RESEARCH IN SCIENCE
Parts of a
Research Paper
RATIONALE/INTRODUCTION
This provides general information about the
topic chosen, its role and importance in
society and discusses the reason why the
researcher become interested in the study.
The existing and current situation/problem.
What gaps the research intends to fill.
RATIONALE/INTRODUCTION
POINTS TO CONSIDER:
- research about statistics/surveys
- cite recommendations or results from previous
studies
- mentioned an existing practices and the problem
why there is a need to look for alternatives
- narrate your proposed idea or concept
- end with its significance/importance to venture of
this study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
It outlines the concepts that the researcher
wants to verify in his/her study. This
consists of elements called COMPONENTS
of the system and their interrelationships.
The components interact with each other
and the interactions are either shown in a
diagram or mathematical form.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
It involves mapping out the variables you
may use in your study to show the
interrelationships between them
It may also show the process followed in the
conduct of the research.
THEORETICAL VS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A literature review is a comprehensive
summary of previous research on a related
topic. The literature review surveys scholarly
articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. The review should
enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively
evaluate and clarify this previous research.
Sites for Review of
Related Literature
pdfdrive.com
search.ndltd.org
Global ETD is a free
service that allows
researchers to find
electronic thesis and
dissertations based
on a keyword , date,
institution, language
and subject.
link.springer.com
Springer Link is a
publisher platform
which provides easy
access to peer-
previewed journal
articles, e-books and
other resources,
chiefly in the
science, technical
and medical subject
areas.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/1
The Ohio Library and
Information Network
(OhioLINK) is a
consortium of Ohio’s
college and
university libraries
and the State Library
of Ohio.
https://community.libguides.com/
LibGuides is an easy-
to-use content
management system
deployed at thousands
of libraries worldwide.
The platform allows for
easy navigation
through and instruction
on core and relevant
resources in a
particular subject field,
class, or assignment.
https://doaj.org/
The Directory of Open
Access Journals is a
website that hosts a
community curated list
of open access
journals, maintained by
Infrastructure Services
for Open Access.
https://www.base-search.net/
BASE is a
multidisciplinary search
engine to scholarly
internet resources,
created by Bielefeld.
Germany.
https://eric.ed.gov/
The Education Resources
Information Center is an online
digital library of education
research and information.
ERIC is sponsored by the
Institute of Education Sciences
of the United States
Department of Education.
ERIC provides access to
bibliographic records of journal
and non-journal literature from
1966 to the present.
https://scholar.google.com/
Google Scholar is a freely
accessible web search engine
that indexes the full text or
metadata of scholarly literature
across an array of publishing
formats and disciplines.
While Google searches the
entire Web, Google Scholar
limits its searches to only
academic journal articles
produced by commercial
publishers or scholarly
societies
https://www.refseek.com/
RefSeek is a web search
engine for students and
researchers that aims to make
academic information easily
accessible to everyone.
RefSeek searches more than
five billion documents,
including web pages, books,
encyclopedias, journals, and
newspapers.
http://virtuallrc.com/
The Virtual LRC is both a
dedicated index of over 10,000
web pages maintained by a
real human being, as well as a
meta-search engine that
includes in its results
information gleaned from
many of the best research
portals and university and
public library Internet.
It is Google alternative safe
search engine for students
offering information and
reference sites;.
https://gutenberg.org/
Project Gutenberg is a
volunteer effort to digitize and
archive cultural works, as well
as to encourage the creation
and distribution of eBooks.
Sites for
Paraphrasing Tools
https://quillbot.com/
QuillBot's paraphrasing tool
helps millions of people rewrite
and enhance any sentence,
paragraph, or article using
state-of-the-art AI to rewrite
any sentence, paragraph or
article.
https://www.duplichecker.com/
https://seomagnifier.com/
https://www.prepostseo.com/
https://resoomer.com/en/
https://app.grammarly.com/
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It describes the problem to be investigated.
It contains a general problem written in the
form of a broad statement followed by
specific questions that relate to the problem.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The following are general guidelines followed in
formulating the statement of the problem:
•Begin with a broad statement expressing
the general concern of the study.
•Ask a series of three or more questions
related to the general problem.
•Arrange questions in logical order.
•Avoid yes or no questions.
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS
These are statements drawn regarding the
outcome of the study before the conclusion
is reached.
It is the temporary answer. It is usually
written as a null hypothesis.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
Some extraneous factors in the study are
beyond the control of the researcher.
He/she can only assume that his/her study
was conducted under required conditions.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The following assumptions served as the basis of the study:
1. All the plants (Insulin plant, Ashitaba and Tarragon leaves) were in good condition
and good level of maturity.
2. The plants gathered were from the same source and location which were taken from
Bohol Demo Farm in Maribojoc, Bohol and were in good condition prior to the
experiment.
3. The researcher observed the aseptic technique. All the materials were clean and the
instruments were autoclaved.
4. The work place for the experiment was cleaned by wiping an alcohol on the surface
of the table in order to avoid contamination
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It discusses the benefits and the importance
of conducting the research.
The researcher must justify his/her choice of
problem by showing its practical importance
especially to the intended readers of the
study.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It describes the extent of the study:
-the actual place where the study will only
be conducted
- duration of the conduct of the study
- inclusions and exclusions of the study
- what specific test will only be applicable
DEFINITION OF TERMS
It is necessary to clarify terms used in the study by
defining them contextually or operationally. It may
also include newly invented or coined words, technical
terms, or terms with special meaning.
Guidelines in making the definition of terms clear:
•Arrange words in alphabetical order.
•Underline words followed by period.
•State definition in a complete sentence.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It discusses how the study was or
will be conducted.
RESEARCH DESIGN
It refers to the type of research
design that the researchers’ will
employ in their study.
Quantitative research is a research
strategy that focuses on quantifying
the collection and analysis of data.
By means of numerical forms and
figures, statistical methods, and
measurements.
CLASSIFICATION
OF QUANTITATIVE
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH is
a quantitative research that
EXPERIMENTAL adheres to a scientific
research design that treats
or deals with the object or
subject in a definite matter
NON-EXPERIMENTAL and discovers the causes of
such effects.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH does not involve
any experimentation or
manipulation of variables .
CLASSIFICATION
TRUE QUASI-
EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
This absolutely uses
Adopts a comparative
random selection in
technique in choosing the
determining which among
subjects by matching or
the participants should
comparing characteristics
compose the experimental
under treatment.
or the control group.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
This research involves the comparison of
two groups, one which is influenced by an
external source and another which is not.
It does not rely on random assignment.
Instead, subjects are assigned to groups
based on non-random criteria.
EXPERIMENTAL
It involves the use of random assignment to
place participants in two groups: an
experimental group which receives
intervention, and another control group
without any intervention. It is using a
positive control for you to base it or
compare it in your result.
RESEARCH MATERIALS
It enumerates the list of materials,
equipment, devices or tools used in
the study.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
It explains the sources of data and the
detailed step by step procedure in
conducting the study.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
It enumerates the formula used
for interpreting the data and
explains why they are necessary.
It also includes the scale and
verbal interpretation of scores
CHAPTER 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It presents, analyzes and interprets the data arranged in
the same order as the specific questions in the
statement of the problem in Chapter 1. This is the part of
the study where tables are often constructed to help
clarify or simplify the presentation especially if the data
consist of a large number of statistical and numerical
items.
A table includes a title, a number, a heading, a body,
and if necessary, notes.
CHAPTER 3
It gives the summary of
findings, conclusions, and
recommendations.
SUMMARY FINDINGS
Findings of the study are summarized according to the
questions asked in the statement of the problem. The
findings may be headed by the same questions asked
in the Statement or topics pertinent to the findings.
When figures are given, only the highest or lowest
figures and their implications are repeated in the
summary. Findings are stated using the past tense.
CONCLUSION
These should evolve from the findings
of the study. They state in general
terms what are true about certain
phenomena investigated in the study.
RECOMMENDATIONS
These are the points which the
researchers suggest to future researchers
for the improvement of the study.
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
The References include the works---and
only those works---cited in the text.
It also includes all research materials, in
addition to those works within the research
texts.
Authors are arranged in alphabetical order.
For most scientific research, citations are in
APA format.
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendices includes tables, list of terms, samples of
instruments, computer programs, letters of permission,
copy if the questionnaire, copy of the coding,
additional pictures and relevant supporting materials.
The researcher needs to check the details of the
copyright page for any need to ask permission in
reproducing any published tables or figures.
CURRICULUM VITAE
This is similar to the bio-data, but detail
should include information which would
serve to relate to the researcher’s career
as an academician, business leader,
manager, and researcher.
