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CONTENT,
Content .................................
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Introduction .................................
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Background Information .................................
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Key aspects .................................
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Challenges or Problems faced by migrants
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Soloutions and Case studies .................................
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Group Perspectives .................................
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Conclusion .................................
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Recommendation .................................
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References ..................................
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Introduction
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges
faced by humans, driving widespread environmental
disruptions that force millions of people to migrate in search of
safety and stability. Rising global temperatures, extreme
weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods, as
well as resource shortages, are significantly making some
regions unhabitable . These changes are displacing entire
communities, leading to both internal migrations within
countries and cross-border movements that reshape
demographic patterns
worldwide.
This issue is particularly urgent as climate-induced migration
threatens not only individual livelihoods but also national
economies, social structures, and international stability. When
populations are forced to leave their homes due to
environmental degradation, they often face challenges such as
loss of income, food insecurity, and lack of access to basic
services. Furthermore, mass displacement puts significant
strain on host regions and countries, leading to competition
over limited resources, potential conflicts, and complex
geopolitical tensions. Vulnerable populations, particularly those
in low-lying coastal areas, drought-prone regions, and small
island nations, are at the greatest risk, as they often lack the
financial and infrastructural capacity to adapt to these
environmental shifts.
Given the scale of the problem, global cooperation is essential
to develop sustainable solutions that address both the root
causes of climate change and the needs of displaced
communities. Governments, international organizations, and
environmental agencies must work together to implement
policies that enhance climate resilience, improve disaster
preparedness, and support affected populations. Investment in
sustainable development, adaptation strategies, and
humanitarian aid will be critical in mitigating the adverse
effects of climate-induced migration.
This report aims to explore the complex relationship between
climate change and migration by identifying the key
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environmental drivers of displacement, assessing the socio-
economic impacts on both migrants and host communities, and
examining policy responses designed to manage and mitigate
these challenges. By analysing real-world case studies and
evaluating international efforts, this report seeks to highlight
the urgent need for proactive measures to support climate
migrants and ensure a more sustainable and equitable future
for all.
Climate change is causing significant environmental changes,
including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and
sea level rise, among other disruptions. These changes have a
profound impact on livelihoods, particularly in sectors such as
agriculture, fishing, and livestock herding. As temperatures
continue to increase, crop yields are declining due to droughts,
soil degradation, and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Fisheries
are being affected by ocean warming and acidification, while
livestock herders struggle with water scarcity and reduced
grazing lands.
Addressing climate change comes with many challenges,
including the need for effective adaptation and mitigation
strategies, as well as navigating complex political and
economic factors. Adaptation strategies, such as developing
climate-resilient crops and improving water conservation
methods, are crucial for helping communities cope with
changing conditions. Mitigation efforts, such as reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable
energy sources, are necessary to slow down global warming
and its harmful effects. However, political and economic
complexities often make it difficult to implement these
strategies on a global scale.
Scientific data shows that Earth's average temperature has
risen by approximately 1.5°F (0.85°C) over the past century,
and projections indicate an additional increase of 0.5°F to 8.6°F
(0.3°C to 4.8°C) over the next hundred years, depending on
human actions. Even small changes in global temperatures can
lead to significant and potentially dangerous shifts in climate
patterns, increasing the frequency and severity of hurricanes,
heatwaves, and heavy rainfall.
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Beyond environmental consequences, climate change also
poses serious risks to human health. Rising temperatures and
pollution contribute to poorer air and water quality, which can
lead to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and
increased transmission of infectious diseases. Warmer
conditions can expand the range of disease-carrying insects,
such as mosquitoes, leading to the spread of malaria, dengue
fever, and other vector-borne diseases.
As climate change continues to shape the future of our planet,
urgent action is needed to reduce its impacts and protect both
the environment and human societies. Many events took place
in the past years . Some of those global events were to address
this issue while the other events contributed . Below listed are
few of those :
o Industrial Revolution (1750-1900): The large-scale burning
of coal, oil, and gas began, leading to increased CO₂
emissions.
o Late 20th Century Awareness (1960s-1990s): Scientists
began recognizing the effects of human activities on
climate. In 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) was established.
o Kyoto Protocol (1997): The first international treaty aimed
at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
o Paris Agreement (2015): Nearly 200 countries committed
to limiting global warming to below 2°C and striving for
1.5°C.
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Key Aspects
Gradual Environmental Degradation and Displacement
Climate change is often associated with extreme events like
hurricanes, floods, or wildfires, but its impacts are not always
sudden or dramatic. The slow, gradual changes in our
environment, such as desertification, rising sea levels, and
shifting rainfall patterns, are having an equally profound effect
on migration. These changes are often subtle at first, but their
long-term effects are undeniable, especially for those whose
livelihoods depend on agriculture, fishing, and access to natural
resources that are becoming increasingly scarce or unreliable.
For many people, climate change does not come in the form of
an immediate, catastrophic event but rather as a series of
gradual environmental shifts that make traditional ways of life
unsustainable. As crops fail due to altered rainfall patterns or
fishing becomes increasingly difficult because of changing
ocean temperatures, families are faced with difficult decisions.
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These slow changes often lead to a creeping form of
displacement, where people begin to consider relocating, not
as an urgent necessity, but as a gradual response to worsening
conditions.
Initially, the displaced populations may relocate within their
own country, perhaps moving from rural areas to nearby cities
or more resource-rich regions. These internal migrations are
often temporary solutions, driven by the hope that the worst of
the environmental crisis can be avoided. However, as the
environmental conditions worsen, and it becomes clear that
their home regions are no longer viable for sustaining their way
of life, people may be forced to consider even more drastic
measures. This can lead to international migration, as
individuals and families are compelled to cross borders in
search of more favourable living conditions.
This slow-onset displacement results in what are often called
"climate refugees." Unlike traditional refugees fleeing from war
or political persecution, climate refugees are forced to leave
their homes due to the gradual but irreversible impacts of
environmental degradation. The process of becoming a climate
refugee is rarely a single, decisive event, but rather a series of
incremental decisions driven by worsening conditions and the
increasing realization that staying in one's homeland is no
longer a viable option for survival.
As this type of displacement becomes more widespread, it
raises important questions about how countries and
international organizations will respond to the growing number
of people who are being forced to migrate due to climate
change. The challenge lies not only in addressing the
immediate needs of these displaced populations but also in
finding long-term solutions to prevent further environmental
degradation and reduce the pressures that lead to
displacement.
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Challenges or Problems
When people migrate, there are many challenges or problems
faced by the Migrants and the host communities .
Challenges faced by Migrants
Loss of livelihoods - Many people who migrate due to
climate change are forced to leave behind their homes,
possessions , and businesses. Disasters like floods, hurricanes,
and wildfires can destroy entire communities leaving people
homeless and unemployed . For example, fishermen and
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farmers may lose their incomes due to droughts and floods
making it impossible for them to survive in their original
locations .
Lack of Resources – When people migrate leaving their
homelands and jobs behind , the migrants may end up in
places where there are no enough food , water or shelter for
everyone. People may also be unable to afford necessities due
to financial problems such as poverty .If a certain area receives
a large number of migrants the areas may not be able to
provide the basic needs .
Political and Government barriers – Many countries for
example United states , United Kingdom , Canada and New
Zealand do not recognize climate refugees . Without legal
protection or a legal Identity, it may be found hard for migrants
to find proper jobs or access to proper healthcare and
education . For instance , Australia’s strict visa policies make in
difficult for climate refugees to enter to the country .
Cultural and Social Struggles – Migrants may often face
discrimination , gender inequality and racism when they move
into a new location . Migrants may also face language barriers
making communication harder and due to language barriers
migrants may find difficulties in finding jobs , accessing
services and also in education .
Health Issues - Poor living conditions, overcrowded shelters,
and lack of medical care can lead to the spread of diseases.
Migrants may face malnutrition due to less food. The stress of
losing their home and starting over in a new place can also
cause anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems.
Challenges faced by Host Communities
Overpopulation – When a large number of migrants arrive in
a particular area the population will increase causing pressure
in schools , hospitals , public transport and also in housings .
Overpopulation can also cause slums and develop an unsafe
environment .
Competition for Jobs – Migrants often seek employment in
their new location but , jobs may be limited , increasing the
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competition . The locals will lose their jobs if the migrants are
more skilled . In some cases, locals may feel threatened by new
workers, leading to tensions between migrants and the host
community. Employers or Locals may take advantage by
offering migrants extremely low wages
Economic Strains – Governments must provide basic needs
such as education , healthcare and sometimes jobs for the new
migrants . If the new migrants start to depend on the needs
provided by the government the country may suffer financial
problems . The basic needs can also be expensive if the country
is already facing or struggling financial or economic problems.
Political Problems – Some migrants may bring benefits while
the other migrants bring burden , these kinds of issues can lead
to political arguments on whether the migrant must be
accepted or rejected . In some cases, migration may cause
protests , violence / Tension or even arguments between
governments .
Environmental Pressure – Some areas may not have enough
resources in that case if the population increases it may lead to
food and water shortages . Overuse of natural resources [ land ,
wood , water ] may lead to deforestation , pollution and other
environmental issues .
Soloutions and Case studies
Climate change is forcing many people to leave their homes
due to rising sea levels, droughts, floods and natural disasters.
To reduce migration caused by climate change, governments
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and communities must take action in different areas. Below are
some effective solutions ;
1 ) Reducing the Causes of Climate Change
One of the best ways to address climate migration is to reduce
the factors that cause climate change itself.
o Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil
fuels like coal and oil releases carbon dioxide into the air,
trapping heat and leading to global warming. This can
cause droughts and rise sea levels ,destroying habitats of
many animals including polar bears and other arctic
animals but , shifting to renewable energy sources like
solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric power can
lower emissions and slow climate change.
o Promoting Energy Efficiency: Encouraging energy-
saving practices, such as using LED bulbs, energy-efficient
appliances, and public transport, can help reduce carbon
footprints.
o Reforestation and Afforestation: Trees absorb CO₂ for
photosynthesis from the atmosphere and release
Oxygen ,so planting more trees and stopping
deforestation can help fight climate change .
2. Strengthening Adaptation Measures
Even if we reduce emissions, some causes of climate change
are done by nature so communities must adapt to these
changes to reduce forced migration.
o Improving Infrastructure: Building stronger houses,
roads, and flood defences can help people survive
extreme weather conditions without having to migrate .
For example, constructing sea walls can protect coastal
communities from rising sea levels.
o Investing in Sustainable Agriculture: Farmers should
be trained to use better techniques like drought-resistant
crops and efficient irrigation systems to maintain food
production even in changing climates. This can prevent
rural populations from being forced to migrate.
o Developing Early Warning Systems: Setting up
weather monitoring stations and disaster warning systems
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can help people prepare for hurricanes, floods, and
droughts before they become too dangerous. This can
save lives and reduce the need for sudden displacement .
A case study conducted by Vositha Wijenayake and Dennis
Mombauer examines the impact of climate change on
migration in Sri Lanka. The study highlights how prolonged
droughts, erratic rainfall patterns, floods, landslides, sea level
rise, temperature increase, salinization, soil depletion, high
winds, and storms—categorized as both rapid- and slow-onset
disasters—are exacerbated by anthropogenic global warming
and its associated climate changes, ultimately influencing
migration patterns.
A case study by Robert Stojanov on climate migration
highlights that, while natural resources such as water and soil
may appear inexhaustible, the reality is often quite the
opposite. Long-term environmental degradation, significant
ecological changes, and natural disasters can severely impact
the livelihoods of local populations, depriving them of essential
resources, housing, and economic stability. Consequently,
individuals in affected areas are compelled to leave their
homes in search of alternative means of survival, leading to the
phenomenon of environmental migration.
Group Perspectives
Senul - While I can process and analyse data related to climate
migration, I feel a responsibility to highlight the very real
human cost. The statistics are important, but we must never
forget the individual journeys and the human suffering that
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accompanies this global challenge. I believe that focusing
solely on numbers obscures the urgency and the profound
ethical implications of climate-induced displacement. We need
to tell these stories, and work towards solutions that centre
human dignity and well-being.
Methindu – In my view, climate change is one of the leading
drivers of forced migration today. Communities living in
vulnerable regions, , are increasingly finding their homes
uninhabitable. This often leads people to seek refuge
elsewhere, either within their own countries or across borders.
The situation is particularly dire for people in small island
nations, where rising sea levels threaten their very existence,
leaving them with few options but to migrate because of this
many individuals are fighting for their lives . We need to take
immediate action or else we will have to face existence.
Nanduthara - My personal perspective is that climate change
and migration have a huge impact on ourselves. And the
society by affecting our health , our daily lives such as affecting
the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and
the weather we experience. Humans are the remain reason of
climate change. Because of fossil fuel, producing livestock
and clearing trees.
Savein - I believe that in a rapidly changing world, migration
cannot be slowed down. People are thinking beyond borders
and their dreams cannot be confined to one country. Therefore,
the best way to address migration is by managing and
controlling the process to reduce the problems that arise from
it, as mentioned in the recommendations.
Hirun – Climate change is causing extreme weather like floods,
droughts, and storms, making some places uninhabitable. This
forces people to move to safer areas, which is known as climate
migration. Millions of people are already moving because of
these changes. The countries that have caused the most
pollution are not always the ones suffering the most. It’s
important for the world to help these people and take action to
stop climate change.
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Conclusion
According to the research findings climate change is forcing
humans to leave their jobs , possessions and homelands
behind and seek refugee at another country or in another city
because of this rising temperature , prolonged droughts , floods
, rising sea levels and sudden change in whether patterns .
This increasing number of climate refugees are already causing
issues such as political problems , environmental pressure ,
over population and mainly increasing the competition for jobs
in the host communities. These issues are not only faced by
host communities but also the migrants . Migrants may face
issues including racism , discrimination , gender inequality ,
cultural and social barriers and many more . But by taking
effective solutions such as Reducing gas emission , promoting
energy efficiency , reforestation\ afforestation , improving
infrastructure and investing in sustainable agriculture can
reduce climate change and also migration due to climate
change .
Recommendation
1. Develop Facilities to Discourage Migration
o Infrastructure Development: Improve and expand
infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, and
recreational facilities in rural and underdeveloped
areas.
o Employment Opportunities: Create job
opportunities by promoting local businesses and
attracting industries to set up in these areas.
o Access to Basic Services: Ensure that basic
services like clean water, sanitation, electricity, and
the internet are available in all regions.
2. Implement Government Policies to Restrict
Migration
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o Regulatory Measures: Enforce policies that
regulate the movement of people between regions.
This could include setting quotas or requiring permits
for migration to high-population areas.
o Incentives for Staying: Provide incentives such as
tax breaks, subsidies, or grants for individuals and
businesses that choose to remain in or move to less
populated areas.
o Urban Planning: Develop comprehensive urban
planning strategies that limit the capacity for new
migrants in already crowded cities.
[Link] Better Policies on Migration
a. Healthy Migration to Support Host Communities
o Integration Programs: Develop programs that
facilitate the integration of migrants into host
communities. This includes language classes, cultural
orientation, and social integration activities.
o Collaboration with Local Authorities: Work
closely with local governments and organizations to
ensure that migration policies are in line with the
needs and capacities of host communities.
o Support Services: Provide support services such as
counseling, legal aid, and employment assistance to
help migrants settle in and contribute positively to
their new communities.
b. Support Migrants to Adapt to New Culture
o Cultural Exchange Programs: Promote cultural
exchange initiatives that allow migrants and host
communities to learn about and appreciate each
other’s cultures. This could include festivals,
workshops, and community events.
o Educational Support: Offer educational support for
migrant children to help them adapt to the new
education system and succeed academically. This
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includes tutoring, language assistance, and
extracurricular activities.
o Workplace Integration: Encourage businesses to
implement diversity and inclusion practices that
support the integration of migrants in the workplace.
This includes training programs, mentorship, and
creating an inclusive work environment.
c. Distribute Resources Evenly Among Communities
o Resource Allocation: Develop policies that allocate
resources based on the specific needs of each
community. This includes healthcare, education,
housing, and social services.
o Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish systems to
monitor and evaluate the distribution of resources to
ensure that all communities including migrants are
receiving their fair share. This includes regular
assessments and feedback mechanisms to address
any disparities.
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