Part – 37
1. Belladona poisoning may occur due to drug overdose or
consumption of seeds and berries of belladonna plant, thus that
poisoning can be overcome by [GPAT-2016]
(a) Homatropine (b) Digitoxin
(c) Cinchonidine (d) Physostigmine
2. Which of the following substances is an organophosphorus
insecticide [GPAT-2015]
(a) Diazoxide (b) Tacrine
(c) Donepezil (d) Rotenone
3. Organophosphorus insecticides are highly toxic substances
which affect nervous system. Their mechanism of action is
[GPAT- 2014]
(a) They block the proton pump
(b) They inhibit Na+K+AT Pase
(c) They inhibit ion channels
(d) They irreversibly bind to catalytic site of acetyl choline
esterase
4. Pralidoxime chloride is a drug that [GPAT-2014]
(a) Reduces the vesicular stores of catecholamine's in adrenergic and
dopaminergic neurons
(b) Blocks the active transport of choline into cholinergic neurons
(c) Reactivates cholinesterase that have been inhibited by
organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors
(d) Stimulates the activity of phospholipase C with increased formation
of inositol triphosphate
5. What is the type of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase cause by
organophosphates [GPAT- 2013]
(a) Competitive, reversible (b) Noncompetitive, irreversible
(c) Uncompetitive, reversible (d) Competitive, irreversible
6. Nicotinic action of acetylcholine is blocked by the drug
[GPAT- 2013]
(a) Atropine (b) Carvedilol
(c) Neostigmine (d) d-Tubocurarine
7. Cholinergic receptor present on intestinal muscle is
[GATE-1988]
(a) H₂ receptor (b) Muscarinic receptor
(c) Nicotinic (d) Beta receptor
8. Cholinomimetics are not used in
(a) Glaucoma (b) Myasthenia gravis
(c) Postoperative atony (d) Partial heart block
9. Lid retraction is caused by
(a) Bimatoprost (b) Latanoprost
(c) Brimonidine (d) Apraclonidine
10. The cardiac muscarinic receptors
(a) Are of the M1 subtype
(b) Are of the M2 subtype
(c) Are selectively blocked by pirenzepine
(d) Function through the PIP 2 ? IP 3 /DAG pathway
Explanations
1. Explanation:
• Belladonna poisoning is caused by excessive blockade of muscarinic
receptors by anticholinergic substances such as atropine. Symptoms
include dry mouth, dilated pupils, urinary retention, and hallucinations.
• Physostigmine, a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases
acetylcholine levels in the synaptic cleft, counteracting the effects of
muscarinic receptor blockade.
Other options:
(a) Homatropine: Anticholinergic, contraindicated in Belladonna
poisoning.
(b) Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside, unrelated to this condition.
(c) Cinchonidine: Used in malaria, not relevant here.
2. Explanation:
Rotenone is a natural organophosphorus insecticide derived from certain
plant roots. It inhibits mitochondrial complex I, leading to neuronal
damage and death of pests.
Other options:
(a) Diazoxide: A potassium channel opener used as an antihypertensive.
(b) Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer’s disease, not an
insecticide.
(c) Donepezil: A cholinesterase inhibitor used for Alzheimer’s, not an
insecticide.
In Mohr’s method, a silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution is standardized using sodium chloride (NaCl) as a primary standard. The reaction involves the precipitation of silver chloride (AgCl):
Explanations
3. Explanation:
Organophosphorus insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by
forming a organophosphate poisoning.
covalent bond with the serine residue in the active site. This prevents
the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to overstimulation of
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, causing toxic effects.
Other options:
(a) Blocking the proton pump: Unrelated to AChE inhibition.
(b) Inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase: Not the primary mechanism.
(c) Inhibiting ion channels: Not relevant to organophosphates.
4. Explanation:
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) reactivates acetylcholinesterase by removing the
phosphoryl group bound to its active site. However, it is only effective
before "aging" of the enzyme-inhibitor complex occurs. It is used
alongside atropine in the treatment of
Other options:
(a) Reduces catecholamine vesicular stores: Describes reserpine,
not pralidoxime.
(b) Blocks choline transport: Describes hemicholinium.
(d) Stimulates phospholipase C: Not related to pralidoxime.
5. Explanation:
Organophosphates irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase by
phosphorylating the serine residue in its active site. This type of
inhibition is noncompetitive because it permanently inactivates the
enzyme and cannot be reversed by increasing substrate concentration.
Other options:
(a) Competitive, reversible: Describes reversible inhibitors like
edrophonium.
o
Explanations
(c) Uncompetitive, reversible: Does not apply to AChE inhibitors.
(d) Competitive, irreversible: Misrepresents the mechanism, as
organophosphates are noncompetitive.
6. Explanation:
d-Tubocurarine is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that inhibits
acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscles by competitively
binding to the receptor. It is used to produce muscle relaxation during
surgery.
Other options:
(a) Atropine: Blocks muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic.
(b) Carvedilol: A beta-blocker with alpha-blocking properties, unrelated to
cholinergic action.
(c) Neostigmine: Enhances acetylcholine action by inhibiting
acetylcholinesterase.
7. Explanation:
Intestinal smooth muscle contains muscarinic receptors, particularly the
M3 subtype, which mediate contraction in response to acetylcholine by
increasing intracellular calcium levels.
Other options:
(a) H₂ receptor: Found in gastric parietal cells, involved in acid secretion.
(b) Nicotinic receptor: Found in autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle.
(c) Beta receptor: Adrenergic receptors involved in relaxation of smooth
muscle, not cholinergic.
8. Explanation:
Cholinomimetics increase parasympathetic activity, which slows the heart
rate by stimulating M2 muscarinic receptors in the heart. This can worsen a
Explanations
partial heart block by further reducing the conduction through the
atrioventricular (AV) node.
Indications:
(a) Glaucoma: Pilocarpine is a cholinomimetic used to reduce intraocular
pressure.
(b) Myasthenia gravis: Cholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine
enhance neuromuscular transmission.
(c) Postoperative atony: Bethanechol stimulates smooth muscle
contraction to alleviate atony.
9. Explanation:
Apraclonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used in glaucoma to
decrease aqueous humor production. It also causes lid retraction due to its
adrenergic stimulation of the Müller's muscle in the eyelid.
Other options:
(a) Bimatoprost and (b) Latanoprost: Prostaglandin analogs used in
glaucoma, do not cause lid retraction.
(c) Brimonidine: Another alpha-2 agonist, but less associated with lid
retraction.
10. Explanation:
M2 muscarinic receptors are predominantly present in the heart and
mediate a decrease in heart rate (negative chronotropy) and contractility
(negative inotropy) via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and opening of
potassium channels.
Other options:
(a) M1 subtype: Found in the CNS and autonomic ganglia, not cardiac
tissue.
(c) Pirenzepine: Selectively blocks M1 receptors, not M2.
(d) PIP₂-IP₃/DAG pathway: Associated with M1 and M3 receptors, not M2.
Follow Us
YOUTUBE
COD Available
COD Available
GPAT PUNCH FEATURES
Available on
Fully Coloured Book Available on
Flipkart Logo, symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand
Topic wise MCQs
India’s First Book With
Digital Explanation
Dᴇsɪɢɴᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴇxᴘᴇʀᴛs
Scan To Get Sample Pdf
COD Available
GPAT BOOSTER FEATURES Available on
Flipkart Logo, symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand
Tᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴡɪsᴇ Nᴏᴛᴇs
Tɪᴍᴇ sᴀᴠɪɴɢ
Fᴜʟʟ ᴏғ ᴛʀɪᴄᴋs & Mɴᴇᴍᴏɴɪᴄs
Dᴇsɪɢɴᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴇxᴘᴇʀᴛs
COD Available
Available on
COD Available
Available on
COD Available
Available on
A screenshot of a cell phone
Description automatically generated
Click on Banner
To Join
Our WhatsApp
Channel
A screen shot of a flyer
Description automatically generated
Click on Banner
To Join
Our Telegram
Channel
Click on Banner
To Download
Our Mobile App
