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Mitosis

Mitosis is the process where a parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for tissue growth and repair. The cell cycle consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M, with mitosis involving specific phases including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Cancer arises from mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation, which can be treated with chemotherapy and radiation that target DNA replication and damage.

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10 views5 pages

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process where a parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for tissue growth and repair. The cell cycle consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M, with mitosis involving specific phases including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Cancer arises from mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation, which can be treated with chemotherapy and radiation that target DNA replication and damage.

Uploaded by

ayaan3345678
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mitosis

 Parent cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells


 Needed for growth and repair of tissues

Cell cycle

1. G1 – cell grows, organelles replicate proteins are synthesised (made)


2. S – synthesis – DNA replication
3. G2 – duplicated DNA is checked for errors, cell grows
4. M – mitosis – cell divides in 2

Mitosis

Interphase – before mitosis


 DNA unravels and replicates
 Genetic content doubles
 Organelles replicate

Prophase
 Chromosomes coil and condense, getting shorter and fatter
 Centrioles moves to opposite sides of the pole, forming spindle fibres
 Nuclear envelope breaks

Metaphase
 Chromosomes line up at equator
 Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at centromere
Anaphase
 Centromeres divide, separating into sister chromatid
 Spindle fibres contract, pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles

Telophase
 Sister chromatids at separate poles
 Chromatids uncoil, becoming long and thin
 Nuclear envelope forms

Cytokinesis
 Cytoplasm divides

Cancer
The cell cycle and mitosis are controlled by genes
When a cell has divided enough times to make new cells it stops
However if there is a mutation in a gene that controls cell division, they cells will
keep diving and wont stop
This forms a tumour
A tumour is an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells divide more than
they are supposed to
There is two types of tumours – benign and malignant
If the tumour is malignant it is cancer – it surrounds other normal tissue and
spreads

Cancer treatments – cell cycle


Chemotherapy – prevent synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication (G1),
if these enzymes aren’t produced the cell cant enter the next stage of the cell
cycle (S phase), forcing the cell to kill itself
Radiation – damage DNA. There are points In the cell cycle (g1 and g2
checkpoint) that cehcks for damage in the DNA. If DNA is damaged, the cell will
kill itself

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