b. Syllabus.

Note:

The original syllabus mandated by the Pharmacy council of India (PCI) for
different theory and practical courses of D. Pharm Part I is given here. For the
syllabus of theory courses a column is added on the right side and certain
clarifications/additions are given for some topics. Wherever such
clarifications/additions are given, refer both the original syllabus in column II
and the clarifications/additions in column IV.

Books recommended for each subject are appended at the end of each.

PHARMACEUTICS – THEORY
Course Code: ER20-11T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge and skills on the art and science of
formulating and dispensing different pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of pharmaceutical dosage forms
1. Basic concepts, types and need
2. Advantages and disadvantages, methods of preparation / formulation
3. Packaging and labeling requirements
4. Basic quality control tests, concepts of quality assurance and good manufacturing practices

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe about the different dosage forms and their formulation aspects
2. Explain the advantages, disadvantages, and quality control tests of different dosage forms
3. Discuss the importance of quality assurance and good manufacturing practices

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarification
1
• History of the Profession of Pharmacy in India in
relation to Pharmacy Education, Industry, 7
Pharmacy Practice, and various professional
associations.
• Pharmacy as a career.
• Pharmacopoeia: Introduction to IP, BP, USP, NF
and Extra Pharmacopoeia. Salient features of
Indian Pharmacopoeia.

3
2 Packaging materials: Types, selection criteria, 5
advantages and disadvantages of glass, plastic, metal,
rubber as packaging materials
3 Pharmaceutical aids: Organoleptic (Colouring, 3
flavouring, and sweetening) agents.
Preservatives: Definition, types with examples and uses.

4 Unit operations: Definition, objectives / 9

applications, principles, construction, and working of:
Size reduction: hammer mill and ball mill.
Size separation: Classification of powders according to
IP, Cyclone separator, Sieves and standards of sieves.
Mixing: Double cone blender, Turbine mixer, Triple roller
mill and Silverson mixer homogenizer.
Filtration: Theory of filtration, membrane filter and
sintered glass filter.
Drying: Working of fluidized bed dryer and process of
freeze drying.
Extraction: Definition, Classification, methods and
applications.
5 Tablets: Coated and uncoated, various modified tablets 8 Include definition & different
(sustained release, extended –release, fast dissolving, types of compressed tablets,
multi-layered etc. tablet excipients, processes
involved in the production of
tablets, evaluation of tablets,
defects in tablets.
Brief description on different
types of tablet coating
Brief description on modified
tablets (sustained release,
extended release, fast dissolving,
multi-layered.)
Capsules: Hard and Soft Gelatin capsules. 4 Include different sizes of
capsules, filling and handling of
hard and soft gelatin capsules.
Evaluation of capsules.
Liquid oral preparations: Solution, syrup, elixir, 4 Include definition with examples
emulsion, suspension, dry powder for reconstitution. of solutions, syrup, elixirs and dry
powder for reconstitution for oral
use.
Emulsion- Types, identification
of emulsion systems, emulsifying
agents, formulation and
preparation of emulsions,
instabilities in emulsions.
Suspension- An introduction to
flocculated/ non-flocculated
suspensions, formulation of
suspensions.

4
 Topical preparations: Ointments, creams, pastes, gels, 8 Include definition and
liniments and lotions, suppositories and pessaries. preparation of creams, pastes,
gels, liniments and lotions.

Ointments-classification of
ointment bases, preparation of
ointments.

Suppositories and pessaries:

classification of suppositories,
suppository bases, displacement
value, preparation of
suppositories.
Definition of pessaries
Nasal preparations, Ear preparations 2
Powders and granules: insufflations, dusting powders, 3
effervescent powders and effervescent granules.

Sterile formulations: Injectables, Eyedrops and eye 6 Sterile formulations: Injections--

ointments. definition, Advantages,
disadvantages, classification,
vehicles and adjuvants used in
injections, Water for Injection,
Pyrogen tests, Sterility tests.
Leaker test & clarity test.
Eye drops, eye lotions and eye
ointments.
Immunological products: Sera, vaccines toxoids and 5 Include definition and
their manufacturing methods. classification of immunity.
Classification of immunological
products with examples in each
category, definition of vaccines,
sera and toxoids. Diagnostic
products for Schick test
&Tuberculin test.
Preparation of BCG vaccine,
cholera vaccine, diphtheria
toxoid, tetanus toxoid,
Rabies antisera-equine and
human.
6 Basic structure, layout, sections, and activities of 5
pharmaceutical manufacturing plants.
Quality control and quality assurance: Definition and
concepts of quality control and quality assurance, current
good manufacturing practice (cGMP), Introduction to the
concept of calibration and validation
7 Novel drug delivery systems: Introduction, classification 5 Include a brief study on
with examples, advantages and challenges. nanoparticles, liposomes,
implants, ocuserts and osmotic
pumps.

5
 PHARMACEUTICS – PRACTICAL
Course Code: ER20-11P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to train the students in formulating and dispensing common
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss and train the following aspects of preparing and
dispensing various pharmaceutical dosage forms.
1. Calculation of working formula from the official master formula
2. Formulation of dosage forms based on working formula
3. Appropriate Packaging and labelling requirements
4. Methods of basic quality control tests

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Calculate the working formula from the given master formula
2. Formulate the dosage form and dispense in an appropriate container
3. Design the label with the necessary product and patient information
4. Perform the basic quality control tests for the common dosage forms

Practicals

1. Handling and referring the official references: Pharmacopoeias, Formularies, etc. for retrieving
formulas, procedures, etc.
2. Formulation of the following dosage forms as per monograph standards and dispensing with
appropriate packaging and labelling
• Liquid Oral: Simple syrup, Piperazine citrate elixir, Aqueous Iodine solution
• Emulsion: Castor oil emulsion, Cod liver oil emulsion
• Suspension: Calamine lotion, Magnesium hydroxide mixture
• Ointment: Simple ointment base, Sulphur ointment
• Cream: Cetrimide cream
• Gel: Sodium alginate gel
• Liniment: Turpentine liniment, White liniment BPC
• Dry powder: Effervescent powder granules, Dusting powder
• Sterile Injection: Normal Saline, Calcium gluconate Injection
• Hard Gelatin Capsule: Tetracycline capsules
• Tablet: Paracetamol tablets
3. Formulation of at least five commonly used cosmetic preparations – e.g. cold cream, shampoo, lotion,
toothpaste etc.
4. Demonstration on various stages of tablet manufacturing processes
5. Appropriate methods of usage and storage of all dosage forms including special dosage such as
different types of inhalers, spacers, insulin pens
6. Demonstration of quality control tests and evaluation of common dosage forms viz. tablets, capsules,
emulsion, sterile injections as per the monographs

Assignments

The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment per
student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student).
1. Various systems of measures commonly used in prescribing, compounding and dispensing practices.

6
2. Market preparations (including Fixed Dose Combinations) of each type of dosage forms, their generic
name, minimum three brand names and label contents of the dosage forms mentioned in
theory/practical.
3. Overview of various machines / equipments / instruments involved in the formulation and quality
control of various dosage forms / pharmaceutical formulations.
4. Overview of extemporaneous preparations at community / hospital pharmacy vs. manufacturing of
dosage forms at industrial level.
5. Basic pharmaceutical calculations: ratios, conversion to percentage fraction, alligation, proof spirit,
isotonicity.

Field Visit

The students shall be taken for an industrial visit to pharmaceutical industries to witness and
understand the various processes of manufacturing of any of the common dosage forms viz. tablets,
capsules, liquid orals, injectables, etc. Individual reports from each student on their learning experience
from the field visit shall be submitted.

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. History of Pharmacy in India by Dr. Harikishan Singh
2. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Govt. of India Publication
3. A Text book of Pharmaceuticals Formulation by B.M. Mithal, Vallabh Prakashan.
4. Bentleys’ Text book of Pharmaceutics, Editor E.A. Rawlins, Elsevier Int.,
5. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Leon Lachman, Herbert Lieberman and Joseph
Kanig, Editors, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Varghese Publishing House
6. Responsible Use of Medicines: A Layman’s Handbook, www.ipapharma.org / publications

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-12T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the chemical structure, storage conditions
and medicinal uses of organic and inorganic chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Also, this course discusses the impurities, quality control aspects of chemical substances used in
pharmaceuticals.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of the chemical substances used as
drugs and pharmaceuticals for various disease conditions
1. Chemical classification, chemical name, chemical structure
2. Pharmacological uses, doses, stability and storage conditions
3. Different types of formulations / dosage form available and their brand names
4. Impurity testing and basic quality control tests

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the chemical class, structure and chemical name of the commonly used drugs
and pharmaceuticals of both organic and inorganic nature
2. Discuss the pharmacological uses, dosage regimen, stability issues and storage conditions of
all such chemical substances commonly used as drugs
3. Describe the quantitative and qualitative analysis, impurity testing of the chemical
substances given in the official monographs
4. Identify the dosage form & the brand names of the drugs and pharmaceuticals popular in
the marketplace

7
 I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications.
1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical chemistry: Scope and objectives 8
Sources and types of errors: Accuracy, precision, significant
figures
Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in
Pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit test, Principle and
procedures of Limit tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy
metals and arsenic.
2 Volumetric analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, Acid- 8
base titration, non-aqueous titration, precipitation titration,
complexometric titration, redox titration
Gravimetric analysis: Principle and method.

3 Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical 7

formulations, market preparations, storage conditions and uses of
Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric
ammonium citrate, Ferrous ascorbate, Carbonyl iron
Gastro-intestinal Agents:
Antacids: Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Adsorbents & Protectives
Magaldrate, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate. include- Activated
Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics. charcoal, light kaolin.
Topical agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Bismuth sub carbonate.
Gluconate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric acid, Bleaching powder,
Potassium permanganate Cathartics include
Dental products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture Magnesium sulphate, &
cleaners, Denture adhesives, Mouth washes Sodium potassium
Medicinal gases: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen tartrate.

4 Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with 2

particular reference to heterocyclic
compounds containing up to Three rings

Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to Include minimum two
classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked formulations and
with*) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of popular brand names
formulations and their popular brand names for each drug

5 Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System 9

Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*,
Propofol
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam,
Phenobarbital*
Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*,
Risperidone*, Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone
Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam,
Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin,
Lamotrigine
Anti-Depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine
Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline,
Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine

8
6 Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System 9
Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct Acting: Nor- Epinephrine*,
Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline,
Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline. Indirect
Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine. Agents
With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline,
Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin.
Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol
Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Direct Acting Agents:
Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine. Cholinesterase
Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine
Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide
Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium
Bromide
Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents:
Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium Bromide,
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*

7 Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System 5

Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide
Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine
Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and
Sotalol
Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril,
Methyldopate Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride,
Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine,
Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate
8 Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, 2
Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide, Metolazone, Xipamide,
Spironolactone

9 Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its 3

Preparations,Metformin*,Glibenclamide*,Glimepiride,
Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins,Gliptins

10 Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Morphine 3

Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists;
Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) - Aspirin*,
Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid,
Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac

9
 11 Anti-Infective Agents 8
Antifungal Agents:Amphotericin-
B,Griseofulvin,Miconazole,Ketoconazole*,Itraconazole,
Fluconazole*, NaftifineHydrochloride
Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Norfloxacin,
Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*,Moxifloxacin,
Anti-Tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino
Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Bedaquiline,
Delamanid,Pretomanid*
Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine,
Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine, Ribavirin,
Remdesivir,Favipiravir
Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*,
Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*, Cycloguanil,
Pyrimethamine,Artemisinin
Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine,Sulfamethoxazole,
Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate, Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*
12 Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, 8
Streptomycin,
Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline,
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin,
Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol* Clindamycin
13 Anti-Neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, 3
Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate, Dactinomycin,
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine Sulphate, Cisplatin*,
Dromostanolone Propionate

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-12P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart basic training and hands-on experiences to synthesise
chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals. Also, to perform the quality control tests,
impurity testing, test for purity and systematic qualitative analysis of chemical substances used as
drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Course Objectives: This course will provide the hands-on experience on the following aspects of
chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals
1.Limit tests and assays of selected chemical substances as per the monograph
2.Volumetric analysis of the chemical substances
3.Basics of preparatory chemistry and their analysis
4.Systematic qualitative analysis for the identification of the chemical drugs

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1.Perform the limit tests for various inorganic elements and report
2.Prepare standard solutions using the principles of volumetric analysis
3.Test the purity of the selected inorganic and organic compounds against the monograph standards
4.Synthesize the selected chemical substances as per the standard synthetic scheme
5.Perform qualitative tests to systematically identify the unknown chemical substances

10
Practicals

1. Limit test for Chlorides; Sulphate; Iron; Heavy metals

2. Identification tests for Anions and Cations as per Indian Pharmacopoeia
3. Fundamentals of Volumetric analysis: Preparation of standard solution and standardization of
Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Permanganate
4. Assay of the following compounds:
● Ferrous sulphate- by redox titration
● Calcium gluconate-by complexometric
● Sodium chloride-by Modified Volhard's method
● Ascorbic acid by iodometry
● Ibuprofen by alkalimetry
5. Fundamentals of preparative organic chemistry: Determination of Melting point and boiling
point of organic compounds
6. Preparation of organic compounds:
• Benzoic acid from Benzamide
• Picric acid from Phenol
7. Identification and test for purity of pharmaceuticals: Aspirin, Caffeine, Paracetamol,
Sulfanilamide
8. Systematic Qualitative analysis experiments (4 substances)

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit the written assignments on the following topics (One assignment
per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)
1.Different monographs and formularies available and their major contents
2.Significance of quality control and quality assurance in pharmaceutical industries
3.Overview on Green Chemistry
4.Various software programs available for computer aided drug discovery
5.Various instrumentations used for characterization and quantification of drugs

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1.Medicinal & Pharmaceutical chemistry by Harikishan Singh and VK Kapoor
2.Wilson and Gisvold’s Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
3.Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.
4.Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Volume- I & II by Beckett and J. B. Stenlake
5.Indian Pharmacopoeia
6.Vogel’s text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

11
 PHARMACOGNOSY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-13T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart knowledge on the medicinal uses of various drugs of natural
origin. Also, the course emphasizes the fundamental concepts in the evaluation of crude drugs,
alternative systems of medicine, nutraceuticals, and herbal cosmetics.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of drug substances derived from
natural resources.
1. Occurrence, distribution, isolation, identification tests of common phytoconstituents
2. Therapeutic activity and pharmaceutical applications of various natural drug substances and
phytoconstituents
3. Biological source, chemical constituents of selected crude drugs and their therapeutic efficacy in
common diseases and ailments
4. Basic concepts in quality control of crude drugs and various system of medicines
5. Applications of herbs in health foods and cosmetics

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Identify the important/common crude drugs of natural origin
2. Describe the uses of herbs in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals
3. Discuss the principles of alternative system of medicines
4. Describe the importance of quality control of drugs of natural origin

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Definition, history, present status and scope of 2
Pharmacognosy
2 Classification of drugs: Alphabetical; 4
Taxonomical; Morphological; Pharmacological;
Chemical; Chemo-taxonomical
3 Quality control of crude drugs: 6 Evaluation of crude drugs
• Different methods of adulteration of crude include morphological,
drugs microscopical, physical,
• Evaluation of crude drugs chemical & biological
evaluation.
4 Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, isolation, 6 Identification tests include
identification tests, therapeutic activity and the following chemical
pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, tests- Tests for cardiac
terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and glycosides, Borntrager’s
resins. test, Thalleoquin’s test,
Murexide test, Goldbeaters
skin test, Vitali-Morin test,
Van-Urk’s test.
5 Biological source, chemical constituents and 30
therapeutic efficacy of the following categories of
crude drugs

Laxatives: Aloe, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna

Cardiotonic: Digitalis, Arjuna

12
 Carminatives and G.I. regulators: Coriander,
Fennel, Cardamom, Ginger, Clove, Black Pepper,
Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon
Astringents: Myrobalan, Black Catechu, Pale
Catechu
Drugs acting on nervous system: Hyoscyamus,
Belladonna, Ephedra, Opium, Tea leaves, Coffee
seeds, Coca
Anti-hypertensive: Rauwolfia
Anti-tussive: Vasaka, Tolu Balsam
Anti-rheumatics: Colchicum seed
Anti-tumour: Vinca, Podophyllum
Antidiabetics: Pterocarpus, Gymnema
Diuretics: Gokhru, Punarnava
Anti-dysenteric: Ipecacuanha
Antiseptics and disinfectants: Benzoin, Myrrh,
Neem, Turmeric
Antimalarials: Cinchona, Artemisia
Oxytocic: Ergot
Vitamins: Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil
Enzymes: Papaya, Diastase, Pancreatin, Yeast
Pharmaceutical Aids: Kaolin, Lanolin, Beeswax,
Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium alginate, Agar, Guar
gum, Gelatine
Miscellaneous: Squill, Galls, Ashwagandha, Tulsi,
Guggul
6 Plant fibres used as surgical dressings: Cotton, 3 Include different types of
silk, wool and regenerated fibres fibres used as surgical
Sutures- Surgical Catgut and ligatures dressings: Cotton, silk,
wool, regenerated fibres
(viscose, alginate)
- Surgical sutures &
ligatures
7 Basic principles involved in the traditional 8
systems of medicine like: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
and Homeopathy
Method of preparation of Ayurvedic
formulations like Arista, Asava, Gutika, Taila,
Churna, Lehya and Bhasma.
8 Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national 2
economy and their export potential
9 Herbs as health food: Brief introduction and 4
therapeutic applications of: Nutraceuticals,
Antioxidants, Pro-biotics, Pre-biotics, Dietary
fibres, Omega-3-fatty acids, Spirulina, Carotenoids,
Soya and Garlic
10 4 Include definition, Types of
Introduction to herbal formulations. herbal formulation- Modern
herbal dosage forms
11 Herbal cosmetics: Sources, chemical constituents, 4
commercial preparations, therapeutic and cosmetic
uses of: Aloe vera gel, Almond oil,Lavender oil,
Olive oil, Rosemary oil, Sandal Wood oil

13
 12 Phytochemical investigation of drugs: 2 Include different extraction
processes for
phytochemicals such as
Maceration, Percolation,
Soxhlet extraction.
Phytochemical screening of
alkaloids, glycosides,
tannins, carbohydrates and
proteins.

PHARMACOGNOSY – PRACTICAL
Course Code: ER20-13P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to train the students in physical identification, morphological
characterization, physical and chemical characterization, and evaluation of commonly used herbal
drugs.
Course Objectives: This course will provide hands-on experiences to the students in
1. Identification of the crude drugs based on their morphological characteristics
2. Various characteristic anatomical characteristics of the herbal drugs studied through transverse
section
3. Physical and chemical tests to evaluate the crude drugs

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Identify the given crude drugs based on the morphological characteristics
2. Take a transverse section of the given crude drugs
3. Describe the anatomical characteristics of the given crude drug under microscopical conditions
4. Carry out the physical and chemical tests to evaluate the given crude drugs

Practicals
1. Morphological Identification of the following drugs:
Ispaghula, Senna, Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ginger, Nutmeg, Black Pepper, Cinnamon,
Clove,Ephedra, Rauwolfia, Gokhru, Punarnava, Cinchona, Agar.

2. Gross anatomical studies (Transverse Section) of the following drugs: Ajwain, Datura,
Cinnamon, Cinchona, Coriander, Ashwagandha, Liquorice, Clove, Curcuma, Nux vomica, Vasaka

3. Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of any FIVE of the following drugs:
Asafoetida, Benzoin, Pale catechu, Black catechu, Castor oil, Acacia, Tragacanth, Agar, Guar gum,
Gelatine.

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit the written assignments on the following topics (One assignment
per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)
1. Market preparations of various dosage forms of Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathic (Classical
and Proprietary), indications, and their labelling requirements
2. Market preparations of various herbal formulations and herbal cosmetics, indications, and their
labelling requirements

14
3. Herb-Drug interactions documented in the literature and their clinical significances

Field Visit
The students shall be taken in groups to a medicinal garden to witness and understand the nature of
various medicinal plants discussed in theory and practical courses. Additionally, they shall be taken in
groups to the pharmacies of traditional systems of medicines to understand the availability of various
dosage forms and their labelling requirements. Individual reports from each student on their learning
experience from the field visit shall be submitted.
Recommended Books (Latest Edition)
1. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C. K. Kokate, S. B. Gokhale, A.P. Purohit, Nirali Prakashan
2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.S. Shah and J. S. Qadry, CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T. E. Wallis. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
4. Study of crude drugs by M. A. Iyengar, Manipal Press Ltd, Manipal
5. Powder crude drugs by M. A. Iyengar, Manipal Press Ltd, Manipal
6. Anatomy of crude drugs by M. A. Iyengar, Manipal Press Ltd, Manipal
7. Augmented Text Book of Homeopathic Pharmacy by Dr. D D Banerjee, B Jain Publishers (P)

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-14T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the structure and functions of the human
body. It helps in understanding both homeostasis mechanisms and homeostatic imbalances of various
systems of the human body.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following:
1. Structure and functions of the various organ systems and organs of the human body
2. Homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances in the human body
3. Various vital physiological parameters of the human body and their significances

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the various organ systems of the human body
2. Discuss the anatomical features of the important human organs and tissues
3. Explain the homeostatic mechanisms regulating the normal physiology in the human system
4. Discuss the significance of various vital physiological parameters of the human body

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Scope of Anatomy and Physiology; Definition of various 2
terminologies.
2 Structure of Cell: Components and its functions. 2
3 Tissues of the human body: Epithelial, Connective, 4
Muscular and Nervous tissues– their sub-types and
characteristics.

15
 4 Osseous system: structure and functions of bones of 6
axial and appendicular skeleton; Classification,
types and movements of joints, disorders of joints.
5 Haemopoietic system: Composition and functions of 8
blood; Process of Hemopoiesis; Characteristics and
functions of RBCs, WBCs and
platelets; Mechanism of Blood Clotting; Importance of
Blood groups.
6 Lymphatic system: Lymph and lymphatic system, 3
composition, function and its formation; Structure and
functions of spleen and lymph node.
7 Cardiovascular system: Anatomy and Physiology of 8
heart; Blood vessels and circulation (Pulmonary, coronary
and systemic circulation); Cardiac cycle and Heart sounds,
Basics of ECG; Blood pressure and its regulation.
8 Respiratory system: Anatomy of respiratory organs and 4
their functions; Regulation, and Mechanism of respiration;
Respiratory volumes and capacities – definitions.
9 Digestive system: Anatomy and Physiology of the GIT; 8
Anatomy and functions of accessory glands; Physiology of
digestion and absorption.
10 Skeletal muscles: Histology; Physiology of muscle 2
contraction; Disorder of skeletal muscles.
11 Nervous system: Classification of nervous system; 8
Anatomy and physiology of cerebrum, cerebellum, mid
brain; Function of hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and
basal ganglia; Spinal cord-structure and reflexes; Names
and functions of cranial nerves; Anatomy and
physiology of sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system (ANS).
12 Sense organs: Anatomy and physiology of Eye, Ear, 6
Skin, Tongue, Nose.
13 Urinary system: Anatomy and physiology of urinary 4
system; Physiology of urine formation; Renin -
angiotensin system; Clearance tests and micturition.
14 Endocrine system (Hormones and their functions): 6
Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid and parathyroid
gland, Pancreas and gonads.
15 Reproductive system: Anatomy of male and female 4
reproductive system; Physiology of menstruation;
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis; Pregnancy and
parturition.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-14P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to train the students and instil the skills for carrying out basic
physiological monitoring of various systems and functions.
Course Objectives: This course will provide hands-on experience in the following:

16
1. General blood collection techniques and carrying out various haematological assessments and
interpreting the results
2. Recording and monitoring the vital physiological parameters in human subjects and the basic
interpretations of the results
3. Microscopic examinations of the various tissues permanently mounted in glass slides
4. Discuss the anatomical and physiological characteristics of various organ systems of the body using
models, charts, and other teaching aids

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Perform the haematological tests in human subjects and interpret the results
2. Record, monitor and document the vital physiological parameters of human subjects and interpret
the results
3. Describe the anatomical features of the important human tissues under the microscopical conditions
4. Discuss the significance of various anatomical and physiological characteristics of the human body

Practicals
1. Study of compound microscope
2. General techniques for the collection of blood
3. Microscopic examination of Epithelial tissue, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, Skeletal muscle,
Connective tissue, and Nervous tissue of ready / pre-prepared slides.
4. Study of Human Skeleton-Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
5. Determination of
a. Blood group c. Haemoglobin content of blood
b. ESR d. Bleeding time and Clotting time
6. Determination of WBC count of blood
7. Determination of RBC count of blood
8. Determination of Differential count of blood
9. Recording of Blood Pressure in various postures, different arms, before and after exertion and
interpreting the results
10. Recording of Body temperature (using mercury, digital and IR thermometers at various locations),
Pulse rate/ Heart rate (at various locations in the body, before and after exertion), Respiratory Rate
11. Recording Pulse Oxygen (before and after exertion)
12. Recording force of air expelled using Peak Flow Meter
13. Measurement of height, weight, and BMI
14. Study of various systems and organs with the help of chart, models, and specimens:
a) Cardiovascular system f) Reproductive system
b) Respiratory system g) Nervous system
c) Digestive system h) Eye
d) Urinary system i) Ear
e) Endocrine system j) Skin

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Human Physiology by C. C. Chatterjee
2. Human Anatomy and Physiology by S. Chaudhary and A. Chaudhary
3. Derasari and Gandhi’s elements of Human Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education
4. S.R. Kale and R.R. Kale, Textbook of Practical Anatomy and Physiology
5. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and illness
6. Human Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Gerard J
7. Fundamentals of Medical Physiology by K. Sambulingam and P Sambulingam
8. Ranade V.G. Text Book of Practical Physiology

17
9. Goyal R.K., Natvar M.P. and Shah S.A., Practical Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry,
Experimental Physiology

SOCIAL PHARMACY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-15T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)
Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on public health, epidemiology, preventive
care, and other social health related concepts. Also, to emphasize the roles of pharmacists in the public
health programs.
Course Objectives: This course will discuss about basic concepts of
1. Public health and national health programs
2. Preventive healthcare
3. Food and nutrition related health issues
4. Health education and health promotion
5. General roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in public health

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Discuss about roles of pharmacists in the various national health programs
2. Describe various sources of health hazards and disease preventive measures
3. Discuss the healthcare issues associated with food and nutritional substances
4. Describe the general roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in public health

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Introduction to Social Pharmacy: 9
• Definition and Scope. Social Pharmacy as a
discipline and its scope in improving the public
health. Role of Pharmacists in Public Health. (2)
• Concept of Health -WHO Definition, various
dimensions, determinants, and health indicators.
(3)
• National Health Policy – Indian perspective (1)
• Public and Private Health System in India,
National Health Mission (2)
• Introduction to Millennium Development Goals,
Sustainable Development Goals, FIP Development
Goals (1)
2 Preventive healthcare – Role of Pharmacists in 18
the following:
• Demography and Family Planning (3)
• Mother and child health, importance of
breastfeeding, ill effects of infant milk substitutes
and bottle feeding (2)
• Overview of Vaccines, types of immunity and
immunization (4)
• Effect of Environment on Health – Water
pollution, importance of safe drinking water,

18
 waterborne diseases, air pollution, noise pollution,
sewage and solid waste disposal, occupational
illnesses, Environmental pollution due to
pharmaceuticals (7)
• Psychosocial Pharmacy: Drugs of misuse and abuse –
psychotropics, narcotics, alcohol, tobacco products.
Social Impact of these habits on social health and
productivity and suicidal behaviours (2)
3 Nutrition and Health: 10
• Basics of nutrition – Macronutrients and
Micronutrients (3)
• Importance of water and fibres in diet (1)
• Balanced diet, Malnutrition, nutrition deficiency
diseases, ill effects of junk foods, calorific and
nutritive values of various foods, fortification of
food (3)
• Introduction to food safety, adulteration of
foods, effects of artificial ripening, use of
pesticides, genetically modified foods (1)
• Dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, food
supplements– indications, benefits, Drug-Food
Interactions (2)
4 Introduction to Microbiology and common 28
microorganisms (3)
Epidemiology: Introduction to epidemiology, and its
applications. Understanding of terms such as epidemic,
pandemic, endemic, mode of transmission, outbreak,
quarantine, isolation, incubation period, contact
tracing, morbidity, mortality (2)
Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical
presentations and Role of Pharmacists in
educating the public in prevention of the following
communicable diseases:
• Respiratory infections – chickenpox, measles,
rubella, mumps, influenza (including Avian-Flu,
H1N1, SARS, MERS, COVID-19), diphtheria,
whooping cough, meningococcal meningitis, acute
respiratory infections, tuberculosis, Ebola (7)
• Intestinal infections – poliomyelitis, viral
hepatitis, cholera, acute diarrheal diseases,
typhoid, amebiasis, worm infestations, food
poisoning (7)
• Arthropod-borne infections - dengue, malaria,
filariasis and, chikungunya (4)
• Surface infections – trachoma, tetanus, leprosy
(2)
• STDs, HIV/AIDS (3)

19
 5 Introduction to health systems and all ongoing 8 Introduce different
National Health programs in India, their objectives, programs giving
functioning, outcome, and the role of pharmacists. emphasis to the
following:-
National Tuberculosis
Elimination Program,
National Leprosy
Control Program,
National immunization
schedule, Pulse polio
immunization program,
National Mental Health
Program, National
Tobacco Control
Program, National
AIDS Control Program,
National Family
Welfare Program,
National Program for
Control of Blindness,
National Program for
Prevention and Control
of Deafness

6 Pharmacoeconomics – Introduction, basic 2

terminologies, importance of pharmacoeconomics

SOCIAL PHARMACY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-15P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to provide simulated experience in various public health and social
pharmacy activities.

Course Objectives: This course will train the students on various roles of pharmacists in public
health and social pharmacy activities in the following areas:
1. National immunization programs
2. Reproductive and child health programs
3. Food and nutrition related health programs
4. Health education and promotion
5. General roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists in public health
6. First Aid for various emergency conditions including basic life support and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in various National health programs
2. Design promotional materials for public health awareness
3. Describe various health hazards including microbial sources
4. Advice on preventive measures for various diseases
5. Provide first aid for various emergency conditions

20
Note: Demonstration / Hands-on experience / preparation of charts / models / promotional materials /
role plays / enacting / e-brochures / e-flyers / podcasts / video podcasts / any other innovative
activities to understand the concept of various elements of social pharmacy listed here. (At least one
activity to be carried out for each one of the following):

Practicals
1. National immunization schedule for children, adult vaccine schedule, Vaccines which are not
included in the National Immunization Program.
2. RCH – reproductive and child health – nutritional aspects, relevant national health programmes.
3. Family planning devices
4. Microscopical observation of different microbes (readymade slides)
5. Oral Health and Hygiene
6. Personal hygiene and etiquettes – hand washing techniques, Cough and sneeze etiquettes.
7. Various types of masks, PPE gear, wearing/using them, and disposal.
8. Menstrual hygiene, products used
9. First Aid – Theory, basics, demonstration, hands on training, audio-visuals, and practice, BSL
(Basic Life Support) Systems [SCA - Sudden Cardiac Arrest, FBAO - Foreign Body Airway
Obstruction, CPR, Defibrillation (using AED) (Includes CPR techniques, First Responder).
10. Emergency treatment for all medical emergency cases viz. snake bite, dog bite, insecticide
poisoning, fractures, burns, epilepsy etc.
11. Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management.
12. Marketed preparations of disinfectants, antiseptics, fumigating agents, antilarval agents, mosquito
repellents, etc.
13. Health Communication: Audio / Video podcasts, Images, Power Point Slides, Short Films, etc. in
regional language(s) for mass communication / education / Awareness on 5 different communicable
diseases, their signs and symptoms, and prevention.
14. Water purification techniques, use of water testing kit, calculation of Content/percentage of
KMnO4, bleaching powder to be used for wells/tanks
15. Counselling children on junk foods, balanced diets – using Information, Education and
Communication (IEC), counselling, etc. (Simulation Experiments).
16. Preparation of various charts on nutrition, sources of various nutrients from Locally available
foods, calculation of caloric needs of different groups (e.g. child, mother, sedentary lifestyle, etc.).
Chart of glycemic index of foods.
17. Tobacco cessation, counselling, identifying various tobacco containing products through
charts/pictures

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit the written assignments on the following topics (One
assignment per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)
1. An overview of Women’s Health Issues
2. Study the labels of various packed foods to understand their nutritional contents
3. Breastfeeding counselling, guidance – using Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
4. Information about the organizations working on de-addiction services in the region (city / district,
etc.)
5. Role of a pharmacist in disaster management – A case study
6. Overview on the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)
7. Drug disposal systems in the country, at industry level and citizen level
8. Various Prebiotics or Probiotics (dietary and market products)
9. Emergency preparedness: Study of local Government structure with respect to Fire, Police
departments, health department

21
10. Prepare poster/presentation for general public on any one of the Health Days. e.g. AIDS Day,
Handwashing Day, ORS day, World Diabetes Day, World Heart Day, etc.
11. List of home medicines, their storage, safe handling, and disposal of unused medicines
12. Responsible Use of Medicines: From Purchase to Disposal
13. Collection of newspaper clips (minimum 5) relevant to any one topic and its submission in an
organized form with collective summary based on the news items
14. Read a minimum of one article relevant to any theory topic, from Pharma/Science/ or other
Periodicals and prepare summary of it for submission
15. Potential roles of pharmacists in rural India

Field Visits
The students shall be taken in groups to visit any THREE of the following facilities to witness
and understand the activities of such centres/facilities from the perspectives of the topics discussed in
theory and/or practical courses. Individual reports from each student on their learning experience from
the field visits shall be submitted.
1. Garbage Treatment Plant
2. Sewage Treatment Plant
3. Bio-medical Waste Treatment Plant
4. Effluent Treatment Plant
5. Water purification plant
6. Orphanage / Elderly-Care-Home / School and or Hostel/Home for persons with disabilities
7. Primary health care centre.

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Social Pharmacy – Innovation and development. Geoff Harding, Sarah Nettleton and Kevin Taylor.
The Pharmaceutical Press.
2. Text Book of Community Pharmacy Practice. RPSGB Publication
3. Community Pharmacy Handbook- Jonathan Waterfield
4. S Khurana, P Suresh & R Kalsi. Health Education & Community Pharmacy. S Vikas & Co
5. Social Pharmacy: Tayler, Geoffrey. Pharmaceutical Press. London.
6. Textbook by Dandiya PC, Zafer ZYK, Zafer A. Health education & Community Pharmacy.
Vallabh Prakashan.
7. Websites of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Health Portal
8. Pharmacists at the Frontlines: A Novel Approach at Combating TB www.ipapharma.org Visit
Publications
9. Where There Is No Doctor: A Village Health Care Handbook by David Werner, 2015 updated version
10. Various WHO publications

22
 b. Syllabus.
Note:
The original syllabus mandated by the Pharmacy council of India (PCI) for
different theory and practical courses of D. Pharm Part II is given here. For the
syllabus of theory courses a column is added on the right side and certain
clarifications/additions are given for some topics. Wherever such
clarifications/additions are given, refer both the original syllabus in column II
and the clarifications/additions in column IV.

Books recommended for each subject are appended at the end of each

PHARMACOLOGY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-21T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course provides basic knowledge about different classes of drugs available for the
pharmacotherapy of common diseases. The indications for use, dosage regimen, routes of
administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and contraindications of the drugs discussed in
this course are vital for successful professional practice.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following:

1. General concepts of pharmacology including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, routes of
administration, etc.
2. Pharmacological classification and indications of drugs.
3. Dosage regimen, route of administration mechanisms of action, contraindications of drugs.
4. Common adverse effects of drugs

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the basic concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
2. Enlist the various classes and drugs of choices for any given disease condition
3. Advice the dosage regimen, route of administration and contraindications for a given drug
4. Describe the common adverse drug reactions

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 General Pharmacology 10
• Introduction and scope of Pharmacology
• Various routes of drug administration - advantages
and disadvantages
• Drug absorption - definition, types, factors
affecting drug absorption
• Bioavailability and the factors affecting
bioavailability
• Drug distribution - definition, factors affecting

28
 drug distribution
• Biotransformation of drugs - Definition, types of
biotransformation reactions, factors influencing drug
metabolisms
• Excretion of drugs - Definition, routes of drug
excretion
• General mechanisms of drug action and factors
modifying drug action
2 Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System: 11 Include detailed
• Steps involved in neurohumoral Pharmacology of
transmission. Acetylcholine,
Atropine,
• Definition, classification, pharmacological Adrenaline,
actions, dose, indications, and contraindications Propranolol and
of: Aspirin
a) Cholinergic drugs b) Anti-Cholinergic drugs
c) Adrenergic drugs d) Anti-adrenergic drugs
e) Neuromuscular blocking agents
f) Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis
g) Local anaesthetic agents
h) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3 Drugs Acting on the Eye: Definition, classification, 2
pharmacological actions, dose, indications and
contraindications of
• Miotics
• Mydriatics
• Drugs used in Glaucoma
4 Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System: 8 Include detailed
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, Pharmacology of
indications, and contraindications of Phenobarbitone,
• General anaesthetics • Hypnotics and sedatives Diazepam,
• Anti-Convulsant drugs • Anti-anxiety drugs Phenytoin,
• Anti-depressant drugs • Anti-psychotics Chlorpromazine
• Nootropic agents and Morphine.
• Centrally acting muscle relaxants
• Opioid analgesics
5 Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System: 6 Include detailed
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, Pharmacology of
indications, and contraindications of Digoxin
• Anti-hypertensive drugs • Anti-anginal drugs
• Anti-arrhythmic drugs
• Drugs used in atherosclerosis and
• Congestive heart failure
• Drug therapy for shock
6 Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming 4
Organs: Definition, classification, pharmacological
actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of
• Hematinic agents • Anti-coagulants
• Anti-platelet agents • Thrombolytic drugs

29
7 Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System: 2
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions,
dose, indications, and contraindications of
• Bronchodilators • Expectorants
• Anti-tussive agents • Mucolytic agents
8 Drugs Acting on the Gastro Intestinal Tract: 5
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions,
dose, indications, and contraindications of
• Anti-ulcer drugs • Anti-emetics
• Laxatives and purgatives • Anti-diarrheal drugs
9 Drugs Acting on the Kidney: Definition, 2
classification, pharmacological actions, dose,
indications, and contraindications of
• Diuretics • Anti-Diuretics
10 Hormones and Hormone Antagonists: Physiological 8
and pathological role and clinical uses of:
• Thyroid hormones • Anti-thyroid drugs
• Parathormone • Calcitonin • Vitamin D
• Insulin • Oral hypoglycemic agents
• Estrogen • Progesterone
• Oxytocin • Corticosteroids
11 Autocoids: 3
• Physiological role of Histamine,5-HT and
Prostaglandins
• Classification, clinical uses, and adverse effects of
antihistamines and 5 HT antagonists
12 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Introduction, basic principles 12
of chemotherapy of infections, infestations and
neoplastic diseases, Classification, dose, indication and
contraindications of drugs belonging to following
classes:
• Penicillins • Cephalosporins • Aminoglycosides
• Fluoroquinolones • Macrolides
• Tetracyclines • Sulphonamides • Anti-tubercular
drugs
• Anti-fungal drugs • Anti-viral drugs
• Anti-amoebic agents • Anthelmintics
• Anti-malarial agents • Anti-neoplastic agents
13 Biologicals: Definition, types, and indications of 2 Biological agents
biological agents with examples. include monoclonal
antibodies also.
(A brief study on
monoclonal
antibodies with
examples.)

30
 PHARMACOLOGY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-21P 50 Hours (2 Hours/week)

Scope: This course provides the basic understanding about the uses, mechanisms of actions, dose
dependent responses of drugs in simulated virtual animal models and experimental conditions.

Course Objectives: This course will demonstrate / provide hands-on experience in the virtual
platform using appropriate software on the following
1. Study of pharmacological effects of drugs like local anesthetics, mydriatic and mitotic on rabbit eye
2. Screening the effects of various drugs acting in the central nervous system
3. Study of drug effects on isolated organs / tissues
4. Study of pyrogen testing on rabbit

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Study and report the local anesthetic, mydriatic and mitotic effects of the given drug on the rabbit
eye
2. Choose appropriate animal experiment model to study the effects of the given drugs acting on the
central nervous system and submit the report
3. Perform the effects of given tissues (simulated) on isolated organs / tissues and interpret the results
4. Interpret the dose dependent responses of drugs in various animal experiment models

Practicals
Introduction to the following topics pertaining to the experimental pharmacology have to be
discussed and documented in the practical manuals.
1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology
2. Study of laboratory animals: (a) Mice; (b) Rats; (c) Guinea pigs; (d) Rabbits
3. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology
4. Different routes of administration of drugs in animals
5. Types of pre-clinical experiments: In-Vivo, In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, etc.
6. Techniques of blood collection from animals

Experiments
Note: Animals shall not be used for doing / demonstrating any of the experiments given. The given
experiments shall be carried- out / demonstrated as the case may be, ONLY with the use of software
program(s) such as ‘Ex Pharm’ or any other suitable software
1. Study of local anaesthetics on rabbit eye
2. Study of Mydriatic effect on rabbit eye
3. Study of Miotic effect on rabbit eye
4. Effect of analgesics using Analgesiometer
5. Study of analgesic activity by writhing test
6. Screening of anti-convulsant using Electro Convulsiometer
7. Screening of Muscle relaxants using Rota-Rod apparatus
8. Screening of CNS stimulants and depressants using Actophotometer
9. Study of anxiolytic activity using elevated plus maze method
10. Study of effect of drugs (any 2) on isolated heart
11. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility on frog’s buccal cavity
12. Pyrogen testing by rabbit method

31
 Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment
per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)
1. Introduction to Allergy Testing
2. Introduction to Toxicity Studies
3. Drug Facts Labels of US FDA
4. Pre-clinical studies in new drug development
5. Medicines and meals: Before or After food
6. Pre-clinical studies in new drug development
7. Drugs available as paediatric formulations
8. Drug information apps

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Satoskar,R.S. and Bhandarkar, S.D. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
2. B. Suresh, A Text Book of Pharmacology
3. Derasari and Gandhi’s Elements of Pharmacology
4. S.K. Kulkarni, Practical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy
5. H.K. Sharma. Principles of Pharmacology
6. Mary J. Mycek, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
7. Tripathi, K.D. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology.
8. Various Drug Information Books like British National Formulary, MIMS, CIMS, Drug Today etc.,
WHO, NIH Websites

COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND MANAGEMENT – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-22T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: The course is designed to impart basic knowledge and skills to provide various pharmaceutical
care services to patients and general practitioners in the community setup.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following:

1. Establishing and running a community pharmacy and its legal requirements
2. Professional aspects of handling and filling prescriptions
3. Patient counselling on diseases, prescription and or non-prescription medicines
4. Scope for performing basic health screening in community pharmacy settings

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the establishment, legal requirements, and effective administration of a community
pharmacy
2. Professionally handle prescriptions and dispense medications
3. Counsel patients about the disease, prescription and or non-prescription medicines
4. Perform basic health screening on patients and interpret the reports in the community pharmacy
settings

32
I II III IV
Chapter Topics Hrs Clarifications
(PCI)
1 Community Pharmacy Practice – Definition, history 2
and development of community pharmacy -
International and Indian scenarios
2 Professional responsibilities of community 3
pharmacists
Introduction to the concept of Good Pharmacy Practice
and SOPs.
3 Prescription and prescription handling 7
• Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of
prescriptions, prescription handling, labelling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label,
pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage
• Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices,
dispensing errors and strategies to minimize them.
4 Communication skills 6
• Definition, types of communication skills
• Interactions with professionals and patients
• Verbal communication skills (one-to-one, over
the telephone)
• Written communication skills
• Body language
• Patient interview techniques
5 Patient counselling 10
• Definition and benefits of patient counselling
• Stages of patient counselling - Introduction,
counselling content, counselling process, and
closing the counselling session
• Barriers to effective counselling - Types and
strategies to overcome the barriers
• Patient counselling points for chronic
diseases/disorders - Hypertension, Diabetes,
Asthma, Tuberculosis, Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, and AIDS
• Patient Package Inserts - Definition, importance
and benefits, Scenarios of PPI use in India and
other countries
• Patient Information leaflets - Definition and uses
6 Medication Adherence: Definition, factors 2
influencing non- adherence, strategies to overcome
non-adherence
7 Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy 5
Introduction, scope, and importance of various health

33
 screening services - for routine monitoring of patients,
early detection, and referral of undiagnosed cases
8 Over The Counter (OTC) Medications: 15
• Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC
medication dispensing
• OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC
products
• Self-medication and role of pharmacists in
promoting the safe practices during self-
medication
• Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice
for self-care in conditions such as - Pain management,
Cough, Cold, Diarrhea, Constipation, Vomiting, Fever,
Sore throat, Skin disorders, Oral health (mouth ulcers,
dental pain, gum swelling)
9 Community Pharmacy Management: 25
• Legal requirements to set up a community
pharmacy
• Site selection requirements
• Pharmacy designs and interiors
• Vendor selection and ordering
• Procurement, inventory control methods, and
inventory management
• Financial planning and management
• Accountancy in community pharmacy – Day
book, Cash book
• Introduction to pharmacy operation software –
usefulness and availability
• Customer Relation Management (CRM)
• Audits in Pharmacies
• SOP of Pharmacy Management
• Introduction to Digital Health, mHealth and Online
pharmacies

COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND MANAGEMENT – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-22P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: The course is designed to train the students and improve professional skills to provide various
pharmaceutical care services in community pharmacy.

Course Objectives: This course will train the students in the following
1. Professional handling and filling prescriptions
2. Patient counselling on diseases and minor ailments
3. Patient counselling on prescription and / or non-prescription medicines
4. Preparation of counselling materials such as patient information leaflets
5. Performing basic health screening tests

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

34
1. Handle and fill prescriptions in a professional manner
2. Counsel patients on various diseases and minor ailments
3. Counsel patients on prescription and or non-prescription medicines
4. Design and prepare patient information leaflets
5. Perform basic health screening tests
Practicals

Note: The following practicals shall be carried out in the model community pharmacy with
appropriate simulated scenarios and materials. Students shall be trained through role plays wherever
necessary. The activities of the students shall be assessed / evaluated using a structured objective
assessment form.

1. Handling of prescriptions with professional standards, reviewing prescriptions, checking for legal
compliance and completeness (minimum 5)
2. Identification of drug-drug interactions in the prescription and follow-up actions (minimum 2)
3. Preparation of dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the prescribed medications (minimum 5)
4. Providing the following health screening services for monitoring patients / detecting new patients
(one experiment for each activity)
Blood Pressure Recording, Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring, Lung function assessment using
Peak Flow Meter and incentive spirometer, recording capillary oxygen level using Pulse Oximeter,
BMI measurement
5. Providing counselling to simulated patients for the following chronic diseases / disorders including
education on the use of devices such as insulin pen, inhalers, spacers, nebulizers, etc. where
appropriate (one experiment for each disease)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Primary Hypertension, Asthma, Hyperlipidaemia, Rheumatoid Arthritis
6. Providing counselling to simulated patients for the following minor ailments (any three)
Headache, GI disturbances (Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, diarrhoea, constipation), Worm
infestations, Pyrexia, Upper Respiratory Tract infections, Skin infections, Oral and dental disorders.
7. Appropriate handling of dummy dosage forms with correct administration techniques - oral liquids
with measuring cup/cap/dropper, Eye Drops, Inhalers, Nasal drops, Insulin pen, nebulizers, different
types of tablets, patches, enemas, suppositories
8. Use of Community Pharmacy Software and digital health tools

Assignments

The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment per
student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)
1. SOPs for various activities in Community Pharmacy (as discussed in Theory and Practical)
2. List out the various abbreviations, short forms used in prescriptions and their interpretation
3. Patient Information Leaflet for a given chronic disease / disorder
4. Patient Information Leaflet for prescription / non-prescription medicines
5. Preparation of window / shelf display materials for the model community pharmacy
6. Overview of Software available for retail pharmacy management including billing, inventory, etc.
7. Dosage / Medication Reminder Aids
8. Overview on the operations and marketing strategies of various online pharmacies
9. Overview on the common fixed dose combinations
10. Overview on the medications requiring special storage conditions
11. Role of Community Pharmacists in preventing Antimicrobial Resistance
12. Jan Aushadhi and other Generic Medicine initiatives in India
13. Global Overview of Online Pharmacies
14. Community Pharmacy Practice Standards: Global Vs. Indian Scenario

35
15. Overview of pharmacy associations in India

Field Visit
The students shall be taken in groups to visit community pharmacies and medicine distributors to
understand and witness the professional activities of the community pharmacists, and supply chain
logistics. Individual reports from each student on their learning experience from the field visit shall be
submitted.
Recommended Books (Latest Edition)
1. Health Education and Community Pharmacy by N.S. Parmar.
2. WHO consultative group report.
3. Drug store and Business management by Mohammed Ali and Jyoti.
4. Handbook of pharmacy – health care. Edt. Robin J Harman. The Pharmaceutical Press
5. Comprehensive Pharmacy Review – Edt. Leon Shargel. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
6. Good Pharmacy Practices Training Manual by IPA/CDSCO/WHO India
7. Training Module for Community Pharmacists in TB Care and Control/ by MoH/IPA
8. Hand Book of PharmaSoS, Drugs in Special population- Pregnancy and Lactation, Tobacco free
future- Choice is yours: KSPC Publications.
9. Responsible Use of Medicines: A Layman’s Handbook, www.ipapharma.org
/publications
10. Community Pharmacy Practice around the Globe: Part One: www.ipapharma.org /publications

BIOCHEMISTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-23T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the study of structure and functions of
biomolecules and the chemical processes associated with living cells in normal and abnormal states.
The course also emphasizes on the clinical pathology of blood and urine.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following at the fundamental level
1. Structure and functions of biomolecules
2. Catalytic activity, diagnostic and therapeutic importance of enzymes
3. Metabolic pathways of biomolecules in health and illness (metabolic disorders)
4. Biochemical principles of organ function tests and their clinical significance
5. Qualitative and quantitative determination of biomolecules / metabolites in the biological sample
6. Clinical pathology of blood and urine

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the functions of biomolecules
2. Discuss the various functions of enzymes in the human system
3. Explain the metabolic pathways of biomolecules in both physiological and pathological conditions
4. Describe the principles of organ function tests and their clinical significances
5. Determine the biomolecules / metabolites in the given biological samples, both qualitatively and
quantitatively
6. Describe the clinical pathology of blood and urine

36
I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of 2
biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical
organization.
2 Carbohydrates 5
• Definition, classification with examples,
chemical properties
• Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose,
and galactose
• Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and
sucrose
• Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and
glycogen
• Qualitative tests and biological role of
carbohydrates
3 Proteins 5
• Definition, classification of proteins based on
composition and solubility with examples
• Definition, classification of amino acids based
on chemical nature and nutritional
requirements with examples
• Structure of proteins (four levels of
organization of protein structure)
• Qualitative tests and biological role of
proteins and amino acids
• Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.
4 Lipids 5
• Definition, classification with examples
• Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils
and fats)
• Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical
and nutritional requirements with examples
• Structure and functions of cholesterol in the
body
• Lipoproteins - types, composition and
functions in the body
• Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
5 Nucleic acids 4
• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
• Components of nucleosides and nucleotides
with examples
• Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model),
RNA and their functions
6 Enzymes 5

37
 • Definition, properties and IUB and MB
classification
• Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme
inhibitors
• Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of
enzymes
7 Vitamins 6
• Definition and classification with examples
• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme
form, recommended dietary requirements,
deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble
vitamins
8 Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without 20
chemical structures)
• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA
cycle, and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood
glucose. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of
carbohydrates.
• Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of
Fatty acid (Palmitic acid), ketogenesis and ketolysis. (β-oxidation of Fatty
Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids
acid with reference to
such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty Liver,
Hypercholesterolemia. Palmitic acid),
• Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General
reactions of amino acids and its significance–
Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and
Decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal
metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia
metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, and
Jaundice.
• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and
Oxidative phosphorylation
9 Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, 5
recommended dietary requirements
10 Water and Electrolytes 5
• Distribution, functions of water in the body
• Water turnover and balance
• Electrolyte composition of the body fluids,
Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte
balance
• Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral
rehydration therapy
11 Introduction to Biotechnology 1 Include a brief study on
• Basic principles of
genetic engineering
• Recombinant DNA
technology and its
application
12 Organ function tests 6
• Functions of kidney and routinely performed

38
 tests to assess the functions of kidney and their
clinical significances.
• Functions of liver and routinely performed
tests to assess the functions of liver and their
clinical significances.
• Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances.
13 Introduction to Pathology of Blood and 6
Urine
• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in
health and disease
• Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their
significance
• Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and
their significance

BIOCHEMISTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-23P 50 Hours (2 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to train the students in the qualitative testing of various biomolecules
and testing of biological samples for determination of normal and abnormal constituents

Course Objectives: This course will train and provide hands-on experiences on the following
1. Qualitative determination of biomolecules / metabolites in simulated biological samples
2. Determination of normal and abnormal constituents of simulated blood and urine samples

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Qualitatively determine the biomolecules / metabolites in the given biological samples
2. Determine the normal and abnormal constituents in blood and urine samples and interpret the results
of such testing

Practicals
1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (4 experiments)
(Carbohydrates – glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose)
2. Qualitative analysis of Proteins and amino acids (4 experiments)
(Proteins – albumin, casein, gelatine, peptone)
3. Qualitative analysis of lipids (2 experiments)
(Lipids- triglycerides, cholesterol)
4. Qualitative analysis of urine for normal and abnormal constituents
(4 experiments)
Normal constituents – inorganic/organic
Abnormal constituents – sugar, protein, bile pigment, bile salts, ketone bodies
5. Determination of constituents of urine (glucose, creatinine, chlorides) (any 2 experiments)
6. Determination of constituents of blood/serum (simulated) (Creatine, glucose, cholesterol, Calcium,
Urea, SGOT/SGPT) (any 5 experiments)
7. Study the hydrolysis of starch from acid and salivary amylase enzyme (1 experiment)

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on various Pathology Lab Reports (One
assignment per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)

39
Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Essentials of Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana, Books and Allied (P) Ltd.

2. A Textbook of Biochemistry by A.V.S.S. Rama Rao, UBS Publishers Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
3. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargava.
4. Laboratory manual of Biochemistry by Pattabiraman and Sitaram Acharya

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-24T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on etiopathogenesis of common diseases and
their management along with quality use of medicines.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss about

1. Etiopathogenesis of selected common diseases and evidence-based
medicine therapy
2. Importance of individualized therapeutic plans based on diagnosis
3. Basic methods for assessing the clinical outcomes of drug therapy

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Help assessing the subjective and objective parameters of patients in common disease conditions
2. Assist other healthcare providers to analyse drug related problems and provide therapeutic
interventions
3. Participate in planning the rational medicine therapy for common diseases
4. Design and deliver discharge counselling for patients

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Pharmacotherapeutics – Introduction, scope, and 8
objectives. Rational use of Medicines, Evidence Based
Medicine, Essential Medicines List, Standard Treatment
Guidelines (STGs)
2 Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non- pharmacological and
pharmacological management of the diseases associated with:
(a) Cardiovascular System 8
• Hypertension • Angina and Myocardial
infarction
• Hyperlipidemia • Congestive Heart Failure
(b) Respiratory System 4
• Asthma • COPD
(c) Endocrine System 5
• Diabetes • Thyroid disorders - Hypo and
Hyperthyroidism
(d) Central Nervous System 8
• Epilepsy • Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease • Stroke • Migraine
(e) Gastro Intestinal Disorders 8
• Gastro oesophageal reflux disease • Peptic

40
 Ulcer Disease
• Alcoholic liver disease • Inflammatory Bowel
Diseases (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
(f) Haematological disorders 4
• Iron deficiency anaemia • Megaloblastic anaemia
(g) Infectious diseases 12
• Tuberculosis • Pneumonia • Urinary
tract infections
• Hepatitis • Gonorrhoea and Syphilis
• Malaria
• HIV and Opportunistic infections • Viral Infections
(SARS, CoV2)
(h) Musculoskeletal disorders 3
• Rheumatoid arthritis • Osteoarthritis
(i) Dermatology 3
• Psoriasis • Scabies • Eczema
j) Psychiatric Disorders 4
• Depression • Anxiety • Psychosis
(k) Ophthalmology 2
• Conjunctivitis (bacterial and viral) • Glaucoma
(l) Anti-microbial Resistance 2 Include Definition,
causes, types and
problems of
antimicrobial
resistance. Measures
to decrease antibiotic
resistance and role of
Pharmacists in it.
(m) Women’s Health 4
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome • Dysmenorrhea
• Premenstrual Syndrome

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-24P 25 Hours (1 Hour/week)

Scope: This course is designed to train the students in the basic skills required to support the
pharmaceutical care services for selected common disease conditions.

Course Objectives: This course will train the students on

1. How to prepare a SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan) note for clinical cases of
selected common diseases
2. Patient counselling techniques/methods for common disease conditions

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

41
1. Write SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan) notes for the given clinical cases of
selected common diseases
2. Counsel the patients about the disease conditions, uses of drugs, methods of handling and
administration of drugs, life-style modifications, and monitoring parameters.

Practicals

I. Preparation and discussion of SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan) notes for at least
SIX clinical cases (real / hypothetical) of the following disease conditions.
1. Hypertension
2. Angina Pectoris
3. Myocardial Infarction
4. Hyperlipidemia
5. Rheumatoid arthritis
6. Asthma
7. COPD
8. Diabetes
9. Epilepsy
10. Stroke
11. Depression
12. Tuberculosis
13. Anaemia (any one type as covered in theory)
14. Viral infection (any one type as covered in theory)
15. Dermatological conditions (any one condition as covered in theory)

II. Patient counselling exercises using role plays based on the real / hypothetical clinical case
scenarios. The students are expected to provide counselling on disease condition, medications, life-
style modifications, monitoring parameters, etc. and the same shall be documented. (Minimum 5
cases)

III. Simulated cases to enable dose calculation of selected drugs in paediatrics, and geriatrics under
various pathological conditions. (Minimum 4 cases)

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Roger and Walker, Churchill Livingstone Publication
2. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics - Eric T. Herfindal, Williams and Wilkins Publication
3. Applied Therapeutics: The clinical Use of Drugs. Lloyd Young and Koda-Kimble MA Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins Publication.
4. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic approach - Joseph T. Dipiro et al. Appleton and Lange
Publication.
5. National Formulary of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad.

HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-25T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge and professional skills required for
facilitating various hospital and clinical pharmacy services.

42
Course Objectives: This course will discuss and train the students in the following
1. Hospital and Hospital Pharmacy organization and set-ups
2. Basics of hospital pharmacy services including the procurement, supply chain, storage of medicines
and medical supplies
3. Basics of clinical pharmacy including introduction to comprehensive pharmaceutical care services
4. Basic interpretations of common laboratory results used in clinical diagnosis towards optimizing the
drug therapy

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Explain about the basic concepts of hospital pharmacy administration
2. Manage the supply chain and distribution of medicines within the hospital settings
3. Assist the other healthcare providers in monitoring drug therapy and address drug related problems
4. Interpret common lab investigation reports for optimizing drug therapy

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 Hospital Pharmacy 6
• Definition, scope, national and international
scenario
• Organisational structure
• Professional responsibilities, Qualification and
experience requirements, job specifications, work
load requirements and inter-professional
relationships
• Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in hospital
• Hospital Pharmacy Standards (FIP Basel
Statements, AHSP)
• Introduction to NAQS guidelines and NABH
Accreditation
and Role of Pharmacists
2 Different Committees in the Hospital 4
• Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee -
Objectives, Composition, and functions
• Hospital Formulary-Definition, procedure for
development and use of hospital formulary
• Infection Control Committee – Role of Pharmacist in
preventing Antimicrobial Resistance
3 Supply Chain and Inventory Control 14
• Preparation of Drug lists - High Risk drugs,
Emergency drugs, Schedule H1 drugs, NDPS
drugs, reserved antibiotics
• Procedures of Drug Purchases – Drug selection,
short term, long term, and tender/e-tender process,
quotations, etc.
• Inventory control techniques: Economic Order
Quantity, Reorder Quantity Level, Inventory
Turnover etc.
• Inventory Management of Central Drug Store –
Storage conditions, Methods of storage,
Distribution, Maintaining Cold Chain, Devices

43
 used for cold storage (Refrigerator, ILR, Walk-in-
Cold rooms)
• FEFO, FIFO methods
• Expiry drug removal and handling, and disposal.
Disposal of Narcotics, cytotoxic drugs
• Documentation - purchase and inventory
4 Drug distribution 7
• Drug distribution (in- patients and out - patients)
– Definition, advantages and disadvantages of
individual prescription order method, Floor Stock
Method, Unit Dose Drug Distribution Method,
Drug Basket Method.
• Distribution of drugs to
ICCU/ICU/NICU/Emergency wards.
• Automated drug dispensing systems and devices
• Distribution of Narcotic and Psychotropic substances
and their storage
5 Compounding in Hospitals. Bulk compounding, 4
IV admixture
services and incompatibilities, Total parenteral nutrition
6 Radio Pharmaceuticals - Storage, dispensing and 2
disposal of
Radiopharmaceuticals
7 Application of computers in Hospital Pharmacy 2
Practice.
Electronic health records, Softwares used in hospital
pharmacy
8 Clinical Pharmacy: Definition, scope, and 12
development - in India and other countries
Technical definitions, common terminologies used
in clinical settings and their significance such as
Paediatrics, Geriatric, Anti-natal Care, Post-natal
Care, etc.
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists:
Definition, goal, and procedure of
• Ward round participation
• Treatment Chart Review
• Adverse drug reaction monitoring
• Drug information and poisons information
• Medication history
• Patient counselling
• Interprofessional collaboration
Pharmaceutical care: Definition, classification of
drug related problems. Principles and procedure to
provide pharmaceutical care
Medication Therapy Management, Home
Medication Review

9 Clinical laboratory tests used in the evaluation of 10

disease states - significance and interpretation of

44
 test results
• Haematological, Liver function, Renal function,
thyroid function tests
• Tests associated with cardiac disorders
• Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Pulmonary Function Tests
10 Poisoning: Types of poisoning: Clinical 6
manifestations and Antidotes
Drugs and Poison Information Centre and
their services –
Definition, Requirements, Information resources with
examples, and their advantages and disadvantages
11 Pharmacovigilance 2
• Definition, aim and scope • Overview of
Pharmacovigilance
12 Medication errors: Definition, types, 6
consequences, and strategies to minimize
medication errors, LASA drugs and Tallman
lettering as per ISMP
Drug Interactions: Definition, types, clinical
significance of drug interactions

HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY – PRACTICAL

Course Code: ER20-25P 25 Hours (1 Hour/week)

Scope: This course is designed to train the students to assist other healthcare providers in the basic
services of hospital and clinical pharmacy.

Course Objectives: This course will train the students with hands-on experiences, simulated clinical
case studies in the following:
1. Methods to systematically approach and respond to drug information queries
2. How to interpret common laboratory reports to understand the need for optimizing dosage regimens
3. How to report suspected adverse drug reactions to the concerned authorities
4. Uses and methods of handling various medical/surgical aids and devices
5. How to interpret drug-drug interactions in the treatment of common diseases.

Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to
1. Professionally handle and answer the drug information queries
2. Interpret the common laboratory reports
3. Report suspected adverse drug reactions using standard procedures
4. Understand the uses and methods of handling various medical/surgical aids and devices
5. Interpret and report the drug-drug interactions in common diseases for optimizing the drug therapy

Note: Few of the experiments of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy practical course listed here require
adequate numbers of desktop computers with internet connectivity, adequate drug information
resources including reference books, different types of surgical dressings and other medical devices
and accessories. Various charts, models, exhibits pertaining to the experiments shall also be displayed
in the laboratory.

45
Practicals
1. Systematic approach to drug information queries using primary / secondary / tertiary resources of
information (2 cases)
2. Interpretation of laboratory reports to optimize the drug therapy in a given clinical case (2 cases)
3. Filling up IPC’s ADR Reporting Form and perform causality assessments using various scales (2
cases)
4. Demonstration / simulated / hands-on experience on the identification, types, use / application
/administration of
• Orthopaedic and Surgical Aids such as knee cap, LS belts, abdominal belt, walker,
walking sticks, etc.
• Different types of bandages such as sterile gauze, cotton, crepe bandages, etc.
• Needles, syringes, catheters, IV set, urine bag, RYLE’s tube, urine pots, colostomy bags,
oxygen masks, etc.
5. Case studies on drug-drug interactions (any 2 cases)
6. Wound dressing (simulated cases and role play –minimum 2 cases)
7. Vaccination and injection techniques (IV, IM, SC) using mannequins (5 activities)
8. Use of Hospital Pharmacy Software and various digital health tools

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment
per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)

1. Typical profile of a drug to be included in the hospital formulary

2. Brief layout and various services of the Central Sterile Supplies Department (CSSD)
3. Various types of sterilizers and sterilization techniques used in hospitals
4. Fumigation and pesticide control in hospitals
5. Role of Pharmacists in Transition of Care: Discharge cards, post hospitalization care, medicine
reconciliation activities in developed countries
6. Total parenteral nutrition and IV admixtures and their compatibility issues
7. Concept of electronic health records
8. Invasive and Non-invasive diagnostic tests - HRCT, MRI, Sonography, 2D ECHO, X-rays,
Mammography, ECG, EMG, EEG
9. Home Diagnostic Kits - Pregnancy Test, COVID testing etc
10. Measures to be taken in hospitals to minimize Antimicrobial Resistance
11. Role and responsibilities of a pharmacist in public hospital in rural parts of the country
12. Safe waste disposal of hospital waste

Field Visit
The students shall be taken in groups to visit a Government / private healthcare facility to understand
and witness the various hospital and clinical pharmacy services provided. Individual reports from
each student on their learning experience from the field visit shall be submitted.

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacy Practice - Essential concepts and skills - Parthasarathi G, Karin
Nyfort-Hansen and Milap Nahata. Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad.
2. Text Book of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy by Dr. Pratibha Nand and Dr. Roop K Khar, Birla
publications, New Delhi.
3. Gupta B.K and Gupta R.N., GPP in Hospital Pharmacy, Vallabh Prakashan.
4. Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data - Scott LT, American Society of Health System
Pharmacists Inc.
5. Australian drug information- Procedure manual. The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia.

46
 PHARMACY LAW AND ETHICS – THEORY

Course Code: ER20-26T 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on several important legislations related to
the profession of pharmacy in India

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following

1. General perspectives, history, evolution of pharmacy law in India
2. Act and Rules regulating the profession and practice of pharmacy in India
3. Important code of ethical guidelines pertaining to various practice standards
4. Brief introduction to the patent laws and their applications in pharmacy

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
1. Describe the history and evolution of pharmacy law in India
2. Interpret the act and rules regulating the profession and practice of pharmacy in India
3. Discuss the various codes of ethics related to practice standards in pharmacy
4. Interpret the fundamentals of patent laws from the perspectives of pharmacy

I II III IV
Chapter Topics (PCI) Hrs Clarifications
1 General Principles of Law, History and various 2
Acts related
to Drugs and Pharmacy profession
2 Pharmacy Act-1948 and Rules: Objectives, 5
Definitions, Pharmacy Council of India; its
constitution and functions, Education Regulations,
State and Joint state pharmacy councils,
Registration of Pharmacists, Offences and
Penalties.
Pharmacy Practice Regulations 2015
3 Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 23
and New Amendments
Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of
schedules to the Act and Rules Import of drugs –
Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from
import, Import under license or permit.
Manufacture of drugs – Prohibition of
manufacture and sale of certain drugs, Conditions
for grant of license and conditions of license for
manufacture of drugs, Manufacture of drugs for
test, examination and analysis, manufacture of new
drug, loan license and repacking license.
Study of schedule C and C1, G, H, H1, K, P, M, N,
and X.
Sale of Drugs – Wholesale, Retail sale and
Restricted license, Records to be kept in a
pharmacy
Drugs Prohibited for manufacture and sale in India

47
 Administration of the Act and Rules – Drugs
Technical Advisory Board, Central Drugs
Laboratory, Drugs Consultative Committee,
Government analysts, licensing
authorities, controlling authorities, Drug Inspectors.
4 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 2
1985 and Rules Objectives, Definitions, Authorities and
Officers, Prohibition, Control and Regulation, Offences
and Penalties.
5 Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable 2
Advertisements) Act 1954: Objectives, Definitions,
Prohibition of certain advertisements, Classes of
Exempted advertisements, Offences and Penalties.
6 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act-1960: 2
Objectives, Definitions, CPCSEA - brief overview,
Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Breeding and
Stocking of Animals, Performance of Experiments,
Transfer and Acquisition of animals for experiment,
Records, Power to suspend or revoke registration,
Offences and Penalties.
7 Poisons Act-1919: Introduction, objective, definition, 2
possession, possession for sales and sale of any poison,
import of poisons
8 FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of 2
India) Act and Rules: brief overview and aspects
related to manufacture, storage, sale, and labelling of
Food Supplements
9 National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: Drugs 5
Price Control Order (DPCO) - 2013. Objectives,
Definitions, Sale prices of bulk drugs, Retail price of
formulations, Retail price and ceiling price of scheduled
formulations, Pharmaceutical Policy 2002, National List
of Essential Medicines (NLEM)
10 Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics: Definition, ethical 5
principles, ethical problem solving, registration, code of
ethics for Pharmacist in relation to his job, trade,
medical profession and his profession, Pharmacist’s
oath.
11 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and Rules – 2
basic understanding, salient features, and Amendments
12 Role of all the government pharma regulator bodies – 1
Central Drugs Standards Control Organization
(CDSCO), Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)
13 Good Regulatory practices (documentation, licenses, 3
renewals, e-governance) in Community Pharmacy,
Hospital pharmacy, Pharma Manufacturing, Wholesale
business, inspections, import, export of drugs and
medical devices
14 Introduction to BCS system of classification, Basic 7
concepts of Clinical Trials, ANDA, NDA, New Drug
development, New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules,
2019. Brand v/s Generic, Trade name concept,
Introduction to Patent Law and Intellectual Property
Rights, Emergency Use Authorization

48
 15 Blood bank – basic requirements and functions 2
16 Clinical Establishment Act and Rules – Aspects related 2
to Pharmacy
17 Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 – Basic 2
aspects, and aspects related to pharma manufacture to
disposal of pharma / medical waste at homes,
pharmacies and hospitals
18 Bioethics - Basic concepts, history and principles. Brief 2
overview of ICMR’s National Ethical Guidelines for
Biomedical and Health Research involving human
participants
19 Introduction to the Consumer Protection Act 1
20 Introduction to the Disaster Management Act 1
21 Medical Devices – Categorization, basic aspects related 2
to manufacture and sale

Assignments
The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment
per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)

1. Requirements for Ayurvedic, Homeopathic manufacturing, sale, and licensing requirements

2. Layout and contents of official websites of various agencies regulating the profession of pharmacy
in India: e.g., CDSCO, SUGAM portal, PCI, etc.
3. Licenses required, application processes (online/offline), drug regulatory office website of the
respective state
4. Case studies – actions taken on violation of any act / rule related to pharmacy
5. Schedule H1 drugs and its implementation in India
6. Counterfeit / Spurious medicines
7. Drug Testing Labs in India
8. Overview of Pharma marketing practices
9. Generic Medicines

Recommended Books (Latest Edition)

1. Text book of Forensic Pharmacy by B.M. Mithal
2. Forensic Pharmacy by B. Suresh
3. Hand book of drug law-by M.L. Mehra
4. A text book of Forensic Pharmacy by N.K. Jain
5. Drugs and Cosmetics Act/Rules by Govt. of India publications.
6. Medicinal and Toilet preparations Act 1955 by Govt. of India publications.
7. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act by Govt. of India publications
8. Drugs and Magic Remedies Act by Govt. of India publications.
9. CDSCO Website, NPPA Website
10. Books on Drugs and Cosmetic Act by Nilesh Gandhi and Sudhir Deshpande
11. Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy by Dr Guruprasad Mohanta

49