PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 – THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Chapter III
Data Collection Procedure
Finding answers through Data Collection
MARIGONDON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Data Collection
Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study.
Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately
lead to invalid results.
The Quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and
structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into
predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to
summarize, compare, and generalize.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Typical quantitative data gathering
strategies include:
• Experiments/ Clinical Trials
• Interview
• Questionnaires
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Experiments/ Clinical Trials
• Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g., counting the
number of patients waiting in emergency at specified times of
the day).
• A clinical trial is a systematic process that is intended to find out
the safety and efficacy of a drug/device in
treating/preventing/diagnosing a disease or a medical condition.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Interviews
• In Quantitative research(survey research),interviews are more
structured than in Qualitative.
• In a structured interview, the researcher asks a standard set of
questions and nothing more.
• Disadvantages include
• impractical when large samples are involved time consuming
and expensive.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Interviews
• Telephone interviews are less time-consuming and less expensive, and
the researcher has ready access to anyone on the planet who has a
telephone. The disadvantage is that the response rate is not as high as the
face-to-face interview but considerably higher than the mailed
questionnaire.
• Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): is a form of personal
interviewing, but instead of completing a questionnaire, the interviewer
brings along a laptop or hand-held computer to enter the information
directly into the database. However, this type of data collection method
can be expensive to set up and requires that interviewers have computer
and typing skills.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Questionnaire
• Questionnaires often make use of Checklist and rating scales. These
devices help simplify and quantify people's behaviors and attitudes. A
checklist is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other entities that the
researcher is looking for. Either the researcher or survey participant
simply checks whether each item on the list is observed, present or true
or vice versa.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Questionnaire
• Paper-pencil-questionnaires can be sent to a large number of people
and saves the researcher time and money. People are more truthful
while responding to the questionnaires regarding controversial issues in
particular due to the fact that their responses are anonymous.
• Web based questionnaires : A new and inevitably growing
methodology is the use of Internet based research. This would mean
receiving an e-mail on which you would click on an address that would
take you to a secure website to fill in a questionnaire. This type of
research is often quicker and less detailed. Some disadvantages of this
method include the exclusion of people who do not have a computer or
are unable to access a computer.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
The Processing, Organizing
and Analyzing
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
RAW DATA
• Raw data is data that has been collected from the researcher during
research that has not yet been processed. Raw data is essential in
research as this will later be organised, analysed and interpreted to
identify if the research findings support the hypothesis.
• The first step in data analytics is the collection of data. The data that we
collect is typically raw data. We can have different sources of raw data.
For example, we can collect data from primary sources like interviews or
surveys. However, we can also have secondary sources of data like
government, statistics, and some publicly available data.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Acquiring Data:
Acquisition involves collecting or adding to the data holdings. There are
several methods of acquiring data:
• collecting new data
• using your own previously collected data
• reusing someone others data
• purchasing data
• acquired from Internet (texts, social media, photos)
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Data Processing:
A series of actions or steps performed on data to verify, organize,
transform, integrate, and extract data in an appropriate output form for
subsequent use. Methods of processing must be rigorously documented
to ensure the utility and integrity of the data.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Data Analysis:
Data Analysis involves actions and methods performed on data that
help
describe facts, detect patterns, develop explanations and test
hypotheses.
This includes data quality assurance, statistical data analysis,
modeling, and
interpretation of results.
Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 662–669.
[Link]
Population and Sample
Getting a fraction to understand the whole
Sample
A subgroup of the target
population that the researcher Target Population
plans to study for generalizing A group of individuals with some A more advanced research process
about the target population. common defining characteristic that
the researcher can identify and is to select individuals or schools
study who are representative of the
population.
Population
a group of individuals who have
the same characteristic
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Drawing randomly from a list of the population (e.g.: names from a hat, using a matrix
of random numbers). Taking every kth element in the
population as a sample, where
𝑁
𝑘=
𝑛
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
a process in which certain
subgroups, or strata, are selected for the sample in the same proportion as they The selection of groups, or
exist in the population clusters, of subjects rather than individuals
Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling
3
QUOTA SAMPLING
The number of samples is decided by the researcher and
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING selection is also made out of availability of the
respondent.
is selecting a group of individuals who are conveniently
available
for study
Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SNOWBALL SAMPLING
Using researcher’s judgment to select a sample that they believe, based
on prior information, will provide the data they need. One sample leads on to more of the same kind of
sample.
Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tools
Writing the Data Collection Procedure
This section indicates how the data will be analyzed and reported; it should specify the
qualitative and/or quantitative methods that will be used in analyzing the data gathered
for the research.
1. Choose Your Data Collection Methods
2. Select Your Sample: Determine who or what you'll collect data from. This
involves defining your population and sampling method (random, stratified,
etc.).
3. Plan Your Data Collection Procedure: Outline the steps you'll take to collect
data. This includes scheduling, locations, and any logistical considerations.
4. Document the Process: Keep detailed records of how data was collected,
including any deviations from the plan and how they were handled.
5. Analyze and Interpret Data: Once data is collected, how are you going to
analyze it according to your research design and interpret the results in the
context of your research objectives.
