IntroductiontoComputer
Computer is an electronic device which performs the
operations such as accepts the data, store the data,
manipulate or process the data and produce desired result.
or
The computer is a machine that processes data according toa
set of instructions that are stored either temporarily or
permanently.
BlockDiagramofComputer
IntroductiontoComputerHardware:
Inputdevices:which is used to enter data&instructions in to computer.
OutputDevices:which is used to get the data from computer or display
The generated information.
CPU:it acts as the computer brain.It responsible for the overall working of
all components of the computer. It can be called as the heart of a computer
system.
Storage Devices: which are used to store data and instructions given to the
computer.
i. Primarystorage
ii. Secondarystorage
1stgeneration:(1946-1954) computers were based on vacuumtubes.
2ndgeneration:(1955-1964)computers were based on transistors.
3rd generation:(1965-1974)computers were based on Integrated
circuits(IC‘s).
4th generation:(1975-tilldate)computers are microprocessors based.
5thgeneration:computers are artificial intelligence(AI)based.
InformationProcessingSystem
DATAisacollectionofnumbers,alphabets,symbols.
INFORMATION is the processed and organized data presented
in a meaningful form. Information is obtained from data after a
program processes it.
DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a
sequence of steps.
BasicUnitsofMeasurement
BITis a unit of information. It consisting of 2possible alternatives
Binary number system.
Ex:0or1(Tureor False)
BYTE is a sequence of 8bits processed as a single unit for information.
A byte can be used to represent a single character,suchas:
Aletter
Anumber
Aspecialcharacterorsymbol,or
Aspace
BasicUnitsofMeasurement
bit=0or1
8 bits = 1byte
1,024bytes= 1kilobyte(Kor KB)
1,024KB = 1Megabyte(MB)
1,024MB = 1Gigabyte(GB)
1,024GB = 1Terabyte(TB)
Computer is an electronic machine with the
combination of hardware & software components.
Software:
Software is a set of programs or instructions that allows Hardware
to do specific job.
The software can be classified in to two categories
i. System software
ii. Application software.
Hardware:
Hardware is the all physical Parts of the devices.
Which we can touch and feel.
Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard,
Mouse and all other devices connected to the computer either
externally or internally.
Peripheralsofacomputer
Cabinet(CPU)
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Externaldevices.
Cabinet(CPU)
There isa cabinetforeverycomputer.
A computer cabinet is used to protect components from
outside parts.
It have power switch,power indicator,Restart Button,Audio
And USB Connecters are available at front side.
It have keyboard port,USBport,serialport,parallelport,
HDMI,LANport,audio ports are available at back side.
Frontside&BacksideviewofCPU
DifferentScrewsUsed:
Monitor:
Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.
The monitor is the piece of computer hardwarethat displays the video and graphics
information generated by the computer through the video card.
Older monitors used a cathoderaytube(CRT).
monitors were used fordata processingwhiletelevision setswere used for
entertainment
In the monitor,the screen will be displayed in pixels format.
i. 800by 600pixels
ii. 1024by768pixels
iii. 366by768pixels….etc
This is the input device like a typewriter,which contains keys to
feed the data or information into the computer.
Keyboards are available in two modules.These are
i. Standard keyboard with 83-88keys
ii. Enhanced keyboard with104 keys or above
Mouse:
Mouse is a point and click interface for entering commands
which works well in graphical environments.
Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one
secondary button (right button).
The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, where as
secondary button is used in special cases you can select
commands and options.
PartsofCabinet
NetworkAdapter 2
1. Card 1
3
2. FloppyDiskDrive
3. CD-RomDrive
4. HardDisk 4
5. RibbonCables
6. RAM
7. CPU
8. HeatSink/CoolerFan
9. Mother Board
10. Sound Card 7
11. VGACard 8
SMPS is an electronic powersupply unit that has been fitted inside
cabinet&Identification is the rectangular box shape.
SMPS convertsac(240volts) mains power to low voltaged cpower
Needed by pc components.
SMPS is used to supply the power to MotherBoardHDD,CDROM,
FDD
InteriorviewofanATXSMPS
ATXPowerconnecter:
ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug(
This isfromSMPS)
ATX Power connecter as 20/24 pins available.
It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Mother Board
Systemboard/Motherboard:
This is the major part of the PC hardware
It manages all transactions of data between CPUperipherals.
The Mother Board contains various components, which support
the functioning of a PC. Such as the Processor, Memory and
expansion slots and connects to every part of the PC.
It is rectangle shape.
All components communicate with the processor through the
chipset- it is the hub of all data transfer.
MicroProcessor:
Itis brain ofthecomputer system.
It reads instructions from the software & It tells other
components what to do and when to do them.
ThespeedofCPU processesis measuredinMHz(megahertz).
Itis1.5 inchessquareshape.
TheCPUispaired upwithaheatsinkandaCPUfan.
MHz=Onemillioncyclesper second
1GHz=1000MHz.
BlockDiagramofMicroProcessor:
64-bitMicroprocessor–
INTELCORE-2 : 1.2GHzto 3GHz
INTELi7 :66GHzto3.33GHz
INTELi5 : 2.4GHzto3.6GHz
INTELi3 :2.93GHzto3.33GHz
RAM:
RAM is system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer
performscalculations,ittemporarilystoresthedatain theRAMuntil it is
needed.
Thisshort-termmemorydisappearswhenthecomputeristurned
offsoitiscalledasvolatilememory.
RAMismeasuredinmegabytes(MB)orgigabytes(GB).
Ifyoudon'thaveenoughRAM,you maynoticethatyourcomputeris
slow-runningwhenyouhaveseveralprogramsopen.
Computerstoresdatainunitscalled bitsandbytes.
IntegratedRAMchipsareavailableintwoform:
SRAM(StaticRAM)
DRAM(DynamicRAM)
SRAMmemoriesareusedtobuildCacheMemory.
DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges that applied
to capacitors. The main memory is generally made up of DRAM chips.
MostoftheDRAMusedinmodernsystemsissynchronousDRAM,orSDRAM.
Manufacturers also sometimes use the acronym DDR (or DDR2, DDR3, DDR4,
etc.) to describe the type of SDRAM used by a PC or server.
DDRstandsfordoubledatarate,anditreferstohowmuchdatathememorycan
transferinoneclockcycle.
RAMSlots:
Ramslotsareusedtoinstalltherams
Itislargerectangleshapeandeachendinghassmallclips.
NorthBridge:
ANorthbridgeisoneofthetwochipsinthecore logic
chipsetarchitecture on a PCmotherboard
Itconvertselectronicsignalstobinaryvaluesandbinary
valuestoelectronicsignals.
NorthbridgeisconnecteddirectlytotheCPU,AGP, andthe
memoryvia the front-side bus(FSB) and is thus responsible
for tasks that require the highest performance.
Itisalsocalledascontroller.
Itplacedmiddleof themotherboard .
SouthBridge:
It is controls major components mother board and it back bone
of the input out devices
The Southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities
ofthemotherboardinaNorthbridge/Southbridge chipsetcomputer
architecture.
It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter,
BIOS chip.
ItnearbyCMOS battery
CMOSBattery:
ComplementaryMetalOxide Semiconductor
Computerisusingacoinshapebattery.
Itprovides voltagetotheBIOS(BasicInputandOutputSystem)
andsystemclock.
Itgeneratestheclocksignalanditmanagesystemcontinues time .
BIOSChip:
BIOScontrolshowtheoperatingsystemandhardwarework
together
BIOSidentificationisBIOSnameisavailableonchipor
motherboard
AGPSlot&AGPCard:
Displaycardisusedtodisplaythe data totheuser.
Itisindirectlylinkedwiththecomputermemoryandisbuiltin
themother board.
Adapter cards areinstalled in this slot like Displaycard, Sound
card, Network Interface card, etc
AGPSlot&AGPCard:
AGP(AcceleratedGraphicsPort)SlotisusedinstalltheAGPcard.
AGPbackviewsameasVGAport(15-femalepins)andusedto
connectingthemonitors.
ThisslotisabovePCIslotsanditscolorisBlackorBrown
PCI(Expansion)Slots:
PCI(Peripheralcomponentinterconnect)slotsareusedto install the PCI
cards such as
i. LAN(Ethernet)Card
ii. SoundCard
iii. TVTuner(Internal)Card
PCISlotsarewhiteoryellowcolor
PCICardhasSinglegaponly
PCI(Expansion)Cards:
44
Slots:
SerialPort:- It is nine pin connector used for connecting peripheral
devices such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, and older
printers.
ParallelPort:- It is a twenty five-pin connector used for connecting
peripheral devices such as printers or a scanner. The parallel port
may transfer data at more speed than a serial port because of 25pins.
USB Port:- It is the Universal Serial Bus used for connecting
peripheral devices. It is a four pin connector.
Input&Outputports:
IOportsareusedtoconnecting IOdevicesuch askey
boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, speakers
etc...
Floppyconnecter:
FloppyconnecterisusedtoconnectFloppyDiskDrive.
ThisisbesideofATXpowerconnecterandNameFDDis available on the
mother board.
BusCablesorDataCables:
A Bus is a collection of wires throughwhich data is transmitted from
onedevice to another device
Cablesaretwotypes
IDEcable:itusedtoconnectHDD,CDROM, DVDROM
FDDcable:itusedtoconnectFDD(brakingormanufacturedefecting)
HardDiskDrive :
Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andusuallylargest,datastorage
deviceinacomputer.
HDDiswhereyourfilesarepermanentlystoredonyourcomputer.
Also,normally,youroperatingsystemisinstalledhere.
ParallelATA Connector (PATA): It is 40 Pin connector. A ribbon
cable connects the Hard disk drive and CD/DVD Drive to the
interface, as shown in the figure below.
11
HardDiskDrive :
HDD 2.5” and 1.8” are used in Notebook and Laptop
Computersand3.5”inDesktop Computers.
FigureHDD 1.8“ 2.5” and 3.5”
CDROMDrive&CDWriter:
CD-ROM(CompactDiskReadonlyMemory)Driveisadevice
thatreadstheinformationfromCompactDisks(CD).
CD/DVDdrive(s) this is normally a read only drive where files are
permanently stored. There are now read/write CD/DVD drives that
use special software to allow users to read from and write to these
drives.
CD-WriterisusedtowritethedataintoCompactDisksonlyonce.
IdentificationisthepanelnameisCD Writer
CDROMDrive&CDWriter:
FloppyDiskDrive:
The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in
floppy disks.
Floppydisksalsocalledasadiskette.
IdentificationissmallerthanCDwriter.
FloppyDiskDrive:
Printers:
Adevicethatprintsimages(numbers,alphabets, graphs,
etc…) on paper is known as Printer.
Wehavedifferenttypesofprinterstotakeprintouts.
Theseareasfollows:
i. Dotmatrixprinter
ii. Inkjetprinter
iii. Laserprinter….etc
Printers:
LaserPrinter
DotMatrix Printer
MultifunctionalPrinter InkjetPrinter
Speakers:
Speakers make your system much more delightful to
use entertain you while you are working on computer
LCDProjectors:
Scanner:
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