Chapter 4
Basic Math Logic
Content Standards
➢ The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of propositional logic, syllogism, and
fallacies
Performance Standards
The learner is able to,
➢ Judiciously apply logic in real-life arguments.
Learning Competencies
The learner,
➢ Illustrates a proposition.
➢ Symbolizes propositions.
➢ Distinguishes between simple and compound propositions.
➢ Performs the different types of operations on propositions.
Basic Concepts of Math Logic
Mostly, communication involves the use of written or verbal statements to convey message. These
statements are usually in sentence forms with the following types: (a) declarative, (b) imperative, (c)
interrogative and (d) exclamatory.
Proposition
A proposition is in declarative form and is either true or false. These are often denoted by letters
p, q, r, etc.
Compound Propositions
Compound propositions can be created using logical connectives or operators.
a.) AND [^] (Conjunction)
If p and q are two propositions connected by “and”, then the resulting compound
proposition “p and q” is called conjunction of p and q, and in symbol, p ^ q
b.) OR [v] (Disjunction)
If p and q are two propositions connected by “or”, then the resulting compound statement
“p or q” is called disjunction of p and q, which is written in symbol as, p v q
c.) NOT [~] (Negation)
If p is any statement, then the negation p (not p) is denoted by ~p. Negation can also be
translated as “It is not true that”, “It is false that”, etc.
d.) IF-THEN [→] (Implication or Conditional)
If p and q are any two statements, then the compound statement “if p then q” is called a
conditional statement, and in symbol, p→q. The logical variable p is called the premise,
antecedent or hypothesis, and q is called the consequent or conclusion.
e.) IF AND ONLY IF [↔] (Bi-conditional or Double Implication)
If p and q are any two statements or propositions, the compound statement “p if and only if
q” or “p iff q” is called the bi-conditional statement for p and q. In symbol, p ↔ q. The
statements p and q are called implicants.
Examples: Write the following in symbols
r: I like chocolate drink. s: I like milk tea Symbols
1. If I like chocolate drink, then I like milk tea.
2. I like milk tea or chocolate drink.
3. I do not like chocolate drink, but I like milk tea.
4. I neither like chocolate drink nor milk tea.
5. I like chocolate drink if and only if I like milk tea.
6. I dislike both chocolate drink and milk tea
7. I like chocolate drink, but I don’t like milk tea.
8. I do not like chocolate drink only if I dislike milk tea
9. If I like chocolate drink, then I dislike milk tea.
10. If I dislike chocolate drink, then I like milk tea.
Examples: Write the verbal translations of the following symbols.
p: The streets are flooded. q:There is a heavy rain.
1. 𝑝 → 𝑞
2. 𝑞 ↔ 𝑝
3. 𝑝^𝑞
4. ~𝑝 → 𝑞
5. ~𝑝^~𝑞
Forms of Conditional Proposition
IF-THEN [→] (Implication or Conditional) - if p and q are any two statements, then the compound
statement “if p then q” is called a conditional statement, and in symbol, p→q. The logical variable p is called
the premise, antecedent or hypothesis, and q is called the consequent or conclusion.
Derived forms of Conditional Propositions
Example: Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following
1.
Conditional Conditional: If you are a lawyer, then you passed the bar exam.
Statement:
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
2.
Conditional Conditional: If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it is
Statement: equiangular.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
3.
Conditional Conditional: If a number is an even number, then it ends in 0, 2,
Statement: 4,6, or 8.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
4.
Conditional Conditional: If a polygon is a parallelogram, then it has two pairs
Statement: of parallel sides.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
5.
Conditional Conditional: If you are a native Kapampangan, then you are born
Statement: in Pampanga.
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
Class #
Quarter 2
Written Work #F4
Name: __________________________________________ Score: ________________
Student No.: ________________ Section: ______________ Date: _________________
Directions: Read carefully the following items below. Write your answers neatly and legibly. Erasures are not
allowed.
A. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following conditional statements.
1. The man who wears OPQ clothes is well dressed.
Propositions Symbols
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
2. If it rains, then the game will be cancelled.
Propositions Symbols
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
3. If the surface area increases, then the pressure decreases.
Propositions Symbols
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
4. If a sequence has a last term, then it is finite.
Propositions Symbols
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
5. If a function is differentiable, then it is continuous.
Propositions Symbols
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive
