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Highway Engineering Notes

Highway engineering encompasses the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, with subgrade materials being crucial for pavement performance. Roads are classified based on function, carriageway, and surface type, while pavement layers include subgrade, sub-base, base course, and surface course. In India, road development is managed by key agencies and involves significant projects, with design standards focusing on components like right of way, geometric standards, and soil characteristics.

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39 views2 pages

Highway Engineering Notes

Highway engineering encompasses the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, with subgrade materials being crucial for pavement performance. Roads are classified based on function, carriageway, and surface type, while pavement layers include subgrade, sub-base, base course, and surface course. In India, road development is managed by key agencies and involves significant projects, with design standards focusing on components like right of way, geometric standards, and soil characteristics.

Uploaded by

manjunathatallihal22
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Highway Engineering Notes

Introduction and Subgrade Materials

Highway engineering deals with the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads. Subgrade
materials form the foundation for pavement structures and play a vital role in road performance.

Classification of Roads

1. Based on Function: National Highways, State Highways, District Roads, Village Roads.
2. Based on Carriageway: Single lane, two lane, multi-lane.
3. Based on Surface Type: Earthen, Gravel, WBM, Bituminous, Cement concrete roads.

Pavement Layers - Components and Functions

1. Subgrade - Natural soil prepared to support the pavement.


2. Sub-base - Provides structural support, drainage, and frost protection.
3. Base Course - Distributes loads.
4. Surface Course - Provides smooth riding and wear resistance.

Highway Alignment and Survey

Alignment refers to the position of the road in the horizontal and vertical planes. Survey includes reconnaissance,
preliminary, and detailed surveys to finalize alignment.

Road Development in India

Key agencies: MoRTH, NHAI, IRC. Major projects: Golden Quadrilateral, Bharatmala, PMGSY. Roads are developed
based on traffic needs and economic importance.

Components and Geometric Standards of Highway Design

Key components include right of way, carriageway, shoulders, medians, and side slopes. Geometric design standards
cover design speed, sight distance, road width, gradient, and curve radius.

Pavement Subgrade Materials: Soils

Subgrade soils must have good strength and drainage properties. Soil types vary from clay, silt, sand to gravel.

Soil Characteristic Evaluation and Desirable Properties

Important properties: Strength, permeability, stability, and compaction characteristics. Good subgrade should resist
deformation and provide uniform support.

Soil Tests (Virtual)

1. Liquid Limit - Water content at which soil changes from plastic to liquid.
2. Plastic Limit - Water content at which soil begins to exhibit plastic behavior.
Highway Engineering Notes

3. Shrinkage Limit - Minimum water content below which no further volume reduction occurs.
4. Grain Size Analysis - Determines soil particle distribution via wet sieve and hydrometer.
5. Water Content - Ratio of water mass to dry soil mass.
6. Specific Gravity - Ratio of soil particle density to water density.
7. Free Swell Index - Measures swelling potential of clay soils.
8. Relative Density - Indicates compactness of granular soils.
9. Heavy Compaction - Modified Proctor test for compaction characteristics.
10. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) - Measures strength of subgrade and base materials.

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