#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Node{
public:
int val;
Node* next;

Node(int data){
val=data;
next=NULL;
}
};

void insertAtHead(Node* &head,int val){

Node* new_node =new Node(val);
new_node->next = head;
head=new_node;
}

void insertAtLast(Node* &head,int val){

Node* new_node=new Node(val);
Node* temp=head;
while(temp->next != NULL){
temp=temp->next;
}
temp->next=new_node;
}

void insertAtPosition(Node* &head, int val ,int pos){

if(pos==0){
insertAtHead(head,val);
return;
}
Node* new_node=new Node(val);
Node* temp=head;
int current_pos=0;
while(current_pos!=pos-1){
temp=temp->next;
current_pos++;
}
new_node->next=temp->next;
temp->next=new_node;
}

void display(Node* head){

Node* temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL){
cout<<temp->val<<"->";
temp=temp->next;
}
cout<<endl;
}

void updateAtPos(Node* &head,int val,int pos){

Node* temp=head;
int current_pos=0;
while(current_pos!=pos){
temp=temp->next;
}
 temp->val=val;
}

int main()
{
Node* head = NULL;
insertAtHead(head,2);
display(head);
insertAtHead(head,3);
insertAtLast(head,4);
display(head);
insertAtPosition(head,5,2);
display(head);

return 0;
}

#pointer questions
Swapping two numbers using pointers:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap(int* a, int* b) {

int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
cout << "Before swapping: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swap(&x, &y);
cout << "After swapping: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
return 0;
}

Reversing a string using pointers:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void reverseString(char* str) {

if (str == nullptr)
return;
char* end = str;
while (*end != '\0')
end++;
end--;
while (str < end) {
char temp = *str;
*str++ = *end;
*end-- = temp;
}
}

int main() {
char str[] = "Hello";
reverseString(str);
cout << "Reversed string: " << str << endl;
 return 0;
}

Dynamically allocating memory for an array using pointers:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter the size of the array: ";
cin >> n;
int* arr = new int[n];
cout << "Enter " << n << " elements: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
cin >> arr[i];
}
cout << "Entered elements are: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
delete[] arr; // Freeing up the allocated memory
return 0;
}

Passing arrays to functions using pointers:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void printArray(int* arr, int size) {

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}

int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
printArray(arr, size);
return 0;
}

Finding the length of a string using pointers:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int stringLength(const char* str) {

int length = 0;
while (*str++) {
length++;
}
return length;
}

int main() {
const char* str = "Hello, World!";
cout << "Length of the string: " << stringLength(str) << endl;
return 0;
}

Copying one string to another using pointers:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void stringCopy(char* dest, const char* src) {

while (*src) {
*dest++ = *src++;
}
*dest = '\0';
}

int main() {
const char* src = "Hello";
char dest[20];
stringCopy(dest, src);
cout << "Copied string: " << dest << endl;
return 0;
}

Returning a pointer from a function:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int* createArray(int size) {

int* arr = new int[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
arr[i] = i + 1;
}
return arr;
}

int main() {
int size = 5;
int* arr = createArray(size);
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
delete[] arr;
return 0;
}

Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 10;
int* ptr = &x;
int** ptr_ptr = &ptr;

cout << "Value of x: " << x << endl;

cout << "Value at ptr: " << *ptr << endl;
cout << "Value at ptr_ptr: " << **ptr_ptr << endl;

return 0;
}
Using pointers to access elements of a dynamically allocated 2D array:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int rows, cols;
cout << "Enter number of rows and columns: ";
cin >> rows >> cols;

int** arr = new int*[rows];

for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
arr[i] = new int[cols];
for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j) {
arr[i][j] = i * cols + j;
}
}

cout << "Array elements:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j) {
cout << arr[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}

// Free memory
for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
delete[] arr[i];
}
delete[] arr;

return 0;
}

Function pointers:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void add(int a, int b) {

cout << "Sum: " << a + b << endl;
}

void subtract(int a, int b) {

cout << "Difference: " << a - b << endl;
}

int main() {
void (*ptr)(int, int);
ptr = &add;
ptr(5, 3);
ptr = &subtract;
ptr(5, 3);
return 0;
}

Linkedlist
1. *Creating a singly linked list:*

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};

Node* createNode(int data) {

Node* newNode = new Node();
newNode->data = data;
newNode->next = nullptr;
return newNode;
}

int main() {
// Creating nodes
Node* head = createNode(1);
Node* second = createNode(2);
Node* third = createNode(3);

// Linking nodes
head->next = second;
second->next = third;

// Traversing and printing the linked list

Node* current = head;
while (current != nullptr) {
cout << current->data << " ";
current = current->next;
}
cout << endl;

return 0;
}

2. **Inserting a node at the beginning of a linked list:**

void insertAtBeginning(Node* &head, int data) {

Node* newNode = createNode(data);
newNode->next = head;
head = newNode;
}

3. *Inserting a node at the end of a linked list:*

void insertAtEnd(Node* &head, int data) {

Node* newNode = createNode(data);
if (head == nullptr) {
head = newNode;
return;
}
Node* current = head;
while (current->next != nullptr) {
 current = current->next;
}
current->next = newNode;
}

4. **Deleting a node from a linked list by value:**

void deleteNode(Node* &head, int key) {
Node* temp = head;
Node* prev = nullptr;

if (temp != nullptr && temp->data == key) {

head = temp->next;
delete temp;
return;
}

while (temp != nullptr && temp->data != key) {

prev = temp;
temp = temp->next;
}

if (temp == nullptr) return;

prev->next = temp->next;
delete temp;
}

5. *Finding the length of a linked list:*

int length(Node* head) {

int count = 0;
Node* current = head;
while (current != nullptr) {
count++;
current = current->next;
}
return count;
}

6. **Searching for a node in a linked list:**

bool search(Node* head, int key) {

Node* current = head;
while (current != nullptr) {
if (current->data == key) {
return true;
}
current = current->next;
}
return false;
}

7. *Reversing a linked list:*

Node* reverse(Node* head) {

 Node* prev = nullptr;
Node* current = head;
Node* next = nullptr;
while (current != nullptr) {
next = current->next;
current->next = prev;
prev = current;
current = next;
}
head = prev;
return head;
}

8. **Finding the middle element of a linked list:**

Node* findMiddle(Node* head) {

if (head == nullptr) return nullptr;
Node* slow = head;
Node* fast = head;
while (fast != nullptr && fast->next != nullptr) {
slow = slow->next;
fast = fast->next->next;
}
return slow;
}

9. *Detecting a cycle in a linked list:*

bool hasCycle(Node* head) {

if (head == nullptr || head->next == nullptr) return false;
Node* slow = head;
Node* fast = head->next;
while (slow != fast) {
if (fast == nullptr || fast->next == nullptr) return false;
slow = slow->next;
fast = fast->next->next;
}
return true;
}

10. **Merging two sorted linked lists:**

Node* mergeSortedLists(Node* l1, Node* l2) {

if (l1 == nullptr) return l2;
if (l2 == nullptr) return l1;
Node* merged;
if (l1->data < l2->data) {
merged = l1;
merged->next = mergeSortedLists(l1->next, l2);
} else {
merged = l2;
merged->next = mergeSortedLists(l1, l2->next);
}
return merged;
}
class Node{
public:
int val;
Node* next;
Node(int data){
val=data;
next=NULL;
}
};

class LinkedList{
public:
Node* head;
LinkedList(){
head=NULL;
}
void insertAtTail(int value){
Node* new_node=new Node(value);
if(head==NULL){
head=new_node;
return;
}
Node* temp=head;
while(temp->next!=NULL){
temp=temp->next;
}
temp->next=new_node;
}
void display(){
Node* temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL){
cout<<temp->val<<"->";
temp=temp->next;
}cout<<"NULL"<<endl;
}
};
void deleteAlternateNodes(Node* & head){
Node* curr_node=head;
while(curr_node!=NULL && curr_node->next!=NULL){
Node* temp=curr_node->next;
free(temp);
curr_node=curr_node->next;
}
}
LinkedList ll;
ll.insertAtTail(1);
ll.display();
deleteAlternateNodes(ll.head);

void deleteduplicatenodes(Node* & head){

Node* curr_node=head;
while(curr_node){
while(curr_node->next && curr_node->val==curr_node->next->val){
Node* temp=curr_node->next;
curr_node->next=curr_node->next->next;
free(temp);
}
curr_node=curr_node->next;
}
}
#Traversing in the reverse order
void reversePrint(Node* head){
if(head==NULL){
return;
}
reversePrint(head->next);
cout<<head->val<<" ";

#delete at kth position in node

void deleteAtPosition(Node* &head,int pos){
if(pos==0){
deleteAtHead(head);
return;
}
int curr_pos=0;
Node* prev=head;
while(curr_pos!=pos-1){
prev=prev->next;
curr_pos++;
}
Node* temp=prev->next;
prev->next=prev->next->next;
free(temp);
}

void deleteAtHead(Node* &head){

Node* temp=head;
head = head->next;
free(temp);
}

void deleteAtTail(Node* &head){

Node* second_last = head;
while(second_last->next->next != NULL){
second_last= second_last->next;
}

Node* temp =second_last->next;

second_last->next=NULL;
free(temp);
}

some important questions

1. *Bank Account Management System:*

- *Question:* Design a system to manage bank accounts with
functionalities like deposit, withdrawal, balance inquiry, and account creation.
- *Solution:*
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class BankAccount {
private:
int accountNumber;
string accountHolderName;
double balance;

public:
BankAccount(int accNum, string accHolder, double initialBalance) {
accountNumber = accNum;
accountHolderName = accHolder;
balance = initialBalance;
}

void deposit(double amount) {

balance += amount;
}

void withdraw(double amount) {

if (amount <= balance) {
balance -= amount;
} else {
cout << "Insufficient balance" << endl;
}
}

void displayBalance() {
cout << "Account Number: " << accountNumber << endl;
cout << "Account Holder: " << accountHolderName << endl;
cout << "Balance: " << balance << endl;
}
};

int main() {
BankAccount account(12345, "John Doe", 1000.0);
account.deposit(500.0);
account.withdraw(200.0);
account.displayBalance();

return 0;
}

2. *Library Management System:*

- *Question:* Design a system to manage a library with features like
adding books, issuing books, returning books, and viewing available books.
- *Solution:*

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Book {
private:
string title;
string author;
bool isAvailable;

public:
 Book(string t, string a) : title(t), author(a), isAvailable(true) {}

string getTitle() const {

return title;
}

string getAuthor() const {

return author;
}

bool getAvailability() const {

return isAvailable;
}

void setAvailability(bool available) {

isAvailable = available;
}
};

class Library {
private:
vector<Book> books;

public:
void addBook(const Book& book) {
books.push_back(book);
}

void issueBook(const string& title) {

for (auto& book : books) {
if (book.getTitle() == title && book.getAvailability()) {
book.setAvailability(false);
cout << "Book \"" << title << "\" issued successfully." << endl;
return;
}
}
cout << "Book \"" << title << "\" not available for issue." << endl;
}

void returnBook(const string& title) {

for (auto& book : books) {
if (book.getTitle() == title && !book.getAvailability()) {
book.setAvailability(true);
cout << "Book \"" << title << "\" returned successfully." << endl;
return;
}
}
cout << "Invalid book return." << endl;
}

void displayAvailableBooks() {
cout << "Available Books:" << endl;
for (const auto& book : books) {
if (book.getAvailability()) {
cout << book.getTitle() << " by " << book.getAuthor() << endl;
}
}
}
};
int main() {
Library library;

Book book1("The Great Gatsby", "F. Scott Fitzgerald");

Book book2("To Kill a Mockingbird", "Harper Lee");
Book book3("1984", "George Orwell");

library.addBook(book1);
library.addBook(book2);
library.addBook(book3);

library.displayAvailableBooks();

library.issueBook("The Great Gatsby");

library.returnBook("The Great Gatsby");

return 0;
}

3. *Employee Payroll System:*

- *Question:* Develop a system to manage employee payroll, including
features like adding employees, calculating salaries, and generating payslips.
- *Solution:*

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
protected:
string name;
double salary;

public:
Employee(string n, double s) : name(n), salary(s) {}

virtual double calculatePay() = 0;

virtual void generatePayslip() {

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Salary: " << salary << endl;
}
};

class HourlyEmployee : public Employee {

private:
double hoursWorked;
double hourlyRate;

public:
HourlyEmployee(string n, double h, double r) : Employee(n, 0), hoursWorked(h),
hourlyRate(r) {}

double calculatePay() override {

salary = hoursWorked * hourlyRate;
return salary;
 }

void generatePayslip() override {

cout << "Hourly Employee Payslip" << endl;
Employee::generatePayslip();
}
};

class MonthlyEmployee : public Employee {

public:
MonthlyEmployee(string n, double s) : Employee(n, s) {}

double calculatePay() override {

return salary;
}

void generatePayslip() override {

cout << "Monthly Employee Payslip" << endl;
Employee::generatePayslip();
}
};

int main() {
vector<Employee*> employees;
employees.push_back(new HourlyEmployee("John Doe", 40, 25));
employees.push_back(new MonthlyEmployee("Jane Smith", 3000));

for (auto emp : employees) {

emp->calculatePay();
emp->generatePayslip();
cout << endl;
}

// Cleanup
for (auto emp : employees) {
delete emp;
}

return 0;
}

Apologies for the oversight. Here are the remaining 7 medium-level

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) questions along with their
code solutions in C++:

4. *Online Shopping System:*

- *Question:* Design an online shopping system with functionalities
like adding items to cart, checkout, and payment processing.
- *Solution:*

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Item {
private:
string name;
double price;
public:
Item(string n, double p) : name(n), price(p) {}

string getName() const {

return name;
}

double getPrice() const {

return price;
}
};

class ShoppingCart {
private:
vector<Item> items;

public:
void addItem(const Item& item) {
items.push_back(item);
}

void displayCart() {
cout << "Shopping Cart:" << endl;
for (const auto& item : items) {
cout << item.getName() << ": $" << item.getPrice() << endl;
}
}

double calculateTotal() {
double total = 0;
for (const auto& item : items) {
total += item.getPrice();
}
return total;
}
};

int main() {
Item item1("Laptop", 999.99);
Item item2("Phone", 599.99);

ShoppingCart cart;
cart.addItem(item1);
cart.addItem(item2);

cart.displayCart();
cout << "Total: $" << cart.calculateTotal() << endl;

return 0;
}

5. *School Management System:*

- *Question:* Create a system to manage a school with features like
adding students, assigning courses, managing grades, and generating reports.
- *Solution:* (Assuming simplified version with basic functionalities)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
string name;
int grade;

public:
Student(string n, int g) : name(n), grade(g) {}

string getName() const {

return name;
}

int getGrade() const {

return grade;
}
};

class School {
private:
vector<Student> students;

public:
void addStudent(const Student& student) {
students.push_back(student);
}

void displayStudents() {
cout << "Students:" << endl;
for (const auto& student : students) {
cout << student.getName() << " - Grade: " << student.getGrade() <<
endl;
}
}
};

int main() {
Student student1("John Doe", 10);
Student student2("Jane Smith", 11);

School school;
school.addStudent(student1);
school.addStudent(student2);

school.displayStudents();

return 0;
}

6. *Parking Lot Management System:*

- *Question:* Develop a system to manage a parking lot with
functionalities like vehicle entry, vehicle exit, and parking space availability.
- *Solution:* (Assuming simplified version with basic functionalities)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
class ParkingLot {
private:
vector<bool> parkingSpaces;

public:
ParkingLot(int size) : parkingSpaces(size, false) {}

int findAvailableSpace() {
for (int i = 0; i < parkingSpaces.size(); ++i) {
if (!parkingSpaces[i]) {
return i;
}
}
return -1; // No available space
}

bool parkVehicle() {
int space = findAvailableSpace();
if (space != -1) {
parkingSpaces[space] = true;
cout << "Vehicle parked in space " << space << endl;
return true;
} else {
cout << "No available space" << endl;
return false;
}
}

bool removeVehicle(int space) {

if (space >= 0 && space < parkingSpaces.size() && parkingSpaces[space]) {
parkingSpaces[space] = false;
cout << "Vehicle removed from space " << space << endl;
return true;
} else {
cout << "Invalid space or no vehicle parked" << endl;
return false;
}
}
};

int main() {
ParkingLot parkingLot(10);
parkingLot.parkVehicle();
parkingLot.parkVehicle();
parkingLot.removeVehicle(1);
parkingLot.parkVehicle();

return 0;
}

7. *Chess Game Implementation:*

- *Question:* Implement a basic version of a chess game with
features like moving pieces, capturing pieces, and determining checkmate.
- *Solution:* (Assuming simplified version with basic functionalities)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Piece {
protected:
int x, y;

public:
Piece(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {}

virtual bool isValidMove(int newX, int newY) = 0;

virtual void move(int newX, int newY) {

if (isValidMove(newX, newY)) {
x = newX;
y = newY;
} else {
cout << "Invalid move" << endl;
}
}
};

class Rook : public Piece {

public:
Rook(int x, int y) : Piece(x, y) {}

bool isValidMove(int newX, int newY) override {

return (newX == x || newY == y);
}
};

class Knight : public Piece {

public:
Knight(int x, int y) : Piece(x, y) {}

bool isValidMove(int newX, int newY) override {

int dx = abs(newX - x);
int dy = abs(newY - y);
return (dx == 1 && dy == 2) || (dx == 2 && dy == 1);
}
};

int main() {
Rook rook(1, 1);
Knight knight(2, 1);

rook.move(5, 1); // Invalid move

knight.move(4, 3); // Valid move

return 0;
}