Wave height Shallow zone

- The elevation of the crest above

the through of the wave.

Period
- Interval of time for two wave
crests to pass the same position
in space.
Diffraction
- A zone covered by the distance
- The flow of energy along the "z"
wave crests in a direction at
right angles to the direction of Mean sea level
wave travels.
- The average height of the sea
Transition water wave for all stages of the tide
obtained from systematic
- A top of wave where the depth is observations of sea level at
the than 1/2 of wave length but equal intervals over a long
greater than 1/25 of the wave period of time along a given
length. coastline.
Shallow water wave High water
- A type of wave where the depth - The maximum height reached by
is less than 1/25; of the each rising tide
wavelength.
Low water
Shoaling zone
- The maximum depression of the
falling tide

Fetch
- The straight line stretch of
open water available for wave
growth without the interruption
of land
- From the wave behavior, it Wave period
indicates what zone is covered
by the distance x - The interval of time between
successive crests of the water
Transition zone waves passing a stationary point
of reference.

Shallow-water waves
- Occurs in water having a depth
less than half of the wave
length. d < L/2.

Deep water waves

- A zone covered by the distance
"y" - Those which occur in water having a
depth greater than one-half of the
wave length, d > L/2.
Significant Wave height
- A hypothetical, wave having a wave Breasting dolphins
height and period equal respectively
- Type of dolphins which are designed
to average values of the wave height
to take the impact of the ship when
and period of the largest 1/3 of all
docking and to hold the ship against
waves in the train as counted in the
a broadside wind. Therefore, they are
order of greater wave height.
provided with fenders to absorb the
Long waves impact of the ship and to protect the
dolphin and the ship from damage.
- Waves with a relatively long wave
length compared to the water depth d Mooring dolphins
< 1/25.
- Type of dolphins which are not
Equivalent deep-waler wave designed for the impact of the ship,
as they are located in back of the
- A hypothetical wave height of deep- face of the dock where they will not
water wave corrected for the effects be hit. They are located about 45' off
of submarine topographic changes such the bow and Stern.
as refraction and diffraction oi wave
but excluding wave shoaling and Fixed mooring berth
breaking to be expressed in the
- A marine structure consisting of
significant wave height. dolphins for tying up the ship and a
Max. Wave Height platform for supporting the cargo
handling equipment.
- The maximum value of significant
wave height during a certain period Swaying

Wharf - The motion of the ship, which tends

to move horizontally on its sides
- A dock which projects into the caused by seawater waves
water, which may be used on docking
for both Pitching

sides. - The motion of the ship, which tends

to rotate the ship about its traverse
Pier axis caused by seawater waves.
- A dock which projects into the Rolling
water, which may be used on docking
for both - the motion of the ship, which tends
to rotate the ship about its
sides. longitudinal axis due to seawater
Drydock waves.
- An artificial basin for vessels when Heaving
the basin is pumped out.
- the vertical motion of the ship up
and down caused by seawater waves.
Groin Surging
- A dock which is similar to a wharf - the horizontal motion of the ship
and often referred to as such, is along its longitudinal axis caused by
backup by ground as it derives its seawater waves.
name from the very nature or
supporting ground in the back of it. Yawning
Dolphins - the motion, which cause the ship to
rotate about the vertical axis of the
- Marine structures for mooring
vessels
boat, which is caused by seawater Sheet flow
waves.
- a littoral drift that moves as a
Pitch layer of high-density flow near the
bed surface.
- the movement in the vertical plane
of a ship, which tends to rotate the On-shore transport
ship about its transverse axis due to
the impact of current, waves and wind - the movement of littoral drift
gusts. perpendicular to the shore.

Heave Long-shore transport

- the movement in the vertical plane - the movement of littoral drift

of a ship, which tends to move it up parallel to the shore.
and down due to impact of current, Littoral transport
waves, and wind gusts.
- the movement of littoral drift
Yaw
Littoral drift
- the movement in the horizontal plane
of a ship which tends to rotate the - refers to the sedimentary material
ship about its vertical axis due to moved in the littoral zone under
impact of current, waves, and wind action of wave and current.
gusts.
Suspended sediment
Surge
- a littoral drift that is suspended
- the movement in the horizontal plane in seawater by turbulence of breakers
of a ship moving forward or backward and others and transported by
at sea under the impact of current, currents.
waves, and wind gusts.
Bed load sediment
Step type beach and bar type beach
- a littoral drift that moves
- when a model beach is constructed tumbling, sliding or bouncing along
with natural sand in a wave channel the surface of the sea floor through
exposed to waves over a long period of the direct action of waves currents.
time, the beach profile will approach
Foreshore
an equilibrium condition
corresponding to the waves acting upon - the zone from low tide shoreline to
it. the location of the upper limit of
wave wash at high tide.
Inshore
Predominant direction
- the area between the offshore and
the low tide shoreline, where waves - long shore sediment moves in either
break and long shore bars or steps are left or right along a coast,
formed. corresponding to the direction of
incoming waves.
Offshore
Swash zone
- the area on the ocean side where
waves do not break normally. In many - the region of shallow-water zone
cases, the bottom slope is where the sand movement differs for
comparatively gentle. the times of wave run up and down
flow. During the time of wave run-up
Back shore
sand is put in suspension by the
- the zone from the landward boundary agitation at the front of the wave and
of the foreshore to the coastline, transported by the running-up water.
where waves will reach during stormy
weather.
Offshore zone Air draft
- the regions of a shallow-water zone - the maximum distance from the water
wherein in order for sand to be moved level to the highest point of the ship
by the action of fluid motion the at the prevailing draft
current velocity of the fluid must
exceed a certain value. And called Head and stern lines
threshold movement. - these can be used in addition to the
Surf zone spring and breast lines to reduce the
ship's motion.
- the regions of shallow-water zone
where high-density suspension of Spring mooring lines
sediment is formed by the severe - used to reduce the surge motion of
agitation and action of large-scale the ship along the berth front.
vortices that are generated by the
breakers Breast mooring lines
Starboard side - used to reduce the sway and taw
motions should be perpendicular to the
- the right side of the ship when ship.
facing towards the bow of the ship.
Mole
Astern
- A breakwater is a structure
- the backward motion of a ship. constructed for the purpose of forming
Aft an artificial harbor with a water area
so protected from the effect of sea
- the distance from the stern to the waves as to provide safe
midships. accommodations for shipping. When a
breakwater supports a roadway
Bow
Bollard
- the point at the front end of a ship.
- is the mooring fitting for mooring
Stern ships during a storm installed at the
- the point at the backend of a ship. outside or outside/inside of the berth
far from the water line and "bitt" is
Trim installed close to the waterline of
the berth is used for mooring ships in
- the difference between the aft and
ordinary condition.
the forward draft.
Single and Double pillar -
Squat
General mooring applications where
- the reduction under keel clearance
rope angles are not steep. Single
due to the suction effect induced by
pillar type should be used with lines
the higher current velocity between
from one ship only. Suitable for
the sea bottom and the ship.
warping ships along berths, etc.
Designed draft Tee-head
- the draft of which the fundamental
- All general mooing applications
design parameters of the ship are
including steep rope angles. Any one
based.
Bollards should preferably be
Scantling draft allocated to line from one ship only.

- the draft which the structural Sloping Lobe

strength of the ship has been
- All general mooring applications
designed.
including steep rope angles. Lines
from Two ships may be attached without Pier
interference.
– A berth structure projecting out
Tee-head shape from the shoreline.
- Generally, when bollards are pulled Relieving platform
upward.
- A platform or deck structure built
Single pillar type below the top deck level and supported
on bearing piles. The main function of
- At a small quay wall where the the platform is to reduce the lateral
mooring ropes may not be pulled upward soil pressure over the upper portion
Bitt of the sheet wall.

- The mooring fitting for mooring Sea island

ships during a storm installed close - A berth structure with no direct
to the waterline of the berth. connection to the shore, at which the
Single and double pillar ships can berth. Berthing can take
place on either one or both sides of
- A type of mooring bollard which is the structure
suitable for warping ships along
berths a single pillar type is used Width of maneuvering lane - ranges
with lines from one ship only. General from 1.6 to 2 times the beam width
mooring application where rope angle of largest ship using the channel
is not steep. It has a normal max. Bank clearance - ranges from 1.0 to
working capacity of 200 tons. 2.0 times the beam of the largest ship
Jetty using the channel.

- A solid structure, which projects The clearance lane = min. of 30 m or

into the sea perpendicular to the the beam of the largest ship should be
shore to berth vessels provided
Bank clearance = 2 times the beam of
Quay
the largest ship using the channel.
- A platform built in the harbor
Maneuvering lane = 2 times the beam of
parallel to the shore and backed up by
the largest ship using the channel
ground
Length of dredge area = 1.25 times
Bulkhead
length of Largest ship to use the
- A structure for retaining or to berth, with Tugboat assistance
prevent each
Length of dredge area = 1.5 times the
or fill from sliding into water. length of largest ship fo use the
berth, without tugboat assistance
Width of dredged tidal berth - 1.25
Bathymetry times the beam of the largest ship to
use the berth
- The physical configuration of the
seabed, the measurements of depths of Seiche
water in the ocean, etc. and also
information derived from such a -A very long-standing wave on a large
measurement but limited body of water generally
occurring when a storm dies down after
Port producing a wind tide.
- A sheltered place where the ship may
receive or discharge cargo. It Swells
includes the harbor with its approach
channels and anchorage places.
 -Waves generated by storms, which -Waves in which the ratio of water
occur outside area of observation. depth to the wavelength is greater
Beaufort’s Scale than 0.5.

-An instrument use to measure the Intermediate water Waves

intensity of wind.
-Waves in which the ratio of water
Fairway depth to the wavelength is less than
0.50 but greater than 0.40.
-An open water of navigable depth.
Shallow-Water Waves
Gravity Waves
-Waves in which the ratio of water
-Waves that are formed by the depth to the wavelength is equal to or
frictional drag of wind across the less than 0.40.
water surface.
Breaking Waves
Clapotis
-Waves which fall forward since the
-The pressure against a vertical wall forward velocity of the creast
due to waves. particles exceeds the velocity of
Wave refraction propagation of the wave itself, ln
deep water, this normally occurs when
-A change in the dissection of travel the wave length L is less than 7 times
of the wave with change in depth of the wave height (L < 7 H) and in
water which distributes wave energy shallow water when the depth d is
along the seashore unevenly. approximately equal to 1.25 H (where
H is the wave height).
Wind Waves
-Waves generated by wind that are
acting on the sea surface bordering on
the port site.
Fetch
Swell Waves
-The distance that the wind blows
-Wind generated waves which are over the sea in generating the waves.
created in the deep ocean at some
distance from the port site and the Steepness
wind that created them may be too -The ratio of the wave height to its
distant to be felt in the port or may wavelength.
have stopped blowing or changed, its
direction by the time the wave reach Significant Wave Height
the port.
-The arithmetical mean value of the
Seiching Waves highest, one-third of the Waves for a
stated interval.
-Waves of this type have very long
periods, typically from 30 sec. up to Storm Surge
the tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min. and
are mostly found in enclosed or -An abnormal rise of the sea level
semi/enclosed basins such as that occurs when a typhoon passes by
artificial port basins or bays. This rise above normal level on this
open coast is due to atmospheric
Tsunamis pressure reduction as well as due to
wind stress.
-Waves created by large, sudden
impacts, such as earthquakes, Tsunamis
volcanoes or landslides that ends up
in the ocean. -Waves with an extremely long period
that mainly occur when there is a
Deep Water Waves sudden large scale sea floor movements
associated severe, shallow focus Spring Tides
earthquake.
-ln many parts of the world, the high
Ebb tide waters reach their greatest height and
the low waters at the least height,
-also known as the falling tide. soon after the time of full and new
Fetch moon.

-The horizontal extension of the Tidal Range

generating area in the direction of -The difference in height between
the wind. high water and low water at a tidal
Diurnal Range station.

-The difference in height between the Neap Tides

mean higher high water and the mean -When the daily high waters are
lower low water. usually at their least height and the
Spring Tides daily low waters their greatest height
soon after the moon is in quadrature.
The highest tides which occur at
intervals of half a lunar month. Wakes

MLLW -Waves formed by moving ship or

boats.
-The datum line for design of port
facilities in accordance with charts, Tsunamis
which is being used by the Phil. Ports -Waves formed by earthquake
Authority (PPA). disturbances.
Spring Tides Tides
-The type of tide which will occur at -Waves formed by gravitational
or near the time when the moon is new attraction of the moon and sun.
or full that is when the sun, moon and
earth fall in line and the tide Diffraction
generating forces of the moon and sun
are additive. -The spread of energy along a wave
crest.
Neap tide
Refraction
-When the lines connecting the earth
with the sun and the moon form a right -The bending of waves as they slow
angle, that is the moon is in her down.
quarters, then the actions of the moon Sea
and sun are subtractive, and the
lowest tides of the month occur. -Waves under the influence of the
winds.
Age of the tide
Swell
-Owing to retardation of the tidal
wave in the ocean by frictional force, -Waves that have propagated beyond
as the earth revolves daily around its the initial wind.
axis and as the tide tends to follow
the direction of the moon, the highest Fetch
tide for each location is not -The distance that a wind blows
coincident with conjunction and across the water.
opposition but occurs at some constant
time after new and full moon. This Duration
interval which may amount to as much
-The time that a wind blows across
as two and a half days.
the water.
Significant Wave Height - A scale use to measure the intensity
and force of winds.
-The average of the highest one-third
of the waves. Tides - The periodic rise and fall
of the ocean waters produced by the
Spring Tides attraction of the moon and sun.
-The highest tide which occurs at Mixed Diurnal Tides
intervals of half a lunar month when
the sun, moon and earth fall in line. - If one of the two daily tide is
incomplete' that, is it does not reach
the height of the previous tide.
Neap Tides Bay of Funday
-The lowest tide of the month when - The highest tides in the world where
the lines connecting the earth with a rise of 100 ft. has been recorded
the sun and the moon form a right occur.
triangle, that is when the moon is in
its quarters. Mean High Water
Semi-diurnal tides - The average of the high water over
a 19-year period.
-Tides that occur twice its lunar
day. Mean Low Water
Tidal Bores - Average of the low water over a 19-
year period.
- -High crested waves caused by the
rush of flood tide up a river or by Higher High Water
meeting of tides.
- The higher of the two high waters of
Wind any diurnal tide day.
-The circulation of masses of air Lower low water
more or less parallel to the earth's
surface. - The lower of the two low waters of
any diurnal tide day.
Monsoon
Mean lower low water
-Prevailing winds which are seasonal
blowing in one direction over part of - The average height d the lower low
the year and in the opposite direction waters over a 19-year period.
the remainder of the year. Mean Range
Windward Side - The height of the mean high water
-The side of a structure facing the above mean low water.
direction from which the wind comes. Mean Sea Level
Leeward Side - The mean of the height of mean high
- The opposite side of a structure water above the mean low water
facing the direction from which the Diurnal Range
wind comes.
- The difference in height between the
Wind rose mean higher high water and the mean
- The graphical representation of the lower low water.
direction, frequency and intensity of Tidal Bore
winds at a particular location over a
period of time. - Regular occurrence at certain
locations are high crested single or
Beaufort's Scale solitary type of wave caused by the
rush of flood tide up in the river or
by the meeting of tides as in the Bay seems to be suitable from the
of Funday where the highest tide of expression of the technical
100 ft. is recorded in the world. resolution of the international Water
Wave Congress. Such water level, which
Deep Water Wave is 0.15 m. - 0.4 m. below MLLW should
- A wave at a point where the water be used for design of ports.
depth is equal to ½ of the wavelength
or greater to be expressed in terms of
the parameters of significant wave. PARTS OF A WAVE
Significant Wave
- A hypothetical wave having a wave
height and period equal respectively
to average values of the wave height
and period of the largest 1/3 of all
waves in the train as counted in the
order of greater wave height.
Highest Wave
 Wave crest - is the highest
- A maximum wave height and wave point of wave
period of the maximum wave height in  Wave trough - is the Lowest
wave train. point of wave.
Shallow Water Wave  Wave height - distance between
the highest point and the Lowest
-Waves which occur in water having a point of wave.
depth less than one half of the  Wave height - vertical distance
wavelength and the influence of the of wave crest and wave trough.
bottom changes the form or orbital
 Wave length - from the sine wave
motion from circular to elliptical or
curve, it is the value of L.
near ‘elliptical.
 Amplitude - from the sine wave
Wave Lenght curve, it is the value of h.
 Crest length region - from the
- The length between two consecutive
sine wave curve, it is the value
crests.
of x.
Amplitude  Trough length region - from the
sine wave curve, it is the value
- The height between the trough and
of y.
the crest of a wave.

Wave Period
- The wave form travels oyer the water
surface and the time for two
consecutive crests to pass a point.
Velocity of Wave Propagation
- The speed of the wave form which
travels over the water surface for a
certain wave period.
Design Low Tide (DLT)
- The water level that guarantees
about 98% of tide is safe to ships
PORT STRUCTURES
 Berth
 Harbor

A place of security and Any place where a ship can

comfort, a small bay or safely lie alongside a
other sheltered part of an quay, pier or dock, at
area of water, usually well anchor or a buoy, and where
protected against high she can carry out
waves and strong currents, loading/discharge
and deep enough to provide operations or embark and
anchorage for ships and disembark passengers.
other craft. It is also a
 Dry Dock
place where port
facilities are provided,
e.g. accommodation for
ships and cargo handling
facilities.
 Port or Seaport

A type of dock consisting

of a rectangular basin dug
into the shore of a body of
water and provided with a
removable enclosure wall
or gate on the side toward
the water, used for major
Normally includes the repairs and overhaul of
harbor and the adjacent vessels.
town or city suitable for When a ship is to be
loading goods and docked, the dry dock is
embarking men. flooded, and the gate
 Haven removed.
 Wharf

A type of harbor used in The oldest term in English

literature or in names and referring to port
adds the idea of refuge. structures. It denotes any
structure of timber,
masonry, cement, or other
 material built along or at A small pier, usually made
an angle to the navigable of timbers for boats,
waterway, with sufficient yachts or fishing boats
depth of water to (fisherman jetty), but it
accommodate vessels and also refers to large ships.
receive and discharge  Dock
cargo or passengers. The
term can be substituted for
quay when applied to great
solid structures in large
ports.
 Quay Apron

- It is an artificially
enclosed basin into
which vessels are
brought for inspection
and repair.
The area between the quay - A place, usually man-
wall (made of solid made area of enclosed
masonry) and the nearby water, where ships are
warehouse or storage loaded, unloaded or
facility. repaired.
- Denotes an area of water
 Pier
that can accommodate a
ship and can be closed
off by locks to allow
regulation of the water
level.
- It also means a space
between two wharves or
piers for the mooring of
ships, i.e. a dock
basin. Often it can be
A construction work interchanged with the
extending into the harbor terms wharf or pier.
with sufficient depth of - In US it often indicates
water alongside to a small landing pier for
accommodate vessels, also accommodating boats in a
used as a promenade or river or lake creek.
landing place for

passengers.
 Jetty