PORTS AND HARBOR used for fishing or as a

walkway.
TERMINOLOGIST Jetty: A structure that projects
into the water, typically used
to guide ships in and out of
Port: A location where vessels channels.
dock, load, and unload cargo. Dolphin: A mooring structure
Harbor: A sheltered area of often used in conjunction with
water where ships can dock and quays and piers.
be safe from storms. Turning Basin: An area where
Natural Harbor: A harbor formed ships can turn around and
naturally, like a bay or maneuver.
estuary. Mooring Accessories: Fenders,
Artificial Harbor: A harbor cleats, and other equipment used
created by human intervention, to secure ships at a berth.
such as with breakwaters. Deep Water Waves: are waves in
Ships: are accommodated and which the ratio of water depth
handled,loaded and unloaded, at to the wave length is greater
such port structures as; wharfs than 0.5.
or quays, piers and jetties, and Intermediate Water Waves: are
sometimes alongside moles or waves in which the ratio of
breakwaters. water depth to the wave length
Breakwater: A structure designed is less than 0.50 but greater
to protect a harbor from waves than 0.40.
and currents. Shallow Water Waves: are waves
Dock: An area enclosed by piers, in which the ratio of water
where ships can be berthed. depth to the wave length is
Berth: A specific location where equal to or less than 0.40.
a ship can dock. Fetch: is the distance that the
Channel: A waterway that leads wind blows over the sea in
to the harbor entrance. generating the waves.
Entrance Channel: The waterway Steepness: is the ratio of the
that leads ships into the wave height to its wave length.
harbor. Significant Wave Height: is the
Tidal Range: The difference arithmetical mean value of the
between high and low tide highest one-third of the waves
levels. for a stated interval.
Wharf/Quay: A structure along Storm Surge: is an abnormal rise
the shoreline or in the water of the sea level that occurs
for ships to dock and when a typhoon passes by. This
load/unload cargo. rise above normal level on this
Pier: A structure that extends open coast is due to atmospheric
out from the shoreline, often pressure reduction as well as
due to wind stress. landing and distributing fish.
Ebb Tide: is the falling tide. Dry Port: A facility, usually
Neap Tide: is when the lines connected to a seaport, for
connecting the earth with the handling containers and bulk
sun and the moon form a night cargo.
angle, that is the moon is in Warm Water Port: A port that
her quarters, then the actions remains ice-free year-round.
of the moon and sun are Port of Call: An intermediate
subtractive, and the lowest stop for vessels to collect
tides of the month occur. supplies or fuel.
Fairway: is an open water of Harbor Planning: Considerations
navigable depth is called. for site selection, entrance
Diurnal Range: is the difference design, and protection from
in height between the mean waves and currents.
higher high water and the mean Wave Action: Understanding wave
lower low water. characteristics and their impact
Spring Tides: are the highest on port structures.
tides which occur at intervals Tides and Current: How tides and
of half a lunar month. currents affect vessel movement
MLLW: is the datum line for and harbor design. Navigation
design of port facilities in Aids: Lighthouses, buoys, and
accordance with charts, which is other aids that guide ships into
being used by the Phil. Ports ports.
Authority (PPA). Seiche: is a very long-standing
wave on a large but limited body
Wave Height: The vertical of water generally occurring
distance from the crest of a when a storm dies down after
wave to the trough. producing a wind tide.
Significant Wave Height: A Swells: is a waves generated by
measure of the average height of storms, which occur outside area
the highest 1/3 of waves in a of observation.
train. Wave Period: The time it Beauforts: Scale is an
takes for two successive wave instrument use to measure the
crests to pass a point. intensity of wind.
Wave Diffraction: The spreading Fairway: is an open water of
of waves around an obstruction. navigable depth is called.
Wave Reflection: The bouncing of Clapotis: is the pressure
waves off a structure. against a vertical wall due to
Inland Port: A port located waves.
inland, often on a river or Wave refraction: is a change in
canal, with access to the sea. the dissection of travel of the
Fishing Port: A port wave with change in depth of
specifically designed for water which distributes wave
energy along the seashore process of planning and
unevenly. designing a port, considering
Wind Waves: are waves generated factors like national
by wind that are acting on the development policies, cargo
sea surface bordering on the forecasts, and existing
port site. infrastructure.
Swell Waves: is a wind generated Model Testing: Hydraulic models
waves which are created in the are often used to test the
deep ocean at some distance from design of ports and harbors to
the port site and the wind that optimize their performance and
created them may be too distant ensure safety.
to be felt in the port or may 17 and 33: is the ratio of the
have stopped blowing or changed, wave length to its height for
its direction by the time the ocean waves.
wave reach the port. Basins: The shape and depth of
Seiching Waves: are waves of basins should allow for
this type have very long periods efficient maneuvering and
typically from 30 sec. up to the berthing.
tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min Breakwater Design: The type and
and are mostly found in enclosed location of breakwaters should
or semi-enclosed basins such as be carefully considered to
artificial port basins or bays. protect the harbor from waves
Tsunamis: are waves created by and currents.
large, sudden impacts such as Channel Depth: The depth of
earthquakes, volcanoes channels and basins should be
landslides that ends up in the adequate for the design ship
ocean. draft.
Deep Water Waves: are waves in Mooring Systems: The mooring
which the ratio of water depth system should be strong enough
to the wave length is greater to withstand expected forces and
than 0.5. conditions.
Wharf/Quay: A structure along Local Conditions: Design should
the shoreline or in the water consider local wind patterns,
for ships to dock and wave characteristics, and tidal
load/unload cargo. variations.
Ocean ports: handle ships that Mooring Accessories: Fenders,
travel on the open sea, while cleats, and other equipment used
inland ports handle ships that to secure ships at a berth.
travel on rivers or canals. Turning Basin: An area where
Free Ports: Ports that have ships can turn around and
reduced or no duties and taxes maneuver.
on imported goods. Wakes: are waves formed by
Port Planning: The overall moving ship or boats.
Dangerous Navigation: Masters which is caused by seawater
are advised that navigating waves.
without due care and attention, Swells: is a waves generated by
or navigating in a manner liable storms, which occur outside area
to injure or endanger persons, of observation.
other vessels or structures such Breakwater Design: The type and
as berths or jetties (this location of breakwaters should
includes damage caused by wash be carefully considered to
or draw off due to excessive protect the harbor from waves
speed), is an offence liable to and currents.
prosecution. Local Conditions: Design should
Dry dock:is a type of dock consider local wind patterns,
consisting of a rectangular wave characteristics, and tidal
basin dug into the shore of a variations.
body of water and provided with Mooring Systems: The mooring
a removable enclosure wall or system should be strong enough
gate on the side toward the to withstand expected forces and
water, used for major repairs conditions.
and overhaul of vessels. Local Conditions: Design should
Pitching is the motion of the consider local wind patterns,
ship, which tends to rotate the wave characteristics, and tidal
ship about its traverse axis variations.
caused by the seawater waves. Offshore: is the area on the
Swaying: is the motion of the ocean side where waves do not
ship, which tends to move break normally. In many cases,
horizontally on its sides caused the bottom slope is
by the seawater waves. comparatively gentle.
Rolling: is the motion of the Backshore: is the zone from
ship, which tends to rotate the landward boundary of foreshore
ship about its longitudinal axis to the coastline, where waves
due to seawater waves. will reach during stormy
Heaving: is the vertical motion weather.
of the ship up and down caused Littoral Transport: is the
by seawater waves. movement of littoral drift.
Commercial Harbor: is a type of Littoral Drift: refers to the
utility based harbor. sedimentary material moved in
Surging: is the horizontal the littoral zone under action
motion of the ship along its of wave and current.
longitudinal axis is causes by Quay: A dock where ships are
seawater waves. moored for loading and
Yawning: is the motion, which unloading.
cause the ship to rotate about Dredging: The process of
the vertical axis of the boat, removing sediments from the
seabed to maintain water depth measurement used in maritime
for vessels. navigation, equal to 1.852 km.
Slipway: A sloped ramp where Harbor Depth: The depth of water
ships are launched or repaired. available for ships to dock
Mole: A massive structure safely without running aground.
extending into the sea to Stevedore: A worker who loads
protect a port. and unloads cargo from ships.
Fender System: A cushioning
Wharfage Fee: A charge for using
system that protects docks and
a dock or wharf for loading and
vessels from impact damage.
unloading goods.
Channel: The navigable waterway
for ships entering a port. Demurrage: A fee charged when
Pilotage: The guidance of ships cargo stays longer than the
into and out of harbors using allowed time at a port.
trained pilots.
Lightering: Transferring cargo
Anchorage: A designated area
from larger ships to smaller
where ships anchor safely.
vessels to access shallow
Starboard Side: is the right
waters.
side of the ship when facing
towards the bow of the ship. Freeboard: The height of a
Aft: is the distance from the ship’s deck above the waterline,
stern to the midships. affecting stability.
Astern: is the backward motion Tidal Gauge: A device used to
of a ship. measure water levels affected by
Caisson: A watertight structure tides.
used for underwater Revetment: A sloped structure
construction. designed to prevent coastal
Bulk Terminal: A facility erosion.
designed for handling large Sedimentation: The process where
quantities of cargo like coal, silt or sand accumulates in a
grain, or oil. harbor, requiring dredging.
Sheet Pile Wall: A type of
Storm Surge Barrier: A structure
retaining wall used to prevent
built to protect harbors from
soil erosion and support
extreme waves and flooding.
waterfront structures.
Bow: is the point at the front
Draft: The vertical distance
end of a ship.
between the waterline and the
bottom of a ship’s hull.
Deadweight Tonnage (DWT): The
total weight a ship can safely
carry, including cargo, fuel,
and crew.
Nautical Mile: A unit of