Skill Development Notes

SKILL DEVELOPMENT OUTLINE

[Link] is IT & it's Importance, Merits and De-Merits of IT

[Link] IT Converts World into Global Village

[Link] of IT in Law Field

[Link] is computer, types of computer, it's importance, Merits and De-Merits

of Computer

[Link] And input Devices, and their importance

[Link] is Software, it's Importance and how Pakistan govt can improve its
business

7.E-Commerce It's importance in online business

[Link] is network & it's types

[Link] Security System & required Laws

10. What is Skill development, What is language, define Verbal and Non-
Verbal Language

1. What is Information Technology?

IT (Information Technology) refers to the use of computers, software,

networks, and other electronic systems to store, process, transmit, and
manage data and information. It includes everything from basic computer
operations to complex systems such as cloud computing, cybersecurity, and
artificial intelligence.

In simpler terms:

IT is the technology we use to handle information—like using a computer to

write documents, sending emails, managing databases, or developing
websites and applications.

Importance of Information Technology

 Improves Communication:
IT enables fast and efficient communication through emails, messaging apps,
video calls, and social media.
 Increases Efficiency and Productivity:
Automation of tasks through IT systems reduces human effort and increases
speed and accuracy in work.

 Enhances Education and Learning:

IT provides access to online courses, virtual classrooms, and educational
tools that support learning anytime, anywhere. Supports Business
Operations:
Businesses use IT for managing finances, customer data, marketing,
inventory, and other operations.

Promotes Innovation:
IT drives innovation in various fields such as healthcare, education,
transport, and entertainment.

Improves Access to Information:

The internet and databases make it easy to find and share information
globally in seconds.

Strengthens Security:
IT offers tools and systems to protect data from unauthorized access, cyber
threats, and data loss.

Creates Job Opportunities:

The IT industry offers a wide range of careers like software development,
data analysis, IT support, and cybersecurity.

Facilitates Remote Work:

IT allows people to work from home or any location using digital tools, which
became especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Plays a Key Role in Governance:

Governments use IT for e-governance, online services, maintaining records,
and improving public access to services.

Merit of IT (Information Technology):

1. Increased Efficiency and Productivity: IT has revolutionized

various industries by automating processes, allowing tasks to be
completed faster and more efficiently. It improves productivity in
workplaces and reduces manual effort.

2. Access to Information: IT provides easy access to vast amounts of

information online. This allows people to learn, stay informed, and
make data-driven decisions.
 3. Global Connectivity: IT connects people across the globe through
emails, social media, and video conferencing. This enhances
communication, fosters international collaboration, and strengthens
business relationships.

4. Innovation and Development: IT drives innovation in various fields,

from healthcare (e.g., telemedicine) to finance (e.g., online banking). It
facilitates the development of new tools, software, and applications
that enhance everyday life.

5. Remote Work Opportunities: IT has made it possible for many

people to work from home or remote locations. This is especially
valuable in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it also benefits
businesses by cutting overhead costs.

Demerit of IT:

1. Cybersecurity Risks: As reliance on IT increases, so does the risk of

cyber-attacks, data breaches, and online fraud. Hackers target both
individuals and businesses, potentially compromising sensitive
information.

2. Social Isolation: While IT connects people, excessive use, especially

on social media, can lead to social isolation and a lack of face-to-face
communication. This can affect mental well-being and social skills.

3. Job Displacement: Automation and AI, powered by IT, have led to job
displacement in certain industries. Workers in traditional roles may
struggle to find new opportunities if they don’t adapt to new
technologies.

4. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on IT can make

individuals and organizations vulnerable if systems fail or are
disrupted. Power outages, server crashes, or cyber-attacks can lead to
significant setbacks.

5. Digital Divide: Not everyone has access to the latest technology or

the skills to use it effectively. This creates inequality in educational
opportunities, job prospects, and access to critical services.

Role of IT in the Field of Advocacy

Information Technology (IT) has significantly transformed advocacy, making

it more accessible, efficient, and impactful. Here's a look at how IT plays a
crucial role in this field:
1. Enhanced Communication:
IT enables advocates, organizations, and clients to communicate more
efficiently. Email, social media platforms, and instant messaging tools
allow for quick dissemination of information, making it easier to
coordinate efforts and stay in touch with supporters or stakeholders.

2. Access to Legal Information:

Through IT, advocates can easily access legal databases, case law, and
other resources online. This instant access helps advocates stay
updated on laws, rulings, and precedents that can influence their work
and strengthen their cases.

3. Online Advocacy Campaigns:

IT allows advocates to create and manage online campaigns to raise
awareness about issues, mobilize support, and push for change.
Websites, social media platforms, and online petitions provide effective
tools for garnering public support, which is crucial for influencing public
opinion and policymakers.

4. Digital Representation:
Lawyers and advocates use IT to provide digital representation in legal
proceedings. Virtual hearings, especially in the wake of the COVID-19
pandemic, have become a norm, allowing advocates to represent
clients remotely. This reduces the need for physical presence and
makes legal services more accessible to people in remote or
underserved areas.

5. Data Management and Analysis:

IT allows advocates to manage large amounts of data and analyze it
effectively. With the help of software and databases, they can track
case progress, organize evidence, and identify trends that may
influence legal strategies.

6. Global Reach:
Through the internet, advocacy efforts can reach a global audience.
Online platforms like websites, blogs, social media, and webinars make
it possible for advocacy groups to interact with people worldwide,
gaining international support and putting pressure on global decision-
makers.

7. Advocacy and Legal Research:

IT tools, such as legal research databases (e.g., Westlaw, LexisNexis),
allow advocates to conduct thorough and timely research. This
 streamlines the process of identifying relevant legal frameworks and
precedents to support advocacy efforts.

8. Crowdfunding and Fundraising:

IT enables the use of crowdfunding platforms, making it easier to
gather financial resources for advocacy efforts. This can be particularly
important for non-profits and grassroots organizations that require
funding for campaigns, legal fees, or awareness programs.

9. Awareness and Education:

IT facilitates the dissemination of educational material regarding legal
rights and processes. Through webinars, online courses, e-books, and
videos, advocates can educate the public on legal issues, fostering
greater awareness and engagement in advocacy.

In conclusion, IT has revolutionized advocacy by providing tools that enhance

communication, increase efficiency, and expand the reach of advocacy
efforts. It has empowered advocates to engage with larger audiences,
streamline operations, and make a more significant impact in the legal and
social sectors.

How IT Changed the World into a Global Village

Information Technology (IT) has played a pivotal role in transforming the

world into a global village, where geographic and social boundaries seem
less significant due to the rapid advancements in communication and
connectivity. Here are some key ways in which IT has contributed to this
transformation:

1. Instant Communication:
IT has revolutionized communication by enabling instant messaging,
video calls, emails, and social media platforms. People across the globe
can now communicate in real time, breaking down the barriers of
distance and time zones. Tools like WhatsApp, Skype, and Zoom have
made communication seamless, facilitating personal and professional
interactions.

2. Access to Information:
The internet has made information more accessible than ever before.
With a few clicks, people from all corners of the world can access news,
educational content, research papers, and a vast array of other
resources. This widespread access to knowledge has led to a more
informed global population.
3. Global Collaboration:
IT enables individuals and organizations to collaborate across borders
without the need for physical presence. Platforms like Google Drive,
Dropbox, and project management tools such as Trello and Slack allow
teams from different parts of the world to work together on projects,
share files, and communicate effectively, promoting global teamwork.

4. E-commerce and Online Trade:

The rise of e-commerce platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba has
changed the way people buy and sell products. IT has facilitated cross-
border trade, allowing businesses to access international markets and
customers, thereby contributing to the growth of the global economy.

5. Cultural Exchange and Awareness:

Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have
made it easier to share and exchange cultural experiences, traditions,
and ideas. People from different countries and cultures can connect,
understand one another, and appreciate diversity, fostering global
unity and cultural awareness.

6. Education and Learning:

IT has democratized education through online courses, webinars, and
e-learning platforms like Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy. People
from remote or underprivileged areas now have access to quality
education, which was once limited by location or socioeconomic
factors. This has contributed to a more connected, informed, and
educated global population.

7. Real-time News and Events:

With IT, news and events are shared instantly across the world.
Platforms like Twitter and news websites allow people to receive
breaking news from any part of the world as it happens. This helps
create a sense of shared experience and immediate connection
between people, regardless of where they are.

8. Global Social Movements:

IT has facilitated the rise of global social movements, where people
from various countries come together to advocate for causes such as
climate change, human rights, and social justice. Platforms like
[Link] and Twitter have allowed activists to organize and amplify
their efforts, reaching a wider audience and garnering international
support.
 9. Virtual Communities:
The internet has fostered the creation of virtual communities where
people with similar interests, goals, or challenges can connect,
regardless of location. These communities offer support, exchange of
ideas, and a sense of belonging to individuals worldwide, further
promoting the global village concept.

10. Digital Economy:

IT has given rise to the digital economy, where businesses, freelancers,
and individuals participate in global economic activities online.
Freelancers can work for clients across the world, and businesses can
offer products or services on a global scale, creating a more
interconnected global market.

In conclusion, IT has effectively turned the world into a global village by

breaking down barriers of communication, access to information, and cultural
exchange. It has fostered a sense of interconnectedness, where people,
ideas, and businesses are no longer confined by physical borders, creating a
more integrated and collaborative global community.

2. What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves

data to perform various tasks. It follows a set of instructions, known as
software, to execute operations such as calculations, data management, and
problem-solving. Computers consist of hardware components like the central
processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, and input/output devices,
all of which work together to perform functions efficiently and rapidly. They
can be programmed to handle a wide range of applications, from simple
calculations to complex simulations and internet browsing.

In essence, a computer is a versatile machine that can execute tasks and

solve problems through the processing of information.

Types of Computer
There are several types of computers, categorized based on their size,
processing power, and intended usage. Here are the primary types:

1. Personal Computer (PC):

o Definition: A personal computer is a small, affordable computer

designed for individual use. It is primarily used for tasks such as
 word processing, browsing the internet, gaming, and running
software applications.

o Examples: Desktop computers, laptops, and notebooks.

o Characteristics: Typically used by individuals at home or in

offices.

2. Supercomputer:

o Definition: Supercomputers are the most powerful type of

computer, capable of processing huge amounts of data and
performing complex calculations at incredibly high speeds.

o Examples: IBM Blue Gene, Cray XT5.

o Characteristics: Used for tasks requiring massive

computational power such as scientific simulations, weather
forecasting, and cryptography.

3. Mainframe Computer:

o Definition: Mainframe computers are large, powerful machines

used by large organizations for bulk data processing, such as
transaction processing, data storage, and running enterprise-
level applications.

o Examples: IBM Z series.

o Characteristics: They can handle thousands of users

simultaneously and are used by industries such as banking,
insurance, and government.

4. Minicomputer:

o Definition: Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but still

powerful enough to manage multiple tasks and users. They are
typically used in small to medium-sized businesses.

o Examples: PDP-11, VAX computers.

o Characteristics: Minicomputers are more affordable than

mainframes and are often used for controlling manufacturing
processes, scientific research, and data analysis.

5. Microcomputer:
 o Definition: Microcomputers are small, personal computers
based on microprocessor technology. They are the most common
type of computer used today.

o Examples: Desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

o Characteristics: These computers are widely used by

individuals for daily activities like word processing, browsing the
internet, gaming, and personal projects.

6. Workstation:

o Definition: Workstations are high-performance computers used

for specialized tasks such as graphic design, 3D modeling, video
editing, and scientific simulations.

o Examples: Dell Precision, HP Z series.

o Characteristics: They have advanced graphics capabilities,

more processing power, and higher memory capacity compared
to personal computers.

7. Embedded Computer:

o Definition: Embedded computers are specialized computing

devices designed to perform specific tasks within a larger
system. They are integrated into other products or machines.

o Examples: Microwave ovens, washing machines, cars, and

smart appliances.

o Characteristics: Embedded computers are usually designed for

a single function and are not intended to run general-purpose
applications.

8. Hybrid Computer:

o Definition: Hybrid computers combine the characteristics of

both analog and digital computers, allowing them to process
both continuous and discrete data.

o Examples: Medical equipment like ECG machines, and industrial

control systems.

o Characteristics: They are used for tasks that require both real-
time data processing and complex calculations.
In summary, the types of computers vary greatly in terms of size, processing
capability, and purpose, from small personal devices to powerful machines
used for scientific research and business operations.

The importance of computers in today's world cannot be overstated.

Computers have become integral to nearly every aspect of life, influencing
various sectors and improving efficiency, productivity, and connectivity. Here
are some key reasons why computers are important:

1. Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity:

 Computers automate repetitive tasks, speed up data processing, and

allow for complex calculations to be performed quickly. This results in
increased productivity across various industries, such as finance,
education, healthcare, and manufacturing.

2. Access to Information and Knowledge:

 The internet, powered by computers, has made a vast amount of

information readily available to anyone with access to a computer. It
has transformed education, research, and access to global knowledge,
enabling people to learn new skills, solve problems, and stay informed.

3. Communication:

 Computers are essential for modern communication. Emails, instant

messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms allow
people to stay connected globally. Communication has become faster
and more efficient, enabling both personal and professional
interactions across distances.

4. Data Storage and Management:

 Computers can store enormous amounts of data. The ability to

organize, retrieve, and manage data has transformed industries such
as healthcare (for patient records), education (student data), and
business (inventory, customer data, financial records). This ensures
data accuracy, easy access, and safe storage.

5. Scientific Research and Innovation:

 Computers are crucial in scientific research, enabling scientists and

researchers to simulate experiments, analyze data, and model complex
systems. They are used in fields such as genetics, space exploration,
 climate change modeling, and drug discovery, fostering innovation and
technological advancements.

6. Automation of Processes:

 Computers play a critical role in automating industrial and business

processes, making manufacturing, logistics, and supply chain
management faster and more efficient. Automation reduces the
likelihood of human error and minimizes labor costs.

7. Economic Growth:

 The computer industry itself drives significant economic growth. From

hardware and software development to IT services and e-commerce,
computers play a central role in creating jobs, boosting economies, and
facilitating global trade.

8. Improvement in Healthcare:

 Computers are used in the healthcare sector for managing patient

data, diagnostic tools (like MRI and CT scans), medical research, and
telemedicine. They have revolutionized healthcare by improving
treatment accuracy and making healthcare services more accessible,
especially in remote areas.

9. Entertainment and Creativity:

 Computers have transformed entertainment through video games,

music production, film editing, and graphic design. They are essential
tools for creative professionals, allowing them to express their ideas in
innovative ways, resulting in an explosion of digital art, movies, and
music.

10. Education and E-Learning:

 Computers have transformed education by making learning more

interactive and accessible. E-learning platforms, digital textbooks, and
online resources have revolutionized how people acquire knowledge.
Computers allow for personalized learning experiences, catering to
individual needs and learning speeds.

11. Globalization:

 Computers and the internet have contributed significantly to the

globalization of business, allowing companies to reach international
markets, collaborate with global teams, and expand their operations
 beyond borders. Small businesses and startups can now compete on a
global scale.

12. Security and Surveillance:

 In today's world, computers are essential for maintaining security

through surveillance systems, data encryption, and cybersecurity
measures. They help protect sensitive information, monitor threats,
and enhance public safety.

13. Social Impact:

 Computers have empowered people worldwide by providing access to

information, connecting communities, and supporting social
movements. They help people raise awareness, advocate for social
change, and create platforms for voices that may otherwise go
unheard.

14. Personal Use and Convenience:

 On a personal level, computers make daily tasks more manageable,

such as managing finances, shopping, working from home,
entertainment, and social interaction. Computers have simplified many
aspects of life, making it easier to accomplish tasks in less time.

Conclusion:

In summary, computers are crucial in shaping the modern world. Their ability
to process information quickly, store vast amounts of data, and connect
people globally has made them indispensable in virtually every area of life.
From business and education to healthcare and entertainment, the impact of
computers is profound, and they continue to evolve, creating new
opportunities and challenges.

Generations of Computer:
The generations of computers refer to the evolutionary stages in the
development of computer technology, each marked by significant
advancements in hardware and software. These generations are typically
categorized into five distinct phases:

1. First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes

 Technology: The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes

for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
  Characteristics:

o Large, bulky, and consumed a lot of power.

o Prone to frequent breakdowns due to heat generation.

o Programmed in machine language (binary code).

o Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).

 Limitations:

o Slow processing speed.

o Limited storage capacity.

o High cost and size.

2. Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors

 Technology: The second generation saw the replacement of vacuum

tubes with transistors, which were smaller, faster, more reliable, and
energy-efficient.

 Characteristics:

o Transistors allowed computers to be smaller, more reliable, and

less prone to overheating.

o The use of assembly language and early high-level programming

languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.

o Faster and more efficient than first-generation computers.

o Examples: IBM 7090, UNIVAC II.

 Limitations:

o Still relatively large in size.

o Limited to scientific and business applications.

3. Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs)

 Technology: The third generation introduced integrated circuits

(ICs), which allowed multiple transistors to be placed on a single chip,
drastically reducing the size and cost of computers.

 Characteristics:
 o Smaller, faster, and more reliable than previous generations.

o Introduction of operating systems (OS) and keyboards as input

devices.

o Use of high-level programming languages (e.g., BASIC, C).

o Examples: IBM 360 series, PDP-8.

 Limitations:

o Still relatively expensive and required air conditioning for cooling.

4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors

 Technology: The fourth generation is characterized by the

development of microprocessors—a single chip that contains all the
necessary components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).

 Characteristics:

o Personal computers (PCs) became widely available and

affordable.

o Introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and mouse input.

o Computers became smaller, faster, and more powerful.

o Example: Intel 4004 microprocessor, Apple Macintosh, IBM PCs.

 Limitations:

o The need for specialized knowledge and software to use complex

systems.

o Despite advancements, there are still constraints in processing

power for highly complex tasks (e.g., AI and machine learning).

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence (AI)

and Quantum Computing

 Technology: The fifth generation is marked by the development of

artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and quantum
computing. These technologies aim to create machines capable of
performing tasks that require human-like intelligence.

 Characteristics:
 o Use of parallel processing, neural networks, and advanced
algorithms for AI and machine learning.

o Development of quantum computers, which use quantum bits

(qubits) to process information in ways classical computers
cannot.

o Voice recognition, natural language processing, and advanced

robotics.

o Examples: Modern AI-driven systems, quantum computers by

companies like IBM and Google.

 Limitations:

o High complexity in programming and designing AI systems.

o Quantum computing is still in its early stages and has limited

practical applications so far.

Summary of Computer Generations:

Generati
Time Period Key Technology Key Features
on

Large, slow, high power

1st 1940-1956 Vacuum Tubes
consumption

2nd 1956-1963 Transistors Smaller, faster, more reliable

Integrated Circuits Smaller, faster, high-level

3rd 1964-1971
(ICs) languages

Personal computers, GUIs,

4th 1971-Present Microprocessors
affordable

Present and AI & Quantum AI, machine learning, quantum

5th
Beyond Computing computing

Conclusion:

The generations of computers show the remarkable progress in technology

over time, from bulky machines with limited functionality to powerful,
intelligent systems that are shaping the future. Each generation brought
advancements that made computers smaller, faster, more efficient, and
more accessible, laying the foundation for the digital world we live in today.
Components of Computer:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM):

RAM is a volatile memory used by the CPU to store data that is actively
being used or processed. When you open a program or file, it is loaded into
RAM so that the CPU can access it quickly. RAM is fast and temporary; when
the computer is turned off, all the data in RAM is lost. It plays a crucial role in
ensuring smooth performance during tasks that require active memory
access, like gaming, video editing, or running multiple programs
simultaneously. The more RAM a system has, the better it can handle
multitasking and large applications.

2. Read-Only Memory (ROM):

ROM is a non-volatile memory used to store essential system instructions

that are required to boot up the computer, such as the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System). Unlike RAM, the data in ROM is permanent and cannot
be changed or erased by normal computer processes. This makes it crucial
for the basic functioning of the system. ROM typically contains firmware or
software instructions that help initialize the computer’s hardware and load
the operating system.

3. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a type of non-volatile storage that stores data
on spinning magnetic disks. It is used to store the operating system, software
programs, and personal files like documents, photos, and videos. HDDs have
been the standard storage devices for computers for many years, offering
large storage capacities at relatively low cost. However, they are slower than
newer storage technologies like Solid State Drives (SSDs) because of their
mechanical moving parts. HDDs are typically used for long-term data
storage.

4. Solid State Drive (SSD):

A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a newer form of storage that uses flash
memory to store data, similar to how a USB flash drive works. Unlike an
HDD, an SSD has no moving parts, which makes it faster, quieter, and more
durable. SSDs significantly improve the speed of a system, especially in
tasks like booting up, loading applications, and transferring files. Although
SSDs are more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs, their performance
benefits make them a popular choice for modern computers.
5. Motherboard:

The Motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer, responsible for
connecting all the components, including the CPU, RAM, storage devices
(HDD, SSD), and peripheral devices. It houses the chipset, which controls
communication between the CPU, memory, and other hardware. The
motherboard also includes various slots for expansion cards, such as
graphics cards and network cards, and provides ports for connecting external
devices like USB drives, monitors, and printers.

6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card, is

responsible for rendering images and video on the computer screen. While
the CPU handles general processing tasks, the GPU specializes in tasks
related to visual data, including 2D/3D graphics and video rendering. Modern
GPUs are highly powerful and are often used in gaming, video editing, and
machine learning applications. Integrated GPUs are built into the CPU, while
dedicated GPUs are separate components with their own memory and
processing power.

7. Power Supply Unit (PSU):

The Power Supply Unit (PSU) provides electrical power to the computer by
converting AC (alternating current) from the wall outlet into DC (direct
current) that the computer components can use. It ensures that the CPU,
motherboard, storage devices, and other components receive the required
voltage to function properly. A PSU typically has several output rails that
distribute power to different parts of the computer.

8. Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.):

Input devices are hardware components used to provide data and control
signals to a computer. The keyboard and mouse are the most common
input devices, allowing users to interact with the computer by typing and
pointing, respectively. Other input devices include microphones, touchpads,
and scanners, which allow users to provide data in various forms.

9. Output Devices (Monitor, Printer, etc.):

Output devices are hardware components that convey information from the
computer to the user. The most common output device is the monitor,
which displays visual information, such as text, images, and videos. Other
output devices include printers (for printing documents), speakers (for
audio output), and projectors (for displaying content on larger screens).

10. Optical Drive (CD/DVD/Blu-ray):

An Optical Drive is a hardware component used to read and write data on

optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. While optical drives are
becoming less common in modern computers due to the rise of digital
downloads and cloud storage, they are still used for media playback,
software installation, and data storage in certain applications.

Conclusion:

These components work together to make a computer system functional,

with each playing a specific role in processing, storing, and interacting with
data. The CPU is at the heart of the system, but it relies on components like
RAM, ROM, storage devices (HDDs and SSDs), and various input/output
devices to carry out its tasks. Understanding the function of each hardware
component helps in optimizing performance and ensuring smooth operation
of the computer system.

What is Hardware?

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you

can touch and see. These are the tangible devices that work together to
carry out the tasks required by the computer. Hardware includes elements
such as the central processing unit (CPU), motherboard, monitor,
keyboard, mouse, storage devices (HDD, SSD), and power supply
unit.

What is Software?

Software refers to the collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell
the hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, software is intangible and cannot
be physically touched. Software includes operating systems like Windows or
macOS, applications like Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, and
specialized programs like Photoshop or AutoCAD. Software acts as an
intermediary between the user and the hardware, making the hardware
functional for specific tasks.

Differences Between Hardware and Software:

Aspect Hardware Software

Physical components of the Programs and instructions

Definition
computer system. that run on the hardware.

Tangible/ Intangible, non-physical data

Tangible, physical parts.
Intangible or code.

Provides instructions that

Executes tasks and
Function guide hardware on how to
performs computations.
perform tasks.

Operating systems, Word

CPU, RAM, Hard Disk,
Examples processors, Games, Antivirus
Keyboard, Monitor
software

Cannot function without Cannot operate without

Dependency
software to operate it. hardware to run on.

Changes often require

Can be modified through
Modification replacing or upgrading
updates or new versions.
parts.

Hardware tends to degrade

Software can be updated and
Lifespan over time due to wear and
upgraded over time.
tear.

Stored physically, takes up Stored digitally, takes up

Storage
space in the computer. space in storage drives.

Importance of Hardware and Software:

Importance of Hardware:

 Execution of Instructions: Hardware is necessary for the physical

execution of software instructions. The CPU performs the calculations,
and the monitor displays the results.

 Processing Power: The power and capability of a computer system

depend largely on the hardware. Faster CPUs, more RAM, and powerful
GPUs can significantly improve system performance.
  User Interaction: Hardware components like input devices (keyboard,
mouse) and output devices (monitor, printer) facilitate user interaction
with the system.

 Storage and Memory: Storage devices (HDD, SSD) and memory

(RAM, ROM) allow for the saving and retrieval of data and ensure the
system’s smooth operation.

Importance of Software:

 Functionality: Software makes hardware functional by providing

instructions for the hardware to perform specific tasks. Without
software, hardware would be useless, as it wouldn’t know what to do.

 User Interface: Software provides a means for users to interact with

hardware in a meaningful way, such as through graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) or command-line interfaces.

 Task Automation: Software automates repetitive tasks (e.g., word

processing, data entry) and enables advanced functions like data
analysis, multimedia editing, and even artificial intelligence.

 Customization: Software allows users to customize their systems to

suit personal needs, such as choosing different applications for work,
entertainment, or communication.

 Security and Maintenance: Software such as antivirus programs,

system utilities, and operating system updates ensure the protection,
maintenance, and optimization of hardware.

Conclusion:

Both hardware and software are essential for the proper functioning of a
computer system. Hardware provides the physical infrastructure for
computing, while software offers the instructions and applications needed to
run tasks and interact with the system. Without one, the other cannot
operate, which is why both are integral to the overall performance, usability,
and advancement of computer technology. The interplay between hardware
and software continues to evolve, driving innovation and improving user
experience across various industries.

Input and Output Devices:

Input Devices:
Input devices are hardware components that allow users to input data into a
computer or system. These devices collect data from the outside world and
send it to the computer for processing.

Examples of Input Devices:

1. Keyboard: A device used to type text and commands into a computer.

2. Mouse: A pointing device used to interact with the computer's

graphical user interface (GUI).

3. Scanner: A device that converts physical documents into digital

format.

4. Microphone: Captures sound and converts it into a digital format that

the computer can process.

5. Camera: Captures images or videos, which can be processed by the

computer.

Output Devices:
Output devices are hardware components that convey the processed
information from a computer to the user or another system. They receive
data from the computer and display or produce results.

Examples of Output Devices:

1. Monitor: A screen that displays visual output, such as text, images,

and videos. Monitors come in different types:

o CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older type, bulky and large.

o LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Thinner and more energy-

efficient than CRTs.

o LED (Light Emitting Diode): A type of LCD that uses LED

backlighting for brighter displays.

o OLED (Organic LED): A newer type of display that offers better

colors and contrast.

2. Printer: A device that produces hard copies (paper printouts) of digital

documents.

o Inkjet Printers: Use ink to print images and text on paper.

o Laser Printers: Use a laser beam to produce high-quality text

documents.
 o Dot Matrix Printers: Use a series of dots to form characters,
commonly used for printing receipts.

3. Speakers: Devices that output sound, allowing the user to hear audio.

4. Projector: A device that projects a computer’s output onto a large

screen or surface.

Importance of Input and Output Devices:

1. Communication: Input and output devices serve as the means of

interaction between humans and computers. Without them, users
would be unable to input commands or view results.

2. Data Processing: Input devices help in feeding data into a computer

system for processing, while output devices display the processed
results.

3. Efficiency: These devices make the interaction with computers more

efficient. For instance, a keyboard allows users to input commands
quickly, while a monitor displays results in real-time.

4. Versatility: These devices provide flexibility in terms of the type of

output (visual, audio, printed, etc.), making them suitable for various
tasks, from work to entertainment.

Differences Between Input and Output Devices:

Aspect Input Devices Output Devices

Used to input data into the Used to output data or results

Function
computer for processing. from the computer.

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Monitor, Printer, Speaker,

Examples
Microphone, Camera Projector

Data flows from the user to the Data flows from the computer
Data Flow
computer. to the user.

To feed information for To display or present

Purpose
processing. processed information.

User User interacts with the device to User receives processed

Interaction send data. results from the device.
Both input and output devices are essential for a complete computing
experience, facilitating communication between the user and the machine,
enabling the efficient processing and presentation of information

Here is the expanded version of your structured research notes on

“Software, its importance, and how the Pakistani government can
improve its business through software,” with detailed bullet points
and source names:

📘 Software for Growth in Pakistan – Expanded Notes

🔹 1. What is Software?

 Definition:
Software is a collection of data, programs, or instructions that tell a
computer how to work. Unlike hardware, which is the physical part,
software is intangible but essential for any digital task.
Source: TechTarget – "What is Software?"

 Main Types of Software:

1. System Software:
Controls the internal functions of the computer and provides a
platform for other software. It includes operating systems (e.g.,
Windows, macOS, Linux), file managers, and utilities.
Source: GeeksforGeeks – "Types of Software"

2. Application Software:
Designed to help the user perform tasks such as word
processing, browsing, gaming, or graphic design. Examples
include MS Word, Adobe Photoshop, and Google Chrome.
Source: GeeksforGeeks – "Types of Software"

3. Middleware:
Acts as a bridge between system software and applications or
between two applications. Used especially in enterprise setups
for communication between servers, databases, etc.
Source: IBM – "What is Middleware?"

4. Driver Software:
Allows the operating system to interact with hardware devices
 like printers, scanners, and graphic cards.
Source: GeeksforGeeks – "System Software"

5. Programming Software:
Tools used by developers to create software—includes compilers,
code editors, and debugging tools.
Source: TutorialsPoint – "Software Categories"

🔹 2. Importance of Software in Modern Life

📌 A. Economic Development & Business

 Software automates business operations, improves accuracy, and

reduces costs.

 It allows small businesses to compete globally through e-commerce

platforms.

 Pakistan earned $2.6 billion in software exports in 2023, showing

significant potential for further growth.
Source: Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB) – Annual Report 2023

📌 B. Governance and Public Services

 E-Governance tools streamline bureaucracy and reduce corruption.

 Portals like Pakistan Citizen Portal, NADRA online services, and

FBR e-filing make services more transparent and accessible.

 Digital systems enhance accountability and reduce red tape.

Source: Ministry of IT & Telecom – Digital Pakistan Policy 2021

📌 C. Education & Learning

 Platforms such as Zoom, Moodle, and Google Classroom enabled

uninterrupted education during the pandemic.

 Educational software helps students in remote areas access quality

content.

 It promotes self-learning, innovation, and digital skills in youth.

Source: UNESCO – "Digital Education in Pakistan"

🔹 3. Government Strategies to Boost Software Sector

📌 A. Developing the Domestic Software Industry

 The government has set up National Incubation Centers (NICs) in

major cities to support startups with mentorship, space, and funding.

 NICs have incubated over 230 startups, with many securing local and
international funding.
Source: Ignite – National Technology Fund, Pakistan

 Future goals include building software technology parks, tax

exemptions for IT firms, and support for AI, fintech, and blockchain
industries.
Source: PSEB – Vision 2025 Document

📌 B. Promoting Startups and Freelancers

 HEC’s ORICs (Offices of Research, Innovation and

Commercialization) promote university-led innovation.

 The Technology Development Fund (TDF) provides grants for

commercializing university research in software and IT.
Source: HEC – ORIC Guidelines

 Programs like [Link] and eRozgaar train youth in freelancing,

digital marketing, graphic design, and development.
Source: Ministry of IT – eRozgaar Official Website

📌 C. Expanding E-Governance

 Services like online land records, digital utility bills, and e-

passports make citizen interaction with government easier.

 Mobile apps for tax filing, health care, and licensing help reduce
corruption and enhance service delivery.
Source: NADRA & Punjab Land Records Authority Websites

🔹 4. Key Challenges in Pakistan’s Software Sector

❗ A. Brain Drain of Skilled Professionals

 Talented software engineers and IT graduates move abroad for higher

salaries, leaving a talent gap in Pakistan.
  This reduces the local industry’s ability to scale up or take on
international projects.
Source: DAWN – "Pakistan’s Brain Drain in IT Sector"

❗ B. Skills Gap in Graduates

 Many IT graduates lack hands-on experience with coding, modern

tools, and industry-level projects.

 There's a disconnect between university curriculum and job market

expectations.
Source: World Bank – "Bridging Skills Gap in Pakistan"

❗ C. Weak Digital Infrastructure

 Around 45% of Pakistan’s population has internet access; rural

areas often suffer from unreliable electricity and poor connectivity.

 These limitations affect freelancers, students, and IT companies.

Source: PTA – Annual Report 2023

❗ D. Low International Recognition

 Pakistan's IT sector is underrated globally due to weak branding,

political instability, and poor client engagement.

 This impacts outsourcing and export potential.

Source: Express Tribune – "Why Pakistan Lags in IT Exports"

🔹 5. Recommendations & Solutions

✅ A. Policy Reforms and Tax Incentives

 Reduce taxes on IT exports, hardware imports, and digital services.

 Establish a centralized Software Export Board to coordinate

international marketing and client outreach.
Source: Pakistan Vision 2025 – Planning Commission of Pakistan

✅ B. Modernizing Education

 Teach computer programming and digital literacy from an early age in

schools.

 Update university syllabi, and introduce project-based learning with

industry partnerships.
  Promote global certifications like Google, Microsoft, and AWS.
Source: World Economic Forum – "Preparing Youth for the Future of
Work"

✅ C. Support Public–Private Partnerships

 Encourage private investment in tech parks, research labs, and

training centers.

 Promote angel investing, startup accelerators, and diaspora

mentorship.
Source: Ignite – Tech Incubation Strategy Report

✅ D. Invest in Infrastructure

 Expand broadband internet in rural and underserved areas.

 Build more data centers, encourage local hosting, and improve energy
reliability for IT operations.
Source: Ministry of IT & Telecom – "Broadband for All" Policy

✅ E. Promote Software Exports and Freelancing

 Help freelancers get digital banking access and better payment

gateways (e.g., PayPal).

 Launch international marketing campaigns and participate in global

tech expos.

 Negotiate freelancing-friendly visa and remote work deals with

countries.
Source: Trade Development Authority of Pakistan – ICT Strategy Paper

Here is a clear and structured explanation of E-Commerce and its

Importance in Online Business:

📦 What is E-Commerce?

E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) refers to the buying and selling of

goods or services using the internet. It includes all types of commercial
transactions conducted online — whether it’s shopping on websites, paying
bills, ordering services, or subscribing to digital products.

🔹 Types of E-Commerce:
 1. B2C (Business to Consumer):
Businesses sell products or services directly to consumers.
Example: [Link], Amazon.

2. B2B (Business to Business):

Transactions between companies.
Example: Alibaba (wholesale), software licensing between companies.

3. C2C (Consumer to Consumer):

Consumers sell directly to other consumers.
Example: OLX, eBay.

4. C2B (Consumer to Business):

Individuals sell products or services to businesses.
Example: Freelancers offering services on Fiverr or Upwork.

5. Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce):

Buying/selling via smartphones and apps.
Example: Foodpanda, Easypaisa.

Importance of E-Commerce in Online Business

✅ 1. Global Reach

 E-commerce allows businesses to reach customers across borders

24/7, removing location and time limits.

✅ 2. Low Operating Costs

 Online businesses save money on rent, staff, and utilities compared to

physical shops.

✅ 3. Better Customer Convenience

 Customers can shop from home, compare prices, read reviews, and
choose from a wide range of options.

✅ 4. Digital Payments and Automation

 Secure online payments and automatic order processing improve the

buying experience and save time.

✅ 5. Scalability and Growth

 E-commerce platforms can quickly scale up to serve thousands of

customers without needing physical expansion.

✅ 6. Data Analytics and Personalization

  Online businesses collect customer data to offer personalized ads,
discounts, and product suggestions — increasing sales.

✅ 7. Support for Freelancers and Small Businesses

 Platforms like Etsy, Fiverr, and Shopify empower individuals and SMEs
to start and grow without major investment.

Why E-Commerce Matters for Developing Countries like Pakistan

 In Pakistan, the e-commerce industry is growing rapidly, reaching

over Rs. 100 billion in volume.

 Increased smartphone usage, online banking, and apps like Easypaisa

and JazzCash have boosted digital buying.
Source: State Bank of Pakistan & Ministry of Commerce

Conclusion

E-Commerce is the backbone of modern online business. It opens global

markets, reduces costs, and helps even small entrepreneurs grow. For
students, freelancers, and future business owners in Pakistan, understanding
e-commerce is essential for survival in the digital economy.

Current State of E-Commerce in Pakistan (2024)

 Market Size: Estimated between $6 billion to $7.7 billion in 2024.

Source: State Bank of Pakistan ([Link])

 Growth Rate: Forecasted to grow at 17% CAGR by 2027.

Source: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics - PIDE
([Link])

 Top Platforms: Daraz, OLX, Telemart, Bagallery, PakWheels.

Source: TechJuice ([Link])

 Digital Payments: 6.4 billion digital transactions reported in FY2024.

Source: State Bank of Pakistan ([Link])

 Mobile & Internet Usage: Over 124 million 3G/4G users and 87
million internet users.
Source: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ([Link])

Fastest Growing E-Commerce Sectors in Pakistan

  Fashion & Apparel: Local brands like Khaadi, J., and online stores like
[Link] are growing fast.
Source: ProPakistani ([Link])

 Electronics: High demand for mobile phones and gadgets; platforms

like Telemart and HomeShopping are popular.
Source: TechAbout ([Link])

 Groceries & Essentials: Platforms like QnE, Krave Mart, and

GrocerApp saw a surge during the pandemic.
Source: Profit by Pakistan Today ([Link])

 Digital Services: Online education, streaming platforms, and travel

bookings are expanding rapidly.
Source: Tribune Pakistan ([Link])

Challenges Facing E-Commerce in Pakistan

 Lack of Trust in Online Payments: Over 60% of users still prefer

Cash on Delivery (COD).
Source: Dawn News ([Link])

 Weak Logistics and Delivery Systems: Poor delivery network in

rural areas.
Source: The News International ([Link])

 Low Digital Literacy: Only around 35% of population is digitally

literate.
Source: PIDE Report ([Link])

 Slow Internet: Pakistan ranks low in global internet speed rankings.

Source: Speedtest Global Index ([Link]/global-index)

 Regulatory Uncertainty: Inconsistent tax policies and lack of e-

commerce-specific laws.
Source: Business Recorder ([Link])

How Pakistan Can Improve in the Field of E-Commerce

 Improve Digital Infrastructure: Invest in 5G networks and fiber

optics under Digital Pakistan policy.
Source: Ministry of IT & Telecom ([Link])

 Strengthen Logistics: Encourage public-private partnerships for

warehousing and last-mile delivery.
Source: World Bank Logistics Report ([Link])
  Promote Digital Payments: Expand Raast (Pakistan’s instant
payment system) and integrate mobile wallets.
Source: State Bank of Pakistan ([Link])

 Consumer Protection Laws: Enforce rules for refunds, product

authenticity, and secure payment gateways.
Source: Competition Commission of Pakistan ([Link])

 Entrepreneurship Training: Launch youth-based e-commerce and

digital marketing training programs.
Source: Ignite National Technology Fund ([Link])

 Support for SMEs: Provide tax incentives and easy digital onboarding
to small businesses.
Source: Pakistan Business Council ([Link])

Conclusion

E-commerce in Pakistan holds massive potential due to the growing youth

population, mobile internet usage, and evolving consumer behavior.
However, the country must overcome challenges like lack of trust,
infrastructure gaps, and weak digital education. With coordinated policy,
private sector innovation, and consumer awareness, Pakistan can become a
leading e-commerce hub in South Asia.

What is a Network?

A network is a system that connects two or more computers or devices to

share data, resources, and services such as files, internet, or printers. These
devices communicate using wired (like Ethernet cables) or wireless (like Wi-
Fi) connections.

For example, when your mobile phone connects to Wi-Fi to browse the
internet or your computer accesses a printer in the office — they are all part
of a network.

1. LAN (Local Area Network)

Definition:
A LAN connects computers and devices within a small geographic area such
as a home, school, or office building.

Features:

 Covers a limited area (a few meters to a few kilometers).

  High speed (up to 1 Gbps or more).

 Usually owned and managed by a single organization or individual.

Examples:

 Computers in a school lab connected to one server.

 Office PCs connected to the same printer and internet.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network)

Definition:
A WAN connects devices over a large geographical area, such as cities,
countries, or even globally.

Features:

 Covers a wide area (hundreds to thousands of kilometers).

 Lower speed than LAN, but allows large-scale communication.

 Can use leased telecommunication lines, satellites, or public networks.

Examples:

 The Internet is the largest WAN.

 A multinational company connecting its offices worldwide.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Definition:
A MAN covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, typically
within a city.

Features:

 Spans across a city or campus.

 Often used by city governments or universities.

 Uses fiber-optic cables or wireless connections.

Examples:

 A city-wide Wi-Fi network.

  Network across all branches of a bank in one city.

4. PAN (Personal Area Network)

Definition:
A PAN is a small network centered around one person, usually within a range
of a few meters.

Features:

 Very short range (usually within 10 meters).

 Wireless and easy to set up.

 For personal use only.

Examples:

 Bluetooth connection between phone and wireless earphones.

 Mobile phone sharing internet with a laptop through hotspot.

5. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

Definition:
A type of LAN that connects devices using Wi-Fi instead of physical cables.

Features:

 Wireless communication using radio waves.

 Allows mobility within the coverage area.

 Common in homes, schools, and cafes.

Examples:

 Home Wi-Fi network.

 Public Wi-Fi in a coffee shop.

6. CAN (Campus Area Network)

Definition:
A CAN connects multiple LANs within a campus such as a university or
business park.

Features:

 Covers multiple buildings in a limited area.

 Faster and more secure than WAN.

 Managed by a single institution.

Examples:

 University connecting labs, library, and admin buildings.

 Corporate campus with connected departments.

Importance of Networking

 🔗 Resource Sharing

o Networking allows multiple devices to share hardware resources

like printers, scanners, and internet connections.

o Example: One printer can serve an entire office without needing

separate machines for each computer.

 📁 File and Data Sharing

o Users can easily share documents, images, and software across

the network without using USBs or hard drives.

o It supports real-time collaboration and remote access to files.

 📧 Communication and Collaboration

o Networking enables tools like email, video calls (Zoom, Skype),

and chat apps (Slack, Teams) to work efficiently.

o It improves coordination in organizations and teams, even across

distances.

 💰 Cost Efficiency

o Networking reduces hardware costs by allowing resource sharing.

o Software can also be installed centrally, saving licensing and

maintenance costs.
  🔐 Centralized Security and Backup

o Administrators can manage user access, install security updates,

and back up data from a central server.

o This increases data protection and reduces the risk of loss.

 🌐 Internet Access Sharing

o Multiple devices can access the internet using a single network

connection, especially in homes, schools, and offices.

o It makes efficient use of bandwidth.

 📊 Data Management and Centralized Storage

o All user files and applications can be stored in one server for
easier access, organization, and maintenance.

o It also enables data analytics and monitoring.

 📶 Remote Access and Flexibility

o Networks allow employees or students to access files and

systems from different locations.

o Useful for work-from-home or online classes.

 📈 Business Growth and Efficiency

o Companies can expand faster with centralized control over

operations and communication.

o Networking supports customer service, online marketing, and e-

commerce.

 🔧 Easy Maintenance and Troubleshooting

o IT administrators can remotely monitor, update, and repair

systems without needing to visit each computer.

o Saves time and increases efficiency.

E-Commerce Fraud: Legal Framework, Data Trends, Reforms, and

References, and what Law should be made for removing frauds in
Ecommerce?

Introduction
E-commerce is transforming global economies, crossing $20 trillion in
sales by 2023, and engaging over half the world’s population. However, the
same growth has enabled new and complex fraud methods. According to the
OECD and UNCTAD, global digital trade is severely threatened by
counterfeit sales, phishing scams, and payment frauds, often going
unpunished due to outdated laws. One major study estimated that in 2023,
$4.5 trillion worth of counterfeit goods were traded online globally
(OECD/EUIPO, 2023). Fraudsters use fake websites, identity theft, and
advanced tools like bots and malware. Hence, strong legal frameworks are
essential to ensure consumer trust in the digital economy.

Types of E-Commerce Fraud

E-commerce fraud appears in multiple forms:

1. Consumer-Side Frauds – Phishing, fake products, refund scams,

payment interception.

2. Merchant-Side Frauds – Fake websites, false delivery claims,

chargeback frauds.

3. Platform Misuse – Impersonation of brands or sellers, digital wallet

manipulation.

4. Tech-Based Frauds – Use of bots, malware, fake review generation,

and spoofing.

Each of these exploits legal gaps in cybersecurity and consumer protection.

Global Legal Framework

 Budapest Convention (2001): First global treaty on cybercrime, not

specific to e-commerce fraud but covers unauthorized access and
identity theft.

 European Union:

o E-Commerce Directive (2000) ensures consumer information

transparency.

o Digital Services Act (2024) mandates content moderation and

seller verification.

 USA:

o Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act prohibits deceptive

trade practices.
 o INFORM Consumers Act (2022) requires seller identity checks.

o FBI IC3 Report (2024) recorded 859,532 fraud complaints,

with $16 billion in losses.

 India:

o Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 mandate

disclosures, refunds, and seller authentication.

 China:

o E-Commerce Law (2019) regulates advertising, product

authenticity, and platform responsibilities.

 Australia:

o ACCC and eSafety Commission enforce digital consumer

protection laws.

Legal Framework in Pakistan

1. Electronic Transactions Ordinance (2002) – Legalizes e-documents

but lacks fraud protection.

2. PECA Act (2016) – Criminalizes identity theft, spoofing, and electronic

fraud, but not specific to e-commerce.

3. Payment Systems and Electronic Fund Transfer Act (2007) –

Covers digital payments, mostly ineffective due to low card usage.

4. Provincial Consumer Protection Acts – Limited to physical trade.

5. FIA Cyber Crime Wing (Now NCCIA) – Handles complaints but lacks
capacity for swift action.

Pakistan has no comprehensive law to regulate digital sellers, ensure

customer rights, or mandate refunds/returns. The E-Commerce Policy of
2019 is promotional, not regulatory.

Fraud Statistics

 Worldwide:

o $41 billion lost to e-commerce fraud in 2022, rising to $48

billion in 2023 (Juniper Research).

o FBI IC3: 859,532 complaints in 2024, $16 billion losses.

  Pakistan:

o 2020: 102,000 cybercrime complaints, 601 cases filed (FIA).

o 2023: 152,136 complaints, 2,007 arrests, 92 convictions.

o Punjab (2018–2023): 31,930 fraud cases (Daily Dawn, 2024).

o Low conviction and recovery rates reflect poor enforcement.

What Laws Should Be Made to Control E-Commerce Fraud

To effectively counter e-commerce fraud in Pakistan and beyond, the

following dedicated legislative reforms should be enacted:

1. E-Commerce Fraud Prevention and Consumer Protection Act

A unified federal law that covers online marketplaces, consumer rights,

digital transactions, and seller obligations.

2. Mandatory Seller KYC & Licensing

Marketplaces should be bound to verify seller identity using CNIC, bank

accounts, and physical address before registration (similar to India’s 2020
Rules).

3. Escrow Payment Systems

Implement escrow-based payments where the platform holds funds until

delivery confirmation, protecting buyers from fake sellers.

4. Refund & Return Law Enforcement

Make refund and return rights a legal obligation. Define timelines, penalties,
and standard procedures for claims.

5. Marketplace Liability Clause

Hold platforms liable for hosting fraudulent sellers if they fail to verify or
remove violators within a specific time.

6. Digital Consumer Courts

Establish fast-track E-Commerce Dispute Resolution Tribunals for

handling complaints within 15-30 days.

7. International Cooperation Mechanisms

Sign Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) to track cross-border
fraud actors and enhance digital investigation capacity.

8. Awareness Campaign Mandate

Make it compulsory for platforms to educate users about fraud prevention,

reporting, and safe practices.

9. Cyber Forensics & Capacity Building

Invest in modern forensic labs and train law enforcement for digital evidence
recovery and swift prosecution.

Conclusion

Without strong digital regulations, the promise of e-commerce will remain

limited in countries like Pakistan. The global legal landscape is evolving
rapidly, and Pakistan must follow suit by drafting a comprehensive E-
Commerce Act, ensuring safe transactions, verified sellers, legal
remedies, and international coordination. Only then can public trust be
rebuilt, and e-commerce become a sustainable engine for economic growth.

Here is a deep research-based, exam-ready paragraph-style note on

Cybersecurity, including global and Pakistani statistics, importance, and
solutions for improving cybersecurity systems.

Cybersecurity: A Deep Research Analysis

Introduction

Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems, networks,

software, and data from unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and damage. As
the world rapidly digitalizes, from banking to education and healthcare to
defense, cybersecurity has become a critical national, economic, and
personal priority. Cybercriminals now target individuals, corporations, and
even governments using tactics like ransomware, phishing, DDoS attacks,
data breaches, and social engineering. The threat is so significant that the
World Economic Forum (2024) ranked cybercrime and cyber
insecurity as the fifth-highest global risk over the next decade.

Global Cybersecurity Threats and Cases

Globally, cybersecurity incidents have grown in both scale and
sophistication. In 2023, global cybercrime damages reached $8.4
trillion, with projections hitting $10.5 trillion by 2025 (Cybersecurity
Ventures). The IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report (2023) found that the
average cost of a data breach worldwide was $4.45 million, the highest
ever recorded. The FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reported
880,418 complaints in 2023, with $12.5 billion in losses, mostly due to
phishing, business email compromise (BEC), and ransomware.

Major global incidents include:

 The WannaCry Ransomware Attack (2017) affected 230,000

computers in 150 countries, targeting hospitals, banks, and telecoms.

 The SolarWinds Attack (2020) compromised US federal agencies

through a supply chain software breach.

 In 2023, MOVEit file transfer software was breached, impacting

hundreds of banks, universities, and government offices in the US and
UK.

Emerging threats now include AI-generated phishing, quantum

computing risks, deepfake scams, and attacks on critical
infrastructure like water supply, energy grids, and air traffic systems.

Cybersecurity Situation in Pakistan

Pakistan faces severe challenges in cybersecurity due to weak laws, limited

technical expertise, and lack of public awareness. The FIA’s Cyber Crime
Wing (now NCCIA) is responsible for enforcing the Prevention of
Electronic Crimes Act (PECA, 2016), but resource constraints and
outdated systems hinder progress.

Cybercrime Statistics in Pakistan:

 2020: FIA received 102,356 complaints. Only 601 FIRs were

registered.

 2022: Over 147,000 complaints were recorded, including cases of

harassment, financial fraud, and hacking.

 2023: FIA received 152,136 cyber complaints with 2,007 arrests,

but only 92 convictions, indicating poor prosecution.
  2024 (up to October): Around 124,000 complaints were recorded.
Punjab accounted for the highest number, particularly mobile and
WhatsApp-based frauds.

The most common types of cybercrime in Pakistan include:

 Social media harassment and impersonation (mostly targeting

women).

 Online financial scams and phishing.

 Hacking of government websites and private servers.

 SIM card cloning and mobile banking frauds.

 Data breaches in government departments.

Despite some efforts, Pakistan still lacks a national cybersecurity

strategy, data protection law, and cyber forensics capacity.

Importance of Cybersecurity

1. National Security: Cyberattacks can disable military systems, steal

intelligence, and sabotage critical infrastructure.

2. Financial Security: The global economy relies on secure digital

payment systems; a breach can cause billions in losses.

3. Privacy Protection: Personal data like health records, banking info,

and identification documents must be secured to prevent identity theft.

4. Business Continuity: Cyberattacks can halt operations, damage

reputation, and lead to legal liabilities for corporations.

5. Public Trust: A secure digital environment builds trust in e-commerce,

e-governance, online education, and fintech services.

Cybersecurity is thus essential for individual safety, corporate survival, and

national sovereignty in the digital age.

How to Improve Cybersecurity Systems

To strengthen cybersecurity, countries and organizations must adopt a multi-

layered, strategic approach. Key steps include:

1. Establishing a National Cybersecurity Framework

Governments must create and implement a formal National Cybersecurity
Policy, including defense protocols, public-private coordination, crisis
response units, and international cooperation.

2. Data Protection and Privacy Laws

Introduce and enforce personal data protection laws to regulate how

data is collected, stored, and processed—especially by private companies
and digital platforms.

3. Capacity Building

Train cybersecurity professionals, create cyber forensic labs, and

establish cyber command centers at national and provincial levels.
Educational institutions should offer degrees and diplomas in cyber law and
cyber defense.

4. Public Awareness Campaigns

Educate the public on basic cyber hygiene such as password protection,

phishing awareness, and the importance of 2FA (Two-Factor Authentication).

5. Secure Government Infrastructure

Adopt zero-trust architecture, encryption standards, and endpoint security

in all government and public-sector IT infrastructure. Regular vulnerability
assessments and penetration testing should be mandatory.

6. International Collaboration

Join global cybersecurity coalitions like the Budapest Convention on

Cybercrime, Global Forum on Cyber Expertise (GFCE), and participate
in cyber drills to strengthen readiness.

7. AI and Threat Intelligence Integration

Use AI-powered threat detection systems that monitor unusual behavior

in real-time. Establish national cyber threat intelligence networks to
share risks and responses across departments.

8. Regulatory Compliance for Businesses

Mandate that all companies, especially financial institutions, comply with

international security standards like ISO 27001 and GDPR-style laws.

Conclusion
Cybersecurity is not merely a technical issue but a national and economic
imperative. With the increasing digitalization of every sector—from banking
to governance to education—the risks have never been higher. While
developed nations are actively evolving their cyber defenses, countries like
Pakistan must bridge the gaps in law, infrastructure, awareness, and
enforcement. The development of a dedicated National Cybersecurity
Authority, a data protection law, and strong international cooperation
will be crucial for safeguarding digital Pakistan. Failure to act decisively could
leave citizens, businesses, and governments dangerously exposed to cyber
threats.

Here is an exam-style, well-structured note in paragraph format on Skill

Development, Verbal and Non-Verbal Language, and their Importance:

Skill Development, Verbal and Non-Verbal Language, and Their

Importance

Skill Development

Skill development refers to the process of enhancing a person’s ability to

perform tasks effectively and efficiently through learning, training, and
practice. These skills may be technical (hard skills) such as computer
programming, accounting, and engineering, or soft skills such as
communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and leadership. In the modern
world, especially in the digital and global economy, the demand for skilled
individuals is continuously rising. Governments, institutions, and
organizations worldwide are now emphasizing vocational training, digital
literacy, and entrepreneurship to make people job-ready and future-proof.
Skill development not only helps individuals earn better livelihoods but also
boosts national productivity and economic growth. In Pakistan, programs like
NAVTTC (National Vocational & Technical Training Commission) aim to provide
skill-based education to youth to reduce unemployment and poverty.

Verbal Language

Verbal language is the use of spoken or written words to convey messages,

emotions, or ideas. It is the most direct and widely used form of
communication. Verbal communication includes face-to-face conversations,
speeches, phone calls, video conferences, and written forms like emails,
articles, and books. Strong verbal skills are essential in almost every field,
especially in teaching, law, business, journalism, and customer service.
Effective verbal communication helps in building trust, avoiding
misunderstandings, and achieving goals efficiently. Good command over
language, tone, vocabulary, and clarity of speech enhances one’s personality
and career growth. In academic and professional environments, verbal
communication is also a tool for persuasion, negotiation, and leadership.

Non-Verbal Language

Non-verbal language includes all forms of communication that do not use

words. These involve body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture,
eye contact, tone of voice, and even physical appearance. According to
experts like Albert Mehrabian, more than 55% of communication is non-
verbal, which means how something is said is often more important than
what is said. Non-verbal cues can support, reinforce, or even contradict
verbal messages. For example, crossing arms might indicate defensiveness,
while smiling shows friendliness and openness. In professional and social
interactions, non-verbal communication plays a vital role in expressing
confidence, empathy, respect, and understanding without words. Culturally,
non-verbal signs vary, making it essential to be aware of differences when
interacting internationally.

Importance of Verbal and Non-Verbal Language in Skill Development

Verbal and non-verbal communication are foundational elements of soft

skills, which are essential for personal and professional success. Effective
communication improves relationships, increases productivity, and builds
confidence. For example, in job interviews, both verbal fluency and non-
verbal cues like posture and eye contact influence the selection process. In
teaching, leadership, sales, and customer support, these forms of
communication determine how well one conveys knowledge and connects
with others. Skill development without communication enhancement is
incomplete. Therefore, educational programs and training institutions must
include modules on public speaking, body language, active listening,
and emotional intelligence as part of holistic skill development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, skill development is key to individual growth and national

prosperity, while verbal and non-verbal communication are the lifeblood of
effective skill expression. In today’s competitive world, technical knowledge
must be paired with clear communication and confident body language.
Mastering both forms of language leads to better opportunities, improved
relationships, and a more meaningful life.