Physics Crash Course Notes for Exam
Unit A: Faradays Law & Maxwells Equations
Faraday's Law:
- States that an electromotive force (EMF) is induced when the magnetic flux through a coil changes.
- Formula: EMF = -dB/dt. Negative sign represents Lenz's Law.
Lenzs Law:
- Induced current always flows in a direction such that it opposes the change producing it.
Motional EMF:
- EMF = B l v sin()
- Its a special case of Faradays law when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.
Differential Form of Faradays Law:
E = -B/t Changing magnetic field induces electric field.
Continuity Equation:
J = -/t Describes conservation of electric charge.
Maxwell's Equations:
1. E = /0 (Gauss law for electricity)
2. B = 0 (Gauss law for magnetism)
3. E = -B/t (Faradays law)
4. B = 0J + 00E/t (Ampere-Maxwell law)
Unit B: Optical Fibre & Quantum Mechanics
Optical Fibre:
- Light travels by total internal reflection through core and cladding (n1 > n2).
- Numerical Aperture (NA) = (n12 - n22)
- Acceptance angle (a) = sin1(NA)
- V-number = (2a/)(n12 - n22)
V < 2.405 Single-mode fibre
Applications:
- Used in communication, block: LED Encoder Fibre Decoder Photodetector.
Quantum Mechanics:
- de Broglie Hypothesis: = h/mv Particles have wave nature.
- Accelerated Electron: = h/(2meV)
- Particles: Fermions (e.g., electron), Bosons (e.g., photon)
Unit C: Lasers
Physics Crash Course Notes for Exam
Emission Processes:
1. Spontaneous Emission
2. Stimulated Emission (used in lasers)
3. Induced Absorption
Laser Components:
- Active Medium, Resonant Cavity, Pumping Mechanism
Population Inversion:
- More electrons in excited state than ground state required for lasing.
He-Ne Laser:
- Active Medium: He-Ne gas, Electrons excite He energy transfer to Ne Light.
Semiconductor Laser:
- PN junction in forward bias emits light via recombination of electrons and holes.
Applications:
- Defense (range finder), Engineering (CD/DVD)
Unit D: Semiconductors & Diodes
Semiconductors:
- Intrinsic: Pure, Extrinsic: Doped (n-type electrons, p-type holes)
- Fermi level lies center in intrinsic; near conduction (n-type); near valence (p-type)
Diode Behavior:
- Forward Bias: conducts current
- Reverse Bias: minimal current
- Diode Current Equation: I = I0(e^{qV/kT} - 1)
- Zener Diode: Used in voltage regulation, works in reverse breakdown.
V-I Characteristics: Non-linear graph with knee voltage.
Unit E: Photoelectric Devices & Power Supplies
Devices:
- LED: Light in forward bias
- IR Emitters: Used in remotes
- Photodiode: Generates current with light in reverse bias
- LDR: Resistance drops with light intensity
- Opto-isolator: LED + photodiode
Rectifiers:
- Half Wave: 1 diode 50% efficiency
Physics Crash Course Notes for Exam
- Full Wave: 2/4 diodes 81.2% efficiency
Ripple Factor: r = rms(ac)/dc
Voltage Regulators:
- 78XX: Positive output, 79XX: Negative output
