Geotechnical Engineering

Problem-1: For a soil e = 0.75, w = 22%, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.66. Calculate e, n, 𝛾 & S.

𝑒 0.75
Solution: n = = = 0.43
1+𝑒 1+0.75
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (1+𝑤) 2.66 𝑥 62.4 𝑥 (1+0.22)
γ= = = 115.71 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.75
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.66 𝑥 62.4
𝛾𝑑 = = = 94.85 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.75
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.22 𝑥 2.66
S= = x 100 = 78.03%
𝑒 0.75

Problem-2: The Moist weight of 0.2 𝑓𝑡 3 of a soil is 23 lb. w = 11%, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7. Calculate moist unit
weight, dry unit weight, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation.
𝑤 23
Solution: Moist unit weight, γ = = = 115 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 0.2
γ 115
Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 103.6 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑤 1+0.11
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 62.4
Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 0.626
𝛾𝑑 103.6
𝑒 0.626
Porosity, n = = = 0.385 = 38.5%
1+𝑒 1+0.626
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.11 𝑥 2.7
Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 47.4%
𝑒 0.626

Problem-3: A moist soil has a volume of 0.33 𝑓𝑡 3 and weighs 39.93 lb. The oven dry weight of
the soil is 34.54 lb. If 𝐺𝑠 = 2.67, calculate moisture content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight,
void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation.
𝑊𝑤 39.93−34.54
Solution: Moisture content, w = x 100 = x 100 = 15.6%
𝑊𝑠 34.54
𝑤 39.93
Moist unit weight, γ = = = 121 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 0.33
𝑊𝑠 34.54
Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 104.7 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 0.33
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.67 𝑥 62.4
Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 0.591
𝛾𝑑 104.7

𝑒 0.591
Porosity, n = = x 100 = 37.1%
1+𝑒 1+0.591
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.156 𝑥 2.67
Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 70.48%
𝑒 0.591

Faruque Abdullah
Practical Engineering
Problem-4: The dry density of a sand with a porosity of 0.387 is 1600 kg/𝑚3 . Find the void ration
of the soil and the specific gravity of the soil solids.
𝑛 0.387
Solution: Void ratio, e = = = 0.631
1−𝑛 1−0.387
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 𝐺𝑠 𝑥 62.4
𝛾𝑑 = => 1600 = => 𝐺𝑠 = 2.61.
1+𝑒 1+0.631

Problem-5: A dry soil unit weight 112 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 . When specific gravity 2.7. Then compute saturated
unit weight of the soil
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (𝐺𝑠 +𝑒)𝛾𝑤
Solution: 𝛾𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
2.7 𝑥 62.4 (2.7+0.504) 𝑥 62.4
=> 112 =
1+𝑒
=> e = 0.504 = = 132.71 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+0.504
Problem-6: The moist unit weight of a soil is 16.5 kN/𝑚3 . Given that w = 15% and 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7.
Determine (i) Dry unit weight (ii) Porosity (iii) Degree of saturation (iv) Mass of water in kg/𝑚3
to be added to reach full saturation.
γ 16.5
Solution: (i) Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 14.35 kN/𝑚3
1+𝑤 1+0.15
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 9.81
(ii) 𝛾𝑑 = => 14.35 = => e = 0.846
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
𝑒 0.846
Porosity, n = = x 100 = 45.8%
1+𝑒 1+0.846
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.15 𝑥 2.7
(iii) Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 47.9%
𝑒 0.846

(𝐺𝑠 +𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.7+0.846) 𝑥 9.81

(iv) 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 18.84 kN/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1+0.846
(𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − γ) 𝑥 1000
∴ Mass of water (kg/𝑚3 ) to be added = = 238.5 kg.
9.81

[kN has been converted to N and N has been converted to kg dividing by 9.81]
Problem-7: Find void ratio, dry density, unit eight of sand if S = 0.49. Also find degree of
saturation and submerged unit weight of sand if w = 14%, n = 30% and 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7.
𝑛 0.3
Solution: Void ratio, e = = = 0.429
1−𝑛 1−0.3
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 62.4
Dry density, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 117.9 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.429
(𝐺𝑠 +𝑆𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.7+0.49 𝑥 0.429) 𝑥 62.4
Moist unit weight of sand, 𝛾𝑠 = = = 74.23 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.429
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.14 𝑥 2.7
Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 88.1%
𝑒 0.429
 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 − 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 62.4−62.4
Submerged unit weight, 𝛾 ′ = = = 74.23 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.429

Problem-8: The dry unit weight of a soil having 15% moisture content is 17.5 kN/𝑚3 . Find the
bulk unit weight, saturated unit weight & submerged unit weight if 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7.
Solution: Bulk unit weight, γ = 𝛾𝑑 (1 + w) = 17.5 x (1 + 0.15) = 20.13 kN/𝑚3
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 9.81
Again, 𝛾𝑑 = => 17.5 = => e = 0.512
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
(𝐺𝑠 +𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.7+0.512) 𝑥 9.81
Saturated unit weight, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 20.82 kN/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1+0.512

Submerged unit weight, 𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 – 𝛾𝑤 = 20.82 – 9.81 = 11.01 kN/𝑚3 .

Problem-9: A 100% saturated soil has a wet unit weight of 120 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 and water content of 36%.
Determine void ration & specific gravity.
Solution: Se = w𝐺𝑠 => 1 x e = 0.36 x 𝐺𝑠 => e = 0.36𝐺𝑠 --------(1)
(𝐺𝑠 +𝑒)𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(𝐺𝑠 +0.36𝐺𝑠 ) 𝑥 62.4
=> 120 =
1+0.36𝐺𝑠

=> 𝐺𝑠 = 2.87
∴ Void ratio, e = 0.36 x 2.87 = 1.03
Problem-10: The dry mass of a sample of aggregate is 19.82 gm. The mass of a saturated surface
dry condition is 2006.7 gm. The net volume of aggregate is 734.4 𝑐𝑚3 . Find the apparent specific
gravity, bulk specific gravity and the percentage absorption.
2006.7−1982 𝑀
Solution: Volume of water, 𝑉𝑤 = = 24.7 𝑐𝑚3 [v = ]
1 𝜌

Net volume, 𝑉𝐷 = 734.4 𝑐𝑚3

Bulk volume, 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝑤 = 734.4 + 24.7 = 759.1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑊𝐷 1982
∴ Apparent specific gravity, 𝐺𝐴 = = = 2.699
𝑉𝐷 734.4
𝑊𝐷 1982
∴ Bulk specific gravity, 𝐺𝐴 = = = 2.61
𝑉𝐵 759.1
2006.7− 1982
∴ % of absorption = x 100= 1.25%
1982

Problem-11: For a given soil 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75, 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.46 and 𝐺𝑠 = 2.68. What is the moist unit weight
of compaction in the field of 𝐷𝑟 = 78% & w = 9%?
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
Solution: Relative density, 𝐷𝑟 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
=> e = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 𝐷𝑟 (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 0.75 – 0.78 x (0.75 – 0.46) = 0.524
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (1+𝑤) 2.68 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 (1+0.09)
∴ Moist unit weight, γ = = = 18.8 kN/𝑚3 .
1+𝑒 1+0.524

Problem-12: A loose uncompact sand fill 6 ft. in depth has a relative density of 40%. Laboratory
tests indicated that 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90, 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.46 and 𝐺𝑠 = 2.65. (a) What is the dry unit weight of the
sand? (b) If the sand is compacted to a relative density of 75%, what is the decrease in thickness
of the 6 ft. fill?
Solution: Let, for uncompact condition→𝐷𝑟1 , 𝑒1 , 𝛾𝑑1 & for compact condition→𝐷𝑟2 , 𝑒2 , 𝛾𝑑2
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒1
(a) 𝐷𝑟1 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛

=> 𝑒1 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 𝐷𝑟1 (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

= 0.90 – 0.4 x (0.90 – 0.46) = 0.724
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
∴ Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑1 =
1+𝑒
2.65 𝑥 62.4
= = 95.9 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+0.724
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒2
(b) 𝐷𝑟2 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛

=> 𝑒2 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 𝐷𝑟2 (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

= 0.90 – 0.75 x (0.90 – 0.46) = 0.57
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.65 𝑥 62.4
∴ Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑1 = = = 105.32 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.57
𝑊𝑠
∴ 𝛾𝑑1 = => 𝑊𝑠 = 𝛾𝑑1 A𝐻1
𝑉1
𝑊𝑠
∴ 𝛾𝑑2 = => 𝑊𝑠 = 𝛾𝑑2 A𝐻2
𝑉2
𝛾𝑑1 𝐻1 95.9 𝑥 6
∴ 𝛾𝑑1 A𝐻1 = 𝛾𝑑2 A𝐻2 => 𝐻2 = = = 5.463 ft.
𝛾𝑑2 105.32
∴ ∆H = 6 – 5.463 = 0.537 ft. = 6.44 inch.
Problem-13: w = 15%, unit weight 120 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 , 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.50, 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 for densest and loosest
state. Compute S, 𝐷𝑟 , when specific gravity 2.65.
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (1+𝑤) 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 (1+𝑤) 2.65 𝑥 62.4 𝑥 (1+0.15)
Solution: γ = => e = –1= – 1 = 0.5847
1+𝑒 𝛾 120
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.15 𝑥 2.65
Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 67.98%
𝑒 0.5847

𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 0.85 − 0.5847

Relative density, 𝐷𝑟 = = x 100 = 75.8
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.85−0.50
Problem-14: Unit weight = 131 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 , w = 14%, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.67. Find 𝛾𝑑 , 𝛾𝑑 at zero air void, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 if
the voids are filled with water.
𝑊𝑤 𝑊𝑤
Solution: w = => 0.14 = => 𝑊𝑤 = 0.14 𝑊𝑠
𝑊𝑠 𝑊𝑠

Let, Volume, V = 1 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑊 𝑊𝑠 +𝑊𝑤 𝑊𝑠 +0.14 𝑊𝑠
γ= => 131 = => 131 = => 𝑊𝑠 = 115; 𝑊𝑤 = 16 lb
𝑉 1 1

𝛾𝑑 =
𝑊𝑠
=
115
= 115 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑉𝑎 = 1 – (𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑠 ) = 0.06 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 1 𝑉𝑣 = 1 – 𝑉𝑠 = 0.31 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑊𝑤 16 𝑊𝑠
𝑉𝑤 = = = 0.26 𝑓𝑡 3 𝛾𝑑 at zero air void =
𝛾𝑤 62.4 𝑉𝑠 +𝑉𝑤
𝑊𝑠 𝑊𝑠 115 3 115
𝑉𝑠 = = = = 0.69 𝑓𝑡 = = 121.1 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝛾𝑠 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.67 𝑥 62.4 0.69+0.26

𝑊𝑠 + 𝑉𝑣 𝛾𝑤
Saturated unit weight when voids are filled with water (no air), 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
115 + 0.31 𝑥 62.4
=
1

= 134.4 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
Problem-15: A 27.50 lb soil sample has a volume of 0.32 𝑓𝑡 3 , moisture content of 15.20% and 𝐺𝑠
= 2.67. Compute bulk density, dry density, degree of saturation and void ratio.
𝑤 27.50
Solution: Bulk unit weight, 𝛾𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 = = = 85.94 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 0.320
𝛾𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 85.94
Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 74.6 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑤 1+0.152
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.67 𝑥 62.4
Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 1.24
𝛾𝑑 74.6

𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.152 𝑥 2.67

Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 32.73%
𝑒 1.24

Problem-16: Determine the (i) water content (ii) dry density (iii) bulk density (iv) void ratio (v)
degree of saturation. Given that sample dia 3.81 cm, sample height = 7.62 cm, wet weight = 166.8
gm, oven dry weight = 140 gm & 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7.
166.8−140
Solution: (i) Water content, w = x 100 = 19.14%
140
140
(ii) Dry density, 𝜌𝑑 = 𝜋 = 1.61 gm/𝑐𝑚3
𝑥 (3.81)2 𝑥 7.62
4

166.8
(iii) Bulk density, ρ = 𝜋 = 1.92 gm/𝑐𝑚3
𝑥 (3.81)2 𝑥 7.62
4
 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 1
(iv) Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 0.68
𝜌𝑑 1.61
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.1914 𝑥 2.7
(v) Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 76%
𝑒 0.68

Problem-17: The difference between maximum and minimum void ratio is 0.3 & field void ratio
is 0.4. If relative density is 66.6%, find out the density (saturated) at its loosest condition of sand.
Solution: Assume, 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0.4
𝐷𝑟 = => 0.666 = => 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.60
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.3

(𝐺𝑠 +𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.7+0.60) 𝑥 9.81

Saturated unit weight, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 20.23 kN/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1+0.60

Problem-18: In a field hole cut off volume is 1.1 𝑓𝑡 3 . The wet mass of the hole is 130 lb and dry
mass is 119 lb. Determine the degree of saturation if 𝐺𝑠 = 2.7.
𝑊𝑤 130−119
Solution: Moisture content, w = x 100 = x 100 = 9.24%
𝑊𝑠 119
𝑊𝑠 119
Dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑 = = = 108.18 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 1.1
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.7 𝑥 62.4
Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 0.56
𝛾𝑑 108.18
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.924 𝑥 2.7
Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 44.55%
𝑒 0.56

Problem-19: w = 18.5%, 𝛾𝑑 = 100 lb/𝑓𝑡 3 , 𝐺𝑠 = 2.65. Find (i) Degree of saturation (ii) Maximum
dry unit weight to which this soil can be compacted with 20% moisture content.
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.65 𝑥 62.4
Solution: (i) Void ratio, e = –1= – 1 = 0.654
𝛾𝑑 100

𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.185 𝑥 2.65

Degree of saturation, S = = x 100 = 75%
𝑒 0.654

(ii) For maximum dry unit weight at 20% moisture content, S = 100% = 1
e = 𝑤𝐺𝑠 = 0.2 x 2.65 = 0.53 [∵ Se = 𝑤𝐺𝑠 where, S = 1]
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.65 𝑥 62.4
Maximum dry unit weight, 𝛾𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = = = 108.1 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
1+𝑒 1+0.53

Problem-20: In a liquid limit & plastic limit test, 𝑊𝐿 = 45, 𝑊𝑝 = 23. Classify the soil.

Solution: 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑊𝐿 – 𝑊𝑝 = 45 – 23 = 22

A line 𝐼𝑃 = 0.73 (𝑊𝐿 – 20) = 0.73 x (45 – 20) = 18.25

As 𝐼𝑃 = 22 is above the A – line, the soil is inorganic with medium plasticity.
Problem-21: In a liquid limit test, the moisture content at 10 blows was 70% and that for 100
blows was 20%. What is the liquid limit of the soil?
𝑁1 0.121 10
Solution: For 10 blows→𝑊𝐿1 = 𝑊1 ( ) = 70 x ( )0.121 = 62.7%
25 25
𝑁2 0.121 100 0.121
For 100 blows→𝑊𝐿2 = 𝑊2 ( ) = 20 x ( ) = 23.7%
25 25

∴ Required liquid limit, LL = 62.7 – 23.7 = 39%

Problem-22: A saturated soil with a volume of 19.65 𝑚3 has a mass of 36 gm. When the soil was
dried, its volume and mass were 13.5 c𝑚3 & 25 gm respectively. Determine the shrinkage limit of
the soil.
𝑀1 − 𝑀2 36−25
Solution: 𝑊𝑖 = x 100 = x 100 = 44%
𝑀2 25

(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑓 )𝜌𝑤 (19.65−13.50 𝑥 1

∆W = x 100 = x 100 = 24.6%
𝑀2 25

Shrinkage limit, 𝑊𝑠 or SL = 𝑊𝑖 – ∆W = 44 – 24.6 = 19.4%

Problem-23: A square footing 2 m x 2 m is built in a homogenous bed of sand. γ = 19 kN/𝑚3 , φ
= 360 , the depth of base of the footing below the ground surface is 1.2 m. Calculate the safe load
carried by footing with a F.S. of 3. Assume 𝑁𝑐 = 65.4, 𝑁𝑞 = 49.4 & 𝑁𝛾 = 54.

Solution: For square foundation, q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4 γBNγ

= 1.3 x 0 x 65.4 + (19 x 1.2) x 49.4 + 0.4 x 19 x 2 x 54

= 1947 kPa
𝑞𝑢 1947
Now, 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 649 kPa
𝐹𝑆 3

∴ Safe load = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 x 𝐵 2 = 649 x 22 = 2596 kN.

Problem-24: Calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil per unit area of (i) a strip footing of 1
m wide (ii) a square footing of 3 m x 3 m (iii) A circular footing of 3 m dia. γ = 17.66 kN/𝑚3 , C
= 19.62 kN/𝑚2 , φ = 250 , 𝑁𝑐 = 17.5, 𝑁𝑞 = 7.5 & 𝑁𝛾 = 5. Assume footing is 1 m below the ground
level.
1
Solution: (i) q u = c ′ Nc + qNq + γBNγ
2
1
= 19.62 x 17.5 + (17.66 x 1) x 7.5 + x 17.66 x 1 x 5 = 520 kPa
2

(ii) q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4 γBNγ

= 1.3 x 19.62 x 17.5 + (17.66 x 1) x 7.5 + 0.4 x 17.66 x 3 x 5 = 685 kPa

(iii) q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.3 γBNγ

= 1.3 x 19.62 x 17.5 + (17.66 x 1) x 7.5 + 0.3 x 17.66 x 3 x 5 = 658 kPa

Problem-25: Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing 1.2 m wide and having
the depth of foundation of 1 m. φ = 350 , γ = 18 kN/𝑚3 , C = 15 kN/𝑚2 .
1
Solution: q u = c ′ Nc + qNq + γBNγ
2
1
= 15 x 57.8 + (18 x 1) x 41.4 + x 18 x 1.2 x 47.3 = 2123 kN/𝑚2
2

[For φ = 350 , 𝑁𝑐 = 57.8, 𝑁𝑞 = 41.4 & 𝑁𝛾 = 42.4]

𝜑 𝜋 35 𝜋
𝜋 𝑥 (0.75− ) ∗tan(𝜑 ∗ ) 𝜋 𝑥 (0.75− ) ∗tan(35 ∗ )
[𝑒 360 180 ]2 [𝑒 360 180 ]2
𝑁𝑞 = 𝜋 𝜑𝑥𝜋 = 𝜋 35𝜋 2 = 41.4
2 cos[ 4 + 360 ]2 2 cos[ + ]
4 360

(𝑁𝑞 −1) (41.44−1)

𝑁𝑐 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 57.8 [If φ = 00 , 𝑁𝑐 = 5.7]
tan(𝜑∗ 180) tan(35∗ 180)
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑥 (𝑁𝑞 +1) ∗ tan(𝜑∗ 180) 2 𝑥 (41.44+1) ∗ tan(35∗ 180)
𝑁𝛾 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 47.3
1+0.4∗sin(4𝜑∗ ) 1+0.4∗sin(4∗35∗ )
180 180

[Calculator should be in Radian mode]

∴ Net ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑓 = q u – γD = 2123 – 18 x 1 = 2105 kN/𝑚2 .

Problem-26: Determine the allowable gross load and net allowable load for a square footing of 2
m side and with a depth of foundation 1 m. φ = 250 , γ = 18 kN/𝑚3 , C = 15 kN/𝑚2 , F.S. = 3, 𝑁𝑐
= 57.8, 𝑁𝑞 = 41.4 & 𝑁𝛾 = 42.4.

Solution: q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4 γBNγ

= 1.3 x 15 x 57.8 + (18 x 1) x 41.4 + 0.4 x 18 x 2 x 42.4 = 2483 kN/𝑚2

𝑞𝑢 2483
Now, 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 827.67 kPa
𝐹𝑆 3

∴ Allowable gross load = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 x 𝐵 2 = 827.67 x 22 = 3311 kN.

∴ Net ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑓 = q u – γD = 2483 – 18 x 1 = 2465 kN/𝑚2 .
𝑞𝑢 2465
∴ Net allowable load 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = x 22 = x 4 = 3287 kN.
𝐹𝑆 3

Problem-27: Determine the ultimate bearing capacity for (i) general shear failure & (ii) local shear
failure of a strip footing 1.2 m wide and having the depth of foundation is 1 m. Take for C-φ soil,
C = 18 kN/𝑚2 , φ = 350 , γ = 18 kN/𝑚3 , 𝑁𝑐 = 57.7, 𝑁𝑞 = 14.4 & 𝑁𝛾 = 42.4 and take for C soil, C
= 30 kN/𝑚2 , φ = 00 , γ = 20 kN/𝑚3 , 𝑁𝑐 = 5.14, 𝑁𝑞 = 1 & 𝑁𝛾 = 2.4.
Solution: For C – φ soil:
General Sher failure:
1
q u = c ′ Nc + qNq + γBNγ
2
1
= 18 x 57.7 + (18 x 1) x 14.4 + x 18 x 1.2 x 42.4
2

= 1755.7 kN/𝑚2
Local shear failure: 2
c ′ = c = 12 kN/𝑚2
1 3
q u = c ′ Nc ′ + qNq ′ + γBNγ ′
2 Nc ′ = 5.14; Nq ′ = 1 & Nγ ′ = 2.4
= 20 x 5.14 + (20 x 1) x 1 + 0
= 122.8 kN/𝑚2
For C soil:
General Sher failure:
1
q u = c ′ Nc + qNq + γBNγ
2

= 30 x 5.14 + (20 x 1) x 1+ 0
= 174.1 kN/𝑚2
Local shear failure: 2
c ′ = c = 20 kN/𝑚2
1 3
q u = c ′ Nc ′ + qNq ′ + γBNγ ′
2 2
𝜑 ′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ * tan (35)] = 250
1 3
= 12 x 25.1 + (18 x 1) x 12.7 + x 18 x 1.2 x 9.7
2 Nc ′ = 25.1; Nq ′ = 12.7 & Nγ ′ = 9.7
= 634.6 kN/𝑚2
Problem-28: A 2 m x 2 m footing is laid at a depth of 1.3 m below the ground surface. Determine
the ultimate bearing capacity if (i) water table rises to the level of the base (ii) water table rises to
the ground surface (iii) water table is 1 m below the base (iv) water table is 0.5 m below the ground
surface. Given that, γ = 20kN/𝑚3 , C = 24 kN/𝑚2 , φ = 300 , 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5 & 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7.

Solution: (i) Water table rises to the level of the base:

q = γ𝐷𝑓 = 20 x 1.3 = 26 kN/𝑚2 ; 𝛾 ′ = 20 – 9.8 = 10.2 kN/𝑚3

q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4𝛾 ′ BNγ

= 1.3 x 24 x 37.2 + 26 x 22.5 + 0.4 x 10.2 x 2 x 19.7 = 1906.39 kN/𝑚2

(i) Water table rises to the ground surface:
q = 𝛾 ′ 𝐷𝑓 = 10.2 x 1.3 = 13.26 kN/𝑚2

q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4𝛾 ′ BNγ

= 1.3 x 24 x 37.2 + 13.26 x 22.5 + 0.4 x 10.2 x 2 x 19.7 = 1619.74 kN/𝑚2

(iii) Water table is 1 m below the base:
Here, D < B, q = γ𝐷𝑓 = 20 x 1.3 = 26 kN/𝑚2 ;
1 1
𝛾𝑎𝑣 = [γD + 𝛾 ′ (B-D)] = [20 x 1 + 10.2 x (2-1)] = 15.1 kN/𝑚3
𝐵 2

q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4𝛾𝑎𝑣 BNγ

= 1.3 x 24 x 37.2 + 26 x 22.5 + 0.4 x 15.1 x 2 x 19.7 = 1983.62 kN/𝑚2

(iv) Water table is 0.5 m below the base:
q = γ(𝐷𝑓 – D) + 𝛾 ′ D = 20 x (1.3 – 0.8) + 10.2 x 0.8 = 18.16 kN/𝑚2 ;
1 1
𝛾𝑎𝑣 = [γD + 𝛾 ′ (B-D)] = [20 x 1 + 10.2 x (2-1)] = 15.1 kN/𝑚3
𝐵 2

q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4𝛾 ′ BNγ

= 1.3 x 24 x 37.2 + 18.16 x 22.5 + 0.4 x 10.2 x 2 x 19.7 = 1730 kN/𝑚2

Problem-29: Footing size 2 m x 2 m, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.4 kN/𝑚3 , φ = 200 , 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5 & 𝑁𝛾 =
19.7, C = 20 kN/𝑚2 , depth of foundation = 5 m, F.S. = 3. Calculate the allowable bearing capacity.
Solution: 𝛾 ′ = 20.4 – 9.81 = 10.59 kN/𝑚3 ; q = 𝛾 ′ 𝐷𝑓 = 10.59 x 5 = 52.95 kN/𝑚2

q u = 1.3 c ′ Nc + qNq + 0.4𝛾 ′ BNγ

= 1.3 x 20 x 37.2 + 52.95 x 22.5 + 0.4 x 10.59 x 2 x 19.7 = 2325.5 kN/𝑚2

𝑞𝑢 2325.5
Now, 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 775.16 kN/𝑚2 .
𝐹𝑆 3

Problem-30: A soil shown in figure. A uniformly

distributed load is applied at the ground surface. What is
the settlement of the clay later caused by primary
consolidation, if -
(i) the clay is normally consolidated
(ii) the pre-consolidation pressure is 190 kN/𝑚2
(iii) the pre-consolidation pressure is 170 kN/𝑚2 .
Solution: (i) 𝜎0 ′ = 16 x 3 + (18.5 – 9.81) x 6 + (19 – 9.81) x 3 = 127.71 kN/𝑚2
[At mid-point of clay layer]
∆𝜎 ′ = 50 kN/𝑚2
𝐶𝐿 = 0.009 (LL – 10) = 0.009 x (50 – 10) = 0.36
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ 0.36 𝑥 6 127.71+50
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
= log = 0.159 m.
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 0.95 127.71

(ii) Given that, 𝜎𝑐 ′ = 190 kN/𝑚2

𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ = 127.71 + 50 = 177.71 kN/𝑚2
Here, 𝜎𝑐 ′ (190 kN/𝑚2 ) > 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ = 177.71 kN/𝑚2
1
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 = 0.072
5

𝐶𝑠 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ 0.72 𝑥 6 127.71+50
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
= log = 0.032 m.
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 0.95 127.71

(iii) Given that, 𝜎𝑐 ′ = 170 kN/𝑚2

𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ = 127.71 + 50 = 177.71 kN/𝑚2
Here, 𝜎𝑐 ′ (170 kN/𝑚2 ) < 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ = 177.71 kN/𝑚2
𝐶𝑠 𝐻𝑐 𝜎𝑐 ′ 𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
+ log
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 𝑒0 𝜎𝑐 ′
0.72 𝑥 6 170 0.36 𝑥 6 127.71+50
= log + log = 0.049 m.
1+ 0.95 127.71 1+ 0.95 170

Problem-31: Calculate the settlement of a 2.5 m deep clay layer due to increase of 30 kN/𝑚2
pressure at mid height of the clay layer. Given effective vertical stress at mid height of layer 130
kN/𝑚2 , e = 0.80, 𝐶𝑐 0.28.
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ 0.28 𝑥 2.5 130+30
Solution: Normally consolidated soil: 𝑆𝑐 = log ′
= log = 0.035 m.
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 0.8 130

Problem-32: An average natural water content of the normal clay deposit is 40%, unit weight is
2.8 gm/cc and compressive index is 0.36. If 𝐶𝑣 = 6 x 10−5 sft/min and clay deposits 20 ft. thick.
Find settlement if drained top and bottom. The existing effective overburden pressure at the center
of clay layer is 2 ton/sft and the increase of pressure causing the expected settlement is 0.29 ton/sft.
𝛾𝑠
Solution: 𝛾𝑠 = 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 => 𝐺𝑠 = = 2.8; e = w𝐺𝑠 = 0.4 x 2.8 = 1.12
𝛾𝑤

𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ 0.36 𝑥 20 2+0.29
𝑆𝑐 = log ′
= log = 0.199 ft.
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 1.12 2
Problem-33: A building column has a footing area of 2 m x 3 m and transmits a pressure increment
of 150 kN/𝑚2 as its base embedment 1.6 m below ground level as shown in figure. Assuming a
pressure distribution of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal. Determine the consolidation settlement at the
middle of the clay layer. Consider the pressure variation across the thickness of clay layer (i) For
sand, γ = 16.5 kN/𝑚2 , 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 18.5 kN/𝑚2 (ii) For clay, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 16 kN/𝑚2 , e = 0.95, 𝐶𝑐 = 0.26.
Solution: 𝜎0 ′ = 16.5 x 2.6 + (18.5 – 9.81) x 1 + (16 – 9.81) x 1
= 57.78 kN/𝑚2
∆𝜎 ′ at top, middle & bottom of clay layer:
150 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
∆𝜎 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = 45 kN/𝑚2
4𝑥5
150 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
∆𝜎 ′ 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 = = 30 kN/𝑚2
5𝑥6
150 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
∆𝜎 ′ 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = 21.43 kN/𝑚2
6𝑥7
1
∆𝜎 ′ = [∆𝜎 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 4 x (∆𝜎 ′ 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 ) + ∆𝜎 ′ 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 ]
6
1
= x [45 + 4 x 30 + 21.43]
6

= 31.07 kN/𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′
Settlement, 𝑆𝑐 = log
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 ′

0.26 𝑥 2 57.78+31.07
= log
1+ 0.95 57.78

= 0.0498 m.
Problem-34: A circular foundation of 2 m diameter directly resting on a 6 m thick normally
consolidated clay layer as shown in figure. Determine the consolidation settlement of the clay layer
if the footing subjected to 100 kN/𝑚2 uniform load.
Solution: 𝜎0 ′ = 18 x 2 + (20 – 9.81) x 3
= 66.57 kN/𝑚2
∆𝜎 ′ = 60 kN/𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′
Settlement, 𝑆𝑐 = log
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 ′

0.32 𝑥 6 66.57+60
= log
1+ 1.2 66.57

= 0.244 m.
Problem-35: Calculate the consolidation settlement of the clay layer under the foundation.
Solution: 𝜎0 ′ = 16 x 5 + (18 – 9.81)x 2.5
= 100.48 kN/𝑚2
∆𝜎 ′ = 10 kN/𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′
Settlement, 𝑆𝑐 = log
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 ′
0.15 𝑥 5 100.48+10
= log
1+ 0.95 100.48

= 0.0158 m
Problem-36: The thickness of clay layer is 2.5 m. The value of void ration is 0.7 and compression
index is 0.28. The existing pressure at the mid of the clay layer is 40 kN/𝑚2 and a 30 kN/𝑚2 is
applied to the mid height of the layer. Find the consolidation settlement of the layer.
𝐶𝑐 𝐻𝑐 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ 0.28 𝑥 2.5 40+30
Solution: Settlement, 𝑆𝑐 = log ′
= log = 0.10007 m
1+ 𝑒0 𝜎0 1+ 0.7 40

Problem-37: The laboratory consolidation data on undisturbed clay sample are as follows: 𝑒0 =
1.1, 𝑃𝑐 = 95 kN/𝑚2 , 𝑒1 = 0.90 & 𝑃1 = 475 kPa. Calculate the coefficient of volume compressibility
and what will be the void ratio for a pressure of 600 kPa and effective pressure is 95 kPa.
Solution: The lost
Problem-38: Draw qualitative IL diagram for the following building frame at point D for shear
and show the loading diagram for maximum positive and negative shear.
∆𝑒 𝑒0 = 1.1, 𝑒1 = 0.90
Solution: 𝑚𝑉 =
∆𝑃 (1+ 𝑒0 )
∆e = 1.1 – 0.9 = 0.2
0.2
= 𝑃1 = 475 kPa; 𝑃2 = 95 kPa
380 𝑥 (1+1.1)

= 2.51 x 10−4 𝑚2 /kN. ∆P = 475 – 95 = 380 kPa

𝑒0 − 𝑒1
Again, Compression index, 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑃 [Where, 𝜎𝐿 ′ > 𝜎𝑠 ′ ]
log( 1⁄𝑃 )
2

1.1−0.9
= 475 = 0.286
log( )
95

𝑒0 − 𝑒1
Now, 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑃 𝑒0 = 1.1, 𝑒1 = ?
log( 1⁄𝑃 )
2
𝑃1 = 600 kPa; 𝑃2 = 95 kPa
600
=> 𝑒1 = – 0.286 x log ( 95 ) + 1.1 = 0.871.
Problem-39: Determine the settlement coefficient of volume compressibility if the settlement is 5
cm for 7.5 m clay layer having increasing pressure of 80 kg/𝑐𝑚2 .
𝑆 5
Solution: S = 𝑚𝑉 ∆PH => 𝑚𝑉 = ∆𝑃𝐻 = 80 𝑥 7.5 𝑥 100 = 8.33 x 10−5 𝑐𝑚2 /kg.

Problem-40: Calculate the total settlement of compressible soil stratum 2 m deep and coefficient
of volume compressibility 0.2 𝑐𝑚2 /kg under a pressure increment of 2 kg/𝑐𝑚2 .
Solution: S = 𝑚𝑉 ∆PH 𝑚𝑉 = 0.2 𝑐𝑚2 /kg
= 0.2 x 2 x 200 cm ∆P = 2 kg/𝑐𝑚2
= 80 cm H = 2 m = 200 cm

Problem-41: A clay stratum 5 m thick has the initial void ratio of 1.5 and the effective overburden
pressure of 120 kN/𝑚2 and when the sample is subjected to an increased pressure of 120 kN/𝑚2 .
The void ratio reduces to 1.44. Determine the coefficient of volume compressibility and final
settlement of the stratum.
∆𝑒
Solution: 𝑚𝑉 = 𝑒0 = 1.5, 𝑒1 = 1.44
∆𝑃 (1+ 𝑒0 )
∆e = 1.5 – 1.44 = 0.06
0.06
=
120 𝑥 (1+1.5) 𝑃1 = 120 kPa; 𝑃2 = 120 + 120 kPa = 240 kPa

= 2.0 x 10−4 𝑚2 /kN. ∆P = 240 – 120 = 120 kPa

S = 𝑚𝑉 ∆PH = 2.0 x 10−4 x 120 x 5 m = 0.12 m = 12 cm.

Problem-42: The time required to reach 50% consolidation for a soil specimen of 3 cm thick tested
in a consolidometer under single drainage condition was 30 min. Determine the time required for
the same soil of 4 m thick to reach the same degree of consolidation if it has double drainage path.
Solution: 𝑇50 𝑑1 2 𝐶𝑣 𝑡1 𝑇50 𝑑2 2 𝐶𝑣 𝑡2
𝐶𝑣 = => 𝑇50 = 𝐶𝑣 = => 𝑇50 =
𝑡1 𝑑1 2 𝑡2 𝑑2 2

Now, 𝑇50 = 𝑇50 3

𝑑1 = = 0.03 m [For single drainage]
100
𝐶𝑣 𝑡1 𝐶𝑣 𝑡2
=> =
𝑑1 2 𝑑2 2 4
𝑑2 = = 2 m [For double drainage]
2
30 𝑥 60 𝑡
=> = (2)22
0.032

=> 𝑡2 = 8000000 sec = 92.59 days

Problem-43: The time required for 50% consolidation of a 25 mm thick clay layer (drained at both
top and bottom) in the laboratory is 2 min 20 sec. How long (in days) it will take for a 3 m thick
clay layer of the same clay in the field under pressure increment to reach 50% consolidation? In
the field, there is a rock layer at the bottom of the clay. Again how long (days) will it take in the
field for 30% consolidation to occur?
 𝐶𝑣 𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐶𝑣 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Solution: 𝑇50 = 2 = 𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 60 x 2 + 20 = 140 sec
𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
25
𝑑1 = 2 𝑥 1000 = 0.0125 m
140 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
=> =
0.01252 32 𝑑2 = 3 m [As it is bottom layer, so it has not
=> 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 8064000 sec = 93.3 days been divided by 2]

We know, 𝑇𝑣 ∝ 𝑈 2
𝑡1 𝑈1 2 𝑈2 2 30
=> = 2 => 𝑡2 = 2 x 𝑡1 = ( )2 x 93.3 = 33.6 days
𝑡2 𝑈2 𝑈2 50

Problem-44: A 3 m thick layer (double drainage) of saturated clay under surcharge loading takes
75 days for 90% consolidation. Find the coefficient of consolidation of clay for the pressure range.
Solution: 𝑇90 = 1.781 – 0.933 log(100 – U) = 1.781 – 0.933 log(100 – 90) = 0.848
3
𝑇90 𝑑 2 0.848 𝑥 ( )2
2
𝐶𝑣 = = = 0.0254 𝑚2 /day.
𝑡 75

Problem-45: For normally consolidated laboratory clay specimen drained on both sides. The
following are given: 𝜎0 ′ = 3000 lb/𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝜎0 ′ + ∆𝜎 ′ = 6000 lb/𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑒0 = 1.1, 𝑒1 = 0.9, thickness of
clay specimen = 1 in, time for consolidation = 2 min. (i) Determine the hydraulic conductivity
(ft./min) of the clay for the loading range (ii) How long (days) will it take for a 6 ft. clay layer in
the field (drained on one side) to reach 60% consolidation?
∆𝑒 𝜋 𝑈 𝜋 50 2
Solution: (i) 𝑚𝑉 = 𝑇𝑣 = ( )2 = ( ) = 0.197
∆𝑃 (1+ 𝑒0 ) 4 100 4 100
1.1−0.9
= d = ½ in = 0.5 in
3000 𝑥 (1+1.1)
t = 2 min
= 3.17 x 10−5 𝑓𝑡 2 /lb.
𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2 0.197 𝑥 (0.0417)2
𝐶𝑣 = = = 1.71 x 10−4 𝑓𝑡 2 /min.
𝑡 1.71 x 10−4

Hydraulic conductivity, k = 𝐶𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤 = 1.71 x 10−4 x 3.17 x 10−5 x 62.4 = 3.39 x 10−7 ft./min.
𝜋 𝑈 𝜋 60 2
(ii) 𝑇𝑣 = ( )2 = ( ) = 0.2827
4 100 4 100

𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑡
𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2 0.2827 𝑥 62
=> t = = = 59929.4 min = 41.6 days.
𝐶𝑣 2

Problem-46: A clay layer of 15 in thick and is drained at the top only under the given surcharge
cause a settlement of 12.21 in. (a) What is the average degree of consolidation for clay layer when
the settlement is 3 in? (b) 𝐶𝑣 = 0.003 𝑐𝑚2 /sec, how long will take for 50% consolidation? (c) If
the thickness of clay layer of 15 ft. is drained on both sides how long will take for 50%
consolidation?
3
Solution: (a) U (%) = x 100 = 24.57%
12.21
𝜋 𝑈 𝜋 50 2
(b) 𝑇𝑣 = ( )2 = ( ) = 0.197
4 100 4 100
𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2
𝐶𝑣 = [d = 15 x 2.54 = 38.1 cm]
𝑡
𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2 0.197 𝑥 (38.1)2
=> t = = = 95322.39 sec = 1.103 days.
𝐶𝑣 0.003

𝑇𝑣 𝑑 2 0.197 𝑥 (228.6)2 15 𝑥 12 𝑥 2.54

(c) t = = = 3431606 sec = 39.72 days. [d = = 228.6 cm]
𝐶𝑣 0.003 2

Problem-47: In a laboratory soil sample 50% consolidation is done in 3 min. Thickness of soil
sample is 2.5 cm. What is the time required for 6 m soil sample with same rate of consolidation?
𝐶𝑣 𝑡1 𝐶𝑣 𝑡2
Solution: 𝑇𝑣 = 2 & 𝑇𝑣 =
𝑑1 𝑑2 2

Now, 𝑇𝑣 = 𝑇𝑣 2.5
𝑑1 = = 1.25 m
2
𝐶𝑣 𝑡1 𝐶𝑣 𝑡2
=> =
𝑑1 2 𝑑2 2 6
𝑑2 = = 3 m
2
3 2 𝑡
=> 1.252 = (300)2 𝑡1 = 3 min

=> 𝑡2 = 172800 sec = 120 days

Problem-48: Determine permeability of soil which effective size of the particle is 0.008 mm &
coefficient of curvature 3.5.
𝐷10 = 0.008 mm = 0.0008 cm
2
Solution: k = c𝐷10
C = 100 [Fixed value 100 if no data is given]
2
= 100 x (0.0008)
= 6.4 x 10−5 cm/sec
Problem-49: The result of a constant head permeability test for a fine sand sample having a dia of
150 mm & a length of 300 mm are as follows: (i) constant head difference = 500 mm (ii) time of
collection of water = 5min (iii) volume of water collected = 350 𝑐𝑚3 (iv) temperature of water =
240 C.
𝑄𝐿 350 𝑥 30
Solution: k = = 500 𝜋 = 3.96 x 10−3 cm/sec.
ℎ𝐴𝑡 ( 10 )𝑥 4 𝑥 (15)2 𝑥 (5 𝑥 60)
Problem-50: In a constant head permeability test a sample 8 cm long was tested. The inside dia of
the sample is 5 cm. After a state of steady flow was established under a head of 50 cm, discharge
of 120 cc was collected in 30 sec. Compute the value of k.
𝑄𝐿 120 𝑥 8
Solution: k = = 𝜋 = 3.30 x 10−2 cm/sec.
ℎ𝐴𝑡 50 𝑥 𝑥 (5)2 𝑥 30
4

Problem-51: A falling head permeability test was performed in a permeability meter with an inside
dia of 5 cm. The inside dia of sand pipe was 2 mm. The sample had a length of 8 cm. During a
period of 6 min, the head on the sample decreased from 100 to 50 cm. Compute the value of k.
𝜋
𝑎𝑙 ℎ1 𝑥 (0.2)2 𝑥 8 100
4
Solution: k = 2.303 log = 2.303 𝜋 log = 2.50 x 10−5 cm/sec.
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 𝑥 (5)2 𝑥 6 𝑥 60 50
4

Problem-52: For a variable head permeability test, the following are given: length of specimen 15
in, area of specimen 3 𝑖𝑛2 and k = 0.0688 in/min. What should be the area of stand pipe for head
to drop from 25 to 12 inch in 8 min?
𝑎𝑙 ℎ1 𝑎 𝑥 15 25
Solution: k = 2.303 log => 0.0688 = 2.303 log = 0.15 𝑖𝑛2 .
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2 3𝑥8 12

Problem-53: A layered soil shown in figure, where 𝐻1 = 3 ft., 𝐾1 = 10−4 cm/sec, 𝐻2 = 4 ft., 𝐾2 =
3.2 x 10−2 cm/sec, 𝐻3 = 6 ft., 𝐾3 = 4.1 x 10−5 cm/sec. Determine the ratio of equivalent
permeability.
1
Solution: For horizontal flow: 𝑘ℎ𝑒𝑞 = (𝑘ℎ1 𝐻1 + 𝑘ℎ2 𝐻2 + 𝑘ℎ3 𝐻3)
𝐻
1
= x (10−4 x 3 + 3.2 x 10−2 x 4 + 4.1 x 10−5 x 6)
3+4+6

= 9.89 x 10−3 cm/sec

𝐻 3+4+6
For vertical flow: 𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 = 𝐻1 𝐻 𝐻 = 3 4 6 = 7.37 x 10−5 cm/sec
+ 2+ 3 + +
10−4 3.2 x 10−2 4.1 x 10−5
𝐾𝑣1 𝐾𝑣2 𝐾𝑣3

𝑘ℎ𝑒𝑞 9.89 x 10−3

Ratio of equivalent permeability = = = 134.19.
𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 7.37 x 10−5

Problem-54: A stratified soil profile consists of 4 layers of equal thickness. The coefficient of
permeability of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th layers are 2, 3 and 4 times than that of the first layer respectively.
Determine the effective coefficient of permeability of soil deposit for horizontal (parallel) and
vertical (perpendicular) direction of soil in terms of the coefficient of permeability of the 1st layer.
1
Solution: For horizontal flow: 𝑘ℎ𝑒𝑞 = (𝑘1 H + 2𝑘1 H + 3𝑘1 H + 4𝑘1 H) = 2.5 𝑘1
4𝐻
4𝐻 4 48
For vertical flow: 𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 = 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 = 1 1 1 1 = 𝐾1
+ + + (1 + + + ) 25
𝐾1 2𝐾1 3𝐾1 4𝐾1 𝐾1 2 3 4
Problem-55: A soil layer having 100 mm x 100 mm cross-section, water is supplied to maintain a
constant head difference 300 mm across the sample. The hydraulic conductivities of soil in the
direction of flow through 𝐻1 = 150 mm, 𝐾1 = 10−2 cm/sec, 𝐻2 = 150 mm, 𝐾2 = 3 x 10−3
cm/sec, 𝐻3 = 150 mm, 𝐾3 = 4.9 x 10−4 cm/sec. Find the rate of water supply in 𝑐𝑚3 /hr?
𝐻 150+150+150
Solution: 𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 = 𝐻1 𝐻 𝐻 = 150 150 150 = 0.001213 cm/sec
+ 2+ 3 + +
𝐾𝑣1 𝐾𝑣2 𝐾𝑣3 10−2 3 x 10−3 4.9 x 10−4

ℎ 300 100 100

Q = 𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 iA = 𝑘𝑣𝑒𝑞 A = 0.001213 x x( x ) = 0.0809 𝑐𝑚3 /sec = 291.12 𝑐𝑚3 /hr.
𝐿 450 10 10

Problem-56: Hydraulic conductivity of a clay soil is 3 x 10−7 cm/sec. The viscosity of water at
250 C is 0.0911 x 10−4 g.sec/𝑐𝑚2 . Calculate the absolute permeability of soil.
𝑟𝑤 𝑘ղ 3 x 10−7 𝑥 0.0911 x 10−4
Solution k = 𝑘̅ => 𝑘̅ = = = 0.2733 x 10−11 𝑐𝑚2
ղ 𝛾𝑤 1

Problem-57: A horizontal stratified soil deposit of three layers each uniform itself. The
permeability of these three layers is 8 x 10−4 cm/sec, 52 x 10−4 cm/sec, 6 x 10−4 cm/sec and their
corresponding thickness are 7, 3, & 10 m respectively. Find the average permeability of the deposit
in vertical direction.
𝐻 7+3+10
Solution: 𝑘𝑣 = 𝐻1 𝐻 𝐻 = 7 3 10 = 7.69 x 10−4 cm/sec.
+ 2+ 3 + +
8 x 10−4 52 x 10−4 6 x 10−4
𝐾𝑣1 𝐾𝑣2 𝐾𝑣3

Problem-58: A flow net for flow around a

single row of sheet piles in a permeable soil
layer is shown in figure. Given 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦 = k
= 5 x 10−3 m/sec. Determine the total rate of
seepage through the permeable layer per unit
width.
ℎ𝐿
Solution: q = k 𝑁𝑓
𝑁𝑑

3.05 15−5
= 5 x 10−3 x x4 [ = 3.05 ft.]
8 3.28

= 7.625 x 10−3 𝑚3 /s/m.

Problem-59: For the flow net and other specification as shown in the following figure, determine
(i) how high water rise if a piezometer is placed at A, B & C? (ii) if k = 0.01 mm/sec, calculate
seepage loss.
∆ℎ
Solution: (i) ℎ𝐴 = ℎ𝐿 - 𝑁 x 2
𝑑

15−3
= 15 – 10
x2

= 12.6 m above ground surface

 ∆ℎ
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐿 - 𝑁 x 5
𝑑

15−3
= 15 – x5
10

= 9 m above ground surface

∆ℎ
ℎ𝐶 = ℎ𝐿 - 𝑁 x 9
𝑑

15−3
= 15 – x9
10

= 4.2 m above ground surface

ℎ𝐿
(ii) Seepage loss, q = k 𝑁𝑓
𝑁𝑑

15−3 15−5
= 0.864 x x4 [ = 3.05 ft.]
10 3.28

= 4.15 𝑚3 /day/m.
∴ Total loss = 4.15 x 30 = 124.416 𝑚3 /day.
Problem-60: A deposit of cohesion less soil with a permeability of 9 x 10−2 cm/sec has a depth
of 10 m with impervious layer below. A sheet pile wall is driven into the deposit to a depth of 7.5
m. The wall extends above the surface of the soil & a 2.5 m depth of water acts on the side. Sketch
the flow net & determine the seepage quantities per meter length of the wall.
Solution: Here, 𝑁𝑓 = 3; 𝑁𝑑 = 6; ℎ𝐿 = 15 m;

k = 9 x 10−2 cm/sec = 9 x 10−4 m/sec

ℎ𝐿
q=k 𝑁𝑓
𝑁𝑑

15
= 9 x 10−4 x x3
6

= 3.75 x 10−4 𝑚3/sec/m.

Problem-61: A soil profile is shown in figure. Calculate the total stress, pore-water pressure and
effective stress at A, B and C.
Solution: At point A:
Total stress, σ = 0 kN/𝑚2
Pore-water pressure, u = 0 kN/𝑚2
Effective stress, 𝜎 ′ = 0 kN/𝑚2
At point B:
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.66 𝑥 9.8
Total stress, σ = 𝛾𝑑 𝐻1 = xH= x 4 = 64.76 kN/𝑚2
1+𝑒 1+0.61

Pore-water pressure, u = 0 kN/𝑚2

Effective stress, 𝜎 ′ = 64.76 kN/𝑚2
At point C:
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒) 𝛾𝑤 (2.66+0.61) 𝑥 9.8
Total stress, σ = 𝛾𝑑 𝐻1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻2 = 64.76 + xH= x 5 = 169.16 kN/𝑚2
1+𝑒 1+0.61

Pore-water pressure, u = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻2 = 5 x 9.81 = 49.05 kN/𝑚2

Effective stress, 𝜎 ′ = 169.16 – 49.05 = 120.11 kN/𝑚2
Problem-62: What would be the maximum height of water h in the cut so that the stability of the
saturated clay is not lost?
Solution: 𝜎𝐴 = (10 – 7.2) x 1925 + h𝛾𝑤
𝑈𝐴 = 6𝛾𝑤
For maximum cut, 𝜎 ′ = 0
=> 𝜎𝐴 – 𝑈𝐴 = 0
=> (10 – 7.2) x 1925 + h𝛾𝑤 – 6𝛾𝑤 = 0
=> (10 – 7.2) x 1925 + h x 1000 – 6 x 1000 = 0
=> h = 0.61 m.
Problem-63: 10 m clay underline by sand layer. Determine the
height of cut in the clay layer.
Solution: For maximum cut, 𝜎 ′ = 0
=> (10 – H) x 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 – 6𝛾𝑤 = 0
=> (10 – H) x 1925– 6 x 1000 = 0
=> H = 6.88 m.
Problem-64: Determine the total stress & effective stress of a swimming pool having 5 m of water
level from ground.
Solution: Total stress, σ = 𝜎 ′ + u = 0 + 𝛾𝑤 h = 9.81 x 5 = 49 kN/𝑚2
Effective stress, 𝜎 ′ = 0 kN/𝑚2
Problem-65: A sand layer has 8 ft. depth; water table is at 2 ft. depth. The sand layer is overlying
on a clay layer of large depth. The moist (above water table) and saturated unit weight of sand are
18 kN/𝑚2 , 20 kN/𝑚2 . The saturated unit weight of clay is 2.1 kN/𝑚2 . Find the total stress and
effective stress (pressure) at 15 ft. depth.
Solution: Total stress, σ = 18 x 2 + 20 x 6 + 21 x 7 = 303 kN/𝑚2
Effective stress, 𝜎 ′ = 18 x 2 + (20 – 9.81) x 6 + (21 – 9.81) x 7 = 175.47 kN/𝑚2
Problem-66: From a soil investigations, you have field N value of 25 at a level of 30′ depth below
the existing surface. Water table is at 15′ below the ground surface. Density of soil above the water
table is 110 pcf and submerged density below the water table is 65 pcf. Determine the corrected N
value. The sub-soil is fine sand.
50 50 15 𝑥 110+15 𝑥 65
Solution: 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑟 = N x = 25 x = 44 [P = = 18.23 psi.
𝑃+10 18.23+10 144

Problem-67: The observed SPT value in a deposit of fully submerged fine silty sand was 45 at a
depth of 6.5 m. The average saturated unit weight of soil is 19.5 kN/𝑚3 . Find the corrected SPT
value for dilatancy and overburden effect.
Solution: 𝜎𝑣 ′ = 19.5 x 6.5 – 9.81 x 6.5 = 62.985 kN/𝑚3
2000 2000
For overburden pressure: 𝑁 ′ = N x 0.77 log = 45 x 0.77 log = 52
𝜎𝑣 ′ 62.985
1 1
For dilatancy: 𝑁 ′ = 15 + (𝑁𝑓 – 15) = 15 + (45 – 15) = 30.
2 2

Problem-68: Determine the standard N value (𝑁70 ′ ) for the following date: N = 35, rod length =
7.5 m, hole dia = 175 mm, 𝑃0 ′ = 150 kPa. Use safety hammer with 𝐸𝑟 = 75, very stiff clay with
liner.
95.76 1/2 95.76 1/2
Solution: 𝐶𝑁 = ( ) =( ) = 0.799
𝑃0 ′ 150
𝐸𝑟 75
𝑛1 = = = 1.07
𝐸𝑟𝑏 70

𝑛2 = 0.95 for rod length 7.5 m

𝑛3 = 0.80 [Very stiff clay with liner]
𝑛4 = 1.10 [For 175 mm dia]
𝑁70 ′ = 𝐶𝑁 x N x 𝑛1 x 𝑛2 x 𝑛3 x 𝑛4 = 0.799 x 35 x 1.07 x 0.95 x 0.80 x 1.10 = 25.
Problem-69: Determine the vane shear test, 20 N-m torque is applied by vane shear apparatus. If
the height of vane is 400 mm and diameter of vane is 200 mm. Determine the undrained shear
strength of the soil.
Solution: T = 20 N-m, H = 0.4 m, D = 0.2 m.
 𝑇 20
𝑆𝑢 = 𝐻 𝐷3
= 0.4 (0.2)3
= 682 N/𝑚2 .
𝜋(𝐷2 𝑥 + ) 𝜋 [(0.2)2 𝑥 + ]
2 6 2 6

Problem-70: Determine the total active thrust on a

vertical retaining wall 10 m height if the soil has
following properties φ = 350 and γ = 19 kN/𝑚3 .
𝜑
Solution: 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 0.27
1
Total active thrust, 𝐹𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 γH x H
2

= 0.5 x 0.27 x 19 x 10 x 10
= 256.5 kN per m width.
Problem-71: Determine the total active thrust on a
vertical retaining wall 10 m height, which is
subjected to uniform surcharge 57 kN/𝑚2 on
horizontal surface of soil and if the soil retaining has
following properties φ = 350 and γ = 19 kN/𝑚3 .
𝜑
Solution: 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 0.27
1
Total active thrust, 𝐹𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 qH + 𝑘𝑎 γH x H
2

= 0.27 x 57 x 10 + 0.5 x 0.27 x 19 x 10 x 10

= 410.4 kN per m width.
Problem-72: Find the total thrust at rest for the following figure.
Solution: 𝑘0 = 1 – Sinφ = 0.5
1
Total thrust = 𝑘0 γ𝐻1 x 𝐻1 + 𝑘0 γ𝐻1 x 𝐻2
2
1 1
+ 𝑘0 𝛾 ′ 𝐻2 x 𝐻2 + 𝛾𝑤 𝐻2 x 𝐻2
2 2

= 0.5 x 0.5 x 100 x 102

+ 0.5 x 100 x 10 x 5 + 0.5 x 0.5 x (122.4 – 62.4) x 52 + 0.5 x 62.4 x 52
= 6155 lb per ft. of width.
Problem-73: Compute the total thrust and point of action on a retaining wall of 10 m height
considering two layer of soil shown in figure.
𝜑 30
Solution: 𝑘𝑎1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – ) = 0.33
2
 𝜑
𝑘𝑎2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 )
35
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – )
2

= 0.27
1
Total thrust = 𝑘𝑎1 𝛾1 𝐻1 2 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾1 𝐻1 x 𝐻2
2
1
+ 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾2 𝐻2 2
2

= 0.5 x 0.33 x 16 x 42 + 0.27 x 16 x 4 x 6 + 0.5 x 0.27 x 20 x 62

= 42.24 + 103.68 + 97.2
= 243.12 kN.
Let, total thrust acts at a distance x from bottom.
1 4 6 1 6
𝑘 𝛾 𝐻 2 x (6+ )+ 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾1 𝐻1 x 𝐻2 x + 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾2 𝐻2 2 x
2 𝑎1 1 1 3 2 2 3
Now, x = 1 2 1 2
𝑘 𝛾 𝐻 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾1 𝐻1 x 𝐻2 + 𝑘𝑎2 𝛾2 𝐻2
2 𝑎1 1 1 2
4
42.24 𝑥 (6+ )+103.68 𝑥 3+97.2 𝑥 2
3
=
243.12

= 3.35 ft. from the bottom.

Problem-74: A retaining wall that has a soft saturated clay backfill is shown in figure for the
undrained condition (φ = 0) of the backfill. Determine (i) maximum depth of the tensile crack (ii)
𝑃𝑎 before the tensile crack occurs (iii) 𝑃𝑎 after the tensile crack occurs.
𝜑
Solution: 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 1
2𝐶𝑢 2 𝑥 350
(i) Depth of tensile crack, 𝑍𝑐 = = = 7 ft.
𝛾 √𝑘𝑎 100 𝑥 √1

1
(ii) 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 γ𝐻 2 – 2c√𝑘𝑎 H
2

= 0.5 x 1 x 100 x 202 – 2 x 350 x √1 x 20

= 6000 lb/ft.
1
(iii) 𝑃𝑎 = (𝑘𝑎 γH – 2c√𝑘𝑎 ) x (H – 𝑍𝑐 )
2

= 0.5 x (1 x 100 x 20 – 2 x 350 x √1) x (20 – 7)

= 8450 lb/ft.
Problem-75: A frictionless retaining wall is shown in figure. Determine the active force, 𝐹𝑎 after
the tensile crack occurs?
𝜑 26
Solution: 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – ) = 0.39
2

𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 (γH + q) – 2c√𝑘𝑎
At h = 0 m,

𝑃𝑎 = 0.39 x (0 + 15) – 2 x 10 x √0.39

= – 6.64 kN/𝑚2
At h = 6 m,

𝑃𝑎 = 0.39 x (16.5 x 6 + 15) – 2 x 10 x √0.39

= 31.97 kN/𝑚2
2𝐶 𝑞 2 𝑥 10 15
Depth of tensile crack, 𝑍𝑐 = – = – = 1.03 m.
𝛾 √𝑘𝑎 𝛾 16.5 𝑥 √0.39 16.5

1
The active force, 𝐹𝑎 = [𝑘𝑎 (γH + q) – 2c√𝑘𝑎 ] x (H – 𝑍𝑐 )
2

= 0.5 x [0.39 x (16.5 x 6 + 15) – 2 x 10 x √0.39) x (6 – 1.03)

= 79.44 kN/m.
Problem-76: A friction less retaining wall is shown in figure. Find the passive resistance on the
backfill and the location of the resultant passive force.
𝜑 26
Solution: 𝑘𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + ) = 2.56
2

1
The active force, 𝐹𝑝 = [𝑘𝑝 (γH + q) + 2c√𝑘𝑝 + 2c√𝑘𝑝 + 𝑘𝑝 q] x H
2

= 0.5 x [2.56 (15 x 4 + 10) + 4 x 8 x √2.56 + 2.56 x 10] x 4

= 512 kN/m.
Let, location of resultant is x meter above bottom.

2c√𝑘𝑝 + 𝑘𝑝 q = 51.2 kN/𝑚2

𝑘𝑝 (γH + q) + 2c√𝑘𝑝 = 204.5 kN/𝑚2

4
51.2 𝑥 4 𝑥 2+0.5 𝑥 (204.5−51.2)𝑥 4 𝑥
3
Now, x =
512

= 1.6 m
Problem-77: A pipe is to be laid in a purely cohesion (cohesive) soil having undrained cohesion
𝐶𝑢 = 30 kPa. Calculate the maximum depth upto which a vertical trench can be excavated in the
soil without providing any lateral support.
𝜑 0
Solution: 𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2) = 1
4𝐶 4 𝑥 30
Critical depth, 𝐻𝑐 = 2𝑍𝑐 = = = 6 m.
𝛾 √𝑘𝑎 20 𝑥 √1

Problem-78: Calculate the lateral force on a wall of 15′ height with sand back. γ = 115 pcf, φ =
300 .
Solution: At rest, 𝑘0 = 1 – Sinφ = 0.5
1
Total pressure = 𝑘0 γ𝐻 2 = 0.5 x 0.5 x 115 x 152 = 6468.75 lb/ft.
2

Lateral force = 6468.75 x 15 = 97031.25 lb.

Problem-79: The unconfined compression of the soil is 50 kPa. Determine the depth of excavation
without any lateral support.
Solution: Let, φ = 300 , γ = 16 kN/𝑚3 , cohesion, C = 50/2 = 25 kPa.
𝜑 30
𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – 2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 – ) = 0.33
2

4𝐶 4 𝑥 25
𝐻𝑐 = 2𝑍𝑐 = = = 10.88 m.
𝛾 √𝑘𝑎 16 𝑥 √0.33

Problem-80: Determine the axial capacity of a drilled pier having length of 50′ , diameter of 2′ .
Solution: Let, ∝1 = 0.55 [∝1 = 0.3 ~ 0.5 but by AASHTO specification, ∝1 = 0.55]
0′ – 20′ :
𝑄𝑠1 = ∝1C𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
400
= 0.55 x x (πDL)
1000
400
= 0.55 x x (π x 2 x 20)
1000

= 27.6 k
20′ – 50′ :
1500 1500
𝑄𝑠2 = ∝1C𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 0.55 x x (πDL) = 0.55 x x (π x 2 x 30) = 155.5 k
1000 1000
1500 𝜋
Again, 𝑄𝑃 = 9C𝐴𝑃 = 9 x x x (2)2 = 42.4 K
1000 4
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑠1 + 𝑄𝑠2 + 𝑄𝑃 = 225.5 k
Consider a F.S. = 2.5
𝑄𝑢
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 90.2 k
𝐹.𝑆.

Problem-81: Find the ultimate capacity if the 16′′ x 16′′ square pile having a length of 50′ .
Solution: 0′ – 20′ :
400
C= = 0.4 ksf; 𝑞𝑢 = 2C = 0.8 ksf = 0.4 tsf
1000
For 𝑞𝑢 = 0.4 tsf, ∝2 = 0.96
𝑄𝑠1 = ∝1C𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
16
= 0.96 x 0.4 x (4 x ) x 20 = 40.96 k
12

20′ – 50′ :
1500
C= = 1.5 ksf; 𝑞𝑢 = 2C = 3 ksf = 1.5 tsf
1000
For 𝑞𝑢 = 1.5 tsf, ∝2 = 0.68
𝑄𝑠2 = ∝2C𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
16
= 0.68 x 1.5 x (4 x ) x 30 = 163.2 k
12
1500 16 2
Again, 𝑄𝑃 = 9C𝐴𝑃 = 9 x x( ) = 24 K
1000 12
𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑠1 + 𝑄𝑠2 + 𝑄𝑃 = 228.16 k
Problem-82: Find the ultimate capacity of the group of piles shown in figure.
Solution: Individual Action:
𝑄𝑠 = (∝2 𝐶𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )5′ ~35′ + (∝2 𝐶𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )35′ ~45′
400 12 2000 12
= 0.96 x x (4 x ) x 30 + 0.57 x x (4 x ) x 10
1000 12 1000 12
= 91.68 k
2000 12
𝑄𝑃 = 9C𝐴𝑃 = 9 x x ( )2 = 18 K
1000 12

𝑄𝑢 = (91.68 + 18) x 9 = 987.12 k

Group Action: ∝2 = 1.0
12
𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 4 [(3 + 3) + ] x L = 28 L
12

𝑄𝑠1 = ∝1C𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
400 2000
=1x x 28 x 30 + 1 x x 28 x 10 = 896 k
1000 1000
2000
Again, 𝑄𝑃 = 9C𝐴𝑃 = 9 x x (3 + 3 + 1)2 = 882 K
1000

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑃 = 1778 k
So, ultimate pile capacity, 𝑄𝑢 = 987.12 k.
Problem-83: A concrete pile 30 cm diameter is driven into a medium dense sand (φ = 350 , γ = 21
𝐷𝑐
kN/𝑚2 , ∝ = 1.0, tanδ = 0.7, = 12) for a depth of 8 m. Estimate the safe load, F.S. = 2.50, 𝑁𝑞 =
𝐵
60.
30
Solution: 𝐷𝑐 = 12 x (100) = 3.6 m

Maximum value of 𝜎𝑣 = 21 x 3.6 = 75.6 kN/𝑚2

𝜋
𝑄𝑃 = q𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑝 = 75.6 x 60 x x (0.3)2 = 320.5 kN
4

𝑄𝑠 = ktanδ x (Area of 𝜎𝑣 diagram) x pile perimeter

= 1 x 0.7 x (0.5 x 75.6 x 3.6 + 75.6 x 4.4) x (π x 0.3)
= 309.2 kN
𝑄𝑢
Safe load = = 251.9 kN.
𝐹.𝑆.
Problem-84: Calculate the ultimate bearing capacity and allowable bearing capacity of the
following bored pile using FS = 3. [Use Janbu Method for point bearing capacity and for friction
bearing capacity it’s your choice]
Solution: Point bearing capacity:
According to Janbu Method,
Qp = Ap q p = Ap q 0 ′ Nq ∗
q 0 ′ = γ1 ′ L1 + γ2 ′ L2
= (17-9.81) X 6 + (19.5-9.81) X 3
= 72.21 kN/𝑚2
Nq ∗ = (tanφ + √1 + tan2 φ) 2 x e2ψtanφ
π
The angle ψ varies from 600 ~1050 . Let, ψ = 2
π 0
∴ Nq ∗ = (tan350 + √1 + (tan350 )2 x e2x 2 x tan35
= 33.29
Qp = Ap q 0 ′ Nq ∗
π
= 4 x (0.4)2 x 72.21 x 33.29 = 302.08 kN.
Friction bearing capacity:
Using General Method,
15D = 15 x 0.4 = 6 m.
At, z = 0 m, f = K𝜎0 ′ tan𝛿 ′ = 0
At, z = 6 m, f = K𝜎0 ′ tan𝛿 ′
= 0.1 x 6 x (17 - 9.81) x tan(0.7 x 200 )
= 1.07
At, z = 9 m, f = K𝜎0 ′ tan𝛿 ′
= 0.1 x [6 x (17 - 9.81) + 3 x (19.5 - 9.81)] x tan(0.7 x 350 ) = 3.29
f0 + f6
Qs = x 𝑃1 𝐿1 + f9 x 𝑃2 𝐿2
2
0+1.07
= x (𝜋 x 0.4) x 6 + 3.29 x (𝜋 x 0.4) x 6 kN
2
= 16.44 kN.
Qu = Qp + Qs = 302.08 + 16.44 = 318.52 kN.
Qu 318.52
Qall = = = 106 kN.
𝐹𝑆 3
Problem-85: Considering a 15 m long concrete
pile with a cross section of 0.45 m x 0.45 m fully
embedded in sand. Estimate the ultimate point load
Qp by Meyerhof method.
Solution: Point bearing capacity:
Meyerhof 1976 Method:
𝑞𝑝 = 𝑞 ′ 𝑁𝑞 ∗
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑞𝑝 ≤ 𝐴𝑝 𝑞𝑙
1
𝑞𝑙 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑁𝑞 ∗ tanφ
2
𝑃𝑎 = Atmospheric pressure = 100 kN/𝑚2
𝑞 ′ = γL = 17 x 15 = 255 kN/𝑚2 .
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑞𝑝 ≤ 𝐴𝑝 𝑞𝑙
1
= 0.45 x 0.45 x 255 x 143 ≤ 0.45 x 0.45 x 2 x 100 x 143 x tan350 .
= 7384 ≤ 1014 kN.
= 1014 kN.
Problem-86: Considering a pile having an outside diameter of 406 mm. The embedded length of
the pile in layered clay is 30 m. Estimate the ultimate point load Qp by Meyerhof method.
Solution: Point bearing capacity:
Meyerhof 1976 Method:
𝑞𝑝 = 𝐶𝑢 𝑁𝑐 ∗
≈ 9 𝐶𝑢
= 9 x 100
= 900 kN/𝑚2
𝑄𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑞𝑝
π
= x (0.406)2 x 900
4
= 116.5 kN.
Problem-87: A square foundation is 2m x 2m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a
friction angle of 𝜑 ′ = 250 and 𝑐 ′ = 20 kN/𝑚2 . The unit weight of soil, γ = 16.5 kN/𝑚3 . Determine
the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS) of 3 using Meyerhof bearing
capacity equation. Assume that the depth of the foundation (𝐷𝑓 ) is 1.5 m and that general shear
failure occurs in the soil. The value of 𝑁𝑐 , 𝑁𝑞 & 𝑁𝛾 is 20.72, 10.66 & 10.88respectively.
1
Solution: 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑠 𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐹𝑐𝑖 + q𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + 2 γB𝑁𝛾 𝐹𝛾𝑠 𝐹𝛾𝑑 𝐹𝛾𝑖

Since the load is vertical, 𝐹𝑐𝑖 = 𝐹𝑞𝑖 = 𝐹𝛾𝑖 = 1.

𝐵 𝑁𝑞
𝐹𝑐𝑠 = 1 + ( ) ( )
𝐿 𝑁𝑐
2 10.66
=1+ x = 1.514
2 20.72
𝐵
𝐹𝑞𝑠 = 1 + ( ) tan𝜑 ′
𝐿
2
= 1 + x tan25= 1.466
2
𝐵
𝐹𝛾𝑠 = 1 – 0.4( )
𝐿
2
= 1 – 0.4 x 2 = 0.6
𝐷𝑓 1.5
𝐹𝑞𝑑 = 1 + 2 tan𝜑 ′ (1-sin𝜑 ′ )2 ( )= 1 + 2 x tan 25 x (1 − sin 25)2 x = 1.233
𝐵 2
1 − 𝐹𝑞𝑑 1 −1.233
𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 𝐹𝑞𝑑 - = 1.233 – [ ] = 1.257
𝑁𝑐 tan𝜑′ 20.72 𝑥 tan 25
𝐹𝛾𝑑 = 1
The Ultimate bearing capacity of soil by Meyerhof,
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐 ′ 𝑁𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑠 𝐹𝑐𝑑 𝐹𝑐𝑖 + q𝑁𝑞 𝐹𝑞𝑠 𝐹𝑞𝑑 𝐹𝑞𝑖 + γB𝑁𝛾 𝐹𝛾𝑠 𝐹𝛾𝑑 𝐹𝛾𝑖
2
= 20 x 20.72 x 1.514 x 1.257 x 1 + 1.5 x 16.5 x 10.66 x 1.466 x 1.233 x 1+ 0.5 x
16.5 x 2 x 10.88 x 0.6 x 1 x 1
= 1373.2 kN/𝑚2
Gross allowable ultimate bearing capacity,
qu
q all =
FS
1373.2
= = 457.7 kN/𝑚2 .
3
∴ Total allowable gross load , Q = q all x 𝐵 2
= 457.7 x 22 = 1830.8 kN.
Problem-88: Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of a mat foundation measuring 15 m x
10 m on a saturated clay with 𝐶𝑢 = 95 kN/𝑚2 , φ = 0 & 𝐷𝑓 = 2 m.
Solution: The net ultimate bearing capacity for mat foundation can be expressed as,
0.195𝐵 𝐷𝑓
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢) = 5. 14 𝐶𝑢 (1 + ) (1 + 0.4 )
𝐿 𝐵
0.195 𝑥 10 2
= 5.14 x 95 (1 + ) (1 + 0.4 x )
15 10
= 595.9 kN/𝑚2
Problem-89: What will be the net allowable bearing capacity of a mat foundation with dimensions
of 15 m x 10 m constructed over a sand deposit? Here, 𝐷𝑓 = 2 m, the allowable settlement is 25
mm & the average penetration number, 𝑁60 = 10.
Solution: The net allowable bearing capacity for mat foundation can be expressed as,
𝑁60 𝐷𝑓 𝑆𝑒 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑆 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑎𝑙𝑙) = [1 + 0.33 ( )] [ ] ≤ 16.63 𝑁60 [ 𝑒 ]
0.08 𝐵 25 25
10 2 25 25
= 0.08 [1 + 0.33 x ( )] x ≤ 16.63 x 10 x
10 25 25
= 133.25 ≤ 166.3 kN/𝑚2
= 133.25 kN/𝑚2
Problem-90: The mat foundation has dimensions of 18.3 m x 30.5 m. The total dead and live load
on the mat is 111 x 103 kN. The mat is placed over a saturated clay having a unit weight of 18.87
kN/𝑚3 and 𝐶𝑢 = 134 kN/𝑚2 . Given that 𝐷𝑓 = 1.52 m, determine the factor of safety against bearing
capacity failure.
Solution: The ultimate bearing capacity for mat foundation can be expressed as,
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑢)
FS = 𝑄
− 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝐴
 0.195𝐵 𝐷𝑓
5.14 𝐶𝑢 (1 + ) (1 + 0.4 )
𝐿 𝐵
= 𝑄
− 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝐴
0.195 𝑥 18.3 1.52
5.14 𝑥 134 𝑥 (1+ )(1+0.4 𝑥 )
30.5 18.3
= 111 𝑥 10 3
−18.87 𝑥 1.52
18.3 𝑥 30.5
= 4.66.
Problem-91: Standard outside and inside diameter of split-spoon sampler is 50.8 mm and 34.93
mm respectively. Find out the degree of disturbance of split-spoon sampler.
𝐷0 2 −𝐷𝑖 2 50.82 − 34.932
Solution: 𝐴𝑅 (%) = = x 100 = 111.5 %.
𝐷𝑖 2 34.932

As the 𝐴𝑅 (%) > 10 %, then the split-spoon sampler is a disturbed sampler.

Problem-92: Find out the soil friction angle φ, if (𝑁1 )60 = 10.
Solution: Soil friction angle, φ = √20(𝑁1 )60 + 20
= √20 𝑥 10 + 20
= 34.140
Problem-93: Find out the soil friction angle φ, if 𝑁60 = 15.

Solution: Soil friction angle, φ = 27.1 + 0.3 𝑁60 - 0.00054 𝑁60 2

= 27.1 + 0.3 x 15 - 0.00054 x 152
= 31.480