are all killed but their only grandson ParœkÅit survives
to revive the lineage. Yet, in his youth, it is to ViÄv‚mitra that R‚ma
turns, and, after his father is persuaded by VasiÅÊha to give him
permission, has him as a tutor during a stay in the [Link]Äv‚mitra
in youth, VasiÅÊha in adulthood: this mirrors the employment by
Sud‚s of ViÄv‚mitra in his early and of VasiÅÊha in his later career.
The two seers can jointly take credit for the conduct of the
R‚m‚ya«a campaign in accordance with the principles of Just War
(Balkaran and Dorn 2012). The righteous war (Dharma Yuddha) has
been theorized in the West by Cicero, Thomas Aquinas and others,
but its application existed already earlier in India. In the Mah‚bh‚rata,
these principles are being broken one after another, and K¼Å«a's
brother B‚lar‚ma's return from a pilgrimage at the end of the war
serves to highlight his consternation at seeing how mores have
degenerated during the war. By contrast, in the R‚m‚ya«a, featuring
R‚ma as the ideal man, these principles are upheld, and superficial
objections are duly met after a closer reading. Thus, cutting off
SÒrpanakh‚'s nose (†ra«ya K‚«Ša 6) may not seem very gentlemanly,
but the picture changes when you realize that R‚ma does this to
protect his lady Sœt‚, whom SÒrpanakh‚ has threatened to murder.
If at all we attribute some historical core to the story, we must
remain aware that VasiÅÊha came to serve as a family name (and still
does: Vasistha is common among Panjabi Brahmins), already in the
342 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Vedic hymn where the Sage's sons are called VasiÅÊhas, so we can’t
strictly say that the Vedic seer is meant. But precisely the similarity
with the Vedic poet is too good to be true and suggests that this was
just a literary adaptation to which no historical value should be
attached. At any rate, this is the VasiÅÊha best known in India : R‚ma's
gurÒ.
The Seer also makes a relatively minor appearance in the
Mahabh‚rata, where e.g. he visits the dying BhœÅma. Those who insist
on seeing history here (and the story probably does have a historical
core, just as Homer’s Iliad is based on a real war that took place
some five hundred years before Homer), are faced with the fact that
this narrative treats the R‚m‚ya«a narrative as belonging to the distant
past; and that it treats the Vedas as completed with the final editing
by VasiÅÊha's descendent Vy‚sa, who himself is already the grandfather
of some of the epic's [Link], on both counts we cannot
seriously treat the appearance of the Vedic Seer VasiÅÊha as more
than a literary device.
Nevertheless, as the proverbial Sage, he is made to contribute
seriously to the philosophical excursions in the epics. In the
R‚m‚ya«a, R‚m‚'s actions, presumably informed by his gurÒ's
teachings, prefigure each of the principles of the Just War doctrine
(as argued by Balkaran & Dorn 2012).In the Mahabh‚rata, a
discussion of determinism versus free will crucially quotes a lesson
attributed to the instruction of VasiÅÊha by Brahma: “Destiny is not
accomplished without human action, just as a field without sown
seed bears no fruit." (MBh [Link], discussed in Gonz„lez-Reimann
2010:30)
VasiÅÊha's grandson Par‚Äara is also presented as the author of
the B¼hat-Par‚Äara-Hor‚-Ç‚stra, a comprehensive work on Hinduized
He enistic (now mis-termed “Vedic") astrology. VasiÅÊha himself is
anachronistically credited with a book on Hellenistically-derived
electional astrology, the VasiÅÊha-Sa§hit‚. Equally fictional: his wife
Arundh‚tœ is featured by K‚lœd‚sa in his Kum‚rasambhava (canto 6) as
brokering the wedding of Çiva and P‚rvatœ.

6. Buddhism
The Buddha pays respect to VasiÅÊha. Far from being in “revolt
against the Veda" (as endlessly claimed in Indian textbooks
nowadays), he declares that the Veda in its true form was held by the
The Rg-Vedic Hymn to Vasi¬-ha: 343
Vedic seers “Atthako, V‚mako, V‚madevo, Vess‚metto, Yamataggi, Anîgiraso,
Bh‚radv‚jo, V‚setto, Kassapo, and Bhagu". (Vinaya Pitaka, Mahavagga,
1.245) Alas, this “true" Veda had been altered. There are many
indications, starting with his frequent self-referential use of the word
†rya (usually translated as “noble", but really “Vedic", hence “having
received the Vedic initiation", hence “upper-caste", hence
“sociologically noble", hence metaphorically “morally noble", see
Elst 2013), that he thought of himself as a reviver of the “true"
Veda, as against the Yajur-Vedic ritualism that had by then filled up
the religious space.

6.3 More recent writings

VasiÅÊha's appearances in the Pur‚«a's are too many to be
counted. For a single example, he is made the narrator in the
JanakapraÄna (“Questions to king Janaka") of the Brahm‚«Ša-pur‚«a
(Smets 2013), where teacher Datt‚treya instructs his disciple, king
K‚rtavœry‚rjuna, by referring to an earlier instruction in yoga by sage
Asita to his disciple, king Janaka. VasiÅÊha only introduces and
concludes the narrative. His final words about what the king learned,
are: “Well-versed in the true nature of yoga, endowed with the quality
of universal sovereignty (aiÄvarya) without being attached to it,
resplendent, he (K‚rtavœry‚rjuna) governed the country for a long
time." (Smets 2013:115)
He is also made the author of the VasiÅÊha-Dharma-SÒtra. Part
descriptive and part normative, the Dharma-SÒtras are often
considered as Law Books. An oft-quoted verse in anti-Brahman
polemic serves to prove that, while vegetarianism clearly already
existed among purists, it was still untypical of Brahmans: “If a
Brahman refuses to eat the meat offered to him on the occasion of
Äraddh‚ or worship, he goes to hell." (VDS 11:34, quoted e.g. in
Kumar 2015) Interesting, but nothing here is specifically reminiscent
of anything in VasiÅÊha's hymns.
VasiÅÊha serves as the protagonist of the medieval Yoga-VasiÅÊha
(Venkatesananda 2013). This very prominent instruction on yoga
uses the narrative device of a teacher-pupil relationship between the
proverbial sage VasiÅÊha and the proverbial hero R‚ma. The message
is akin to what other yoga masters taught, but have much less to do
with what the Vedic VasiÅÊha wrote.
Finally, we should mention the Dhanurveda, “Knowledge of
344 laLÑr foe'kZ%
Archery" (Ray 1991), a late minor classic on the art of warfare,
attributed to VasiÅÊha. A Brahman as putative author of a martial
treatise should not surprise us: almost all the writing was done by
Brahmans any way, and there are precedents for Brahmans dealing
with martial arts, e.g. the P‚«Šavas' archery teacher Dro«a, who had
received his martial knowledge from yet another belligerent Brahman,
ParaÄur‚ma. In the Dhanurveda we briefly find the same emphasis on
Just War already associated with VasiÅÊha, e.g. the chivalrous attitude
to non-combatants: “One should not kill the enemy who lies
unconscious, is crippled, without weapon, filled with fear or asking
asylum." (4:41) “He who sleeps, is drunk, without clothes or
weapons, the lady, the minor, the helpless one and the coward leaving
the battlefield, must not be killed." (4:64) Less thorough and less
profound than in the epics, but then it is a far smaller and less
important book.

7. Conclusion
After a remarkable performance in the Àgveda, VasiÅÊha has
become the proverbial ÀÅi. As such, his name has been endlessly re-
used in later literature. The same role had also been assigned to
Kapila, who figures as the proverbial sage in the Bhagavad-Gœt‚ (10:26),
but as the founder of the S‚§khya philosophy, discarded by
mainstream Hinduism centuries ago, his star doesn’t shine as brightly
as VasiÅÊha's.
Yet, VasiÅÊha rose only to borderline godhood, unlike his
ancestress I΂. On the other hand, while deified and worshipped by
the Vedic seers, she did not survive the Vedic age. If you ask any
Hindu on the street, the name I΂ has largely been forgotten, but
VasiÅÊha (usually through his role in the well-known R‚m‚yana) would
still ring a mighty bell.
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ggg
Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄašå 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda

- Mitali
Research Scholar, Deptt. of Sanskrit
Faculty of Arts, B.H.U., Varanasi

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Which mean to say that medium through which different
methods of achieving four respective purusharthas (viz. Dharma, Arth,
Kama & Moksha) could be known is termed as veda.
Vedas are the world treasure in the form of Mantra and
Brahman respectively which represent the mysticism of life, nature
and the whole universe. The world veda has been derived from the
root word ‘vid' (fon~ Kkus) combined with the suffix ‘ghü' (?k×k~) in
the terms of Bhava, Karma and Karana meaning knowledge, subject
of the knowledge and mode of the knowledge respectively.
†pastamba defines veda as ¶eU=kczkã.k;ksonZs uke/s;e~¸ i.e. collection
of Mantra and Brahman is termed as veda. And S‚yan defines veda
as ¶b"VizkIR;fu"Vifjgkj;ksjykSfddeqik;a ;ks xzUFkks osn;fr l osn%¸ i.e. the scripture
which imparts knowledge of different ways in order to acquire
desirable things and removing undesirable things from our life. Thus,
if we consider the both above definitions, we can say that words in
the form of Mantra and Brahman which provide us with the
knowledge of desirable elements and removing undesirable one from
our life is termed as veda.
Unlike every division of veda, Atharveda holds its own
importance on the basis of which many scholars of Veda consider it
as unparallel and unique. Including the contents of other veda, it
also comprises of applied science. Thus, simultaneous to cryptic
streams of knowledge and science Atharvaveda can be considered

( 347 )
348 laLÑr foe'kZ%
as an applied science too. It is repository of knowledge, pertaining
to a variety of subjects, which have a direct bearing on practical life.
It contains a considerable amount of scientific and quasi scientific
information which deserves to be tested and verified in the crucibles
of modern science.
S‚yan in his introduction to Atharvaveda commentry says :-
¶O;k[;k; osnf=kr;ekeqf"ediQyizne~A
,sfgdkeqf"ediQya prqFkZ O;kdfj";frAA¸
(vFkoZosnlk;.kHkk";Hkwfedk] 9-20)
This Mantra conveys that Atharvaveda deals with the both
materialistic & non-materialistic world, i.e. it is helpful in achieving
both types of desires and goals, first one related with materialistic
world of which most of the common like us desire about. And the
second one deals with the non-materialistic or real world which is
achieved by the rare of the rarest through the means of deep penance,
strong meditation and concentration of mind.
Also, Atharvaparisishta syas,
¶vFkoZeU=klEizkIR;k lokZflf¼HkZfo";frA¸ (vFkoZifjf'k"V 2-5)
i.e. all types of goals can be achieved through Atharvavedic
mantras.

Nomenclature and subject matter of the Atharvaveda

Atharvaveda comprises of various names and these names
themselves signifie the subject matter e.g. Some of the names can
be analysed as such; Among several names it is named as,
Atharvaveda, Bhaisajyaveda, Amritaveda, Brahmaveda, Chhandoveda,
Mahiveda etc. Atharvaveda itself says about its name (Bhaisjaya) :-
¶;Ka cqzeks ;tekue`p% lkekfu Hks"ktk
;Kwaf"k gks=kk cwzeLrs uks eq×pRoagl%AA¸ (11-6-14)
Gopathabrahman states :
¶;s¿FkokZ.k% rn~Hks"kte~ ;n~Hks"kte~ rne`re~ ;ne`re~ rnczãA**
(xksiFk] 1-3-4)
Thus, Brahma word is parallel to Bhaisjya.
Many scholars of vedic literature like Macdonell and
Bloomfield etc. Categorised the hymn of Atharvaveda in different
classes as :
Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda 349
The hymns meant to secure long life. (vk;q";lwDrkfu)
To get good wishes in many household manner. (ikSf"Vdkf.k)
To word off misfortune (e`xkj lwDrkfu)
To pardon the misdeeds (izk;f'prkfu lwDrkfu)
as well as vfHkpkfjdkf.k lwDrkfu and
HkS"kT;lwDrkfu these all are classified along with their subject matter.
Besides all these, a class of hymn of cosmoganic and theosophic
occupies a good place in Atharvaveda in which Brahmavidya, Kala,
Kama & Prana have been described. According to Kaushika Sutra
there are fourteen topics out of which my paper deals with the
pharmaceutical or vk;w";lwDrkfu needed to live long, healthy and
secured life.
In the very paper, I have tried to collect the knowledge of the
medicinal approaches present in Atharvaveda. In the due process
symptoms, causes and remedies of fever and various diseases have
been explained.

Ayurveda as Upaveda and its definition

Regarding the concept of upavedas scholars have distinct views
as Baldev Upadhyaya says that †yurveda is the upaveda of
Atharvaveda while Shukraniti says :-
½X;tq% lke pkFkoZosnk% vk;q/Zuq% Øekr~A
xU/oZ'pSo rU=kkf.k miosnk% izdhfrZrk%A ('kqØuhfr 4-3-17)
†yurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Tantraveda are
four upavedas of Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharvaveda
respectively.
But as per my paper is concerned, it deals with the different
¸yurvedic elements in Atharvaveda and their utility.
Shushrut defines †yurveda as :
vk;qfgZrkfgra O;kf/funkua 'keua rFkkA
fo|rs ;=k fo}n~fHk% l pk;qosZn mP;rsA (lqJqr lw=kLFkku 1-23)
Charak says †yurveda as science of life. (pjd lw=kLFkku 20-23)
i.e. through which beneficial and non-benicial components
of life, remedies and removal of various diseases to secure long and
healthy life are described, is termed as †yurveda.
350 laLÑr foe'kZ%
In Shukraneeti Ayurveda is defined as
foUnR;k;qosZfÙk lE;xkÑR;ks"kf/gsrqr%
;fLeU½Xosnksiosn% l p vk;qosZnlaKd%A (4-3-21)
i.e. the upaveda of Rigveda in which various methods are
prescribed to secure long life including symptoms and cure of various
diseases, and knowledge of several medicines is described is termed
as †yurveda.
Atharvaveda comprises of more than 30 hymns related with
the †yurveda. Some of which can be mentioned as such : tyfpfdRlk
(4-57)] vkSf"k/lwDr (4-59)] nh?kkZ;q.;lwDr (5-28 ,oa 30)] vf{kjksxlwDr (6-
16)] ;{euk'ku lwDr (6-20)] dq"BkS"kf/lwDr (6-95)] fpfdRlklwDr (6-96)]
Tojuk'kulwDr (7-20) etc.
Atharvaveda is full of †yurvedic elements in which goal of
Atharvaveda has been stated for human beings to live complete life:
ruwLruok es lgs nr% loZek;qj'kh;A
L;ksua es lhn iq#% i`.kLo ioeku% LoxsZAA ([Link];qlwDr] 19-6-1)
loZek;qthZo;kle~ (19-70-1)
i.e. May I live my whole life.
Further, Atharvaveda points out various causes of diseases
some of which are being presented here :
In the 6th Kanda, we get firm knowledge about the root causes
of diseases or illness. It states that unsystematic life is the main cause
which leads to number of diseases. Person leading unsystematic life
is vulnerable to series of diseases as
da fpnozrLriqoZ/k; (6-20-1)] Here vozr means unsystematic.
In the ninth kanda it has been stated that various diseases are
born out of extra desires, of aversions, of the hearts i.e. balasa from
the heart.
;fn dkeknidkekn~/`n;kTtk;rs ifjA
ânks cykleÄõsH;ks cfgfuZeZU=k;kegsA (9-8-8)
As we know that prevention is better than cure. Here we get a
clue that in order to prevent ourselves from diseases, we certainly
need first to control our desires and aversions because they hamper
our internal energy and besides we must lead systematic life.
Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda 351
Again Atharvaveda says that the main cause of all diseases is
poision :-
mnjkr~ rs DykEuks ukH;k ân;knf/A
;{[Link] losZ"kka fo"ka fujokspega Ror~A (9-8-12)
Whether it is crush of the heart or stretch along the vertebrae-
¹;k ân;eqi"kZUR;uqrUofUr dhdlk%Aº (9-8-14)
or there is creep along the intestines and confound entrails
¹;k xqnk vuqliZUR;kU=kkf.k eksg;fUr pAº (9-8-17)
or whether it is sucking of the marrow or breaking apart the
joints
¹;k eKks fu/Z;fUr i#¡f"k fo#tfUr pAº (9-8-18)
or intoxication of the limbs (;s vÄõkfu en;fUr)
Thus, all of the above problems are caused due to poison.
Such †yurvedic knowledge presented by our ancient seers still serves
as the base and inspiration for the cause and cure of different
diseases.
That's why it has been said in the 8th Kanda that poisonless
food should be eaten and drunk :
;n'ukfl ;fRicfl /kU;a Ñ";k% i;%A
;nk|a ;nuk|a lo± rs vÂefo"ka Ñ.kksfeA (8-2-19)
In the due process the importance of eating deep boiled rice
and barley have been stated as such:
f'kokS rs Lrka ozhfg;okocyklonkse/kS
,rkS ;{ea fo ck/srs ,rkS eq×prks vagl%AA (8-2-18)
Now, regarding the concept of fever, Atharvaveda uses the word
^rDeu~*. Charaka says that fever is the most important among all
diseases which takes lives of most of the living beings :
Toj ,oknkSA TojLrq nsgsfUæ;euLrkidj% Toj;fr '[Link] Toj%A
(pjdfunku] 1-16 ,oa 34)
Atharvaveda states that vatta, pita and kapha are the root causes
of fever :
eq×p 'kh"kZDR;k mr dkl ,ua i#"i#jkfoos'kk ;ks vL;
;ks vHkztk okrtk ;'p 'kq"eks ouLirhURlprka iork±'pA (1-12-3)
352 laLÑr foe'kZ%
In the above mantra Rishi is praying release you him from
headache and cough and whoever has entered each joint of him,
the blast that is cloud born and that is wind born.
One can also see the symptoms and causes of fever as
described :
;r Roa 'khrks¿Fk :j% lg dklkosi;%A
HkhekLrs rDeu~ gsr;kLrkfHk% Le ifj o`Ä~fX/ u%A (5-22-10)
Along with the fever, interrelated problems with diseases
accompanying fever are also discussed :
rDeu~ Hkzk=kk cyklsu LoÏk dkfld;k lgA
ikIek Hkzkr`;s.k lg [Link] tue~ AA (5-22-12)
this mantra presents Ayurvedic concept, which I think we all
must have experienced that fever is often accompanied with balas,
cough and scab i.e. they are interrelated problems. That's why Rishi
has called them as brother, sister and cousin of fever respectively.
Such names are used probably to establish strong correlation among
them.
Apart from the interrelated factors of fever, three classifications
of fever have also been done viz. (cold, fierce or rura and heat or
sochis).
ue% 'khrk; rDeus ueks :jk; 'kksfp"ks Ñ.kksfeA
;ks vU;s|q#Hk;|qjH;sfr r`rh;dk; ueks vLrq rDeusAA (1-25-4)
Thus, besides three intermittent phases of fever rishi is praying
to rDeu~ god to disappear the respective phase of fever :
r`rh;da for`rh;a lnfUneqr 'kkjne~ A
rDekua 'khra :ja xzS"ea uk'k; okf"kZde~AA (5-22-13)
In the 5th Kanda one can see the very mantra of rDeuk'kulwDr :
vfXuLrDekuei ck/rkfer% lkseks xzkok o#.k% iwrn{kk%
osfncZfgZ% lfe/% 'kks'kqpkuk vi }s"kkaL;eq;k HkoUrqAA (5-22-1)
This mantra provides use with the variant remedial measures
of diseases through Agni, Soma, Putdaksha, Vedi, Barhi and Samidha.
Here Agni means keeping ourselves physically fit through excercises
and thus maintaing the optimum warmth and temperature of our
body. Soma refers to the purification of heart, mind and medicines
in the form of positive thoughts; Putdaksha refers to the work of
Ayurvedic concepts in Atharvaveda 353
complete cleanliness and vedi + Barhi + Samidha together signifie
regular sacrifices.
Thus from the, above discussion we come to conclude that
what the new medical science talks about has been said already
numbers of years ago in our Vedas. And, if we follow and practice
the vedic life style we all can lead a happy and secured long life.

Bibliography
1. Atharvaveda Samhita, Edited and Revised by K. L. Joshi, Vol. I,
II & III. Parimal Publication, Delhi (year 2000).
2- vFkoZosnHkk";] lk;.kkpk;ZÑrHkk";;qr] fo'ocU/qfo'os'ojkuUn oSfnd 'kks/
laLFkku] gksf'k;kjiqj] fo- 2017
3- vFkoZons dk lkaLÑfrd vè;;u] Mk- dfiynso f}osnh] fo'o Hkkjrh vuqlèa kku
ifj"kn~] Kkuiqj] Hknksgh] lu~ 2012
4- vFkoZons s jktuhfr] Mk- fouk;djkepUnzjVkVs] [Link] laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;]
izFke laLdj.k
5- oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr] cynso mikè;k;] 'kkjnk laLFkku] 37 ch johUnzijq h]
nqxkZdq.M] [Link]] iape laLdj.k&2010
6- 'kqØuhfr] eukst ifCyds'kUl] 761 esu jksM cqjkM+h] fnYyh&110084] ukSoka
laLdj.k&2013
7- euqLe`fr] Jh Bkdqj iqLrd [Link]] dpkSM+h xyh] [Link]] 221001
8- /eZ'kkL=k dk bfrgkl] Mk- [Link] okeu [Link]] mÙkj izns'k fgUnh laLFkku]
jktf"kZ iq#"kksÙkenkl [Link]] fgUnh Hkou] egkRek xka/h ekxZ] y[kuÅ&226001
9- xksiFk czkã.k] ew0 ukjk;.k izsl] dydÙkk] 1861
10- vkiLrEc/eZlw=ke~ (ikyUnlaxzg)A

ggg
Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš 2016 (Vol. -11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time

and Poetic Talent 1

Dr. Sudarshan Kumar Sharma

M.R. Governement College,
Fazilka, Punjab

yksdHkkLdjL; HkkLdjkpk;ZL; LFkkua Hkkjrh;okÄ~e;kdk'ks furkUreqÂre~A

rL; thoua thoudky dkO;izfrHkk×pkf'pÑR; Jè;k ys[kosQu xEHkhjks
foe'kksZ¿dkfj 'kks/ ys[ks¿fLeu~A
In Lœ‚vatœ Upoddh‚ta Lakhena Lal2 has described Bh‚skara
as Loka bh‚skara (Sun of the world) born as son of Maheshvara in
the lineage of BhÒdeva in village named Bœj‚pura in Country of Kar«‚-
taka near Sahya (northern parts of western ghaÊs north of river K‚verœ,
the portion being south of K‚verœ as Malayagiri).3
His date of birth has been given by Lakhanlal as 1036 Çaka
Sa§vata=1114 A.D. and his composition date of Lœl‚vatœ as 1072
Çaka Sa§vat i.e. 1150 AD
In his introduction Lakhanlal Jh‚ has given Siddh‚nta
Çiroma«i's date of composition at the age of 36 i.e. 1150 AD
repeated as such. Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i comprises four parts. Lœl‚vatœ,

1. Paper for publication in Bhaskara 900 - Bhaskaracharya's 900th Birth

Anniversary, Sptember 19, 20 and 21 September, 2014 in Vidya
Prasaraka Mandala, Dr. Bedekar Vidya Mandir, Vishnu Nagar, Naupada,
Thane-400602
2. Lilavati by Shri Lakhan Lal Jha and Shri Suresh Sharma, The Vidya
Bhavana, Sanskrita Granthamala, 62, Caukhamba Vidya Bhawan,
Varanasi-1, Reprint edition 2013, Upoddhata Slokas Verses 1-5, total
verses (11).
3. Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India N.L. Dey P
171, Oriental Book Reprint Corporation, Book Publications, 54, Rani
Jhansi Road, New Delhi-110055, third edition 1971, first publication
in 1927.

( 354 )
Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 355
Bœjaga«ita, Ga«it‚dhy‚ya and Gol‚dhy‚ya.1
The Persian translation2 of the the Pr‚k¼ta composition was
done by Faizi at the command of Akbar in 1587 AD. In 1816
Taylor and in 1817 H.T. Colebrooke translated it in English and
subsequently in many other languages this work became translated3.
The poetic talent of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya is evident from his graceful
style given to insipid topics of mathematics with full credit to the
poetry and figures of speech and allied poetic delineations. Apart
from JyotiÅa Vy‚kara«a, DarÄana and allied auxiliary lores have been
taken into account.
The introductory verse in Lœl‚vatœ couched in Ç‚rdÒla VikrœŠita
metre is written in very graceful style:
izhfra HkDrtuL; ;kstu;rs fo?ue~ fofu?uu~ Le`r%_ ra o`Unkjd o`UnofUnr ina
uRok erÄõkuue~A ikVha ln~[Link]; ofPe prqjizhfriznka izLiqQVke~] laf{kIrk{kj dkseykeey&
inSykZfyR;yhykorhe~4A
P‚Êi word used herein means Arithmetic and ikfjHkkf"kra also
arithmetic given by VS Apte in Sanskrit English Dictionary P 329
(MLBD, Delhi edition reprinted 2000) Verse 25 referes to 20 cowries
making one K‚ki«œ 4 K‚ki«œs making one Pa«a, 16 Pa«as making
one Dramma and 16 Drammas making a NiÅka.
Verses 3-11 headed by rqY;k ;okH;ka dfFkrk¿=k xq×tk oYyfL=kxq×tks
è[Link] p rs¿"VkS x|[Link]~};kfeUnz rqY;S% oYySLrFkSdks /Vd% izfn"V%AA and

1. Bhumika to Lilavati P 1 wherein Mr. Lakhanlal Jha presumes Lilavati as

the name of the wife or daughter of the granthakara; from copper plate
grant of Bhaudaji has come to light the name of his sons and grand sons.
In 1163 AD he composed Karana Kutuhala the date of his death even.
2. Ibid
3. Ibid
4. Text P 1
5. ojkVdkuka n'kd};a ;r~ lk [Link] rk'pi.k%prÏ% rs "kksM'k nzEe bgkoxE;ks nzEeSLrFkk
"kksM'kfHk'p fu"d%A ojkVd% - a cowrie VSA P 492, K‚ki«œ - a shell or cowrie
used as a coin or a sum of meney equal to 20 cowries or to a quarter of
Pa«a. A weight equal to a quarter of a m‚sa VSA P 141. Pa«a - 80
cowries VSA P 310, NiÅka - a gold coin, a weight of gold equal to 108 or
150, Suvar«a or a C‚«Š‚la VSA P 298. Also see NiÅka - a Àgvedic NiÅka
extraction by D.V. Chauhan P 627-638 published in the Annals of the
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Voluem: LXVIII edited by Dr.
R.N. Dandekar and Dr. G.B. Pulsule as 150th Birth Anniversary of Rama
Krishana Gopala Krishana Bhandarkar 1987.
356 laLÑr foe'kZ%
n'kkèkZxq×ta izonfUrek"ka ek"kkà;S% "kksMkfHk'pd"kZe~ d"kSZ"prqfHkZ'p iya rqykKk% d"k±
[Link]; [Link] e~ verse 3 and 4 on P 2 with Yojana, KoÄa, Kara Nivartana
and KÅetra verse 6 Dro«a, Kh‚rœ, ‚Šhaka, Prastha and KuŠava in
verse 8 Verses 9 and 10 referring to Yavana Prac‚ritam‚nas sera, 40
Seras Ma«a iknksux|[Link] rqY;k¿V~ÄSï f}lIrrqY;S% dfFkrks¿=klsj%A [Link]èkkua [k;qx'S plsj%S
/kU;kfnrkSY;s"kq rq#"dlaK%A
Verse 10 alamagira saha measure - };ÄïsUnq la[;S% ?kVoSQ'p lsj% rS%
i×pfHk% L;kn~/fVdk p rkfHk%A [Link]¿"VfHkLRokyexhj 'kkg Ñrk¿=klaKk fut jkT;iw"kqZ
couched in Upaj‚ti metres. Lœl‚vatœ has descirbed as P‚Êyadhy‚ya in
the colophon being the work of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya1 at the end of the
verse couched in Vasanta tilak‚ metre in Anîkap‚Äa. ;s"kka [Link]
foHkwf"krkÄõh 'kq¼k¿f[kyO;oâfr% [kyq [Link] yhykorhg ljlksfDreqnkgjUrh rs"kka
lnSolq[klEinqifS ro`f¼e~A
Lœl‚vatœ has been declared as a portion of Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i,
edited by Pa«Šita Girij‚ Pras‚da Dwivedi, Vidy‚bhavana Pr‚cya Vidy‚
Grantham‚l‚ 169. Caukhamb‚ Vidy‚bhavana, V‚r‚«asœ-1.
Caukhamb‚ Samsk¼ta PratiÅÊh‚na, 38 UA Bungalow Road, Jawahar
Nagar, PB 2113, Delhi-110007, 2007 edition having K‚la M‚n‚-
dhy‚ya, Bhaga«‚dhy‚ya, Grah‚nayan‚dhy‚ya, KakÅ‚dhy‚ya, In
madhyam‚dhik‚ra PratyabdaÄuddhi, adhim‚s‚dinir«ayah, spasÊ-
‚dhik‚ra, TripraÄn‚dhik‚ra, Pravasambhav‚dhik‚ra, Candra-
graha«‚dhik‚ra, SÒryagraha«‚dhik‚ra, Grahach‚y‚dhik‚ra, Uday‚-
st‚dhik‚ra, P‚t‚dhik‚ra and the like.
Dr. RadheÄa Ranîgn‚tha r‚va Kulkar«i's summary on Karma-
kari Vy‚khy‚ of Lœl‚vatœ alluding to a Gu«akara Paddhati expounded

1. Lœl‚vatœ by Lakhanlal Jh‚ P 355. Dr. ViÄvambhara Çara«a P‚Êhaka quotes

in his Ancient Historians of India Asia Publishing House, Printed in
India By A.S. MAMATA AT Sharda Press, Mangalore and published by
P.S. Jayasinghe, Asia house Bombay 1966 edition. P 151 mentioned
in Ǽnîg‚ra Prak‚Äa by Bhoja Chapter XI and Introduction P 72 of A.N.
Up‚dhy‚ya Lœl‚vatœ S.J.G.M - of KutÒhala having marriage of H‚la with
Si§hala princess Lœl‚vatœ having her two friends, Mah‚numatœ, daughter
of a YakÅa King and Kuvalaya m‚l‚ a vidy‚dhara princess the story being
a replica of the norm of story of Navas‚has‚nîka Carita of Padmagupta
Parimala. In Hindu chemistry B.N. Seal mentions a Lœl‚vatœ of Vallabh‚-
c‚rya PP 250, 285 Shedding of peculiar resistance to sinking (or gravity)
exercised by water explaining the tendency of certain objects to float or
to come up to the surface of water-rule of Archimedies Bh‚ratœya Kal‚
Prak‚shana, 342 A, IInd floor, Naraina Colony, Trinagar, Delhi-110035
Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 357
through Vy‚khy‚s of Lœl‚vatœ seems to be an article dilating upon
the varied aspects of Algebra. Summary of the article on P 669 of
R‚ÅÊriya Sansk¼ita Vidy‚peeÊha, Tirupati, AIOC June, 2010 and
similarly a summary of paper entitled - T;ksfr"k'kkL=ks eklfopkj% on P
672 of the same summary book, explains M‚sa word as an expounder
of the definite tenure of time, illustrated in Àgveda having two tithis
as Am‚vasy‚ and PÒr«im‚, Sinœv‚lœ as the first day of Am‚vasy‚, KuhÒ
as two days of Am‚vasy‚, Anumatiš as first day of PÒr«im‚ R‚k‚ as
PÒr«im‚ day.
Dr. Virender Jh‚ Muzaffarpura (Bihar) has quoted from
Paücavi§Äa Br‚hma«a, Yajurveda KauÄœtakœ Br‚hma«a to illustrate
his points. An abstract of an article of Pankaja Bhattacharya on P
220 of Abstracts of Papers 15th World Samsk¼ta Conference January
5-10, 2012 entitled “The Binary digits “Zero" and one" refers to
Lœl‚vatœ as a magnum opus attributed to Bh‚skar‚c‚rya and †rya-
bhaÊœya a seminal work of †ryabhÊÊa. Bh‚skar‚c‚rya is assigned to
12th century and †ryabhaÊÊa composed in 499 AD having Chapters
on astronomy. Panîkaja BhaÊÊ‚c‚rya has stressed the role of two
figures zero and one in computer system now adapted to modern
computation. Dr. Sushm‚ KulaÄreÅÊha in her presidential address
PP 104-137 AIOC 43rd Session, Uinversity of Jammu, October 12-
14, 2006. Proceedings of the AIOC 43, BORI, Pune-411004 has
taken Lœl‚vatœ of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya a treastise on mathematics of Vedic
tradition with rationale in terms of modern mathematic strongly
based on N.H. Phadke's Mar‚Êhœ Translation of Lœl‚vatœ by KriÅa«ji
Shanîkar PaÊwardhana, SomaÄekhara, Amrita Naimapalli and Shyam
Lal Singh (Delhi 2006 reprint edition) a wornderful work; she gives
Bh‚skar‚c‚rya's birth as 1114 AD with composition of Lœl‚vatœ as
1150 AD, a work considered as a standard work for about 800
years in lucid, scholarly and literary presentations PP 111.
Dr. Mœtu GauŠa's articles in Padma Par‚ga PP 177-187 are
based on Agni Pur‚«a and JyotiÅa Ç‚stra. Agni Pur‚«a Chapter 122
PP 259-260 of Agni Purana Guruma«Šala series No. XVII printed
1957, 5 Clive Road, Calcutta edition entitled Kalaganana Varnanam
verses 1-24 starting with dky% [Link] o{;s [Link] dky cq¼;s] dky%
[Link]¿oZQu?uks eklS% pS=kkfnfHk;qrZ %A having topics like K‚laga«an‚, Samvat-
sara, Sanîkr‚nti, graha«a arghak‚«Ša, Paüc‚nîga yoga, NakÅatra, T‚r‚
graha, grahadaÄ‚, R‚si, Bh‚va, Sansk‚ra Yuddha Jay‚r«ava and the
like. Chapter 139, PP 287-288 entitled ÈaÅÊi Samvastsaraš also
358 laLÑr foe'kZ%
been expounded in details in Padma Par‚ga, Department of
Sanskrita, University of Kashmir, Çrœnagar by Dr. Satyabh‚m‚ Razdan
Volume VI 2012 -213.
Mrs. Medh‚ S. Limaye in the same Journal of University of
Kashmir (AIOC 46th Session) PP 314-319 entitled “Qualities of a
Mathematician descirbed in Sanskrit Mathematical texts (K‚Äamarya
Center for Buddhist studies, Vidy‚ Vih‚ra, Mumbai, has mentioned
the Mathematicians in serial order, starting with:
i) Baudh‚yana ÇulvasÒtra (800 BC)
ii) M‚nava ÇulvasÒtra (750 AD)
iii) †pastumbha ÇulvasÒtra about 200 BC with
a) Bakshali manuscripts of unknown author and date.
b) Ga«itap‚da section of †ryabhaÊœya of †ryabhaÊa (499 AD)
c) Ganitadhyaya and Kuttakadhyaya of Brahmgupta (628 AD)
d) P‚Êiga«ita and TriÄatik‚ of Çrœ Dhar‚c‚rya (750 AD)
e) Ga«ita S‚rasanîgaraha of Mah‚vœ‚c‚rya (850 AD)
f) Ga«itatilaka of Çrœpati (1039 AD)
g) Lœl‚vatœ of Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya(Bœjaga«ita)
Dr. K. Srinivasan Çat‚bhiÅeka Felicitation Committee Volume
I, West Mambalom, Chennai-600033, 2004 edition in articles of
Dr. Çrœnivasan gives the names of Astronomers as:
1) †ryabhaÊÊa (father of Indian Astronomy (†rya bhaÊœyam)
2) L‚Êadeva - expounder of Romaka and PauliÅa Siddh‚nta
3) Var‚hamihra of Paüca Siddh‚ntik‚ and B¼hajj‚taka
4) P¼thuyaÄas (son of Var‚haminira Hor‚ S‚ra (Astrology)
5) Bh‚skara II - Siddh‚nta Çiroma«i and Bh‚shya on †ryabhaÊœya.
6) Brahmagupta BrahmasphuÊa Siddh‚nta and Kha«Šakh‚dyaka.
7) Lalla ÇiÅy‚dhi V¼ddhida
8) Muüjala-Laghu M‚nasa and B¼hanm‚nasa
9) Kamal‚kara bhaÊÊa - Siddh‚nta tattva viveka
10) Çripatœ - Siddh‚nta Çekhara
11) Ullura ParameÄvara Iyer Goladœpik‚ and Digga«ita
12) Ganîg‚dhara Candra m‚n‚bhidh‚na.
Dr. Çriœv‚san has also quoted such as †ryabhaÊÊa II, Bh‚skara-
Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 359
I D‚modara, Nœla Ka«Êha Daivaga«ya having dealt with mathematics,
astrology, Trigonometry etc and eclipses P 54. His critical edition
of Inkula R‚ja Tejo nidhi Sanskrit JyotiÅa text of Tulaja Mah‚r‚ja of
Bhonsle dynasty Taüj‚vaura serfoji mah‚raÊÊa family PP 63-71 also
is a formidable treatise on Astronomy and astrology.
The xksylkj%
Composed by G‚rgya Kerala Nœlak«Êha Somay‚ ji, ViÄvesvar‚
nanda Indological series 47 ViÄveÄvar‚ nanda Institute Publication
519 Publisher: VVRI Post Office, S‚dhu †shram, Hoshiarpur-
146021 critically edited by Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ [Link]. 1970 with
introduction PP 1-XXVI.
pUnzPNk;[Link]~ in volume XIV-1K.V. edition a supplement PP
1-25 is also a work of Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ who is pariccheda III of
Golas‚ra has denominated verse 3-4 a as Pythagoras nks% le prqjJa ;r~
dksVhrqY;a p rs mHks f'y"Vs ÑRok rVdks.k;qrs nks% dksV;Urj lekUeg~R;u;ks% oqQ;[Link]
ftKkflr [Link][s ks with sphuÊa candr‚pti computation of true moon
also edited by Dr. K.V. Çarm‚ PP 1-145 of VIJ edition-XI 1973
equally is a work of M‚dhava of Sanîgama gr‚ma contribution in
Astronomy by the great scholar; Dr. R.C. Gupta in his article entitled
“Some Important Indian Mathematical methods as conceived in
Sanskrit Language in his paper presented at International
Conference, New Delhi 1972 PP 49-62 published in Dr. A.D.
Pusalkar Felicitation Volume, a yearly journal of Department of
Sanskrit, Delhi University, edited by Dr. Satya Vrat Shastri 1974
edition PP 313-316 takes Lœl‚vatœ Kh‚tavyah‚ra edited by D.V. Apte
printed 1927 Pt II PP 247-250 (PP 222-223), 220 in forty odd
equivalent average seminal area as such a work of Algebra as such.
Dr. N.M. Kansara a versatile genius in scientific literature from
Ahmedabad an erstwhile Director of MaharÅi Academy of Vedic
Sciences, Amedabad-15, having made an all round contribution in
all fileds in his article entitled - Vedic Numerations and the Genesis
of Arabic Numerals, published in SAMBODHI PP 145-152
Volume 14, February, 1990, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad,
edited by R.S. Betai and Y.S. Ç‚strœ has quoted Lœl‚vatœ at fn 26 (P
148) of Bh‚skar‚c‚rya.

Verse 3 P 9 as Under:
la[;k LFkkukfu & ,d n'k'krlgÏk;qry{kiz;qr dksV;% Øe'k% vcqZneCta [koZ&
fu[koZegkin~e'kÄïoLrLekr~A quoted at fn 26 from 'kkÄ~[kk;uJkSrlw=k 15.11.4
360 laLÑr foe'kZ%
P 152 Sambodhi Vol. 14 in 26 being Lœl‚vatœ 3 as tyf/'pkUR;a eè;a
ijkèkZfefr n'[Link]Ùkjk% la[;k%A Lœl‚vatœ by Lakhanlal Jh‚ edition.
Dr. N.M. Kansara says :-
The Ç‚nîkh‚yana Çrauta SÒtra continues the series after
nyarbuda with nikharva, Samudra, Salila, Antya, Ananta (10 billions)
each of those denominations in ten times the preceding so that
there were aptly called DaÄottar‚ Sa§jü‚ (decuple terms) by Bh‚skara
lateron. NakÅatran gagan‚t cyntu§ an article by Dr. P.V. Vartak
entitled slipping of the Stasr Vega (Abhijit) an astronomical
phenomenon of 12000 years before Christ recorded in the
Mah‚bh‚rata quoted in Vanaparva 219-8-11 BORI, Pune edition
available in Mah‚bh‚rata Gœta Press, edition Pt-I-1956 edition as
Vanaparva 230-8-11 P 687 (four verses written as 3 in Dr. K.V.
Çarm‚ Felicitation Volume ÇrœÄ‚rad‚ Education Society Research
Centre, Adyar, Chennai-600020 (Madras).
The chapter in Mah‚bh‚rata is entitled-
ÑfÙkdkuka u{k=[Link] LFkkuksiyfC/ d"Viznkuka fofo/[Link]
[Link] p
The verse 8-11 are-
vfHkftr~ Li/Zekuk rq jksfg.;k vuqtk LolkA
bPNUrh T;s"Brka nsoh riLrIrqa oua xrkAA8AA
r=k ew<ks¿fLe Hkæa rs u{k=ka xxukPP;qraA
dkya fRona ije~ LdUn czã.kk lgfpUr;AA9AA
/fu"Bkfnrnk dkyks czã.kk ifjdfYir%A
[Link] áHkoRiwoZe~ ,ra la[;k lekHkor~AA10AA
,oeqDrsrq 'kozsQ.k f=kfnoa ÑfÙkdk xrk%A
u{k=ka lIr'kh"kkZHka Hkkfrrn~ ofÉnSore~AA
-highly uninterpretable one, riddles committed by scholars.
Dr. Vartaka has quoted M‚habh‚rata I (†diparva) I 77-81 (Page 3,
GP, Pt-I 1956 edition) as I-I.80
xzUFkxzfUFka rnk pozsQ lqfuxw<a oqQrwgykr~
i.e. Riddles created by Vy‚sa deserve an interpretation by
cleaning his deception of Ga«apati.
Dr. P.V. Vartaka has translated the four verses Vanaparva 230-
Bh‚skar‚c‚rya His Life, Time and Poetic Talent 361
8-11 as under:-
[contesting Abhijit (Star VEGA) the daughter - like younger
sister of Rohinœ (Aldebaran) went to Vana (a source of water) for
heating the summer (t‚pa) because she was desirous of seniority. I
do not understand I am fumbled. I wish you good luck (But) must
tell you that]. Abhijit (the star VEGA) has slipped down from the
gagana (sky). This is a distant time, but you think over it with Brahm‚.
At that time Brahm‚ had reckoned the time, giving DhaniÅÊh‚ the
first place (in the list of NakÅatras). Rohi«œ was also given the first
place in the past. I have k¼ttik‚ became gathered this much
information (Sanîkhy‚) when Indra spoke like this the (tridivam means
happiness that seven headed constellation where deity is fire (Agni)
is still glittering (Page 16).
K¼tik‚s devotees of fire went to the summer to heat it. Hence,
the verse refers to the winter and summer solstices controlling the
star movements.

ggg
Sa¨sk¼ta-VimarÄaš 2016 (Vol.-11) ISSN : 0975-1769

Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective

- Dr. Shyam Deo Mishra
Assistant Professor, (Jyotish)
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Bhopal Campus

;|fi izkphudkyknso czã[Link]Ùka fo}kalf'pUr;keklq LrFkkfi

vkèkqfudk% fo"k;s¿fLeu~ v|Ros¿fi Li"Vizfriknuk 'kD;RokfíxHkzkUrk
,o ojho`rfrA ik'pkR;fo}Rlq vkbULVhuo;sZ.k czã[Link];fLFkjkÄïa
(Cosmological Constant) ifjdYI; egkfoLiQksV (Bigbang)
czã[Link]Ù[Link] izR;ikfnA fdfURo;eo/[Link]¿fi fu£o'kÄïk
ukfLrA fo"k;s¿fLeu~ oSfndlkfgR;s"kq izk;% i×pk'knqÙkjf}'kra eU=kk
miyH;Urs ;s"kq czã[Link]Ù[Link]'knr;k lqfopkfjra n`';rsA
rs"kq dk×pu eU=kkuknk; 'kks/ys[kks¿;a czã[Link]Ùks% oSfndizfØ;ka
fo'kn;frA

Key words:
Aditi, †apaš, Vrihati †paš, Ap‚§ Nap‚t, cosmic matter.

Introduction
India is one of the most incredible countries of this world
that bewilders the world by her antique and enormous knowledge
which is inextricably interlinked with Dharma. Hence it is inscrutably
precise thus long-lasting. As we know Dharma is ;rks¿H;qn;fu%Js;l~flf¼%A
Those deeds represent dharma, by which you can achieve the
mortal and eternal perfection or Siddhi. This extra-ordinary
magnificent ideology makes India and its wisdom far superior from
the rest of the world. The supreme quest of any Indian text weather
it belongs to science, art or philosophy is to achieve Param-Tattva
intuitive apprehension of eternal entity through mortal perfection.
It only can be achieved by the trinity of †dhibhautika (material),
†dhidaivika (eternal) and †dhy‚tmika (spiritual).

( 362 )
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 363
All these three expedients elaborated by Lord K¼Ä«a in
Çrimadbhagavad Gœt‚ in Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga and Jn‚na yoga to know
the Parama-Tattva. Ved‚s, Puran‚s and text of any Ç‚stra interlaced
by the triode of above mentioned up‚y‚s or expedients. Hence,
subsidence of anyone of them hampers the process of intuitive
realization of that Ç‚stra. This rule applies for cosmology as well.
Cosmology, which deals with the origin of universe and its elements
like stars, planets etc, is moreover a transcendental science. Thus it
is imperceptible and can only be understood or intuitively realized
by †dhy‚tmika or spiritual means. Because of cosmology's
imperceptibility, it can not be expressed or elaborated by
denotation or Abhidh‚-Çakti of word. That’s why the principles of
cosmology are discussed in Vedic Literature and Pur‚n‚s in symbolic
form and must be decoded, again something that demands intuitive
realization or S‚kÄ‚tk‚ra. This research paper presents Vedic
paradigm of cosmology through Vedic hymns which decoded by
the intuitive realization of great Indian scholars.

Modern theory of Cosmology

Before Einstein, cosmologists thought that static galaxy is the
origin of universe but, in 1917 Einstein propounded his general
theory of relativity and introduced something known as
cosmological constant. On the basis of that theory he cited that
universe either expands or shrinks but, ultimately he revisited his
theory. On the ground of Einstein's theory Hubble expounded the
theory of expansion of universe1. According to Einstein, if we could
travel back through the time, there must be a zero point of origin
where matter and energy absorbed with each other. Scientists called
it Singularity2. According to the theory of Singularity, universe
originated in the 0.0001 second, when all matters collapsed
inwards into an increasingly smaller and denser point3. Temperature
at that time was 10 billion degree and density was 4000 metric
ton in 1 centimeter cube. At that time not even a single nucleus
formed. After the Big Bang, this unified condensed matter started
expanding and passed through Quantum stage, Quark soup etc at
the Standard Era. At this stage churning started among 8 particles

1. A Brief History of time, P.8 - Stephen hawking.

2. A Different approach to cosmology - Fred hoyle, G. burbidge and J.V.
Narlikar
3. David Filkin-Steefen Hawking's Universe, P.100
364 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
like Electron, Proton, Neutron etc, antiparticles and radiation. Big
Bang started expansion of universe in circular motion and after 30
minutes a compound of Helium and Hydrogen formed, which
known as Cosmic matter. After million years, when temperature
decreased up to 4000 degree, the Atom formed which started the
process of formation of Heavenly Bodies like Stars, Planets etc.

The circular model of Universe in Vedas

Before describing the Vedic model of cosmology let's
consider the hymn of Àgveda in which universe is assumed as mono
wheeler cart. Anarva Çakti or independent energy works in the
cognition or N‚bhi of this wheel and AÄwa Çakti works in the rim
of the wheel.
lIr ;q×tfUr jFkesdpØesdks v'oks ogfr lIrukekA
f=kukfHk pØetjeuo± ;=ksek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq%AA
(Rg. V. 1/164/2)
jFka ,dpØa (In) the mono wheeler cart lIr ;q×tfUr seven
components are implied ,d% v'o% one force or energy lIr ukek
ogfr drives seven components (of universe) f=kukfHk% (ug~ cU/us to
bind) triple binding (which has that) vtja In consumable vuo±
independent energy ;=k bek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq% upon which all
universe depend.
Universe with seven components is a cart on a wheel. Inspired
by k‚la it revolves and indicates the inconstancy of universe. In the
wheel of this cart there are two circles one is inner or cognitive and
other is outer. The outer circle has seven components which does
symbolize these seven;
1. Earth or P¼thvœ (Solid state)
2. Water or Jala (Liquid state)
3. Energy or Çakti ( Light )
4. Air or V‚yu (Gaseous state)
5. Sky or †k‚Äa (Soma energy or cosmic radiation)
6. Inter stellar space or Dik
7. Age of universe or S¼ÅÊik‚la (Samvatsara)
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 365
The inner circle which has Aditi that is the combination of
three bindings of eternal matters or †dity‚s called 1. Mitra, 2. Varu«a
3. Aryaman.
This hymn predicates the principle (law of equivalence of
mass energy relation) that whole universe is driven by one energy
or AÄwa Çakti. Beyond this energy there is a constant fundamental
perpetual energy or mÒla †dy‚ Çakti Aditi, combination of three
constant eternal matters, that is the base of origin of universe.

Abridged Vedic model of cosmology

According to Ved‚s, any substance of universe has five
primordial stages through which it exists in its present form or state.
Here Vedic model is being introduced briefly step by step:
1. Aditi is the ultimate perpetual and balanced entity (MÒla Satt‚
of Nature) in the center of N‚bhichakra. It is described as
Br‚hmi Sthiti. It sustains in the twilight of universal creation
or dissolution. It is the fundamental cause of creation. It
consists three eternal substances called as 1. Mitra, 2. Varu«a
and 3. Aryaman in equilibrium. As mentioned before Aditi is
entity, not a stage of creation or origination.
2. The first stage of creation is called as †paš. It is the primary
active stage where all 3 primitive substances become active
which resulted in the imbalance among these. This †paš stage
exists in the outer circle of N‚bhichakra. †paš is called as Mahat
tattva in DarÄan Ç‚stra or Indian philosophy.
3. After first active stage †paš, due to imbalance, essential three
elements which were inactive in Aditi become perturbed by
the stimulation and there collision which called as Big Bang
in contemporary cosmology produced liquid through which
it expanded overwhelmingly. It is the next stage called as Vrihatœ
†paš. In present, cosmologist called this Vrihatœ †paš or liquid
as plasma or quark soup which was absorbable or useful
hence ideal in the process of origin after Vrihatœ †paš, nucleus
formed in the next stage called Ap‚§ Nap‚t.
4. Third stage is called Ap‚§ Nap‚t, which is the nucleus stage.
In Vedic paradigm it is in the third orbit around N‚bhichakra.
It is the stage after Vrihatœ †paš or Plasma where matters are
unstable and inconsumable. It is the pre-stage of Ardhagarbhaš
366 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
or Molecule (Param‚«u) thus can be compared to the cosmic
matter. It is in the third orbit around N‚bhichakra.
5. Forth stage is called as Sapta Ardhagarbhaš as the substance
formed in this stage has seven elements. In this stage, ions
formed by the nucleus thus, called ionic stage, transitory stage
or Param‚«u Awasth‚ in modern science. Transitory and
Ardhagarbhaš has the same sense. It is well known fact that
Mendeleev periodically classified the ion into seven states. This
Param‚«u Tattva is called as Tanm‚tr‚ in philosophy.
6. In the last circle around N‚bhichakra, there is Jagat tattva, visible
entity of universe which is the compository form of seven
elements.
Period of the creation is known as 'Samvatsar' in Vedas. The
activation of Aditi is the beginning of creation, which is symbolized
by UÅ‚k‚la. The origin of Hira«yagarbha or supernova is the starting
point of Br‚hma Dina. By the transmigration of Aditi from orbit 1
to 5 it transformed into visible universe. This is the period of
Br‚hma Dina and the regaining mÒla tattva Aditi by reverse process
culminates universal dissolution or Pralaya or Br‚hma R‚tri. So
according to Veda, substance always exists in any of these five stages,
which means substance never destroys, it just changes in another
form according to various stage.

Elaboration of Vedic model of cosmology

Aditi:
According to Indian texts, this inconstant universe is
originated from a specific inseparable invariant primitive entity
which is described in Àgveda as Aditi. This Aditi or ultimate physical
reality is the initial material cause or Up‚d‚na K‚ra«a of universe
so it called as mother (ekr`) or primitive power or (Çakti). Universe as
cosmos originates from Aditi and at the end merges into it.
Since creation and dissolution is an eternal process of the
god the efficient cause or his Çakti or fundamental power Aditi is
also eternal. Etymology of Aditi reveals its nature and work. Aditi
vfnfr where prefix v is NiÅedh‚rthaka means something that negates.
The root d‚ nk has two meanings. First is d‚ awakhanŠane i.e.
separation. u fo|rs [[Link] ;L; So something that negates the
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 367
separation or inseparable. The second meaning derives from root
Ad. vn~ Hk{[Link] means to swallow or engulf, with prefix v, it means
something that cannot to be swallowed absorbed or consumed.
Thus Aditi the ultimate initial cause of creation is inseparable and
inconsumable eternal entity of god. This hymn describes that
ultimate initial cause or †dy‚- Çakti :
vfXukokZ i`fFkoh fo'otU;s vk Hkkfr nsoh ve`rs vewj%A
{k;UoktS iq#'pUæks ueksfHk%AA (Rg. 3/25/3)
vfXu% Or that fundamental cause vewj% like sapient (by divine
benignity) fo'otU;s nsoh generator of the world (or universe) ve`rs |kok
i`fFkoh vkHkkfr generates or illumines Dyuloka and BhÒloka oktS% by
strength (and) ueksfHk% by energy of food iq#'pUæks illuminates variously
and that primitive ultimate cause {k;u~ Pervading across the universe.
The fundamental cause (power), like a sapient, generator of
the universe generates or lights Dyuloka and BhÒloka by its strength
or energy. Its luminosity pervades the universe. As mentioned before
this ultimate cause called as Aditi in Àgveda, in this hymn:
Ekkrk nsokukefnrsjuhda ;KL; dsrqc`Zgrh foHkkfgA
Ekkrk nsokuke~ Mother (of) Immortal luminaries Dev‚s (e.g. planets,
stars etc) is Aditi vfnrs% vuhda army that originated from Aditi ;KL;
(;t~ [Link]) creation c`grh osQrq% enormous flag foHkkfg become
graceful.
Army originated from Aditi, the mother of Devas, seems
graceful like the enormous flag of creation or yajana.
There is a tale (†khy‚yik‚) in Eitareya Br‚hma«a about Aditi.
;Kks oS nsoHs ;% miØker rs nsok u ¯dpuk'kDuqou~ drq± u izktkuaLrs¿czow Âfn¯r
Ro;sea ;Ka iztkukesfr] ;k rFksR;czohr~A lk oS oks oja o`.kk bfr] o`.kh"osfrA lSreso
ojeo`.khr eRizk;.kk ;Kk% lUrq enqn;uk bfr rFksfrA (Eitareya Br‚hma«a 1/
2/1)
(Yajna) or creation went to dev‚s, they could not do or
understand anything. They invoked Aditi and said that by your
gracefulness we (nsok%) could able to understand this yajna or s¼ÅÊi.
She spoke: ok but I want a boom. They said: ask for that. She said:
May this yajna or s¼ÅÊi originate from me and absorbed in me.
368 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
The central idea of this story is that Aditi or fundamental
physical reality is the mother cause of creation and annihilation.
In present science it is called as principal matter. Çwet‚ÄwaropaniÅad
defined this stage as 'Br‚hmœ sthiti' this fundamental substance or
mÒla tattva Aditi which is the trinity of Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman.

AÅÊa Vasu of Aditi:

According to modern science plasma was octagonal or
AÅÊavargœ matter with eight compounds. According to Àgveda, when
mÒla tattva Aditi became active in the form of †paš, it is propagated
into eight pari«‚mas or effects called as AÅÊa Vasu;

v"VkS iq=kklks vfnfr;sZ tkrkUrUo LifjA

nsok mi izSRlIrfHk% ijk [Link];r~AA (Rg. V. 10/72/8)
vfnrs% rUo% v"VkS iq=kkl% ifjtkrk% Indestructible primary energy or
cause Aditi (has) originated eight effects. [Link]~ or sun (Enormous
fire ball in the beginning) vkL;r~ (root vl~ to through past tense)
threw away. After the diffusion of fiery cosmic matter lIrfHk% nsoku~
mi iz ,sr~ seven components of universe arisen excellently.
Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman- eternal components of Aditi:
As said Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman exist in Aditi this hymn
predicates that Aditi is the mother of all three.
vfnfruZ m:";Rofnfr% 'keZ ;PNrqA
ekrk fe=kL; jsokrks¿;[Link] o#.kL; p---AA (Rg. V. 8/47/9)
O mother of grandeur Mitra, Varu«a and Aryaman protect us.
Give us piece. According to Àgveda they are majesties of universe.
lezktkoL; HkqouL; jktFkks fe=kko#.kk fonFks Lon`Z'kkA
(Rg. V. 5/63/2)
Deities of the 41st Sukta of 2nd MaüŠala of Àgveda are Mitra
and Varu«a (fe=kko#.kkS). It elaborates their forms that both are the
particles in composition;
jktkukoufHkæqgk /zqos lnL;qÙkesA
lgÏLFkw.k vklkrsAA (Rg. V. 2/41/5)
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 369
vufHknzgq k (nzkgs jfgr) malevolent, with same nature jktkukS supreme
enlighten fundamental entities lgÏ[Link] who have thousands of
poles mÙkes foremost /zo q s constants eternals lnfl in mÒlaprakriti Aditi
vklkrs situate.
This hymn depicts that Mitra and Varu«a are malevolent,
common in nature and quality and have enormous particles in
them. Word vla[; indicates their particle form.
Next hymn in this Sukta indicates their form more elaborately.
rk lezktk ?k`rklqrh vkfnR;k nkuquLirh lpsrs vuàje~A
(Rg. V. 2/41/6)
Both invariable parts sons of Aditi are supreme of materialistic
world as their contribution make this universe come to an exists
from miner to major state, from imperceptible to perceptible form,
both construct combined matters naturally and quickly.
The third entity in Aditi is known as Arayman or Aryam‚.
Etymology of Aryaman is root ½ which means to speed, root ;e~
which means to control, to regularizes, to spread. Hence Aryaman
means something that is controlled and kinetic that governs and
spreads.
If we scrutinize the etymological meaning of Aryaman it seems
that it is the Vikira«a or radiant energy, as we know Aryaman is the
synonym of sun or light. In modern science there are two types of
radiation. First is radiation of light that transacts heat of light and
the second is cosmic radiation which originates universal force of
gravitation that controls the balance of stellar objects. On the basis
of its etymological meaning we can say that Aryaman is Vikira«a or
radiant energy of both forms. It radiates lights and controls the
stellar objects. Àgveda predicates the nature and form of Aryaman;
n{kL; okfnrs tUefu ozrs jktkuk fe=kko#.kk fooklflA
vrwrZiUFkk% iq#jFkks v;Zek lIr gksrk fo"kq:is"kq tUelqAA
(Rg. V. 10/64/5)
In this hymn three adjectives used for aryaman 1- vrwFkZiUFkk%]
2- lIr gksrk] 3- fo"kq #is"kq tUelq iq#jFkksA
vrwriZ UFkk% (root rqj~ to destroy, to kill with prefix v for negative
sense so undestroyed) Panth‚š means ways hence this word means
370 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
whose way cannot be destroyed who is unperturbed. As we know
radiation is neutral that cannot be perturbed in electromagnetic
field. lIr gksrk rays with seven colors. As we know sun has seven
rays.
lIr Rok gfjrks jFks ogfUr nso lw;ZA
fo"kq #is"kq tUelq iq#jFkks emerges in various forms. As we know
rays of light has various forms like ultra violet, infrared etc.
Hence Mitra and Varu«a together form matter. As they are in
pair, one is the aggregation of positive charged particles and another
one is the form of negative charged particles. Aryam‚ is radiation
so it is neutral.

†paš
When Aditi becomes active it convertes into first stage of
creation called †paš vki%A In present, the active state of Aditi which
is called †paš is named as quantum stage. Here †paš is homonym,
it means water in general and with the derivation of root vkIy` O;kIrkS
it indicates comprehensiveness as well.
vkiks oS lokZ nsork%A ( Rg. V. 10/30/12)
S‚ya«a commented this hymn as:
r=kkI'kCnsu lokZ nsork mDrk HkofUrA vkIuqofUr bfr vki%A
Below mentioned two hymns cleared the existence of †paš
in the origin of universe. Between these two, first questions about
the perptuality of mÒla tattva.
ijks fnok ij ,uk i`fFkO;k ijks nsosfHkjlqjS;ZnfLrA
oaQ fLon~ xHk± izFkea n/z vkiks ;=k nsok% lei';ur fo'osAA
(Rg. V. 10/82/5)
ijks fnok beyond dyuloka ij ,uk i`fFkO;k% beyond this bhÒloka,
nsosfHk% ij% beyond MahabÒt‚s (and) vlqjS% ij% beyond Asur‚s or
powerful micro elements ;nfLr rr izFkea xHk± that fetus of primitive
stage vki% fda fLor~ where n/zs retains. ;=k losZ nsok% above mentioned
powers lei';Ur (ijLija lE;d~ vi';Ur) find themselves in unified
state, where †paš retains the fetus of primitive stage or Aditi which
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 371
is beyond dyuloka, bhÒloka, dev‚s and asur‚s; and where all these are
in a monolithic state.
This question is answered in next hymn :
rfen~ xHkZe~ izFkea n/z vkiks ;=k nsok% lexPNUr fo'osA
vtL; ukHkkoè;sdefiZra ;fLeu~ fo'okfu Hkqoukfu rLFkq%AA
([Link]. 10/82/6)
;fLeu~ In which fo'ok Hkqoukfu all lokas rLFkq% situated ;fLeu~ whom
,da le£ire~ dedicated fo'os nsok% all elements ;=k where lexPNUr leaving
their self existent mingled into singularity ra br~ vtL; ukHkkS vfèk in
the nucleus of that unborn vki% izFkea xHk± fundamental state ultimate
in arterial cause n/zs retains.
Incorporation of all dev‚s or materialistic stages of universe,
is in Aditi which is the internal stage of †paš. Thus †paš is the active
stage of Aditi. †paš also quoted as Salilam in Gopatha Br‚hma«a.
vkiks g o bnexzs lfyyesoklA
But it does not mean that here the word †paš means water,
Manusmiriti shed the light on the meaning of †paš;
Lkks¿fHkè;k; 'kjhjkRLokr~ fll`{kqfoZfo/k% iztk%A
vi~ ,o lltkZnkS rklq chteokl`tr~AA
[Link]¼Sea lglzka'kqleizHke~AA (euqLe`fr] 1@8&9)
fofo/k% iztk% fll`{kq% to create universe of several elements of
nature vfHkè;k; by thinking every perspective or creation diligently
Lokr~ 'kjhjkr~ from his body ( i.e. primitive cause Aditi) l% vknkS vi ,o
lltZ primarily he created vi~ Ap rklq chte~ vokl`tr~ in that Ap tattva
he established the seed ( for further creation).
rr~ gSee~ [Link]~ when the progenitor Brahm‚ established the
seed in †paš it ovulated the primordial golden egg lgÏka'kqleizHka vHkor~
that resembles scintillating sun.

Gopatha Br‚hma«a also illustrated †paš in this way :

ra ?kksjkr~ ozwQjkr~ lfyykr~ ljl% mnkfuU;q%A
(G.p. brah. I/2/18)
From that terrific super inflammable ocean †di Çakti or fireball
372 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
originated. Since water can not produce fire hence †paš does not
mean water here. There is an interesting tale behind its name in
Gopatha Br‚hma«a. According to that, at first Brahm‚ was alone so
he decided to create another deva or divine power. He worked hard,
from his austerity respiration generated from every pore of his body.
vkse~ czgekg -------- re~ oS ,re~ lqosne~ Losn bfr vkp{krs
losZH;% xrsZH;% Losn/kjk% iz vL;UnUr bfrA
(Gopath Br. I/1/1)
Because Sweda or respiration is a form of liquid thus the
primordial production from divine mortification called as †paš,
then Brahm‚ said;
vkfHk% oS vge~ bna loZe~ tuf;";kfe ;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ tk;k%
vHkou~ rTtk;kuka tk;kRoa ;Ppklq iq#"kks tk;rsA vkfHk% oS vga bna loZe~ èkkjf;";kfe
;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ /kjk% vHkou~ rPp /[Link] /kjkRoe~ ;r~ vklq f/z;rsA
vkfHk% oS vga loZe~ bna vkIL;kfe ;r~ bna fd×p bfr rLekr~ vki% vHkou~ rr~
vika vkIRoe~A l% oS lokZu~ dkeku~ vkIuksfr ;ku~ dke;rsA (Gopath Br. I/1/
2)
Hence †paš is the consequential stage of mÒla tattva Aditi the
stage of equilibrium and according to Àgveda, the reason behind
the balance among stellar objects is;
vLrHkukn~ |ke~ o`"kHkks vUrfj{ke"kZURokiLRo;sg izlwrk%A
(Rg.V.3/30/9)

o`"kHk% Thou o`"kHk (he who shower blessings upon us) Ro;k bg
izlwrk% vki% †paš produced by you vUrfj{ke~ inter stellar space v"kZUrq
flow through swiftly (which) |ke~ vLrHkukr~ hold the luminous objects
or lok‚s.
Today it is established theory of cosmology that cosmic
radiation is the universal force of gravitation which remained after
the Big Bang.

Vrihatœ †paš:
The three fold ultimate physical existence is Aditi which is
called as †paš in its active state. When it becomes active or
perturbed it resulted into expansion. This expansion creates the
primary effects.
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 373
This stage is called as Vrihatœ †paš. Word Vrihatœ derives from
the root ' vrih' which means to expand. Vrihatœ is the next stage of
†paš as Àgveda :
vgeiks vfiUoeq{[Link] /kj;a fnoa lnus ½rL;A
½rsu iq=kks vfnrs½Zrkoksr f=k/krq izFk;f} HkweAA (Rg. 4/42/4)
vga I the supreme power fnoa divya or divine m{[Link]% (root m{k
which means to grow, 'kkup~ suffix hence) expanding vi% †paš vfiUoa
(fiUo to consolidate) consolidated. I /kj;a retained that consolidated
†paš in rL; vfnrs% lnus the N‚bhichakra of perpetual Aditi. vfnrs% ½rsu
by natural virtues of fundamental materialistic cause Aditi iq=k%
originated vki% ½rkok (½rkoku~ izFkek] ,dopu) is naturally eternal
or perpetual ( also) mr f=k/krq% (/krq% ewyrÙoa) who has three
fundamental entities Hkwe (Hkweu izpjq rk ls) abundantly foizFk;r~ (fo'ks"ks.k
izFk;r~) sublimely expanded.
I the supreme power consolidated the divine expanding †paš.
I retained that consolidated †paš in the sadanam or primitive stage
of Aditi and like Aditi this perpetual †paš abundant with 3
fundamental entities expanded absolutely.
This sadanam is called as ukfHkpzd N‚bhichakra :
f=kukfHk pØetjeuoZe~ ;=ksek fo'ok Hkqoukf/ rLFkq%AA
(Rg. V.1/164/2)
Àgveda enunciates the event (Big Bang) took place after
secondary stage †paš;
½rqtZfu=kh rL;k viLifj e{kw tkr vkfo'k|klq o¼ZrsA
rnkguk vHkor~ fiI;q"kh i;ksa¿'kks% ih;w"ka izFkea rnqDF;e~AA
(Rg. V.2/13/1)
½rqtfZ u=kh the mother of various stages Aditi rL;k% from that Aditi
ifj next vki% tkr% originated or transform e{kw quickly vkfo'kr~ entered
or took part in the process of origin. ;klq in this stage o¼Zrs this (†paš)
extends and mutates va'kks% vkguk by the impact of rays of †paš rr~
izFkea fiI;q"kh i;% ih;w"ka that primitive fluid (which) is absorbable cosmic
matter originated rnqDF;e~ this hymn indicates this fact.
Hence, in the first active stage †paš, essential three elements
which were inactive in Aditi become perturbed by the stimulation
374 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
and there collision which called as Big Bang in contemporary
cosmology produced liquid through which it expanded
overwhelmingly which the next stage is called as Vrihatœ †paš.
In present, Cosmologist called this Vrihatœ †paš or liquid as
plasma or quark soup which was absorbable or useful, hence ideal
in the process of origin after Vrihatœ †paš, nucleus formed in the
next stage called Ap‚§ Nap‚t.

Ap‚§ Nap‚t:
Next stage of Vrihatœ †paš is called as Ap‚§ Nap‚t. It is very
significant symbol in Àgveda as it is the deity of Sukta. uikr~ Nap‚t is
derived from root ‘Pa' that means to guard, prefix ‘Na' is negative
hence Nap‚t something that is unable to guard its form unstable
or changeable. As the name of this stage suggest the substance of
this stage is unstable in its form but at the same time infallible as
Nap‚t does also mean something that does not fall.
If we go through the literary meaning of Ap‚§ Nap‚t it revels
another meaning which is, çThe grandson of †paš". Nap‚t means
grandson and Ap‚§ means çof †paš ". If we scrutinize this meaning
it tells everything. As we know, Aditi is the perpetual ultimate
existence it cannot be counted as stage since, stage is temporary.
So the first active stage in the origin of universe is †paš. Next stage
from †paš is Vrihatœ †paš. Third stage from †paš is Ap‚§ Nap‚t. So
Ap‚§ Nap‚t is the grandson of †paš.
According to modern science, nucleus formed after plasma
or quark soup. Main components of this nucleus are helium and
hydrogen, other components are elementary and they dissolved
quickly. It is the pre stage of molecule called as cosmic matter.
Aforesaid Ap‚§ Nap‚t is the same stage after Vrihatœ †paš or plasma
where matters are uikr~ Nap‚t or unstable and inconsumable. Ap‚§
Nap‚t is the pre-stage of Ardhagarbh‚š or atom. Thus can be compare
to the cosmic matter.
Ap‚§ Nap‚t indicated the matter, in this stage is indestructible
or inconsumable it propounds the theory of energy conservation.
bea LoLeS ân vk lqr"Va eU=ka okspse oqQfonL; osnr~A
vika uiknlqjL; eÉk fo'okU;;ksZ Hkqouk ttkuAA
(Rg. V. 2/35/2)
v;Z% lord of universe uikr~ vika indestructible matter's vlqjL;
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 375
elementary energy eÉk (by the) greatness fo'okfu Hkqouk All lok‚s
(universe) created. (Loard) vL; oqQfor~ osnr~ knew the mystery of Nap‚t.
vLeS that lord ân vk lqr"Va essence of mystery by churning should
be kept in our heart bea eU=ka lq okspus we must understand this hymn.
With the greatness of the energy of Ap‚§ Nap‚t or
indestructible, God created this universe. We should understand
this mystery and keep its essence in our heart.
Ap‚§ Nap‚t creates Ardhagarbh‚š or Atom (Parm‚«u) which
resulted into five elements or Paücha mahabhÒta of universe.
Next hymn corroborates this theory
leU;k ;UR;qik ;UR;U;k% lekuewo± u|% i`.kfUrA
rew 'kqfpa 'kqp;ks nhfnokaleika uikra ifj rLFkqjki%AA
(Rg. V. 2/35/3)
le~ vU;k u|% As rivers lekuewoZe~ mi;fUr i`.kfUr p flow towards
the same ocean and fill that (the same way) 'kqp;% vki% sacred liquid
matter m certainly ra 'kqfpa nhfnoka le~ (nhnh to glitter, suffix Dolq) that
serene radiant vika uikr~ indestructible nucleus matter ifjrLFkq%
surrounded vU;k% others la;fUr mahabhÒtas go the same way.
N‚bhika tattva or Nucleus matter Ap‚§ Nap‚t is the origin and
home of Mah‚bhÒt‚ like ocean. All Mah‚bhÒt‚ originate from the
nucleus and conceal in it.

Sapta Ardhgarbh‚h:
After the Big Bang, cosmic matter disperses which decreases
the temperature of liquid. Than next Parm‚«u Awasth‚ or Atom stage
arrives. In this condition atom that has seven components arise. In
Àgveda it is called as the origin of Sapta Sindhu. This stage, called in
Àgveda as Sapta Ardhagarbh‚š (lIr v/ZxHkkZ%), this word suggest, the
embryonic form which is the indicator or emblematic of Atomic
state in modern science. As according to Mendeleev, atom has seven
components.
lIrk/ZxHkkZ HkqouL; jsrksA (Rg. V. 1/164/36)
It is well known fact that atom is the transitory or interim
stage. The permanent stage is molecule or A«u. Hence, atomic state
or Ardhagarbha Awasth‚ is the interval between nascent or ionic state
and molecular state. In philosophy Ardhagarbha or Parm‚«u (Atom
or Ion) is called as Tanm‚tr‚. Tanm‚tr‚ is the smallest form; in
376 laLÑr&foe'kZ%
philosophy it contains the structure of that particular Dravya or
matter. Hence Tanm‚tr‚ is the synonym of Parm‚«u or Ardhagarbha.

Mah‚bhÒt‚s or the elements of Universe:

The last stage of universe where A«u of Mah‚bhÒt‚s formed
thus universe gained its present form.

Origin of Stars and Planets:

As for as origin of planet is concern Àgveda describes that
earth and other planets originates from sun;
vfnfráZtfu"V n{k ;k nqfgrk roA
rka nsok vUotk;Ur Hknzk ve`rcU/o%AA (Rg. V.10/72/5)
n{k O remained part of Primordial part of enormous sun fg
certainly ;k ro nqfgrk (root nqg~ means to exploit) your daughter(who
depends upon the exploitation of you energy) vfnfr% earth vtfu"V
originated rke~ vuq like her Hknzk% who bestows blessings upon us ve`r
/zoq cU/o% fastened by attraction. nsok stellar objects like planets etc
vUotk;Ur originated from the same source Sun.
Next hymn reveals more about the origination of Stars:
;ísok vn% lfyys lqlajC/k vfr"BrA
v=kk oks u`R;rkfeo rhozks [Link];rAA (Rg. V.10/72/6)
;r~ When nsok% stellar objects lfyys in cosmic matter vn% became
compact lq very strongly la (and) spledidly jC/k% each other (to catch,
to tie) tied by attraction vi vk;r clearly situated. Then (after that)
v=k in space u`R;rka bo moving swirly o% certainly rhoz [Link]% earth vfr"Br
established in her orbit.
Next hymn also elaborates the origin of celestial objects:
;ísok ;r;ks ;Fkk HkqoukU;fiUorA
v=kk leqnz vk xwGgek lw;ZeteHkrZuAA (Rg. V.10/72/7)
Planets took the matter from cosmic fluid which was spread
in the space and became compact. After some time, by gaining
enormous size, they appeared as Asterisms or Stars and from those
Stars like Sun, earth and other planets came into existence. They
all stayed there in equilibrium with the help of mutual gravitational
force applied to each other. Here, the adjective çSusa§rabdhaè suggest
Origin of Cosmos in Vedic perspective 377
that word Deva indicates stellar objects as they are strongly and
splendidly holding each other to stay there in the space. Word
çAdašè pointing out the process of developing or becoming strong
or compact, thus indicates primitive or embryonic stage of those
stellar objects. This Vedic theory of the process of star-formation
is identical to the modern scientific theory.

Conclusion:
Origin of universe is described in Vedas in five stages form
†paš to Mah‚bhÒt‚s which started from its mÒla prakriti Br‚hmi Awasth‚
or Aditi. As it is well known fact that like other sciences Vedas
propounded the theories of Cosmology as well, but it ensconces
cosmological theories not the experimental knowledge. As we know
that in the past ancient sages had not such experimental tools like
modern science has in present, the only source they could possibly
have at that time for getting great erudite knowledge of cosmology
or any other science was their prodigious intellect equipped with
eternal divine motivation or Daivika Prera«‚. Therefore their
postulates of cosmology are incredibly impeccable and there is no
room for errors as contemporary experimental tools and hypothesis
has.
In hindsight, Cosmology or Brahmavijn‚na is Par‚ Vidy‚ or
transcendental science. Thus spilling the beans of cosmology is
quite impossible for the human mind with the help of physical
tools. Present scientists are also admitting the fact that without
attaining that inscrutable Par‚ Vidy‚ or transcendental science, we
are hampered and unable to understand the process of origin of
universe. That is why today's scientists are returning to the Vedas,
Vedic literature and meticulously trying to decipher these hymns
or verses that propound Cosmology.
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