UNIT 4 — DATA SCIENCE
4.1 Introduction to Data Science
# WHAT IS DATA SCIENCE?
Data Science is the process of extracting insights from raw data using statistics,machine
learning and data analytics.
key aspects:
Isme statistics, maths, computer science aur domain expertise shamil hote hain.
Yeh raw data ko actionable knowledge mein badalta hai.
Works with structures (database) and unstructured (text,images,videos) data.
# FORMS OF DATA
Structured Data: - Organized format (Database jaise rows-columns mein hota hai)
Stored in SQL databases, excel, csv files
Unstructured Data: Text, images, videos jaise formats.
# IMPORTANCE OF DATA SCIENCE
a. Benefit to Society = Disasters predict karne aur emergency response improve karne me
madad karta hai.
b. Driving Innovation = AI-powered apps aur naye solutions develop karne me help karta hai.
c. Predicting the Future = Retail aur finance me demand forecast karne me madad karta hai.
d. Enhancing Business Decision-Making = Market trends aur customer behavior analyze
karne me help karta hai.
e. Improving Efficiency = Workflows aur resource usage optimize karne me madad karta hai.
f. Personalization of Customer Experience = Marketing aur customer targeting better banata
hai
# KEY ROLES IN DATA SCIENCE
1. Data Scientist
Roles:
o Raw data ko analyze krke meaning aur useful insights nikalna
o Business problems solve kane kli predective model banaatte hei!
o Future outcomes Ka predection Krta hai
Tasks:
o Predective modelling aur machine learning techniques ka use krna.
o Large datasets ka analyze krke trends aur pattern dhundna.
o Business decision K. liye data driven solution provide Krna.
2. Data Analyst
Roles:
o Structured data Ko analyze krta hai.
o Rusiness decision krne mei help krta hai.
Tasks:
o Data visualize krna (charts, grophy, deshbaard brana)
o Reports prepare krna jo decision making mai help kre..
o Market trend aur customer behaviour analyze krna
3. Data Engineer
Roles:
o Data infrastructure bnata hai aur maintain krta hai
o Data Scientist aur Analyst k kam ko easy bnata hai
Tasks:
Scalable data pipeline design krta hai jo large data ko handle kr ske.(mtlb aisa system design
krna jo bade volume k data ko efficiently collect,process store aur transfer kr skta hai)
Data ko clean aur structured format mai rakhna.
Database ko manage krna taki data easily retrieve ho ske.
4. Machine Learning Engineer
Roles:
o AI aur ML models ka design develop aur display krta hai.
o Real World problem solve krne kliye AI based solution bnata hai.
o AI applications ko scalable aaur efficient banata hai
Tasks:
AI aur ML models develop krna.
Ensure krta h ki AI applications smoothly kam krein aur scale ho sakein.
Self- driving cars aur recommendations system, fraud detection jaise AI based
applications banana
ML model ko optimize aur maintain krna taki wo accurate result de sakein
5. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE ANALYST
Roles:
Business performance metrics analyze krta hai.
Data – driven strategies develop krta hai jo business ko improve krein.
Decision making process ko enhance krne k liye useful insights nikalta hai.
Tasks:
Data ko analyze krkr business k liye valuable insights generate krna.
Reports aur dashboards prepare krna jo stakeholder ko help krein.
Business strategies ko optimize krne k liye past trends aur pattern study krna.
Differnet department k saath collaborate krke unke data needs ko analayze krke
solution provide krna.
# APPLICATION ACROSS INDUSTRIES
1. Healthcare Sector:
Early Disease Detection = Data science ke zariye patients ke past medical records,
tests, aur genetic data ko analyze karke diseases ko pehle se predict kiya ja sakta hai.
Example: Diabetes ya cancer ki early prediction.
Personalized Treatment = Har patient ke data ko samajh kar unke liye customized
treatment plans banaye jaate hain.
Example: Kis patient ko kaunsi medicine suit karegi, dosage kya hona chahiye, yeh
sab decide kiya jaata hai.
Hospital Management = Data science ka use hospital ke resources jaise staff
scheduling, patient beds aur operation theatres ko efficiently manage karne mein
hota hai.
Cost Reduction = By improving operational processes, unnecessary expenses kam
kiye jaate hain, jisse hospital ka cost management better hota hai.
2. Finance Sector:
Fraud Detection:
Real-time data monitoring se unusual ya suspicious transactions ko turant detect kiya ja
sakta hai.
Example: Credit card fraud detection.
Risk Management:
Past data ko analyze karke risk factors (jaise default hone ka chance) ko samjha jaata hai aur
sahi decision liya jaata hai.
Investment Strategies:
Predictive modeling se stock market ke movements ko samjha jaata hai aur investment
advice customize ki jaati hai.
Personalized Financial Services:
Customers ke spending habits ko samajhkar unko personalized loan offers, insurance ya
investment plans diye jaate hain.
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3. Retail Sector:
Customer Insights:
Data science customers ke buying patterns aur preferences ko analyze karta hai.
Example: Amazon ya Flipkart recommendations.
Personalized Marketing:
Email ya SMS marketing campaigns ko customer ke past behavior ke basis pe design kiya
jaata hai.
Inventory Management:
Demand forecasting ke through yeh decide kiya jaata hai ki kis product ka stock kitna hona
chahiye taaki overstocking ya stockout na ho.
Sales Forecasting:
Historical sales data ke basis par future sales predict ki jaati hain.
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4. Transportation Sector:
Route Optimization:
Real-time traffic data aur weather information ke saath best delivery routes plan kiye jaate
hain jisse fuel cost aur time dono bach jaata hai.
Predictive Maintenance:
Vehicles ke performance data se repair ki zarurat pehle se pata chal jaati hai.
Isse breakdowns avoid kiye jaate hain.
Safety Enhancement:
Driver behavior aur accident data ko analyze karke safety protocols improve kiye jaate hain.
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5. Education Sector:
Personalized Learning:
Student ke learning speed aur strengths-weakness ko samajhkar uske hisaab se study
material diya jaata hai.
Student Retention:
Predictive analysis se identify kiya jaata hai ki kaunse students drop out kar sakte hain aur
unke liye timely intervention hota hai.
Optimized Administration:
Class scheduling, teacher allocation, aur resource distribution data-driven way mein kiya
jaata hai.
# DATA SCIENCE WORKFLOW
1. Problem Identification:
Clear objective define karo. Example: Profitable products aur sales trends identify karna.
2. Data Collection:
Data gather karo from internal systems, APIs, databases.
3. Data Preparation:
Data cleaning (missing values), standardization, duplicate removal, data type conversion.
4. Data Exploration & Analysis:
Summary statistics (mean, median), visualizations (histogram, scatter plots), outlier
detection, correlation analysis.
5. Predictive Modeling & ML:
Regression models (continuous prediction), classification models (categorical prediction),
clustering (customer segmentation).
# TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
1. Python:
Easy language, beginner-friendly.
Libraries:
NumPy (numerical computation)
Pandas (data manipulation)
Matplotlib & Seaborn (visualization)
Scikit-learn (ML algorithms)
TensorFlow & PyTorch (deep learning)
2. Jupyter Notebook:
Interactive coding environment for data exploration, modeling, documentation.
3. SQL:
Data query, manipulation, cleaning, join & aggregate operations.
Best for large datasets and reproducibility.
4. Excel:
Data organization, EDA, pivot tables, chart making, basic forecasting.
Simple data analysis and reporting tool.
