UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City

Genetically Modified Organisms:

Science

Submitted by:
Celestial, Grace Mariel C.

Submitted to:
Prof. Well Perante
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City
I. Introduction

Genetically modified organism (GMO) is the term used for organism created

through genetic engineering. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines

GMO an an "organism, either plant, animal or microorganism, in which the genetic

material (DNA) has been altered in a what that does not occur naturally by mating or

natural recombination." Below is a diagram of how bacterial gene is introduced

through genetic engineering to plant cells and tissues to develop and breed a

genetically modified plan.

The development of GMOs was perceived to help in the advancement of technology

for the benefit of humans in different industries like agriculture and medicine.

II. Genetic Engineering

It was in 1951 that the term genetic engineering was coined by Jack Williamson,

author of the science fiction novel Dragon's Island (Stableford 2004). This was years

before actual research findings on the DNA's role in heredity and its structure, the

double-helis of Watson and Crick, were published. Through continuous search for

development, genetic engineering no longer stayed in science fiction novel. It became

a reality in science laboratories. The genetic process of genetic engineering is the

deliberated manipulation of the organism's genes, where it may involve transfer of

genes from other organism.

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City
III. Genetic Engineering Technique

The process for the generic engineering begins the same for any organism being

modified

Steps:

The process for genetic engineering begins the same for any organom being modified

1 Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene

2. Extract the entire DNA from the organism

3. Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA. One way to do this is by using a

restriction enzyme Restriction Enzymes which is the cutting of the DNA strands into

fragments. It is basically used to create ONA fragments with sticky ends or tiunt ends

that can join with other DNA fragments

4 Insert the new gene to an existing organism's DNA This may be achieved through a

number of different processes.

The center for Eco genetics and Environment Health (CEEH, 2003) identified the

following roles of GMOs in the food and Agricultural industries.

IV. GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries

 Pest Resistance- Genetically modified plans to resist certain pests

Example:The Bt Corn, through the process a soil bacterium produce proteins

which is toxic to corn borers (worms).

 Virus Resistance- genetically modified to resist certain viruses

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City

Example is the GM papaya the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is known to be

detrimental to papaya plants, the protein produce of PRVS was introduced to the

papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to be resistant to the virus itself.

 Herbicide tolerance - genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.

Example is Roundup Ready soybean Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was

introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can

spray herbicide killing weeds but not the soybeans.

 Fortification- genetically modified that is fortified with certain minerals

Example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was

introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortified with

vitamins A.

 Cosmetic preservation - genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration.

Example is Arctic Apple. The apple variety was genetically modified to suppress

the browning of apple due to superficial damage.

 Genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth that normal

species

Example is AquaAdvantage salmon. A gene from an ocean pout, an eel-like fish

was introduced to pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grow faster than its

normal rate.

V. GMOs in Non-Food and Micro Organism

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City
 Flower production-GMOs in flower production are seen in modified color and

extended vase life of flowers.

Examples are Blue Roses. The so-called "blue" roses, which are, in reality, red,

lilac or purple, contained cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, together with large amounts of

flavonols. The introduction of the flavonoid 31,51-hydroxylase gene into

perlagonidin- or cyanidin- producing rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin

biosynthetic pathway loward the production of delphinidin glucocides and the flower

color to blue (Elomaa & Holton, 1994)

 Paper production - modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper

production.

Example are poplar trees. Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that is removed

from wood to make paper through draft process, through inserting genes that code for

ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified, making lignin

easier to breakdown (Veniza, 2014)

 Pharmaceutical production - modified plants to produce pharmaceutical pr

Examples are periwinkle plants. Bacterial genes were added to the periwinkle

plant to enhance the production of vinblastine, an alkaloid usually added to drugs

for cancer treatments like Hodgkin's lymphoma (Runguphan, 2010).

 Bioremediation - use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of

polluted sites..

An example is shrub tobacco. Nicotiana glauca, or shrub tabacco genetically

modified with phytochelatin TaPCSII, is used for bioremediation. It show high level

accumulation of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high biomass
 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City

 Enzyme and drug production-use of modified microorganisms that can

produce enzymer food processing and medicines.

One example of this is Cgtase. Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase.

an enzyme used for food flavor enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacteriun

Bacillus which was geoetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic anaerobe.

Thermoanaerobacter, carrying CGTase (Pedersen & Jordan, 1995)

Another example is artemesin. Artemesin acid is a compound used for anti-malarial

drug extracted from sweet wormwood plant. Through genetic engineering, it can be

synthecally produced by yeast and bacteria with sweet wordwood plant gene (Zimmer,

2006)

 GMOs in the medical field-genetic engineering is playing a significant role

from diagnosis to treatment dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of drug,

gene therapy, and laboratory researches

One classic example is Humulin, the genetically engineered insulin used by Type

I diabetes patients who are insulin dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the

pancreases of pigs and cows that have caused allergic reaction to some diabetics using

it. In 1978, researchers from the City of Hope National Medical Center and Genaetech

Biotechnology Company were able to produce human insulin. The gene for insulin

was inserted to bacterial DNA that was able to produce almost exactly the same

human insulin. This was a breakthrough in the mass production of human insulin. In

1996. modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog.

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City
VI. Benefits Of GMOs

Higher Efficacy in Farming

- Increase in Harvest

-Control in Fertility

- Increase in Food Processing

- Improvement in desirable chaacteristics

- Nutritional ANF Pharmaceutical Enhancement

- Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticide are over 40 million of GMOs farmland and

all

VII. Conclusion

- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have sparked a lot of debate, but they play

an important role in modern agriculture, medicine, and other fields it also contributes

to increased food production, better nutritional content, and environmental

sustainability. However, the concerns about their potential impacts on health, the

environment, and society are valid and should be carefully monitored. It's essential to

continue research, regulation, and open dialogue to ensure that GMOs are used

responsibly and safely.

 UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY
Biglang Awa St., Cor Cattleya St. 11th Ave. Caloocan City