ECONOMIC SURVEY 2024-25

Agriculture and Food Management

Resilience and Growth in India's Agricultural Sector

Introduction

India’s agricultural sector has demonstrated remarkable resilience in recent years, marked by
consistent growth rates. This stability can be largely attributed to various government initiatives
aimed at enhancing productivity, promoting crop diversification, and increasing farmers'
income. A crucial factor influencing agricultural performance is the impact of weather
conditions. Climate variability presents significant challenges; however, farmers with diverse
income streams are better positioned to navigate these uncertainties. Allied activities such as
animal husbandry, fisheries, and agroforestry enable farmers to mitigate risks effectively.
Various government initiatives are specifically designed to address these challenges and ensure
sustainable agricultural growth.

Significance of Agriculture and Allied Activities

Role in National Economy

The ‘Agriculture and Allied Activities’ sector has long been the backbone of the Indian
economy, playing a vital role in national income and employment. This sector contributes
approximately 16 per cent of the country’s GDP for FY24 (Provisional Estimates) at current
prices and supports about 46.1 per cent of the population. Beyond its direct contribution to food
security, agriculture influences various other sectors, sustaining livelihoods and supporting
overall economic growth.

Growth Trends in the Agricultural Sector

Resilience and Performance

The Indian agriculture sector has exhibited robust growth in recent years, averaging 5 per cent
annually from FY17 to FY23. This consistent growth underscores the sector’s ability to
withstand external shocks, including climate fluctuations and market volatility.

In the second quarter of FY25, the agriculture sector recorded a growth rate of 3.5 per cent.
This performance represents a recovery compared to the previous four quarters, during which
growth rates varied from a modest 0.4 per cent to 2.0 per cent. The recent rise in growth rate
can be attributed to improved conditions, potentially driven by:

 Favorable weather patterns

 Advancements in agricultural practices

 Government initiatives to enhance productivity and sustainability

Assured remunerative prices, improved access to institutional credit, crop diversification, and
support for sustainable practices have played a crucial role in the sector's sustained growth.
Riding on a good monsoon, kharif foodgrain production in 2024 is projected at 1647.05 Lakh
Metric Tonnes (LMT), suggesting an increase of 89.37 LMT compared to the previous year
and 124.59 LMT above the average kharif foodgrain output. This bodes well for national food
security.

Agricultural income has increased at 5.23 per cent annually over the past decade, compared
to 6.24 per cent for non-agricultural income and 5.80 per cent for the overall economy.

Sectoral Variations and Productivity Concerns

India’s agriculture is characterized by diversity, with performance varying significantly across

different segments and states. As a major global cereal producer, India accounts for 11.6 per
cent of the world's total output. However, crop yields in the country remain considerably
lower compared to leading global producers, underscoring the need for productivity
improvements.
The crop sector has experienced a modest Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.1
per cent from FY13 to FY22. This increase has been driven largely by the production of fruits,
vegetables, and pulses. However, the slower growth rate of oilseeds at 1.9 per cent raises
concerns, especially given India’s heavy reliance on imports to meet domestic edible oil
demand.

High-Value Agricultural Sectors

High-value sectors such as horticulture, livestock, and fisheries have emerged as the primary
contributors to overall agricultural growth. Among these, the fisheries sector has demonstrated
the highest CAGR of 13.67 per cent, followed by livestock at 12.99 per cent (FY15 to FY23,
at current prices).
State-level diversification strategies have further contributed to improved productivity. For
example:
 Andhra Pradesh has diversified towards jowar

 Madhya Pradesh has focused on moong

 Tamil Nadu has emphasized maize production

Despite these efforts, significant potential remains to enhance productivity and reduce the yield
gap compared to the global average.

Changing Dietary Patterns and Future Prospects

As incomes rise, changing dietary preferences are expected to shape the agricultural sector’s
growth trajectory. Increased consumption of non-food grains, particularly horticultural
products, livestock, and fisheries, will be a defining trend. Given the perishable nature of
these high-value commodities, effective post-harvest management and a robust marketing
infrastructure are essential.
To address these challenges, active participation from:

 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)

 Cooperatives and Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

 Substantial private-sector investment

would be crucial in supporting small-scale farmers and ensuring sustainable sectoral growth.

Government Initiatives for Agricultural Growth

The Indian government is implementing a range of initiatives to enhance agricultural

productivity and increase farmers' incomes. These efforts align with the Doubling Farmers'
Income (DFI) Report 2016, which recommended strategies for:

 Improving crop and livestock productivity

 Boosting cropping intensity

 Diversifying into high-value crops

 Enhancing input efficiency

 Adopting sustainable production practices

Key government initiatives include:

 Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): Encourages efficient water use in irrigation
 National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Promotes alternative and
organic fertilizers for sustainable productivity

 Digital Agriculture Mission: Supports innovative agricultural technologies

 e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): Facilitates better price discovery for
farmers
 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Provides direct income
support to farmers

India’s agriculture sector continues to exhibit resilience and steady growth despite challenges
such as climate variability and fluctuating global markets. The sector’s performance is being
strengthened by government interventions, diversification into high-value agriculture, and
improved infrastructure for post-harvest management. As the country moves forward,
leveraging technology, promoting sustainable practices, and increasing investments in allied
activities will be critical in ensuring long-term agricultural prosperity and food security.
CROP PRODUCTION: Incentivising Productivity Increase, Crop Diversification, and
Efficiency in Input Use
Agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, rural development, and economic
growth. While crop production has seen substantial increases, further enhancements in
productivity across diverse crops and regions remain essential. The key to sustaining this
growth lies in improving farm-level efficiencies, adopting modern agricultural practices, and
ensuring farmers receive fair returns on their produce. A multi-pronged approach focusing on
productivity enhancement, crop diversification, and efficient input use can significantly
improve agricultural sustainability and farmers' incomes.

Enhancing Productivity through Efficient Input Use

Productivity is intrinsically linked to both on-farm and post-harvest practices. Several factors
influence the yield and profitability of crop production:

1. Access to Quality Seeds: The availability and use of high-yielding, disease-resistant,

and climate-resilient seed varieties are vital for boosting agricultural output.
Government initiatives should prioritize research and development in seed technology
and ensure easy access to improved seed varieties.

2. Better Irrigation Facilities: Efficient irrigation management reduces water wastage

and ensures optimal utilization. Expanding micro-irrigation techniques such as drip and
sprinkler systems can enhance water-use efficiency, particularly in drought-prone
regions.
3. Soil Health Management: Maintaining soil fertility through balanced fertilization,
organic farming practices, and crop rotation can improve yields sustainably. Soil testing
services should be made widely accessible to farmers for informed nutrient
management.

4. Effective Extension Services: Strengthening agricultural extension services is crucial

for disseminating best farming practices, new technologies, and market intelligence
among farmers. The integration of digital platforms and AI-driven advisory systems
can further enhance knowledge transfer.
5. Modern Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Investing in cold storage, warehousing, and
efficient logistics systems can minimize post-harvest losses, ensuring better price
realization for farmers. Encouraging farmer-producer organizations (FPOs) to
collectively manage storage and marketing can also improve bargaining power.

Encouraging Crop Diversification

Crop diversification is essential for maintaining soil health, ensuring nutritional security, and
mitigating risks associated with monoculture farming. The government has implemented
several measures to encourage farmers to move beyond traditional staples such as wheat and
rice:

1. Incentivizing Nutri-Cereals and Pulses: The promotion of nutri-cereals (Shree Anna)

and pulses is essential to diversify food sources and enhance farmers' income.
Increasing the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for these crops provides a financial
cushion and encourages their cultivation.
 2. Oilseed Promotion: To reduce dependence on edible oil imports, significant MSP hikes
have been provided for oilseeds such as mustard and rapeseed, making them more
attractive to farmers.

3. Agro-Climatic Zoning: Identifying and promoting crops suited to specific agro-

climatic regions ensures better yield optimization. This approach minimizes resource
wastage and enhances crop resilience to climatic variations.

4. Support for Organic and Sustainable Farming: Encouraging organic and natural
farming practices not only improves soil health but also opens premium markets for
organic produce, increasing profitability for farmers.

Role of Agricultural Price Policies

Agricultural price policies play a crucial role in ensuring that farmers make informed cropping
decisions while being protected from market price volatility. The MSP mechanism provides a
safety net by ensuring that farmers receive a minimum guaranteed price for essential crops.
The government has taken key steps to strengthen this support system:

1. Fixing MSP at 1.5 Times the Cost of Production: Since the Union Budget of 2018-
19, the government has ensured that MSP is at least 1.5 times the weighted average cost
of production. This move reassures farmers of adequate returns on their investments.

2. Substantial MSP Increases for Key Crops in FY25: For the fiscal year 2024-25,
significant MSP hikes have been announced:
o Arhar (Pigeon Pea): MSP increased by 59% over the weighted average cost of
production.
o Bajra (Pearl Millet): MSP increased by 77%.

o Masur (Lentil): MSP increased by 89%.

o Rapeseed & Mustard: MSP increased by 98%.

3. Market Access and Procurement Strengthening: To ensure that MSP benefits reach
farmers, procurement mechanisms need to be reinforced. Strengthening institutions
such as the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and State Agricultural Marketing Boards
is essential to facilitate timely procurement at MSP rates.

4. Encouraging Alternative Marketing Channels: Promoting direct farmer-to-

consumer markets, e-NAM (National Agricultural Market), and contract farming
arrangements can provide better price realization and reduce middlemen's influence.

Sustained efforts to improve productivity, promote crop diversification, and ensure efficient
input use are imperative for transforming Indian agriculture. Government initiatives, including
higher MSPs, better irrigation, modernized post-harvest infrastructure, and robust extension
services, can significantly enhance farmers' incomes and overall agricultural sustainability. By
aligning policies with market needs and environmental considerations, India can achieve long-
term food security and economic prosperity for its farmers.
SEEDS QUALITY, USE OF FERTILISERS, AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM: CRITICAL
FACTORS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Agricultural productivity is fundamentally linked to the quality of seeds, the judicious use of
fertilisers, and the efficiency of irrigation systems. These factors collectively determine crop
yield, soil health, and sustainability. As climate change and environmental challenges intensify,
there is an urgent need for strategic interventions in seed technology, fertiliser application, and
water management.

SEEDS QUALITY AND ACCESSIBILITY

The proverb, "As you sow, so shall you reap," underscores the importance of high-quality seeds
in ensuring robust crop growth. Recognizing this, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) produced 1.06 lakh quintals of breeder seeds in the 2023-24 season, covering 1,798
varieties across 81 crops for further multiplication.

Climate-Resistant Seeds

Given the impact of climate change on agricultural output, research has focused on developing
climate-resistant seeds. Since 2014, 2,177 of the 2,593 new seed varieties released have been
designed to withstand adverse climatic conditions. To ensure their availability, seed banks have
been established across India. In north-western India, heat-tolerant wheat varieties have been
widely adopted to mitigate the effects of heat stress.

Field Demonstrations
To promote the adoption of climate-resilient technologies, demonstrations were conducted in
121 vulnerable districts under the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture
(NICRA) initiative in FY24. These demonstrations help farmers implement advanced
agricultural practices that can withstand changing weather patterns.

SOIL HEALTH AND USE OF FERTILISERS

Soil degradation, particularly the depletion of organic carbon content, presents a major
challenge to Indian agriculture. Many Indian soils lack essential macronutrients and
micronutrients such as boron, iron, and sulphur. This deficiency negatively affects soil fertility,
productivity, and long-term agricultural sustainability.

Judicious Use of Fertilisers

To maintain soil health while maximizing crop yields, fertilisers must be used judiciously.
Innovative solutions like ‘Urea Gold’, which combines urea with sulphur, have been
introduced to reduce wastage and enhance nutrient absorption by plants.

Technology in Fertiliser Application

To optimize fertiliser use, modern technologies such as drones and fertigation techniques are
being deployed. These methods improve efficiency, reduce wastage, and promote sustainable
agricultural practices.
Government Initiatives

The PM PRANAM (Programme for Restoration, Awareness Generation, Nourishment, and

Amelioration of Mother Earth) initiative encourages states to adopt alternative fertilisers,
including Nano Urea, Nano Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), and organic fertilisers. By
promoting sustainable fertilisation techniques, the government aims to enhance soil health,
mitigate environmental pollution, and boost agricultural productivity.

RAINFALL, IRRIGATION, AND WATER MANAGEMENT

Rainfall is a crucial component of the global water cycle, directly influencing agriculture.
However, climate change has significantly altered rainfall patterns, posing challenges to
farmers dependent on consistent weather conditions.

Agricultural Vulnerability to Rainfall Variability

Although agricultural growth volatility has reduced due to targeted interventions, nearly 55%
of India's net sown area still relies on rainfall, making it vulnerable to climatic fluctuations.
Over two-thirds of India's agricultural land is at risk of drought, with regional variations in
susceptibility:

 Dry-humid regions: 20% probability of drought

 Arid zones: Over 40% probability of drought

The increasing frequency of dry spells and extreme rainfall events exacerbates this challenge.
Studies indicate that from 1981 to 2011, dry spells during the monsoon season increased by
27% compared to 1951-1980. Similarly, central India has experienced a 75% rise in extreme
daily rainfall events (exceeding 150mm) from 1950 to 2015.

Impact on Small-Scale Farmers

Approximately 85% of Indian agricultural holdings belong to marginal and small-scale

farmers (plots under 2 hectares), making them particularly vulnerable to erratic weather
patterns. Research by Negi and Ramaswami (2024) highlights the direct correlation between
significant rainfall shortfalls and crop yield losses. A potential 2°C temperature rise and a
7% increase in annual rainfall by 2099 could result in an 8-12% decline in agricultural
productivity.

IRRIGATION COVERAGE AND WATER CONSERVATION

To mitigate the risks associated with erratic rainfall, irrigation coverage has expanded
significantly:

 From 49.3% to 55% of the gross cropped area (GCA) between FY16 and FY21

 Irrigation intensity increased from 144.2% to 154.5%

However, disparities persist across states:

  High irrigation coverage: Punjab (98%), Haryana (94%), Uttar Pradesh (84%),
Telangana (86%)

 Low irrigation coverage: Jharkhand and Assam (below 20%)

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS IN IRRIGATION

To enhance irrigation efficiency, the government has implemented various schemes:

Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) Initiative

A component of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), PDMC promotes
water-efficient irrigation practices. Financial assistance is provided:

 55% subsidy for small and marginal farmers

 45% subsidy for other farmers

Since its launch in FY16, ₹21,968.75 crore has been allocated, covering 95.58 lakh hectares,
representing a 104.67% increase compared to pre-PDMC levels.
Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)

The Micro Irrigation Fund supports innovative irrigation projects through 2% interest
subvention to states on loans. So far:

 ₹4,709 crore has been approved

 ₹3,640 crore has been disbursed

Rain-fed Area Development (RAD) Program

Implemented under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) since FY15,
RAD focuses on resource conservation and integrated farming systems. Since FY22, it has
been merged with Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), with ₹1,858.41 crore allocated,
covering 8 lakh hectares.

Water Body Rejuvenation

A community-led, technology-driven model for rejuvenating water bodies (RWB) is

emerging as a critical solution for rural water security. The Composite Land-use Restoration
and Assessment Tool (CLART GIS) and AVNI Gramin app assist in identifying water
bodies suitable for groundwater recharge. Geo-tagged images and farmer-level verification
enhance monitoring and implementation.

Improving agricultural resilience requires a holistic approach encompassing high-quality seeds,

sustainable fertilisation practices, and efficient water management. By integrating modern
technologies, promoting climate-resistant crops, and expanding irrigation networks, India can
enhance agricultural productivity while ensuring environmental sustainability. Continued
investment in research, farmer education, and policy implementation is vital for securing
India's agricultural future.
AGRICULTURE CREDIT: A Critical Input

 Adequate credit support is essential for improving agricultural productivity and income.

 Kisan Credit Card (KCC) facilitates short-term working capital access for farmers.

o 7.75 crore operational KCC accounts (March 2024) with an outstanding loan
of ₹9.81 lakh crore.

o Extended to fisheries and animal husbandry in 2018-19.

o 1.24 lakh KCCs for fisheries and 44.40 lakh KCCs for animal husbandry
issued.

o Collateral-free loan limit increased to ₹1.6 lakh.

 Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) provides 7% interest rate for short-
term loans.
o Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI) offers a 3% rebate for timely repayment.

o Kisan Rin Portal digitizes claim processing for efficiency (from FY25).

 Banks must allocate 40% of ANBC or CEOBE to priority sectors, including

agriculture.

 Institutional credit reliance increased, reducing non-institutional borrowing from 90%

(1950) to 25% (FY22).

 Ground Level Credit (GLC):

o CAGR of 12.98% (2014-15 to 2024-25).

o Increased from ₹8.45 lakh crore (2014-15) to ₹25.48 lakh crore (2023-24).

o Share for small and marginal farmers increased from 41% to 57%.

 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):

o Largest crop insurance program by farmer enrollment.

o Technological interventions: YES-TECH, WINDS, CROPIC28.

o 4 crore farmers enrolled (FY24), 26% increase from FY23.

o Insured area expanded 600 lakh hectares (FY24), 19% increase from FY23.

o 32% reduction in premium rates due to increased state and insurer

participation.

AGRICULTURE MECHANISATION: Facilitating Access

 High cost of machinery is a barrier for small and marginal farmers.

  Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM):

o Promotes Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs).

o 26,662 CHCs established (December 2024), 138 CHCs added in FY25.

 Drone initiative for Women SHGs:

o 15,000 Women SHGs to receive 80% financial assistance (₹8 lakh max per
drone).

o Enables ₹1 lakh additional annual income.

AGRICULTURE EXTENSION: The Enabler

 Sub-Mission on Agricultural Extension (SMAE):

o Strengthens extension services via Agricultural Technology Management

Agency (ATMA).

o Includes farmer training, demonstrations, exposure visits, kisan melas.

o 3.66 million farmers benefited (FY24), 4.49 million by November 2024.

 Skill training for rural youth:

o 20,940 candidates trained (November 2024), 5,504 trained in FY25.

 Regional Extension Education Institutes (Haryana, Telangana, Gujarat, Assam).

 Kisan Call Centres operational in 22 languages across 17 locations.

IMPROVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE MARKETING INFRASTRUCTURE

 Agriculture Marketing Infrastructure (AMI) sub-scheme:

o Capital subsidies for storage, rural haats, market yards, direct marketing,
mobile post-harvest operations, cold storage.

o 25% subsidy for plains, 33.33% for special regions (NE, hilly, women-led,
SC/ST, FPOs).

o 48,611 storage projects sanctioned, ₹4,795.47 crore disbursed (October 31,

2024).

 Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) (launched 2020):

o Supports farm-gate infrastructure, custom hiring centres, processing units,

warehouses, cold storage.

 e-NAM Scheme:

o Digital marketplace for efficient price discovery.

o Financial assistance ₹75 lakh per mandi.

 o 1.78 crore farmers and 2.62 lakh traders registered (October 31, 2024).

o 9,204 FPOs formed, 4,490 received ₹237 crore in equity grants.

Climate Action in Agriculture

1. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):

o Part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).

o Focus on water efficiency, soil health, crop insurance, credit support, value
chains, agro-advisories, mechanization, waste management, integrated farming,
and organic/natural farming.

o Promotion of climate-resilient varieties, livestock, and fish culture through

government schemes.

2. Organic Farming Initiatives:

o Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): 52,289 clusters, 14.99 lakh

hectares, 25.30 lakh farmers mobilized.

o Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region

(MOVCDNER): 434 Farmer Producer Companies, 1.73 lakh hectares,
benefiting 2.19 lakh farmers.

3. Allied Sectors & Resilience Building:

o Livestock sector's share in agricultural Gross Value Added (GVA) increased

from 24.38% (FY15) to 30.23% (FY23).

o Livestock sector alone contributed 5.5% of total GVA with a CAGR of 12.99%.

o Milk industry revenue at ₹11.16 lakh crore (US$133.16 billion), surpassing

staple crops' production value.

o Government support through Rashtriya Gokul Mission, Livestock Health &

Disease Control Program, IVF technology, sex-sorted semen, FPOs, SHGs, and
MAITRIs.

4. Fisheries Sector Growth & Government Support:

o Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): Boosting aquaculture

productivity and management.

o Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF):

Financial support for infrastructure.

o Adoption of technologies: cages, Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS),

bio flocs, pens, and raceways.

o Increased total fish production from 95.79 lakh tonnes (FY14) to 184.02 lakh
tonnes (FY23).
 o Seafood exports rose from ₹46,662.85 crore (FY20) to ₹60,523.89 crore
(FY24), a 29.70% growth.

o Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY):

Digital platform mobilized 16.35 lakh fish producers, workers, vendors, and
processors in four months.

5. Cooperative Societies & Strengthening Institutional Support:

o Enhancing financial inclusion through Primary Agricultural Credit Societies

(PACS).

o Key initiatives: Model Bye-Laws, PACS computerization, multipurpose PACS,

dairy & fishery cooperatives.

o Transforming PACS into Common Service Centres (CSCs) for extended

services.
o Establishing retail petrol/diesel outlets, micro-ATMs, and RuPay Kisan Credit
Cards for dairy cooperatives.
o 9,000+ new PACS, dairy, and fishery cooperatives established in underserved
areas.
o 240 PACS applied for retail fuel outlets; 39 selected.

o 35,293 PACS functioning as Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samriddhi Kendras

(PMKSK).
o 1,723 micro-ATMs distributed for doorstep banking.

6. Food Processing Industry:

o Contributes 12.41% of total employment in organized manufacturing.

o Agri-food exports valued at USD 46.44 billion (FY24), 11.7% of India’s total
exports.

o Processed food exports share increased from 14.9% (FY18) to 23.4% (FY24).

o Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY): 1,079 projects

completed (Oct 2024).

o Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing (PLISFPI): 171

applications approved, ₹8,910 crore investment, ₹1,084.01 crore incentives
disbursed.

o PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME): 4.07

lakh applications, ₹8.63 thousand crore loans sanctioned, 87,477 beneficiaries
trained.

7. Food Security & Management:

 o National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013: Covers 81.35 crore persons,
ensuring subsidized food grains.

o Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): Free food grain
allocation extended for five years (from Jan 2024).

o Public Distribution System (PDS) Efficiency: Achieving 100% e-KYC

compliance under ONORC scheme.

o Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR Financing (CGS-NPF): Loans against

e-NWRs for farmers.

8. Conclusion & Future Directions:

o Agriculture remains a key pillar of economic growth & food security.

o Diversification into allied sectors (animal husbandry, dairying, fisheries) to

boost resilience.

o Climate challenges require adaptive strategies: climate-resistant crops, micro-

irrigation, R&D investments.

o Strengthening market infrastructure through e-NAM, FPOs, and cooperatives.

o Government schemes like PM-KISAN and PMKMY improving farmer incomes

& social security.

o Targeting 5% agricultural growth, 20% share in overall GVA to drive economic

expansion.

o Policy reforms needed to:

 Allow market-based price signals for farmers.

 Hedge price risks.

 Optimize fertilizer use.

 Reduce water & energy overuse.

o Sustainable agricultural productivity to ensure food security for India and
beyond.