SANSKARTIRTH GYANPEETH
Class:-XII(Mathematics) MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1. Definition of Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers (elements) in rows and
columns.
It is generally represented as:
2. Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix: A matrix with a single row (e.g. 1×n).
2. Column Matrix: A matrix with a single column (e.g. m×1).
3. Square Matrix: A matrix where the number of rows equals the number of
columns (n×n).
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix where all non-diagonal elements are
zero.
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are the
same.
6. Identity Matrix (I): A diagonal matrix with 1s on the diagonal and 0s
elsewhere.
7. Zero Matrix (Null Matrix): A matrix where all elements are zero.
8. Upper/Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix where elements
above/below the main diagonal are zero.
3. Operations on Matrices
(i) Addition and Subtraction
Matrices can be added or subtracted only if they have the same order.
Addition Rule:
Subtraction Rule:
(ii) Scalar Multiplication
A matrix can be multiplied by a constant K :
(iii) Matrix Multiplication
Two matrices A (m × n) and B (n × p) can be multiplied only if the number
of columns of A equals the number of rows of B.
Formula:
Matrix multiplication is not commutative, i.e., AB≠BA in general.
4. Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix A (denoted by 𝐴𝑇 ) is obtained by interchanging
rows and columns:
Properties of Transpose:
5. Determinant of a Matrix
Defined only for square matrices.
For a 2×2 matrix:
For a 3×3 matrix, the determinant is calculated using:
Properties of Determinants:
Cofactors and Minors:
Minor Mij of an element aij is the determinant of the matrix obtained by
deleting the 𝒊𝒕𝒉 row and 𝒋𝒕𝒉 column.
Cofactor:
Adjoint of a Matrix:
Adjoint of A : Adj(A) is the transpose of the cofactor matrix.
6. Inverse of a Matrix
The inverse of a matrix A (denoted as 𝐴−1 ) exists only if ∣A∣≠0.
It is given by:
where Adj(A) is the adjoint of A.
Steps to Find 𝑨−𝟏 :
1. Find Det(A).
2. Find Cofactor Matrix.
3. Take Transpose of the cofactor matrix (Adjoint).
4. Compute
7. System of Linear Equations using Matrices
For a system of equations AX=B:
1. Unique Solution: If ∣A∣≠0 , solution is X=𝐴−1 𝐵.
2. No Solution or Infinite Solutions: If ∣A∣=0, check consistency using Rank or
Cramer's Rule.
Cramer’s Rule:
For a system of n equations in n variables:
where 𝐴𝑖 is obtained by replacing the 𝒊𝒕𝒉 column of A with the constant
matrix B.
8. Applications of Matrices
Solving a system of linear equations using matrix inversion method:
Transformation in Geometry (rotation, reflection, scaling).
Computer Graphics and Machine Learning.
9. Special Theorems on Matrices
1. If AB=I, then B=𝐴−1 and A=𝐵−1 .
2. For a diagonal matrix, 𝐴−1 is also diagonal with reciprocals of non-zero
diagonal elements.
3. If 𝐴𝑇 = A, then A is a symmetric matrix.
4. If 𝐴𝑇 =−A, then A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
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