BASIC

CALCULUS
 DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
BASIC CALCULUS
OBJECTIVE
 Illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
 Illustrate the definite integral as the limit
of the Riemann sums
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the substitution rule
Let’s recap our
derivatives and
Integration
Basic Calculus
NO. SUMMARY OF RULES IN INTEGRATIONS NO. SUMMARY OF RULES IN INTEGRATIONS

1. ∫ 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪 8. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐂

2. ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
+𝑪 9. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐂
𝒏+𝟏

3. ∫ 𝒂 ∗ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 10. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

4. ∫ 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 11. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙) + 𝑪

5. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 12. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒂𝒙
6. ∫ 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙
+𝑪 13. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂

7. ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTOC) and
Properties of Definite Integral

 Let f be a continuous function on [a,b] and let F be an

antiderivative of f, that is F’(x) = f(x). Then,

𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 | = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
PROPERTIES of DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Examples: Evaluate the following
definite integral
3 5
3
∫1 3𝑑𝑥 ∫1 3𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 3𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 48
1
1 2
∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫−1 3𝑥 + 1 4
𝑑𝑥 8. 352/5
2𝜋
1 2
∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. -2
41
3
∫−1 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 ∫2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 2
11.14/3
20 4
∫10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 6 +𝑥 4 +𝑥 2
2
∫4 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑥 2 dx 12.23/15
Activity #12: Evaluate the following
definite integral 4 1 ln 2
6. ∫2 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥 2
2 9
∫1 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋
2 7. ∫𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =0
1 2
∫3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 52
= − 3 8. ∫3 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 +
5
∫3 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 40
3 1
∫−1 2𝑥 + 1 2 𝑑𝑥 =
172 3
9. ∫1 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 +
5
∫3 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 42
3 4
30
∫10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10.∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6.6
= 400
3 𝑥 2 +𝑥+𝑥 3 = ln 3 + 6
2 ∫1 dx
∫−1 2𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 9 𝑥 2
 DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
BASIC CALCULUS
OBJECTIVE
 Illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
 Illustrate the definite integral as the limit
of the Riemann sums
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the substitution rule
Find the area of the following figure

AREA = 6 𝑚 2
Find the area of the following figure

AREA = 24 c𝑚 2
Find the area of the following figure

𝑦 = 𝑥2
OBJECTIVE
 Illustrate the definite integral as the limit
of the Riemann sums
 Illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
 Compute the definite integral of a function
using the substitution rule
 APPROXIMATION OF
AREA USING RIEMANN
SUMS
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
METHOD OF EXHAUSTION
Notice that geometry provides
formula for the area of a region
bounded by straight lines.
However, it does not provide
formulas to compute the area
of a general region.

For example, The figure

bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
METHOD OF EXHAUSTION
The method of exhaustion is attributed to the ancient
Greek Mathematician Anthiphon of Athens (ca. 5th century
BCE), who thought of inscribing a sequence of regular
polygons, each with double the number of sides than the
previous on, to appropriate the area of a circle
RIEMANN SUMS
 RIEMANN SUMS method uses the same technique as the Method of
Exhaustion. However instead of inscribing regular n-gons, we use
the simplest polygon – rectangles.
RIEMANN SUMS
 Let f(x) be a continuous and non-negative function defined on the
closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. How are we going to find the area of the
region 𝑆 bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the
vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏?
RIEMANN SUMS
 The goal of this lesson is to approximate the area of the region
bounded by the graph, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
RIEMANN SUMS
 We first partition 𝑎, 𝑏 regularly, that is, into congruent
subintervals. Similar to the method of exhaustion, we fill
𝑆 with rectangles of equal widths. The Riemann sum of 𝑓 refers to the
number of equal to the combined area of these rectangles
RIEMANN SUMS
 The Riemann sums depends on how we construct the rectangles
and with how many rectangles we fill the region. We will discuss
the three basic types of Riemann sums: Left, Right and Midpoint
RIEMANN SUMS
 We can approximate this area by dividing the
region into rectangles. The Riemann sum of 𝑓
refers to the number equal to the combined area
of these rectangles. If the number of rectangles
increases, the Riemann Sum approximation of the
exact area of 𝑅 becomes more improved and
better.
 PARTITION POINTS
 First,
we discuss how to divide
equally the interval [a,b] into 𝑛
subintervals. To do this, we
compute the step size ∆𝑥, the
length of each interval.

𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛
 PARTITION POINTS

𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛
 Next, we let 𝑥0 = 𝑎 , and each 𝑖 =
1,2 … 𝑛, we set the 𝑖𝑡ℎ intermediate
point to be 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖∆𝑥. Clearly, the
𝑏−𝑎
last point is 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑏.

𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒊 … 𝒙n-1 𝒙𝒏
𝑎 𝑎 + ∆x 𝑎 + 2∆x 𝑎 + 3∆x … 𝑎 + 𝑖∆x … 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ∆x 𝑏
 PARTITION POINTS
𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 … 𝒙𝒊 … 𝒙n-1 𝒙𝒏
𝑎 𝑎 + ∆x 𝑎 + 2∆x 𝑎 + 3∆x … 𝑎 + 𝑖∆x … 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 ∆x 𝑏

 We call the collection of points 𝑃n=

{𝑥0, 𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛} a set of the partition
points of [𝑎, 𝑏]. Note that to divide an
interval into 𝑛 − 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠, we
need 𝑛 + 1 partition points.
PARTITION POINTS
EXAMPLE:
Find the step size ∆𝑥 and the partition points needed to divide the given interval
𝑏−𝑎
into the given number of intervals. Find ∆𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑛. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑥 =
𝑛
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. 𝑖 = 0,1 ; 𝑛 = 7 1. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃7 = 0, , , , , , , 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
2. 𝑖 = 2,5 ; 𝑛 = 6 1 5 7 9
2. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃6 = 2, , 3, , 4, , 5
2 2 2 2
3. 𝑖 = 0,1 ; 𝑛 = 4 1 1 1 3
3. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃4 = 0, , , , 1
4. 𝑖 = −3,4 ; 𝑛 = 4 4 4 2 4
7 5 1 9
4. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃4 = −3, − , , , 4
5. 𝑖 = −5, −1 ; 𝑛 = 5 4 4 2 4
4 −21 −17 −13 −9
6. 𝑖 = −6, −2 ; 𝑛 = 8 5. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃5 = −5, , , , , −1
5 5 5 5 5
1 −11 −9 −7 −5
6. ∆𝑥 = , 𝑃8 = −6, , −5, , −4, , −3, , −2
8 2 2 2 2
RIEMANN SUMS
 Now that we know how partition points works, we can use the
partition points in the RIEMANN SUMS.
 THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS.
A. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 LEFT RIEMANN SUMS
Ln = (f(x0) + f(x1) + …+ f(xn−1)) Δx
B. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 RIGHT RIEMANN SUMS
Rn =(f(x1) + f(x2) + …+ f(xn)) Δx
C. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUMS
mk = (xk-1 + xk)/ 2
Mn = =(f(m1) + f(m2) + …+ f(mn)) Δx
A. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 LEFT RIEMANN SUMS

 The nth left Riemann Sum uses the left endpoints of

the subintervals(highest points are the functional
values of the left endpoints). In general, if [a,b] is
subdivided into n intervals with partition points
{x0, x1,…xn} then the nth left Riemann sum equals

Ln = (f(x0) + f(x1) + …+ f(xn−1)) Δx

 B. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 RIGHT RIEMANN SUMS
 The nth right Riemann Sum Rn is the sum of the areas of
the rectangles whose heights are the functional values of
the right endpoints of each interval. In general, if [a,b] is
subdivided into n intervals with partition points
{x0, x1,…xn} then then the nth right Riemann sum equals

Rn =(f(x1) + f(x2) + …+ f(xn)) Δx

 C. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUMS
 The nth midpoint Riemann Sum is calculated using the
midpoints of the subintervals. The midpoint of two
consecutive partition points xk-1 and xk is; mk = (xk-1 + xk)/2.
In general, if [a,b] is subdivided into n intervals with
partition points {x0, x1,…xn} then then the nth midpoint
Riemann sum equals;

Mn =(f(m1) + f(m2) + …+ f(mn)) Δx

Examples:

1. Estimate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 and the x-axis on [0,2] using

subintervals of 4 with left, right and midpoint Riemann sums.
2. Find the 4th left, right and midpoint Riemann sums of the following
functions with respect to a regular partitioning of the given intervals
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 on [0,2]
3. Estimate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5 and the x-axis on [-1,2] using
n=6 subintervals with left, right and midpoint Riemann sums.
4. Estimate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4 and the x-axis on [-2,1]
using n=6 subintervals with left, right and midpoint Riemann sums.
ACTIVITY #13

1. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 be defined on [0,2]. Find the left Riemann

sum relative to the regular partition of n=3
2. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1 be defined on [1,3]. Find the right
Riemann sum relative to the regular partition of n=3
3. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4 be defined on [0,1]. Find the midpoint
Riemann sum relative to the regular partition of n=4
1
4. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = be defined on [1,3]. Find the left Riemann
𝑥+1
sum relative to the regular partition of n=4
 DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
BASIC CALCULUS
Let’s find the area
What is the area of a right triangle with
6cm in height and its base is 8cm?

AREA = 24 c𝑚 2
If the biology lab table is 2 meters wide
and 3 meters long, what is its area?

AREA = 6 𝑚 2
Example:
A Water Dam is needed to block the water flow. What is
the area of its side with a surface curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 with 3
meters on its base?

𝑦 = 𝑥2
Let’s Recall Reimann sum
RIEMANN SUM
 As we recall, we use approximation of area using Riemann Sum.
RIEMANN SUMS

 The THREE MAIN TYPES OF RIEMANN SUMS.

A. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 LEFT RIEMANN SUMS

Ln = (f(x0) + f(x1) + …+ f(xn−1)) Δx
B. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 RIGHT RIEMANN SUMS
Rn =(f(x1) + f(x2) + …+ f(xn)) Δx
C. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 MIDPOINT RIEMANN SUMS
mk = (xk-1 + xk)/ 2
Mn = =(f(m1) + f(m2) + …+ f(mn)) Δx
 MIDPOINT REIMANN SUM
LEFT REIMANN SUM

RIGHT REIMANN SUM

 How does a larger
number of partitions
helped you analyzing
the area under a curve?
What if the partitions is
truly a large number?
Partitions/sub-intervals approaches
to infinity
OBJECTIVE

Compute the area of a plane

region using the definite integral

Solve problems involving areas of

plane regions
Riemann sum
If the formula for Riemann sum is

෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 ∆𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 + … + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 Δ𝑥
𝑘=1
And 𝒏 = ∞
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
∞ 𝑏
෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 ∆𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑘=1 𝑎
As we recap

We know how to determine the value of a definite integral.

𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 | = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
Let’s recap our
derivatives and
Integration
Basic Calculus
NO. SUMMARY OF RULES IN INTEGRATIONS NO. SUMMARY OF RULES IN INTEGRATIONS

1. ∫ 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪 8. ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐂

2. ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
+𝑪 9. ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐂
𝒏+𝟏

3. ∫ 𝒂 ∗ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 10. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

4. ∫ 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 11. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒙) + 𝑪

5. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 12. ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒂𝒙
6. ∫ 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙
+𝑪 13. ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂

7. ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙
RIEMANN SUM
 The Riemann sum is only an approximation of the exact area of R. To make
this estimate exact, we let n approach infinity. The limit of the Riemann sum
is the definite integral of f over [a, b];

𝑅𝑛 = lim σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 Δ𝑥
𝑛→∞

𝑏
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐴 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Area Bounded by a Curve
 One of the many applications of the evaluation of
definite integrals is in determining the areas of plane
regions bounded by curves.
Area Bounded by a Curve
 Consider a continuous function 𝑓.
 If the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] lies
𝑏
entirely above the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 gives the
area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and the vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.
One simple Example:

Find the area of the plane region

bounded by y = 6, x = 0, x = 9, and the
x-axis.
Example:

Find the area of the plane region

bounded by y = 2x, x = 0, x = 4, and
the x-axis.
Example:

Find the area of the plane region bounded by

y = 3x + 1, x = 1, x = 3, and the x-axis.
Try:

Find the area of the plane region bounded by

y = -x + 5, x = -1, x = 3, and the x-axis.
Try:

Find the area of the plane region

−𝑥
bounded by 𝑦 = + 1, x = -3, x = 1,
2
and the x-axis.
Try:

Find the area of the plane region bounded by

y = 𝑥 + 1, x = 0, x = 2, and the x-axis.
2
Example:
A Water Dam is needed to block the water flow. What is
the area of its side with a surface curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 with 3
meters on its base?

𝑦 = 𝑥2
Example:
Juan wants to acquire a lot of 200𝜋 meters wide and with
length from the road side to the bank of ilog pasig, which
200
follows the equation. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝜋 . Find the area of
the lot.
Activity 14

Raiza has a quadrilateral vegetable garden that is

enclosed by the 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠, and the equation 𝑦 =
10 − 𝑥, bounded from x = 1 to x = 9. Use meter as the
unit.

A. How much is area covered?

B. If 1 sack of fertilizer can cover an area of 10m^2, How

many sacks of fertilizer should she buy?