P.A.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution – Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC
Pollachi-642 002
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(Accredited by NBA)

- MECHATRONICS LABORATORY

(2019 REGULATION)

IV-YEAR / VII- SEMESTER

FACULTY INCHARGE HOD PRINCIPAL

1
 P.A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

POLLACHI, COIMBATORE - 642 002

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Registration No

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by Mr./Ms..

………………………………………………. of …………. Year & semester B.E.

Mechanical Engineering Branch & 2022-2026 Batch during the

academic year ……………… in the Mechatronics Laboratory.

Head of the Department Staff In-Charge

Submitted for the University practical examination held on…………………… at P.A

College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: ……………… Date: ………………

2
 INDEX
Page
S.No. Title of the Experiments
No.

1. 21

2. 23

3. 41

4. 47

5. 51

6. 57

(i)

7. 59

8. 64

9. 66

10. 68

11. 70

12. 72

3
13. 74

14. 76

15. 78

16. 80

17. 82

18. 84

19. 86

20. 88

23. 94

24. 96

25. 98

26. 100

27. 101

28. 103

29. 106

4
30. 111

31. 115

32. 119

5
Ex.No:1 8-BIT ADDITION / SUBTRACTION
/ MULTIPLICATION / DIVISION
Aim:

To write a program using 8085 to perform various 8-bit arithmetic operations.

Equipments Required:

Sl. No Item Specification Quantity

1. Microprocessor kit 8085 kit 1
2. Power chord - 1

Algorithm: 8-Bit Data Addition

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and add it to the accumulator.
4. Store the answer at another memory location.

6
Flow chart:

Fig.1 FLOW CHART FOR 8 BIT ADDITION

7
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4100 0E START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.
4101 00
4102 21 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4103 00 4500
4104 45
4105 7E MOV A, M Transfer first data to
accumulator
4106 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
4107 86 ADD M Add first number to
acc. Content.
4108 D2 JNC L1 Jump to location if
4109 0C result does not yield
410A 41 carry.
410B 0C INR C Increment C reg.
410C 23 L1 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
410D 77 MOV M, A Transfer the result from
acc. to memory.
410E 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next memory
Location.
410F 71 MOV M, C Move carry to memory
4110 76 HLT Stop the program

OBSERVATION:

INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503

8
 8-Bit Data Subtraction

Algorithm:

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Get the first number from memory in accumulator.
3. Get the second number and subtract from the accumulator.
4. If the result yields a borrow, the content of the acc. is complemented and 01H is added to it (2’s
complement). A register is cleared and the content of that reg. is incremented in case there is a
borrow. If there is no borrow the content of the acc. is directly taken as the result.
5. Store the answer at next memory location.

9
Flow chart:

Fig.1.2 FLOW CHART FOR 8 BIT SUBTRACTION

10
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4100 0E START MVI C, 00 Clear C reg.
4101 00
4102 21 LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4103 00 4500
4104 45
4105 7E MOV A, M Transfer first data to
accumulator
4106 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next mem.
Location.
4107 96 SUB M Subtract first number
from acc. Content.
4108 D2 JNC L1 Jump to location if
4109 0F result does not yield
410A 41 borrow.
410B 0C INR C Increment C reg.
410C 2F CMA Complement the Acc.
content
410D C6 ADI 01H Add 01H to content of
410E 01 acc.
410F 23 L1 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next mem.
Location.
4110 77 MOV M, A Transfer the result from
acc. to memory.
4111 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to
point next mem.
Location.
4112 71 MOV M, C Move carry to mem.
4113 76 HLT Stop the program

Observation:

INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503

11
 8-Bit Data Multiplication

Algorithm:

Logic: Multiplication can be done by repeated addition.

1. Initialize memory pointer to data location.

2. Move multiplicand to a register.
3. Move the multiplier to another register.
4. Clear the accumulator.
5. Add multiplicand to accumulator
6. Decrement multiplier
7. Repeat step 5 till multiplier comes to zero.
8. The result, which is in the accumulator, is stored in a memory location.

12
Flow chart:

START

[HL] 4500

B M

[HL]  [HL]+1

A  00

C  00

[A]  [A] +[M]

Is there NO
any carry?

YES
C  C+1

B  B-1

NO
IS B=0

YES

13
 A

[HL] [HL]+1

[M] [A]

[HL] [HL]+1

[M] [C]

STOP

Fig.1.3 FLOW CHART FOR 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION

Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4100 21 START LXI H, 4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4101 00 4500
4102 45
4103 46 MOV B, M Transfer first data to reg. B
4104 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4105 3E MVI A, 00H Clear the acc.
4106 00
4107 0E MVI C, 00H Clear C reg for carry
4108 00

4109 86 L1 ADD M Add multiplicand

multiplier times.
410A D2 JNC NEXT Jump to NEXT if there is no
410B 0E carry
410C 41
410D 0C INR C Increment C reg
410E 05 NEXT DCR B Decrement B reg

14
 410F C2 JNZ L1 Jump to L1 if B is not zero.
4110 09
4111 41
4112 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4113 77 MOV M, A Transfer the result from acc.
to memory.
4114 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4115 71 MOV M, C Transfer the result from C
reg. to memory.
4116 76 HLT Stop the program

Observation:

INPUT OUTPUT
4500 4502
4501 4503

8-Bit Data Division

Algorithm:

Logic: Division is done using the method of repeated subtraction.

1. Load Divisor and Dividend

2. Subtract divisor from dividend
3. Count the number of times of subtraction which equals the quotient
4. Stop subtraction when the dividend is less than the divisor .The dividend now becomes
the remainder. Otherwise go to step 2.
5. Stop the program execution.

15
Flowchart:

START

B  00

[HL] 4500

A M

[HL]  [HL]+1

M  A-M

[B]  [B] +1

NO
IS A<0
YES
A  A+ M

B  B-1

[HL] [HL]+1

[M] [A]

[HL] [HL]+1

[M] [B]

STOP

Fig.1.4 FLOW CHART FOR 8 BIT DIVISION

16
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS

4100 06 MVI B,00 Clear B reg for quotient
4101 00
4102 21 LXI H,4500 Initialize HL reg. to
4103 00 4500H
4104 45
4105 7E MOV A,M Transfer dividend to acc.
4106 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4107 96 LOOP SUB M Subtract divisor from dividend
4108 04 INR B Increment B reg
4109 D2 JNC LOOP Jump to LOOP if result does
410A 07 not yield borrow
410B 41
410C 86 ADD M Add divisor to acc.
410D 05 DCR B Decrement B reg
410E 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
410F 77 MOV M,A Transfer the remainder from
acc. to memory.
4110 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next mem. Location.
4111 70 MOV M,B Transfer the quotient from B
reg. to memory.
4112 76 HLT Stop the program

Observation:

INPUT OUTPUT
ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA
4500 4502
4501 4503
4500 4502
4501 4503

Result:
The assembly language programs for 8-bit arithmetic operation using 8085 microprocessor were
successfully executed.

17
Exp No:2 ASCENDING ORDER AND DESCENDING ORDER

Aim:
To sort the given number in the ascending and descending order using 8085 microprocessor.

Equipments Required:

Sl. No Item Specification Quantity

1. Microprocessor kit 8085 kit 1
2. Power chord - 1

Algorithm-Ascending Order:
1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.
2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is larger than second
then interchange the number.
3. If the first number is smaller, go to step 4.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order.

18
Flowchart:

Fig.2.1 FLOW CHART FOR ASCENDING ORDER

19
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS

4000 06 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with number
4001 04 of comparisons (n-1)
4002 21 LOOP 3 LXI H,4100 Initialize HL reg. to
4003 00 4100H
4004 41
4005 0E MVI C,04 Initialize C reg with no. of
4006 04 comparisons(n-1)
4007 7E LOOP2 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
4008 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next memory location
4009 BD CMP M Compare M & A
400A DA JC LOOP1 If A is less than M then go to
400B 12 loop1
400C 40
400D 56 MOV D,M Transfer data from M to D reg
400E 77 MOV M,A Transfer data from acc to M
400F 2B DCX H Decrement HL pair
4010 72 MOV M,D Transfer data from D to M
4011 23 INX H Increment HL pair
4012 0D LOOP1 DCR C Decrement C reg
4013 D2 JNZ LOOP2 If C is not zero go to loop2
4014 07
4015 40
4016 05 DCR B Decrement B reg
4017 D2 JNZ LOOP3 If B is not Zero go to loop3
4018 02
4019 40
401A 76 HLT Stop the program

Observation:

INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY MEMORY
DATA DATA
LOCATION LOCATION
4100 4100
4101 4101
4102 4102
4103 4103
4104 4104

20
 DESCENDING ORDER

Algorithm:

1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations.

2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is smaller than second then interchange the
number.
3. If the first number is larger, go to step 4.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order.

21
Flowchart:
START

[B]  04H

[HL]  [4100H]

[C]  04H

[A]  [HL]

[HL  [HL] + 1

NO IS
[A] < [HL]?

YES
[D] [HL]

[HL]  [A]

[HL]  [HL] - 1

[HL]  [D]

[HL]  [HL] + 1

[C]  [C] – 01 H

22
 A

IS NO
[C] = 0?

YES
[B]  [B]-1

IS NO
[B] = 0?

YES

STOP

Fig.2.2 FLOW CHART FOR DESCENDING ORDER

23
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
4000 06 MVI B,04 Initialize B reg with number
4001 04 of comparisons (n-1)
4002 21 LOOP 3 LXI H,4100 Initialize HL reg. to
4003 00 4100H
4004 41
4005 0E MVI C,04 Initialize C reg with no. of
4006 04 comparisons(n-1)
4007 7E LOOP2 MOV A,M Transfer first data to acc.
4008 23 INX H Increment HL reg. to point
next memory location
4009 BD CMP M Compare M & A
400A D2 JNC LOOP1 If A is greater than M then go
400B 12 to LOOP1
400C 40
400D 56 MOV D,M Transfer data from M to D reg
400E 77 MOV M,A Transfer data from acc to M
400F 2B DCX H Decrement HL pair
4010 72 MOV M,D Transfer data from D to M
4011 23 INX H Increment HL pair
4012 0D LOOP1 DCR C Decrement C reg
4013 C2 JNZ LOOP2 If C is not zero go to LOOP2
4014 07
4015 40
4016 05 DCR B Decrement B reg
4017 C2 JNZ LOOP3 If B is not Zero go to LOOP3
4018 02
4019 40
401A 76 HLT Stop the program

Observation:
INPUT OUTPUT
MEMORY LOCATION DATA MEMORY LOCATION DATA
4100 4100
4101 4101
4102 4102
4103 4103
4104 4104

Result:
An array of data was sorted in ascending and descending order using 8085 microprocessor was
successfully executed.

24
Flow chart:

Fig.3.1 FLOW CHART FOR MAIN PROGRAM OF HEXADECIMAL TO BCD CONVERSION

25
Ex.No:3 HEX /BCD CODE CONVERSIONS

Aim:
To write an assembly language program to perform various code conversions using 8085
microprocessor.

Equipments Required:

Sl. No Item Specification Quantity

1. Microprocessor kit 8085 kit 1
2. Power chord - 1

Algorithm for Hexadecimal to BCD Conversion:

1. Initialize the memory location to the data pointer.
2. Increment B register.
3. Increment accumulator by 1 and adjust it to decimal every time.
4. Compare the given hexadecimal number with B register value.
5. When both match, the equivalent decimal value is in A register.
6. Store the resultant in memory location.

26
Sub program:

Fig.3.2 FLOW CHART FOR SUB ROUTINE PROGRAM OF HEXADECIMAL TO BCD

CONVERSION

27
 Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
4100 21 LXI H,4200H Contents of 4200h & 4201h
4101 00 location loaded to HL pair
4102 42
4103 7E MOV A,M M moved to A
4104 23 INX H HL pair is incremented
4105 06 MVI B,64H 64H data moved to B register
4106 64
4107 CD CALL DIVIDE Control goes to sub program at
4108 11 4111h location
4109 41
410A 06 MVI B,0AH 0AH data moved to B register
410B 0A
410C CD CALL DIVIDE Control goes to sub program at
4111h location
410D 11
410E 41
410F 77 MOV M,A A moved to M
4110 76 HLT Stop

Sub Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS
4111 36 DIVIDE MVI M,00H Memory is cleared
4112 00
4113 B8 NEXT CMP B A is compared with B
4114 DA JC NEXT Jump to 411Ch location if there is
carry.
4115 1C
4116 41
4117 90 SUB B B is subtracted from A & result is
stored in A
4118 34 INR M Memory is incremented by 1
4119 C3 JMP NEXT Jump to 4113h location

411A 13
411B 41
411C 23 OVER INX H HL pair is incremented by 1
411D C9 RET stop

28
Observation:
INPUT OUTPUT
ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA
4200H 4201H
4202H
4203H

Algorithm for BCD to Hexadecimal Conversion:

1. Initialize the memory location to the data pointer.
2. Increment B register.
3. Increment accumulator by 1 and adjust it to decimal every time.
4. Compare the given decimal number with accumulator value.
5. When both matches, the equivalent hexadecimal value is in B register.
6. Store the resultant in memory location.

Flowchart:
Start

Get the I/P in BCD

Rotate the MSB of given I/P

Initiate Count= array size

Decrement B Reg

NO
If Count=0

YES
Display the result

Stop

Fig.3.3 FLOW CHART FOR SUB ROUTINE PROGRAM OF BCD TO HEXADECIMAL

CONVERSION

29
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS

4100 3A LDA 4150H Contents of 4150h
4101 50 location moved to A
4102 41
4103 47 MOV B,A A reg moved to B reg
4104 E6 ANI OFH 0F is ANDed with A
4105 0F
4106 4F MOV C,A Contents of a moved
to C
4107 78 MOV A,B Contents of B moved
to A
4108 E6 ANI FOH The data specified
4109 F0 with ANDed with A
410A 0F RRC A content is rotated
410B 0F RRC Right without
410C 0F RRC Carry for
410D 0F RRC Four times
410E 47 MOV B,A A moved to B
410F AF XRA A A is cleared
4110 16 MVI D,0AH 0A moved to D reg
4111 0A
4112 82 LOOP ADD D A added with D and
result stored in A
4113 05 DCR B B is decremented
by 1
4114 C2 JNZ LOOP Jump to the 4112h
4115 12 location if no zero
4116 41
4117 81 ADD C A added with C and
result is stored in A
4118 32 STA 4151H Store the A content
4119 51 At 4151H location
411A 41
411B 76 HLT Stop

30
Observation:

INPUT OUTPUT
ADDRESS DATA ADDRESS DATA
4150H 4151H

Result:
An ALP program to perform various code conversions using 8085 microprocessor were written and
executed successfully.

31
Ex.No:4 STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051

Aim:
To interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and control the direction of rotation of
stepper motor.

Theory:
A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular position is a stepper
motor. The rotary motion occurs in a step-wise manner from one equilibrium position to the next.
Stepper Motors are used very wisely in position control systems like printers, disk drives, process
control machine tools, etc.
The basic two-phase stepper motor consists of two pairs of stator poles. Each of the four poles has
its own winding. The excitation of any one winding generates a North Pole. A South Pole gets induced
at the diametrically opposite side. The rotor magnetic system has two end faces. It is a permanent
magnet with one face as South Pole and the other as North Pole. The Stepper Motor windings A1, A2,
B1, B2 are cyclically excited with a DC current to run the motor in clockwise direction. By reversing
the phase sequence as A1, B2, A2, B1, anticlockwise stepping can be obtained.

2-Phase Switching Scheme:

In this scheme, any two adjacent stator windings are energized. The switching scheme is shown in
the table given below. This scheme produces more torque.

ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA STEP A1 A2 B1 B2 DATA
1 1 0 0 1 9h 1 1 0 1 0 Ah
2 0 1 0 1 5h 2 0 1 1 0 6h
3 0 1 1 0 6h 3 0 1 0 1 5h
4 1 0 1 0 Ah 4 1 0 0 1 9h

Address Decoding Logic:

The 74138 chip is used for generating the address decoding logic to generate the device select
pulses, CS1 & CS2 for selecting the IC 74175.The 74175 latches the data bus to the
stepper motor driving circuitry.
Stepper Motor requires logic signals of relatively high power. Therefore, the interface circuitry that
generates the driving pulses use silicon darlington pair transistors. The inputs for the interface circuit are
TTL pulses generated under software control using the Microcontroller Kit. The TTL levels of pulse
sequence from the data bus is translated to high voltage output pulses using a buffer 7407 with open
collector.

32
Block diagram:

Fig.4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING

Representation:

Fig.4.2 DIAGRAM OF STEPPER MOTOR STEPPING ANGLE

33
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS

ORG 4100H

4100 90,45,00 START MOV DPTR, Load the start address

#4500 of switching scheme
data TABLE into Data
Pointer (DPTR)
4103 78,04 MOV R0, #04 Load the count in R0
4105 E0 LOOP: MOVX A, @DPTR Load the number in
TABLE into A
4106 C0,83 PUSH DPH Push DPTR value to
4108 C0,82 PUSH DPL Stack
410A 90,FF,C0 MOV DPTR, Load the Motor port
#0FFC0H address into DPTR
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR, A Send the value in A to
stepper Motor port
address
410E 7C,FF MOV R4, #0FFH Delay loop to cause a
4110 7D,FF DELAY: MOV R5, #0FFH specific amount of
time delay before next
4112 DD,FA DELAY1: DJNZ R5, data item is sent to the
DELAY1 Motor
4114 DC,FA DJNZ R4,
4116 D0,82 POP DPL POP back DPTR value
4118 D0,83 POP DPH from Stack
411A A3 INC DPTR Increment DPTR to
point to next item in
the table
411B D8,E8 DJNZ R0, LOOP Decrement R0, if not
zero repeat the loop
411D 80,E1 SJMP START Short jump to Start of
the program to make
the motor rotate
continuously
4500 TABLE: DB 09 05 06 Values as per two-
0AH phase switching
scheme

34
Procedure:
1. Enter the above program starting from location 4100.and execute the same.
2. The stepper motor rotates.
3. Varying the count at R4 and R5 can vary the speed.
4. Entering the data in the look-up TABLE in the reverse order can vary direction of rotation.

Result:
The stepper motor was interfaced with 8051 and run in forward and reverse directions at various
speeds.

35
Ex.No:5 TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLERS

Aim:
To write an assembly language program to simulate the traffic light at an intersection using a
traffic light interface with 8085 microprocessor.
Equipments required:
Sl.no. Item Specification Quantity
1. Microprocessor kit 8085 1
2. Power Chord - 1
3. Traffic light interface kit Vi Microsystems 1
4. Interface Cable - 1

Algorithm:
1. Initialize the ports.
2. Initialize the memory content, with some address to the data.
3. Read data for each sequence from the memory and display it through the ports.
4. After completing all the sequences, repeat from step2.
A sample sequence:
1. (a) Vehicles from south can go to straight or left.
(b) Vehicles from west can cross the road.
(c) Each pedestrian can cross the road.
(d) Vehicles from east no movement.
(e) Vehicles from north, can go only straight.
2. All ambers are ON, indicating the change of sequence.
3. (a) Vehicles from east can go straight and left.
(b) Vehicles from south, can go only left.
(c) North pedestrian can cross the road.
(d) Vehicles from north, no movement.
(e) Vehicles from west, can go only straight.
4. All ambers are ON, indicating the change of sequence.
5. (a) Vehicles from north can go straight and left.
(b) Vehicles from east, can go only left.
(c) West pedestrian can cross the road.
(d) Vehicles from west, no movement.
(e) Vehicles from south, can go only straight.
6. All ambers are ON, indicating the change of sequence.
7. (a) Vehicles from west can go straight and left.
(b) Vehicles from north, can go only left.
(c) South pedestrian can cross the road.

36
 (d) Vehicles from south, no movement.
(e) Vehicles from east, can go only straight.
8. All ambers are ON, indicating the change of sequence.
9. (a) All vehicles from all directions no movement.
(b) All pedestrian can cross the road.

Bit allocation:
BIT LED BIT LED BIT LED
PA0 SOUTH LEFT PB0 NORTH LEFT PC0 WEST STRAIGHT
PA1 SOUTH RIGHT PB1 NORTH RIGHT PC1 NORTH STRAIGHT
PA2 SOUTH AMBER PB2 NORTH AMBER PC2 EAST STRAIGHT
PA3 SOUTH RED PB3 NORTH RED PC3 SOUTH STRAIGHT
PA4 EAST LEFT PB4 WEST LEFT PC4 NORTH PD
PA5 EAST RIGHT PB5 WEST RIGHT PC5 WEST PD
PA6 EAST AMBER PB6 WEST AMBER PC6 SOUTH PD
PA7 EAST RED PB7 WEST RED PC7 EAST PD

Path representation:

Fig.5 DIAGRAM OF PATH REPRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

CONTROL FOR 8255 PPI )

PORT A 0C
PORT B 0D
PORT C 0E

37
Program:
ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT

4100 3E MVI A, 41 Move 80 immediately to

accumulator

4102 D3 OUT CONTROL 0F Output contents

of
4104 LXI H,DATA_SQ Load address 417B to
HL
register
4107 11 LXI D,DATA_E 41,87 Load address 4187 to
DE
410A CD CALL OUT 42,41 Call out address
410D EB XCHG Exchange contents of
HL
410E 7E MOV A,M Move M content
to
410F D3 OUT PORT A 0C Load port A into output
4111 CD CALL DELAY1 66,41 Call delay address
4114 EB XCHG Exchange content of
HL
4115 13 INX D Increment the content of
4116 23 INX H Increment the content of
4117 CD CALL OUT 42,41 Call out the address
411A EB XCHG Exchange content of
HL
411B 7E MOV A,M Move M content
to
411C D3 OUT PORT B 0D Load port B into output
411E CD CALL DELAY1 66,41 Call DELAY address
4121 EB XCHG Exchange content of
HL
4122 13 INX D Increment D register
4123 23 INX H Increment H register
4124 CD CALL OUT 42,41 Call specified address
4127 EB XCHG Exchange content of
HL
4128 7E MOV A,M Move M content
to
4129 0E OUT PORT C D3 Load port C into output port
412B 66,41 CALL DELAY1 CD Call DELAY address

38
412E XCHG EB Exchange content of HL
with DE pair
412F INX D 13 Increment D register
4130 INX H 23 Increment H register
4131 42,41 CALL OUT CD Call specified address
4134 XCHG EB Exchange content of HL
with DE pair
4135 MOV A,M 7E Move M content to
accumulator
4136 0E OUT PORT C D3 Load port C into output port
4138 INX H 23 Increment H register
4139 MOV A,M 7E Move M content to
accumulator
413A 0C OUT PORT A D3 Load port A into output port
413C 66,41 CALL DELAY1 CD Call DELAY address
413F 04,41 JMP REPEAT C3 Jump to specified address
4142 MOV A,M 7E Move M content to
accumulator
4143 0E OUT PORT C D3 Load port C into output port
4145 INX H 23 Increment H register
4146 MOV A,M 7E Move M content to
accumulator
4147 0D OUT PORT B D3 Load port B into output port
4149 INX H 23 Increment H register
414A MOV A,M 7E Move M content to
accumulator
414B 0C OUT PORT A D3 Load port A into output port
414D 51,41 CALL DELAY CD Call DELAY address
4150 RET C9 Return to accumulator
4151 PUSH H E5 Push the register H
4152 1F,00 LXI H,001F 21 Load 00 1F in HL register
pair
4155 FF,FF LXI B,FFFF 01 Load FF FF in DE register
pair
4158 DCX B 0B Decrement B register
4159 MOV A,B 78 Move B content to
accumulator
415A ORA C B1 OR content of C with
accumulator
415B 58,41 JNZ LOOP C2 Jump to LOOP if no zero
415E DCX H 2B Decrement H register
415F MOV A,L 7D Move L content to
accumulator

39
 4160 ORA H B4 OR content of H with
accumulator
4161 55,41 JNZ L1 C2 Jump to L1 if no zero
4164 POP H E1 Pop the register H
4165 RET C9 Return from subroutine
4166 PUSH H E5 Push the register H
4167 1F,00 LXI H,001F 21 Load 00 1F in HL register
Pair
416A FF,FF LXI B,FFFF 01 Load FF FF in DE register
Pair
416D DCX B 0B Decrement B register
416E MOV A,B 78 Move B content to
Accumulator
416F ORA C B1 OR content of C with
Accumulator
4170 6D,41 JNZ LOOP2 C2 Jump to LOOP2 if no zero
4173 DCX H 2B Decrement H register
4174 MOV A,L 7D Move L content to
Accumulator
4175 ORA H B4 OR content of H with
Accumulator
4176 6A,41 JNZ L2 C2 Jump to L2 if no zero
4179 POP H E1 Pop the register H
417A RET C9 Return to subroutine
417B DATA 12 27 44 10 2B
SEQ DB 92 10 9D 84 48
2E 84
48 4B 20 49 04

Result:

40
 An assembly language program to simulate the traffic light at an intersection using a traffic light
interfaces was written and implemented using 8085 microprocessor.

41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DC SERVO MOTOR

42
Ex.No:6 SERVO CONTROLLED INTERFACE FOR CLOSED LOOP

AIM:

To study the closed loop response using controller

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Trainer kit

2. Motor setup

3. Multimeter

PROCEDURE:

 Keep the open/closed loop switch in closed loop position.

 Connect the feedback circuit.

 Give the connection as per the circuit diagram.

 Vary the input speed and note down the values as per the tabulation.

 Vary the speed to different position and tabulate the readings.

Va – Armature voltage

Vf – Feedback voltage

N – Output speed (rpm)

TABULATION:

Sl.no. Set speed Output speed

RESULT:

Thus the set speed and output speed of servomotors is composed during usage of closed loop
system.

43
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. Displacement indicated Display reading

By micrometer (mm) (mm)

44
EX.no.7 STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS

(i) LINEAR VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT TRANSFORMER

AIM: To study input output characteristics of Linear Variable Displacement Transformer.

APPARATUS:

Linear Variable Displacement Transformer.

THEORY:

It is used for measurement of displacement. LVDTs operate on the principal of a transformer.

LVDT consists of a coil assembly & a core. The coil assembly is typically mounted to a stationary form,
while the cored is secured to the object whose position is being measured. The coil assembly consists of
three coils of wire would on the hollow form. A core of permeable material can slide freely through the
center of the form. The inner coil is the primary, which is excited by an AC source as shown. Magnetic
flux produced by the primary is coupled to the two secondary coils, including an AC voltage in coil.
The main advantage of LVDT over the other types of displacement transducer is the high degree
of robustness. Because there is no physical contact across sensing element, there is no wear in the
sensing element. Because the device relies on the coupling of magnetic flux, an LVDT can have infinite
resolution. Therefore the smallest fraction of movement can be detected by suitable signal conditioning
hardware, and the resolution of the transducer is solely determined by the resolution of the data
acquisition system.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the trainer. Make micrometer to read 10mm i.e. rotate thimble till 0 of the circular scale
coincides with 10 of main scale
2. Display will indicate 0.0 this is the position when core is at the center i.e. equal flux linking to both
the secondary.
3. If display is not 0.0 then adjust display reading 0.0 then adjust display reading to 0.0 with the help of
hexagonal arrangement given with the LVDT.
4. Rotate thimble clockwise so that micrometer read 9.9mm. It will move core 0.1 mm inside the LVDT
and simultaneously observe reading on display. It will indicate displacement from 10 mm position in
positive direction. The reading will be positive it indicates that secondary - I is at higher voltage than
secondary-II.
5. Repeat above step by rotating thimble again clockwise by 0.1mm. Reading will be taken after each
0.1 mm rotation until micrometer read 0 mm. This is positive end.

45
6. Rotate thimble anticlockwise so that micrometer read 10mm. The display will be 0.0 (center).
7. Rotate thimble anticlockwise so that micrometer read 10.1mm. It will move core 0.1mm outside the
LVDT and simultaneously observe reading on display. It will indicate displacement from 10 mm
position in negative direction. The reading will be negative.
8. Repeat above steps by rotating thimble again anticlockwise by 0.1 mm. Reading will be taken after
each 0.1 mm rotation until micrometer is 20mm. This is negative end.
9. Compare above results with the observation table
10. Plot the graph between displacement (mm) indicated by micrometer &
display reading (mm) the graph will be linear as shown in diagram.

(ii) RTD AND THERMOCOUPLES

AIM: 1. To study the characteristics of RTD.

2. To study the characteristics of thermocouples.

THEORY:

RTD:
It is resistance temperature detector. The resistance of a conductor changes with change in
temperature, this property is utilized for measurement of temperature. The variation of resistance with
temperature is represented by following relationships for most of the metals.
R = R0 [1+ α1T + α2 T+ + αn T]
R0 = Resistance at temperature T = 0
α1, α 2, α n = Constants
Platinum is especially suited for this purpose, as it can withstand the high temperatures while
maintaining high stability. The requirements of a good conductor material to be used in RTD are
1. The change in the resistance of material per unit change in temperature should be less as large as
possible.
2. The material should have a high value of resistively so that minimum volume of material should be
used for the construction of RTD.
3. The resistance of the material should have a continuous and stable relationship
with temperature.

The most common RTD’s are made of platinum, nickel or nickel alloys. The economical nickel wires
are used for a limited range of temperatures. Metals most commonly used for resistance thermometer
along with their properties are listed below.

46
METAL RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE RANGE (ͦ C) MELTING
TEMPERATURE POINT(ͦ C)
MIN MAX
COEFFICIENT
PLATINUM 0.39 -260 110 1773

COPPER 0.39 0 180 1083

NICKEL 0.62 -220 300 1435

TUNGSTEN 0.45 -200 1000 3370

THERMOCOUPLE:
If two different metals are joined together, a potential difference occurs across one of the junction, if
another junction is heated. The potential difference depends on the metals used and the temperature
difference between the junctions. If both the junctions are at same temperature then there will not be net
emf produced. Thermocouples are most important temperature sensors used in industries.
Thermocouples are generally mounted on a sheath to give them mechanical and chemical protection.
The type of sheath used depends on the temperature, at which the thermocouple is to be used. The best
metal thermocouples are E, J, K & T; these are relatively cheap but deteriorate with the age.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1) Ensure mains supply is 1 230VAC 10% 50HZ.

2) Turn off the fan and furnace
3) Connect the trainer to mains and turn on the trainer
4) Ensure the digital temperature indicator displays room temperature or appropriate temperature i.e.
furnace temp.
5) Give desired set point on digital temp controller
6) Insert sensor in the furnace and connect it to the Digital Multi Meter on appropriate range.
7) Turn the furnace on and note sensor output as per observation table.
8) If required to restrict furnace temperature, switch off the furnace at any point. Furnace temp shall
latch with over shoot of around 60-800C
9) Also turn on the fan to reduce furnace temperature, if required.

47
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. FURNACE TEMP [ͦC] THERMO COUPLE K-THERMO COUPLE
OUTPUT in [mV] OUTPUT in [mV]

RTD
S. No. FURNACE TEMP [ͦC] RTD OUTPUT R IN RESISTANCE
Ω CALCULATED RC
[Ω]

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of LVDT, J & K thermocouple and platinum100 RTD were studied

48
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.8 DIAGRAM OF CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER - ELECTRICALLY

49
Ex.No:8 CONTROL THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER - ELECTRICALLY

AIM:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to control the single acting cylinder electrically using push
button switch

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, solenoid coil, electrical trainer, single acting cylinder and batch card
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagram
2. Electro controller gives – voltage to pneumatic panel.
3. Input of push button is getting from solenoid valve output.
4. Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
5. Check all the connections carefully
6. Test the circuit.
7. Observe the working of the cylinder using the 3/2 single solenoid valve.

RESULT:
Thus the movement of single acting cylinder was carried out using the 3/2 single solenoid valve.

50
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.9 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 5/2 DOUBLE

SOLENOIND VALVE THROUGH SPDT SWITCH

51
Ex.No:9 ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 5/2 DOUBLE SOLENOIND
VALVE THROUGH SPDT SWITCH

AIM:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to actuate the double acting cylinder electrically using push
button switch.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, Electrical trainer, 5/2 double solenoid valve, double acting cylinder, SPDT
switch and data card

PROCEDURE:
1. Provide power supply to the pneumatic trainer from control trainer by interfacing 24V+
and -
2. Using the SPDT switch energize the corresponding solenoid valve to get the desired
movement in the cylinder.
3. Draw the circuit diagram and connect the air supply to FRL unit.
4. Supply the Air to FRL unit.
5. Assemble all the components.
6. Check all the connections carefully.
7. Observe the working of the cylinder using the 5/2 double solenoid valve.

RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder is controlled electrically operated switch.

52
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.10 DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICALLY CONTROL DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

USING PUSHBUTTON SWITCH

53
 Ex.No:10 ELECTRICALLY CONTROL DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING PUSHBUTTON SWITCH

AIM:
To construct a pneumatic circuit to control the double acting cylinder electrically using push
button switch.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, Electrical trainer, 5/2 single solenoid valve, single acting cylinder and Batch
card

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagram and connect the air supply to FRL unit.
2. Connect the electrical circuit from 24V DC source to ON / OFF switch.
3. Solenoids are connected to the pushbutton switch.
4. When the solenoid is given a signal by a push button switch. DCV is activated to double
acting cylinder.
5. When OFF button is pressed the signal solenoid are cut and the solenoids are de-
energized and the DCV comes to the original position.

RESULT:
Thus the double acting cylinder is controlled electrically operated switch.

54
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.11 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING ON

DELAY TIMER

55
Ex.No:11 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING ON DELAY TIMER

AIM:

To develop an electro pneumatic circuit for actuation of single acting cylinder using ON delay
timer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor Air, FRL, Time delay Valve, Electrical controller, single acting cylinder, 3/2 single
solenoid valve and Batch card

PROCEDURE:
 Provide power supply to electrical controller by interfacing the + ve to –ve and –ve to +ve.
 Provide power supply to pneumatic trainer from electrical controller by interfacing 24+ve to +
ve and –ve to –ve.
 Using the SPDT switch energize the corresponding solenoid to get the desired movement of
the cylinder.
 Actuate the time delay circuit.
 From the time delay give connection to single along cylinders to actual cylinder according to
time set.
 Design and draw the pneumatic circuit.
 Connect the air supply.
 Test the circuit.
 Observe the working of the cylinder.

RESULT:
Thus the movement of the single acting cylinder was carried out using the time delay.

56
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.12 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING OFF DELAY TIMER

57
Ex.No:12 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING OFF DELAY TIMER

AIM:

To develop an electro pneumatic circuit for actuation of single acting cylinder using OFF delay
timer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor Air, FRL, Time delay, Electrical controller, single acting cylinder, 3/2 single
solenoid valve and Batch card

PROCEDURE:
 Provide power supply to pneumatic trainer from electrical controller by inter facing
24+and 24-.
 Provide 24V power supply to timer
 Any one of the output of FRL unit direct connect to 3/2 single solenoid valve.
 Single solenoid valve output is connected to single acting cylinder.
 Give +24V and -24V in Timer.
 Output of Timer connected to solenoid coil.
 Check all the circuits
 Observe the working of cylinder.
 Observe the working circuit.

RESULT:
Thus the movement of the single acting cylinder was carried out using the time delay.

58
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.13 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 WAY SOLENOID

VALVE-HYDRAULICS

59
 Ex.No:13 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2
WAY SOLENOID VALVE-HYDRAULICS

AIM:
To design and simulate a single acting cylinder with 3/2 way hand lever valve-hydraulics
software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with FLUIDSIM Hydraulics software

PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the system and select start All Programs Festo Didactic Fluidsim
Hydraulics
 Hydraulics Actuator Single acting cylinder.
 Hydraulics Valves mechanically operated valves 3/2 way solenoid valve.
 Join A in valve with actuator.
 Hydraulics Supply elements Filter.
 Join p with filter.
 Hydraulics Supply elements fixed displacement pump.
 Hydraulics Supply elements Tank.
 Join other end of pump with tank.
 Click play button to simulate.

RESULT:
Thus the design and simulation of a single acting cylinder with 3/2 way hand lever valve
is done by using FLUIDSIM-Hydraulics software.

60
Circuit Diagram:

Single Acting Cy linder

3/2 way Lev er Actuated Valv e

P T

Ta nk

Filter

Fixed Displacement Pump

Ta nk

Fig.14 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 WAY SOLENOID VALVE-
HYDRAULICS

61
Ex.No:14 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 WAY
SOLENOID VALVE-HYDRAULICS

AIM:
To design and simulate a single acting cylinder with 3/2 way hand lever valve-hydraulics
software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with FLUIDSIM Hydraulics software

PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the system and select start All Programs Festo Didactic Fluidsim
Hydraulics
 Hydraulics Actuator Single acting cylinder.
 Hydraulics Valves mechanically operated valves 3/2 way solenoid valve.
 Join A in valve with actuator.
 Hydraulics Supply elements Filter.
 Join p with filter.
 Hydraulics Supply elements fixed displacement pump.
 Hydraulics Supply elements Tank.
 Join other end of pump with tank.
 Click play button to simulate.

RESULT:
Thus the design and simulation of a single acting cylinder with 3/2 way hand lever valve
is done by using FLUIDSIM-Hydraulics software.

62
Circuit Diagram:

Double Acting Cy linder

A B

4/2 way Solenoid Operated Valv e

P T

Filter

Fixed Displacement Pump

Ta nk

Fig.15 DIAGRAM OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 4/2 WAY VALVE -

HYDRAULICS

63
Ex.No:15 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 4/2 WAY
VALVE -HYDRAULICS

AIM:
To design and simulation of double acting cylinder using 4/2 way solenoid valve using
FLUIDSIM Hydraulics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with FLUIDSIM-Hydraulics software

PROCEDURE:
 Open FLUIDSIM hydraulics software

 Select library  Hierarchical view

 Hydraulics  Actuators  Double acting cylinder

 Valves  conFigurable directional valves  4/2 way solenoid valve

 Supply elements  Filters, tank and fixed displacement pump

 Connect all the components and click on play button to simulate

RESULT:
Thus design and simulation of double acting cylinder using FLUIDSIM Hydraulics software was
done

64
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.16 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATING AUTOMATICALLY A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH 4/2 WAY VALVE & ON DELAY RELAY-HYDRAULIC

65
 Ex.No:16 ACTUATING AUTOMATICALLY A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 4/2
WAY VALVE & ON DELAY RELAY-HYDRAULIC

AIM:
To actuate automatically a single acting cylinder with 4/2 way and ON delay relay.
COMPONENTS LIST:
S.NO DESIGNATION COMPONENTS QUANTITY

1 Pump unit 1

2 Tank 1

3 4/2 way valve 1

4 Single acting cylinder 1

5 Electrical connection 24V 1

6 Electrical connection 0V 1

7 Detent switch 1

8 A1 Make switch 1

9 S1 Valve solenoid 1

10 A1 Relay with switch ON delay 1

PROCEDURE:
 Analyze the requirements of the circuit.
 Start the simulation FLUIDSIM – H software.
 Design the circuit by picking each component.
 Simulate the circuit in FLUIDSIM – H.
 Test for required results and observe the working of single acting cylinder actuated by 4/2 way
valve and ON delay relay.
RESULT:
Thus, the single acting cylinder has been actuated using FLUIDSIM – H software with ON delay
relay and 4/2 way solenoid valve.

66
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.17 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATING A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 4/2 SINGLE

SOLENOID & OFF DELAY RELAY- HYDRAULIC

67
 Ex.No:17 ACTUATING A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 4/2 SINGLE SOLENOID &
OFF DELAY RELAY- HYDRAULIC
AIM:
To actuate a single acting cylinder with 4/2 single solenoid and OFF delay relay.

COMPONENT LIST:

S.NO DESCRIPTION COMPONENT QUANTITY

1 Single acting cylinder 1
2 4/2 way valve manually operated 1
3 Tank 1
4 Pump 1
5 Electric connection 24V 1
6 Electric connection 0V 1
7 Detent switch Detent switch 1
8 S1 Valve solenoid 1
9 R1 Make switch 1
10 R1 Relay with switch delay 1

PROCEDURE:
 Analyze the requirements of the circuit.
 Start the simulation FLUIDSIM – H software.
 Design the circuit by picking each component from library.
 Connect the circuit as per design.
 Simulate the circuit in FLUID SIM – H software.
 Test for the required result and observe the working of single acting cylinder actuated by 4/2
single solenoid and OFF delay relay.

RESULT:
Thus, the single acting cylinder has been actuated using OFF delay by using FLUIDSIM – H
software and 4/2 single valve.

68
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.18 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 SOLENOID VALVE-

PNEUMATICS

69
 Ex.No:18 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2
SOLENOID VALVE-PNEUMATICS

AIM:
To design and simulate a single acting cylinder with 3/2 solenoid valve by using FLUIDSIM
Pneumatics software

APPARATUS REQUIRED
System with FLUIDSIM Pneumatics software

PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the system and select start All Programs Festo Didactic Fluidsim
pneumatics.
 Library Hierarchical view to view components.
 File New to open a new document.
 Pneumatic valves frequently used valves solenoid operated 3/2 valves.
 Pneumatic Actuator Single acting cylinder.
 Pneumatics Supply elements Air service unit.
 Connect 1 and one end of FRL unit.
 Pneumatics supply elements compressor.
 Join compressor with other end of FRL unit.
 Click on play button to simulate.

RESULT:
Thus the design and simulation of a single acting cylinder with 3/2 solenoid valve is done by
using FLUIDSIM pneumatics software.

70
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.19 DIAGRAM OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 5/2 WAY VALVE –

PNEUMATICS

71
Ex.No:19 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING 5/2 WAY
VALVE –PNEUMATICS

AIM:
To design and simulation of double acting cylinder using 5/2 way solenoid valve in FLUIDSIM–
pneumatics Software

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
System with FLUIDSIM-pneumatics software

PROCEDURE:
 Start All programs FLUIDSIM-pneumatics v4.2
 Select library Hierarchical view
 Select File new
 ValvesSolenoid operated5/2 way solenoid valve
 ActuatorsDouble acting cylinder
 Supply elementAir service unit
 Supply elementscompressor
 Join all the components and click on play button to start simulation

RESULT:
Thus design and simulation of double acting cylinder using 5/2 way solenoid valve in
FLUIDSIM– pneumatics was done

72
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.20 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATING AUTOMATICALLY A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH 3/2 WAY VALVE & ON DELAY RELAY-PNEUMATIC

73
Ex.No:20 ACTUATING AUTOMATICALLY A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 WAY
VALVE & ON DELAY RELAY-PNEUMATIC

AIM:
To actuate automatically a single acting cylinder with 3/2 way and ON delay relay.

COMPONENTS LIST:
S.NO DESIGNATION COMPONENTS QUANTITY
1 Compressor 1
2 Air Service 1
3 3/2 way valve 1
4 Single acting cylinder 1
5 Electrical connection 24V 1
6 Electrical connection 0V 1
7 Detent switch 1
8 A1 Make switch 1
9 S1 Valve solenoid 1
10 A1 Relay with switch ON delay 1

PROCEDURE:
 Analyze the requirements of the circuit.
 Start the simulation FLUIDSIM – P software.
 Design the circuit by picking each component.
 Simulate the circuit in FLUIDSIM – P.
 Test for required results and observe the working of single acting cylinder actuated by 3/2 way
valve and ON delay relay.

RESULT:
Thus, the single acting cylinder has been actuated using FLUIDSIM – P software with ON delay
relay and 3/2 way solenoid valve.

74
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.21 DIAGRAM OF ACTUATING A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 SINGLE

SOLENOID & OFF DELAY RELAY-PENUMATIC

75
 Ex.No:21 ACTUATING A SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH 3/2 SINGLE SOLENOID &
OFF DELAY RELAY-PENUMATIC

AIM:
To actuate a single acting cylinder with 3/2 single solenoid and OFF delay relay.
PROCEDURE:
 Analyze the requirements of the circuit.

 Start the simulation FLUIDSIM – P software.

 Design the circuit by picking each component from library.

 Connect the circuit as per design.

 Simulate the circuit in FLUID SIM – P software.

 Test for the required result and observe the working of single acting cylinder actuated by
3/2 single solenoid and OFF delay relay.

COMPONENT LIST:
S.NO DESCRIPTION COMPONENT QUANTITY
1 Single acting cylinder 1
2 3/2 way valve manually operated 1
3 Compressor 1
4 Air service 1
5 Electric connection 24V 1
6 Electric connection 0V 1
7 Detent switch Detent switch 1
8 S1 Valve solenoid 1
9 R1 Make switch 1
10 R1 Relay with switch delay 1

RESULT:
Thus, the single acting cylinder has been actuated using OFF delay by using FLUIDSIM
software and 3/2 single valve.

76
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.22 DIAGRAM OF PLC CONTROL OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING AND GATE

77
 Ex.No:22 PLC CONTROL OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING AND GATE

AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder using AND Gate

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, air tube, 3/2 single solenoid valve, PLC, single acting cylinder and Versa pro
software

PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Provide +24v and -24V from PLC trainer to electro pneumatic with PLC panel
 Output of the PLC(Q1) is direct connect to input of 3/2 single solenoid coil.
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Write a ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Check all the circuits in panel and in ladder diagram.
 Run the PLC. When two input (1i 2i) is high, this output is high.
TRUTH TABLE
Input
Output 1Q
1i 2i
OFF OFF OFF
ON OFF OFF
ON ON ON
OFF ON OFF

RESULT:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with AND gate done.

78
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.23 DIAGRAM OF PLC CONTROL OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING OR GATE

79
 Ex.No:23 PLC CONTROL OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING OR GATE

AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder using OR Gate
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, air tube, 3/2 single solenoid valve, PLC, single acting cylinder and Versa pro
software
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Provide +24v and -24V from PLC trainer to electro pneumatic with PLC panel
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Write a ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Check all the circuits in panel and in ladder diagram.
 Run the PLC. Either input 1i or input 2i is high, this output is high.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input
Output 1Q
1i 2i
OFF OFF OFF
ON OFF ON
ON ON ON
OFF ON ON

RESULT:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with OR gate done.

80
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.24 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH ON DELAY TIMER USING PLC

81
Ex.No:24 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH ON DELAY TIMER USING
PLC

AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with ON delay timer using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, air tube, 3/2 single solenoid valve, PLC, single acting cylinder and Versa pro
software
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Provide +24v and -24V from PLC trainer to panel.
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Write a ladder diagram.
 Output of PLC (q1) is direct connecting to input of solenoid coil.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Run the PLC. Sometimes delay the cylinder should be activated.

RESULT:
Thus the actuation of single acting cylinder with ON Delay timer was done using PLC.

82
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.25 DIAGRAM OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OFF DELAY TIMER USING
PLC

83
 Ex.No:25 SIMULATE THE SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER WITH OFF DELAY TIMER
USING PLC

AIM:
To simulate the single acting cylinder with OFF delay timer using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, air tube, 3/2 single solenoid valve, PLC, single acting cylinder and Versa pro
software
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Provide +24v and -24V from PLC trainer to panel.
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Write a ladder diagram.
 Output of PLC (q1) is direct connecting to input of solenoid coil.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Run the PLC. Observe the working of single acting cylinder.

RESULT:
Thus the single acting cylinder is actuated with timer using PLC.

84
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.26 DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING

PLC

85
 Ex.No:26 AUTOMATIC ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING PLC

AIM:
To simulate the automatic sequence of single acting cylinder using PLC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compressor, FRL, air tube, 3/2 single solenoid valve, PLC, single acting cylinder and Versa pro
software
PROCEDURE:
 Draw the circuit diagram
 Provide +24v and -24V from PLC trainer to panel.
 Open the versa pro software in desktop.
 Interface PLC with PC using RS232 cable.
 Write a ladder diagram.
 Output of PLC (q1) is direct connecting to input of solenoid coil.
 Following the opening procedure of versa pro software.
 Check the ladder diagram.
 Connect the air supply to FRL unit.
 Run the PLC. Observe the working of single acting cylinder is automatic reciprocating.

RESULT:
The ladder diagram for the automatic running of single acting cylinder is drawn and executed.

86
Ex.No:27 Display of Gray scale Images.

Aim:
To display the Gray scale images.

Apparatus Required:
Computer,Matlab Software
Syntax
imshow(I) imshow(I,
[low high])
imshow(RGB)
imshow(BW)
imshow(X,map)
imshow(filename)
himage = imshow(...)
imshow(..., param1, val1, param2, val2,...)

Theory:
imshow(I) displays the grayscale image I.
imshow(I,[low high]) displays the grayscale image I, specifying the display range for I in [low
high]. The value low (and any value less than low) displays as black; the value high (and any value
greater than high) displays as white. Values in between are displayed as intermediate shades of gray,
using the default number of gray levels. If you use an empty matrix ([]) for [low high], imshow uses
[min(I(:)) max(I(:))]; that is, the minimum value in I is displayed as black, and the maximum value is
displayed as white.
imshow(RGB) displays the truecolor image RGB.
imshow(BW) displays the binary image BW. imshow displays pixels with the value 0 (zero) as
black and pixels with the value 1 as white.
imshow(X,map) displays the indexed image X with the colormap map. A color map matrix may
have any number of rows, but it must have exactly 3 columns. Each row is interpreted as a color, with
the first element specifying the intensity of red light, the second green, and the third blue. Color intensity
can be specified on the interval 0.0 to 1.0.
imshow(filename) displays the image stored in the graphics file filename. The file must contain
an image that can be read by imread or dicomread. imshow calls imread or dicomread to read the image
from the file, but does not store the image data in the MATLAB workspace. If the file contains multiple
images, imshow displays the first image in the file. The file must be in the current directory or on the
MATLAB path.
himage = imshow(...) returns the handle to the image object created by imshow.
imshow(..., param1, val1, param2, val2,...) displays the image, specifying parameters and
corresponding values that control various aspects of the image display.

87
Converting RGB Image into gray scale image & extracting the color Spaces
image1=imread('dse_college.jpg');
image2=rgb2gray
(image1); [r c d]=size
(image1); z=zeros(r,c);
tempr=image1;
tempr(:,:,2)=z;
tempr(:,:,3)=z;
imshow(tempr)
tempg=image1;
tempg(:,:,1)=z;
tempg(:,:,3)=z;
imshow(tempg)
tempb=image1;
tempb(:,:,1)=z;
tempb(:,:,2)=z;
imshow(tempb)

Fig.27 GRAY SCALE IMAGE

Result:
Thus the gray scale image is displayed.

88
Ex.No:28 Histogram Equalization.

Aim:
To enhance contrast using Histogram Equalization.

Apparatus Required:
Computer,Matlab Software

Syntax
J = histeq(I, hgram)
J = histeq(I, n)
[J, T] = histeq(I,...)
newmap = histeq(X, map, hgram)
newmap = histeq(X, map)
[newmap, T] = histeq(X,...)

Theory
histeq enhances the contrast of images by transforming the values in an intensity image, or the values in
the colormap of an indexed image, so that the histogram of the output image approximately matches a
specified histogram.
J = histeq(I, hgram) transforms the intensity image I so that the histogram of the output intensity image J
with length(hgram) bins approximately matches hgram.
histeq automatically scales hgram so that sum(hgram) = prod(size(I)). The histogram of J will better
match hgram when length(hgram) is much smaller than the number of discrete levels in I.
J = histeq(I, n) transforms the intensity image I, returning in J an intensity image with n discrete gray
levels. A roughly equal number of pixels is mapped to each of the n levels in J, so that the histogram of J
is approximately flat. (The histogram of J is flatter when n is much smaller than the number of discrete
levels in I.) The default value for n is 64.
[J, T] = histeq(I,...) returns the grayscale transformation that maps gray levels in the image I to gray
levels in J.
newmap = histeq(X, map, hgram) transforms the colormap associated with the indexed image X so that
the histogram of the gray component of the indexed image (X,newmap) approximately matches hgram.
The histeq function returns the transformed colormap in newmap. length(hgram) must be the same as
size(map,1).
newmap = histeq(X, map) transforms the values in the colormap so that the histogram of the gray
component of the indexed image X is approximately flat. It returns the transformed colormap in
newmap.
[newmap, T] = histeq(X,...) returns the grayscale transformation T that maps the gray component of map
to the gray component of newmap.
Examples
Enhance the contrast of an intensity image using histogram equalization.

89
I = imread('tire.tif');
J = histeq(I);
imshow(I)
Figure, imshow(J)

Fig.28 HISTOGRAM IMAGES

Display a histogram of the original image.

Figure; imhist(I,64)

Compare it to a histogram of the processed image.

Figure; imhist(J,64)

90
Algorithm

When you supply a desired histogram hgram, histeq chooses the grayscale transformation T to minimize
where c0 is the cumulative histogram of A, c1 is the cumulative sum of hgram for all intensities k. This
minimization is subject to the constraints that T must be monotonic and c1(T(a)) cannot overshoot c0(a)
by more than half the distance between the histogram counts at a. histeq uses the transformation b = T(a)
to map the gray levels in X (or the colormap) to their new values.If you do not specify hgram, histeq
creates a flat hgram,
hgram = ones(1,n)*prod(size(A))/n;

Result
The histogram equalization is done.

91
Ex.No:29 EDGE DETECTION USING OPERATORS.

Aim:
To detect the edge of the Gray scale images.

Apparatus Required:
Computer, Matlab Software

Syntax
To demonstrate edge detection
% numbers of colors
sncols=128;
ncols=32;
% get image from MATLAB image
load('trees');
% show original image
Figure(1);
showgimg(real(X),sncols);
drawnow;
% construct convolution functions
[m,n] = size(X);
gs = [1 -1]; ge = [];
hs = [1 -1]; he = [];
g = [gs,zeros(1,m-length(gs)-length(ge)),ge];
h = [hs,zeros(1,n-length(hs)-length(he)),he];
% construct convolution matrices as sparse matrices
Y = spcnvmat(g);
Z = spcnvmat(h);
Wg = Y*X;
Wh = X*Z';
% show transformed images
Figure(2);
showgimg(Wg,ncols);
drawnow;
Figure(3)
showgimg(Wh,ncols);
drawnow;
Figure(4) showgimg(abs(Wg)
+abs(Wh),ncols); drawnow;

92
Theory
Edges characterize boundaries and are therefore a problem of fundamental importance in image
processing. Edges in images are areas with strong intensity contrasts – a jump in intensity from one pixel
to the next. Edge detecting an image significantly reduces the amount of data and filters out useless
information, while preserving the important structural properties in an image. There are many ways to
perform edge detection. However, the majority of different methods may be grouped into two
categories, gradient and Laplacian. The gradient method detects the edges by looking for the maximum
and minimum in the first derivative of the image. The Laplacian method searches for zero crossings in
the second derivative of the image to find edges. An edge has the one-dimensional shape of a ramp and
calculating the derivative of the image can highlight its location. Suppose we have the following signal,
with an edge shown by the jump in intensity below: The intensity changes thus discovered in each of
the channels are then represented by oriented primitives called zero-crossing segments, and evidence is
given that this representation is complete. (2) Intensity changes in images arise from surface
discontinuities or from reflectance or illumination boundaries, and these all have the property that they
are spatially localized. Because of this, the zero-crossing segments from the different channels are not
independent, and rules are deduced for combining them into a description of the image. This description
is called the raw primal sketch.

Fig.29 EDGE DETECTION IMAGES

Result:
The edge detection of the image is done.

93
CONTENT
BEYOND
SYLLABUS

94
95
96
 COMPUTERISED DATA LOGGING SYSTEM -PRESSURE CONTROL

EXPT NO: 30 DATE:

AIM:

To study the characteristics of the Pressure transmitter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
Multiprocess Trainer Kit.
2.
PC with Process control software.
3.
Patch chords.
4.
Multimeter.
5.
RS232 cable and loop cable.

HAND VALVE SETTINGS:

HV1 – Fully Open.

HV2 – Fully Open.

HV3 – Fully Close.

HV4 – Fully Close.

PRESSURE RANGE:

Input - (0-250) mm Wc.

Output - (4-20) mA DC.

PROCEDURE:
1.
Ensure the availability of Water.
2.
Interface the Digital controller with process and PC.
3.
Make the connections as per connection diagram .

97
 4.
Ensure the hand valve settings are correct.
5. Switch ON VMPA - 62A unit and Digital controller with PC. Heater / pump ON switch be
in pump1 mode.

TABULATION:

S.No Gauge Pressure Pressure Transmitter

(mmWc) Current Output (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

MODEL GRAPH:

98
 1. Invoke the “Process control” software.
2. Once, tank pressure reached 250mmWc enters control output of 0%.
3. Gradually open the HV4 valve every 50Wc note down the current readings.
4. Select “Pressure/process control manual mode” and enter a controller
output of 100%.
5. Note down the current readings for various pressure readings.
6. Switch OFF the Pump.

GRAPH:
Pressure VS output current

RESULT:

Thus the characteristic of the Pressure transmitter was studied.

99
100
 COMPUTERISED DATA LOGGING SYSTEM - FLOW CONTROL

EXPT NO: 31 DATE:

AIM:

To study the characteristics of the Flow transmitter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
Multiprocess Trainer Kit.
2.
PC with Process control software.
3.
Patch chords.
4.
Multimeter.
5.
RS232 cable and loop cable.

HAND VALVE SETTINGS:

HV1 – Fully Open.

HV2 – Fully Open.

HV3 – Fully Close.

HV4 – Fully Open.

FLOW RANGE:

Input - (50 - 500) LPH.

Output - (4-20) mA DC.

101
 PROCEDURE:
1.
Ensure the availability of Water.
2.
Interface the Digital Controller with process and PC.
3.
Make the connections as per connection diagram.
4.
Ensure the hand valve settings are correct.
5.
Switch ON VMPA - 62A unit and Digital controller with PC.
6.
Heater/Pump ON switch should be in “Pump” mode.

TABULATION:

S.No Flow (LPH) Flow Transmitter

Current Output (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

MODEL GRAPH:

102
1.
Invoke the “Process control” software
2.
Select “Flow/control manual mode”.

3. Gradually increase the flow (say in steps of 50 LPH) by varying the controller
output (0 - 100%), and note down the current readings in Ammeter.
4.
Stop the process.

GRAPH:

Flow VS output current

RESULT:

Thus the characteristic of the Flow transmitter was studied.

103
104
COMPUTERISED DATA LOGGING SYSTEM – TEMPERATURE CONTROL

EXPT NO: 32 DATE:

AIM:

To study the characteristics of the RTD Temperature transmitter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
Multiprocess Trainer Kit.
2.
PC with Process control software.
3.
Patch chords.
4.
Multimeter.
5.
RS232 cable and loop cable.

HAND VALVE SETTINGS:

HV1 – Fully Open.

HV2 – Fully Close.

HV3 – Fully Open.

TEMPERATURE RANGE:

Input - (0 - 100)° C.

Output - (4-20) mA DC.

105
PROCEDURE:
1.
Ensure the availability of Water.
2.
Interface the Digital Controller with process and PC.
3.
Make the connections as per connection diagram.
4.
Ensure the hand valve settings are correct.
5.
Heater/Pump ON switch should be in heater mode. Now we can able to vary
the pump speed.
TABULATION:

Temperature Transmitter
S.No Temperature (°C) Current Output (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

MODEL GRAPH:

106
1.
Switch ON VMPA - 62A unit and Digital controller with PC.
2.
Invoke the “Process control” software.
3.
Select “Temperature/control manual mode” and enter a controller output of
100%.
4.
Vary pump speed to desired level.
5.
Set the rotameter at some minimum flow rate (say 40 LPH).
6.
Start the process after the flow of water.
7.
Note down the current readings for different temperature (read from the computer).
8.
Stop the process.
9.
Make pump speed to minimum position.

GRAPH:

Temperature VS output current

RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of the RTD Temperature transmitter was studied.

107
VIVA-VOCE
QUESTIONS
&
ANSWERS

108
 VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. What are the methods of PLC programming?
1. ON-LINE programming
2. OFF-LINE programming

2. What is ladder diagram?

It is a diagramming technique that exhibits the logic and to some extent, the timing and
sequencing of the system. It is analogous to the electrical circuits used to logic and sequences
control.
3. What are the symbols used in ladder diagram?
 Normally open contact
 Normally closed contact
 Positive edge contact
 Negative edge contact
 Negative coil
 Set coil
 Reset coil
 Memory coil

4. What are the applications of Relays?

In electro pneumatic control system, relays are used for the following functions:
7Signal multiplication
o Delaying and conversion of signals
o Association of information
o Isolation of control circuit from main circuit

5. What are the types of compressors?

 Reciprocating piston compressor
o Piston compressor
o Diaphragm compressor
 Rotary piston compressor
 Sliding vane compressor
 Twin-shaft screw compressor
 Roots compressor
 Flow compressor
o Radial flow compressor
o Axial flow compressor

109
6. List out some of the applications of pneumatics
Handling of work pieces (such as clamping, positioning, separating, stacking, rotating) Packaging
Filling
Opening and closing of doors
Metal forming (embossing and pressing)
Stamping

7. What is analog signal?

An analog signal is a signal in which information is assigned point by point to a continuous value
range of the signal parameter.

8. What is digital signal?

A digital signal is a signal with a finite number of value ranges of the information parameter.
Each value range is assigned a specific item of information.

9. What is binary signal?

A binary signal is a digital signal with only two value ranges for the information parameter. If the signal
rises or falls, the information changes in increments.

10. Difference of Pneumatic and Electro Pneumatic control system

In a pneumatic control, pneumatic components are used, that is, various types of valves,
sequences, air barriers, etc.
In Electro Pneumatic control system, the signal control section is made up of a electrical
components, for example with electrical input buttons, proximity switches, relays, or a PLC.

11. Advantages of Electro Pneumatic control system

Higher reliability (fewer moving parts subject to wear)
Lower planning and commissioning effort. Particularly for complex controls
Lower installation effort, particularly when modern components such as valve terminals are used. Simpler
exchange of information between several controllers.

12. Ohm’s law

Ohm’s law expresses the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It states that in a
circuit of given resistance, the current is proportional to the voltage, that is
If the voltage increases, the current increases. If
the voltage decreases, the current decreases.

i.e. V=I.R

13. Normally open contact

The circuit is open if the switch is in its initial position, the circuit is closed by pressing the push
button- current flows to the load.

110
14. Normally closed contact ( break)
The circuit is closed when the switch is in its initial position. The circuit is interrupted by pressing
the pushbutton.

15. Change over contact

It combines the functions of the normally open and normally closed contact in one device.
Change over contacts is used to close one circuit and open another in one switching operation.
The circuits are monetarily interrupted during changeover.
16. What are the main applications of Mechatronics?
 NC & CNC machine tools, Rapid Proto Typing &Robotics.
 Computer disk drives &VCR / DVD drives.
 Photocopies, Laser printers & Fax machine.
 Automatic washing machines, dish washer, rice cooker & automatic ovens.
 ATM
 Automatic / digital camera. Digital watch etc.

17. What is meant by control system in Mechatronics?
A control system in Mechatronics refers to a group of physical component connected or related
in such a manner as to command direct or regulate itself or another system. The physical
components may be of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermal or chemical in
nature.
18. How the control systems are classified?
Control systems are classified into two groups:
a. open loop control system
b. closed loop or feedback control systems
19. What is meant by open loop system? Give examples.
Open loop systems are systems in which the output of a system is not used as a variable to
control the system. In other words, open loop systems are systems in which input to the system is
not controlled by the present output. Examples: electric fire alarm system, bread toaster,
chemical addition pump.

20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open-loop control system?
Advantages:
Simple and cost effective construction
Easy maintenance because of no complex electronic circuits.
Good stability
Good reliability
Quick response
No calibration problem
Disadvantages:
Less accurate
Presence of non- linearities causes malfunctioning
Slow because of manual control

111
 Optimization in control not possible
System is affected by internal and external disturbance
21. What is a FRL unit?
Filter, regulator and lubrication unit all torque guns.
FRL Unit can be upgraded with the Silencer Unit to reduce operational noise.
22. What is meant by on-delay timer?
A type of timer in which the contacts delay changing position when the coil is energized, but
change back to their normal position immediately when the coil is de-energized.
23. What is meant by retentive timer?
A type of timer that keeps track of how much time has passed and remembers this value even if
the timer stops timing. An example of a retentive timer is a stopwatch.
24. What is meant by off-delay timer?
A delay timer that immediately closes contacts when the control coil is energized then waits for a
predetermined amount of time to open them after power is removed from the coil.
25. What is meant by Relay?
A device that responds to a small current or voltage change by activating switches or other
devices in an electric circuit.

26. What are the types of Bearings?

Ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings and tapered roller thrust
bearings.
27. What is meant by Adaptive control system?
A control method in which one or more parameters are sensed and used to vary the feedback
control signals in order to satisfy the performance criteria.
28. What is the use of DAQ?
Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of measuring an electrical or physical phenomenon such
as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-based data acquisition uses a
combination of modular hardware and flexible software to transform your standard laptop or
desktop computer into a user- defined measurement or control system.
29. What is meant by front panel?
The front panel is the user interface of the VI.
30. What is meant by PID?
PID control has been with us for a long time. Proportional, Integral and Derivative relationships
are applied to the control of a variable whose set point is to be controlled. Complex relationships
can be created, and they have been, that create powerful control solutions that are at the heart of
many major industries.
31. What are the different types of temperature sensors?
Contact sensors and Non-contact sensors

112
32. What is meant by servo motor?
A motor that controls the action of the mechanical device in a servomechanism.
33. What is an encoder and decoder?

An encoder is a device which transforms the data into some bits known only to it and the decoder
is a device which transforms those coded bits to generate the original data again.

34. What is meant by TRIAC?

A triac is a high voltage AC solid state relay it is switched on by applying a dc at the gate it can't
be used to switch DC because it stay on while current is flowing even when the gate is low but
with AC the current stop flowing when the cycle go zero and will switch of if the gate is low

35. What is meant by Mechatronics?

A branch of engineering that incorporates the ideas of mechanical and electronic engineering into
a whole, and, in particular, covers those areas of engineering concerned with the increasing
integration of mechanical, electronic, and software engineering into a production process.

36. What is the Expansion of SCADA, DCS & HMI?

SCADA- Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

DCS- Distribution Control System and

HMI – Human Machine Interface

37. What is the difference between Relay and Contactor?

Purpose of a relay is to protect a device or a circuit. Whereas, purpose of a contactor is to make
and break the circuit thereby extracting the required signals from their auxiliary contacts.
38. How to make various operations by pressing a single push button?
It is simple by using contactors and auxiliary relays to do the operation. BMS (Building
Management System) and PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) are the latest versions but
comparatively expensive.

39. Closed – loop system uses on a feedback loop to control the operation of the system. In closed
loop or feedback control the controller notices what actually take place at the output end and
drives the plant in such a way as to obtain the desired output

40. What is meant by servo motor?

A motor that controls the action of the mechanical device in a servomechanism.

113
41. What are the basic control modes?
Two step mode
Proportional control mode
Integral control mode
Derivative control mode
Proportional integral control mode
Proportional derivative control mode
Proportional integral derivative control mode

42. What is two step mode?

This control action has two fixed positions namely ON and OFF. ON is indicated by position 1.
OFF is indicated by position 0.
43. What is proportional control mode?
In this mode, the relationship between input and output of the controller is linear. The out of the
controller is directly proportional to the error.
44. What is integral control mode?
The offset error in the proportional controller is eliminated by the integral control mode. It is also
called as reset mode. After a load change, it returns the controlled variable and removes the
offset.
45. What are the types of Relays?
1. Electromechanical relays- use moving mechanical contacts.
2. Solid state relays – all electronic, no moving parts.

46. Define Solenoids.

A solenoid is an electro mechanical actuator that converts magnetic field energy into a linear
mechanical motion, applying in the process a sudden force on a connected object.
47. What are the types of actuators?
1 Hydraulic 2 Pneumatic 3 Mechanical 4 Electrical
48. Define SCR
Silicon Control Rectifier or Thyristor is a four layer, three junction switching device
having three terminals.
49. Write down the application of SCR.
 Motor speed control
 Light timing control
 Phase control
 Heater control
 Battery charger
 Inverter
 Rectifier [power supply
 Relay control.

50. Write the examples for electrical actuators.

 Solenoid

114
  Electrical motors
 DC motors
 AC motors
 Stepping motors.

51. What are the types of Gates?

OR, AND, NOR, NAND, XOR & NOT Gates.

52. What is the primary function of Microprocessor?

The primary function of the microprocessor is to accept data from input devices such as keyboards
and A/D converters, read instructions from memory, process data according to the instructions,
and send the results to output devices such as LEDs, printers and video monitors.
53. What is the advantages of microprocessor?

They are now rapidly replacing the mechanical cam operated controllers.
Being used to general to carry out control functions.
They have the great advantages that a greater variety of programs became feasible.
54. List the applications of microprocessor?

Washing machine system

Temperature controller
55. Define microcontroller?

It is nothing but a microprocessor based on a controller and it is a single IC containing specialized

circuits and functions that are microprocessor memory and i/o capabiliries and on chip resources.
It is basically a microcomputer on a single IC.

56. What are the different types of control valves?

Angle valves, Angle seat piston valves, Globe valves, Diaphragm Valves Rotary
valves, Sliding cylinder valves, Air operated valves

57. What are the types of stepper motors?

Permanent Magnet Stepper, Hybrid Synchronous Stepper, Variable Reluctance Stepper

115
 58. Distinguish between open – loop and closed – loop control systems?

Open – loop Closed - loop

Open loop operation and does not use on a Closed loop operation using negative
feed back to control the operation of the feedback
system
The effects of disturbance are countered by
The effects of known disturbance alone can be
virtue of negative feedback
countered
More accurate
Less accurate
Complicated in construction
Simple in construction
Usually performs accurately even in the
Presence of non-linearities causes
presence of non-linearities
malfunctioning
Closed loop control can perform a tak faster
Slow response because of manual control
than open – loop
Optimization in control not possible Optimization in control is possible

116
117