COURS TOEIC MODULE 3

Unit 1 : Health
PRESENT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

USE:
The Present Simple is used to talk about general time, states, and repeated actions.

The Present Progressive is used to talk about more temporary situations and actions which are going
on at the present moment.

EXAMPLES:
Present Simple: "She plays tennis every Friday."
Present Progressive: "Pat is playing tennis now."

Present Simple: "Hans speaks very good English."

Present Progressive: "Now he's speaking English to that customer."

NOTE: Some verbs are used only in simple tenses: Want, Like, Love, Hate, Need, Think, Know,
Understand, Believe, Mean.

Unit 2 : Purchasing
CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
To describe when one person allows, asks, obliges or wants another person to perform an action.

EXAMPLES:
"My father never let me drive the car when I was a teenager. He had my brother drive me
everywhere."

"Gee, the car's filthy; I must get it washed.

Janice! I want you to wash the car for me."
"Get Frank to do it!"

ACTIVE CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
To describe when one person allows another person to perform an action (LET) or when one person
obliges or persuades another person to perform an action (HAVE, MAKE, or GET).

FORM:
We generally use the following verbs in Active Causatives (in all forms including Modals):
LET
HAVE
MAKE
GET
(Also PAY, BRIBE, PERSUADE, FORCE, OBLIGE, ASK, BEG, and EXPECT.)

AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + LET, HAVE, MAKE + Object + VERB (base)...]

EXAMPLES:
"I'll have her call home."
"You're making him get angry."
"She lets them stay up late."

[SUBJECT + GET + Object + INFINITIVE...]

EXAMPLES:
"We'll get him to finish it on time."
"She got him to wash the floor."

NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS

We can use LET, HAVE, MAKE, and GET in their normal negative and question forms.

EXAMPLES:
"The boss didn't let me go home early."
"They are not having their house painted this year."
"He couldn't get them to clean their room."

"When will you let me use your computer?"

"Can't you get him to apologize?"
"Where are you getting him to take you tonight?"

PASSIVE CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
The passive form is used with Causatives as with other verbs to emphasize the receiver of the action.
We use it when we want something done to someone or something.

FORM:
We generally use the following verbs in PASSIVE CAUSATIVES:
WANT
WOULD LIKE/'D LIKE
(More formal than WANT)
HAVE
GET (Less formal than HAVE) The verb which expresses the action is in the past participle [V3] form.

If we want to mention the agent (the person who performs the action), we use the preposition BY
after the verb.
NOTE: WANT does not usually take perfect or progressive forms.

FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + CAUSATIVE + Object + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EXAMPLES:
"I want the dishes washed!"
"You're getting your car fixed by the best mechanic in town!"

NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS

We can use WANT, WOULD LIKE, HAVE, and GET in their normal negative and question forms.

EXAMPLES:
"I don't want the house painted blue!"
"I won't have my hair cut today."
"She didn't get the computer fixed last week."
"How would you like your steak cooked, madam?"

CLAUSES OF RESULT

USE:
To talk about the reasons for or the results of an action or event.

FORM:
We use SO and SUCH in the main clause to explain a result in the subordinate clause beginning with
THAT. We use SINCE, AS LONG AS, and NOW THAT to introduce a subordinate clause which explains
the verb in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Mike is so clever that he always gets good grades ."
"Dora is such a good teacher that everybody admires her."
"We decided to stop, since it was dark and we didn't know the road very well."
"As long as Fred agrees to help me, I'll help him."
"I think I'll go home, now that the party is over."

SUCH... THAT and SO... THAT

USE:
These are used in the main clause to explain the reason for an action or event. We use SO... THAT
with adjectives or adverbs and SUCH... THAT with adjectives and nouns.

FORM:
 WITH ADJECTIVES

[SUBJECT + BE + SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"Mike is so clever that he always gets good grades."
"I am so tired that I can't stay awake."

WITH ADVERBS

[SUBJECT + VERB (+ OBJECT) + SO + ADVERB + THAT + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"He walked so slowly that he missed the bus."
"John tells jokes so well that everybody likes him."

WITH ADJECTIVE + NOUN

[SUBJECT + BE + SUCH (+ A) + ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

Notice that we use the indefinite article A(N) before the adjective with singular countable nouns.

EXAMPLES:
"Dora is such a good teacher that everybody admires her."
"This is such good wine that I'm going to buy ten cases."
"Pat and Jo are such good friends that they do everything together."

SINCE/NOW THAT/AS LONG AS

All of these expressions are used as conjunctions at the beginning of subordinate clauses. The two
clauses are normally separated by a comma (,).

[CONJUNCTION + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, + MAIN CLAUSE]

or
[MAIN CLAUSE, + CONJUNCTION + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

SINCE introduces a reason for the action, state, or event described in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Since you speak perfect English, I want you to translate for me."
"We decided to stop, since it was dark and we didn't know the road very well."

NOW THAT introduces a new or recent condition which explains the action, state, or event described
in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Now that she is sixty years old, she may decide to stop working."
"I think I'll go home, now that the party is over."
AS LONG AS introduces a necessary condition for the action, state, or event described in the main
clause.

EXAMPLES:
"As long as Fred agrees to help me, I'll help him."
"You can drink the water, as long as you boil it first."

Unit 3 : Personnel
PRESENT PERFECT

USE:
To talk about actions or states which began in the past and are still relevant in the present. The
Present Perfect is often used with expressions starting with FOR and SINCE, to talk about actions or
states which began in the past and are true up until the present time. It is also used with the adverbs
JUST, ALREADY, and YET to talk about actions or events which took place at an indefinite time in the
past. The Present Perfect is also used to talk about recent actions or events ("news").

EXAMPLES:
"Hi, Karla! I haven't seen you lately. Where have you been?"
"I've been really busy. I've been playing with a band called "Wild Thing." Have you heard of us?"
"No, I haven't."
"Well, come and see us on Saturday night!"

FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE

Simple:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (JUST/ALREADY) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3] + (FOR/SINCE...)]

Progressive:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (JUST/ALREADY) + BEEN + VERB + ing + (FOR/SINCE...)]

EXAMPLES:
"They've lived here for two years."
"She's been here since 4 p.m."
"I've already swept the floor."
"They've been working all night."

NEGATIVE

Simple:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS NOT / HAVEN'T/HASN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...]

Progressive:
[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS NOT / HAVEN'T/HASN'T + BEEN + VERB + ing...]

EXAMPLES:
"We haven't met her yet."
"He hasn't made a sound."
"You haven't been doing your homework."

YES/NO QUESTIONS

Simple:
[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]...?]

Progressive:
[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB + ing...?]

EXAMPLES:
"Have you finished your work yet?"
"Has Peter come home yet?"
"Have they been living here long?"

WH-QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Simple:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE[V3]...]

Progressive:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB + ing]

EXAMPLES:
"Who's eaten all the candy?"
"Who's been sleeping in my bed?"

WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE

Simple:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE[V3]...]

Progressive:
[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB + ing]

EXAMPLES:
"Where has he put my coat?"
"Why have you done that?"
"What have you been doing?"

TIME EXPRESSIONS

FOR or SINCE are used at the beginning of a time expression. To say how long the action or state
lasted, we use FOR:"...for ten minutes," "...for twenty years," "...for two centuries," "...for a very long
time," etc.
To say when the action or state began, we use SINCE: "...since 2 o'clock," "...since last Monday,"
"...since 1975," "...since the end of the war," etc.

HOW LONG is used to start a question about duration.

EXAMPLES:
"How long have you had that sweater?"
"About six months."

"How long have you been living here?"

"For two years."

EVER is used before the verb, to ask if something has happened, but not when.

EXAMPLE:
"Have you ever eaten octopus?"
"Yes, I have."

JUST, ALREADY, and YET are used to talk about actions or events which took place at an indefinite
time in the past, or recent actions or events ("news"). JUST (= a short time ago) and ALREADY (=
before now) usually go immediately before the Past Participle [V3], and YET (before/until now) is
often used at the end of a negative sentence or question.

EXAMPLES:
"I have already seen that movie. Let's stay home!"
"But I haven't seen it yet!"

PRESENT PERFECT:
CONTRAST WITH OTHER TENSES

USE:
Unlike the Present Perfect, the Simple Past or Past Progressive are used to talk about an action or
event which happened during a period that does not include the present.

EXAMPLES:
"Have you seen Pat this week?"
"No, but I saw her last week."

"Have you talked to Sharon?"

"No. I haven't talked to her since she came back from France."

Sometimes, a conversation begins in the Present Perfect and continues in the Simple Past: when the
first question ["Have you ever...?" or "How long have you...?"] covers a long period (including the
present), while the rest of the conversation deals with a particular action or event in the past.

EXAMPLES:
"Have you ever been to New York?"
"Yes, I have. I went in 1989. I loved it."
"How long have you had that car?"
"We've had it for five years."
"How much did you pay for it?"
"Not much, but we had to do a lot of work on it..."

Unit 4 : General Business

PAST PROGRESSIVE - vs. PAST SIMPLE

USE:
We use the Past Simple to talk about a completed action in the past. We use the Past Progressive to
talk about an action that continued over a period of time in the past.

We can also use the Past Simple and the Past Progressive together in the same sentence, to show
that one short action or event happened during a longer action or event. If we mention the shorter
action first, we usually join the two parts of the sentence together with WHILE.

EXAMPLES:
"Tom arrived while we were talking about him."
"She came in while I was doing my homework."

If we mention the longer action first, we usually join the two parts of the sentence together with
WHEN.

EXAMPLES:
"We were talking about Tom when he arrived."
"I was doing my homework when she came in."

REPORTED SPEECH

USE:
To report what somebody says or thinks without using their exact words.

FORM:
The main clause contains the "reporting or question verb":

REPORTING VERBS: SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, etc.

QUESTION VERBS: ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW

The noun clause contains the statement or question which is being reported.

EXAMPLES:
"I asked Smith why he'd gone there last night."
"He told me that he needed money."
"He said he'd never had any luck."
"He wanted to know if I would help him."
 STATEMENTS and QUESTIONS

For statements, we use the conjunction THAT, which is omitted in informal English.

[MAIN CLAUSE + (THAT) + NOUN CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"Mr. Jones says (that) he'll call later."
"She said (that) she was leaving."

For questions, we use IF (Yes/No Questions) or WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE, HOW, HOW
MUCH, or HOW MANY (Wh-Questions). Notice that the verb in the noun clause takes the normal
affirmative or negative form and not the question form.

We often use "double questions" with ASK, TELL, or KNOW to make a polite request for information.

"May I ask what your name is?" is politer than "What's your name?"

[MAIN CLAUSE + IF or WH-WORD + NOUN CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"He's asking you if you like chocolate."
"Please ask him who that boy is."

TIME ASPECTS

When the reporting verb (SAY, THINK, ASK, etc.) is in the Past Tense, the "original" statement/idea or
question may be modified.

VERB IN REPORTED NOUN CLAUSE

When the reporting verb in the main clause is in the Past Tense,the verb in the noun clause is usually
also in the Past Tense, even when theoriginal statement or idea was in the Present Tense.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH

Be Present Be Past
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Past Simple Past Perfect
Present/Past Perfect Past Perfect
Modals Past Modals

EXAMPLES:
Mary: "I want to go alone."
Mary said she wanted to go alone.

Tony: "I'll pay you when I see you."

Tony said he'd pay me when he saw me.
PRONOUNS:
Pronouns must also be changed to fit the reported statement.

EXAMPLES:
Tom: "I bought my girlfriend a pin for her birthday."
Tom said that he'd bought his girlfriend a pin for her birthday.

Alice: "Can I borrow your car?"

Alice asked me if she could borrow my car.

TIME ADVERBIALS

When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, "time adverbials" may also change.
Here are some possible changes:

DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED
Now Then/At that time
Today That day/The same day
Tomorrow The next/following day
Next week, etc. The next/following week, etc.
Yesterday The day before
Last week, etc. The week before
This That
These Those
Here There

Unit 5 : Finance and Budget

LOGICAL CONNECTORS

USE:
LOGICAL CONNECTORS are words or short phrases which join clauses together and show how the
ideas expressed in different parts of the sentence are related to each other. Common types of
relationships include CAUSE and EFFECT, REASON and RESULT, PURPOSE, CONDITION, SEQUENCE,
and CONTRAST.

FORM:
[MAIN CLAUSE + LOGICAL CONNECTOR + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE.]

In most cases, the main clause of the sentence comes first, and is followed by the LOGICAL
CONNECTOR which begins the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Terry is tired because he works too hard."
(CAUSE and EFFECT)

"He took an umbrella in case it rained."

(REASON and RESULT)
"Madeline studied all day so that she would pass the exam."(PURPOSE)

"I'll help you as long as you help me."(CONDITION)

"First, he rolled up the carpets, then he washed the floor."(SEQUENCE)

"Penny washed the dishes, although I offered to do it for her."(CONTRAST)

LOGICAL CONNECTORS: CAUSE and EFFECT

USE:
When the subordinate clause describes the cause or reason for the event or state which is described
in the main clause, we can use the connectors BECAUSE or SINCE.

EXAMPLES:
"I arrived late because I missed the train."
"John got up early because he wanted to watch the sunrise."
"Mary knew London well since she had lived there as a child."
We can give extra emphasis to the cause by putting the subordinate clause at the beginning of the
sentence. In this case we normally separate the two clauses with a comma.

EXAMPLE:
"Because I missed the train, I arrived late."

We use the connector SEEING THAT at the beginning of a sentence to explain a decision or action
which is described in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Seeing that the car wouldn't start, she decided to go by bus."
"Seeing that I couldn't persuade Frank to help, I asked his sister."

We use the connector NOW THAT to introduce a new condition which explains a decision about a
future action.

EXAMPLE:
"Now that I've got lots of money, I'm going to buy you a sports car!"

When the subordinate clause describes the effect or result of the event or state described in the
main clause, we use the connectors SO and THEREFORE. Both words are often preceded by a comma;
they never begin the sentence.

EXAMPLES:
"Nobody invited Jane to the party, so she didn't go."
"I do not know Smith personally, therefore I cannot describe his character."
 LOGICAL CONNECTORS:
PURPOSE and CONDITION

USE:
When the subordinate clause describes the purpose or intended result of the action described in the
main clause, we use the connector SO THAT.

EXAMPLES:
"The thief shone a bright light in my eyes so that I couldn't see him."

"The teacher speaks slowly so that everybody can understand."

When the subordinate clause prescribes the necessary conditions for the state or event described in
the main clause, we use the connectors IF, ON (THE) CONDITION THAT, and PROVIDED THAT.

EXAMPLES:
"I'll cook the dinner provided that you do the shopping."
"Fred will lend you his car on (the) condition that you drive very carefully."
"The bank will take away our house if we don't pay back the loan."

The negative equivalent of IF ( = IF + NOT) is UNLESS.

EXAMPLE:
"The bank will take away our house unless we pay back the loan."

When the subordinate clause describes a possible (but uncertain) event which explains the action
described in the main clause, we use the connector IN CASE.

EXAMPLE:
"I'm taking my umbrella in case it rains."

Unit 6 : Travel
MORE RELATIVE CLAUSES

USE:
Some relative clauses are used to provide information about one of the nouns in a sentence (see
Intermediate 1 for RELATIVE CLAUSES).

When the relative clause contains information about possession and place, the relative pronouns
used are WHOSE and WHERE.

When the NOUN is EVERYTHING THAT or EVERYBODY THAT or ANYTHING THAT, we can replace it
with WHATEVER or WHOEVER.

EXAMPLES:
"Here comes Mr. Chang. He's the teacher whose car was stolen from the school parking lot."

"Look, kids! There's the house where your father grew up."
"Whatever you decide, I will support you."

"Please tell whoever it is you are speaking to that you will call back later."

NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES contain additional information which is not needed to identify
the NOUN. They appear set off from the rest of the sentence by commas, or between a comma and
the period at the end of the sentence.

EXAMPLE:
"My brother, who is a writer, hates using computers."

NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES with WHICH can contain additional information about a
particular noun in the sentence or relate to the entire idea being expressed by the sentence.

EXAMPLES:
"The company, which was formed three years ago, develops computer programs."

"John believes that computers will replace books, which

I think is impossible."

MORE CONDITIONALS

USE:
There are Conditionals which refer to conditions which existed or could have existed in the past.
These are Past Conditionals and Mixed Time Conditionals. Past Conditionals are used to describe
conditions that will never be fulfilled because the time in which they would have occurred has ended.
Mixed Time Conditionals are used to talk about the present results of past conditions.
FORM:
The condition clause begins with IF/IF... NOT (or sometimes UNLESS). The verb in the condition clause
is either Past Perfect or Past Perfect Progressive:

[IF + SUBJECT + HAD (NOT) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERB + ING)...]

The verb in the result (main) clause is in the Past Conditional:

[SUBJECT + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + (NOT) HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]+ (VERB + ING)...]

EXAMPLES:
"If I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup."

"If Laura had been taller, she could have been a model."

"If I hadn't broken my leg last week, I would be dancing in the competition tonight."

"If she had dressed warmly lastnight, she wouldn't be sick today."
Unit 7 : Offices
THE PASSIVE

USE:
To talk about actions or events in which the agent, or the "doer" of the action, is obvious, unknown
or unimportant, or to emphasize the action, the results of the action, or the receiver of the action.
The Passive is also used to stress a process or event.

FORM:
["BE" + Past Participle [V3]]

NOTE: The verb "BE" varies according to the tense of the sentence.

EXAMPLES:
"The house was built in 1925."
"English is spoken here."
"The new hospital will be opened by the Queen."
"Private cars shouldn't be allowed to enter the city center."
"John was asked several questions by his teacher."
"The chocolate was melted over a low flame."

NOTE: Although we generally use the Passive without the agent, it can be included by using the
preposition BY.

EXAMPLES:
"The money was stolen by Bugsy this morning."
"'Romeo and Juliet' was written by Shakespeare."

INDIRECT FORM

Some verbs, such as GIVE, ASK, TELL, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND, SHOW, TEACH, and PAY, can have two
objects: one DIRECT and one INDIRECT. Either the direct object or the indirect object can become the
subject in a passive sentence:

"My grandmother gave me a watch."

"The watch was given to me for my birthday."
(direct object)
"I was given the watch for my birthday."
(indirect object)

NOTE: We usually use the indirect object as the subject of a passive sentence in the indirect form.

PAST FORMS OF MODALS

USE:
The Modals COULD, MAY, and MIGHT are used with HAVE and the Past Participle [V3] of verbs to
speculate or form opinions about possible events in the past. MUST HAVE is used in the same way to
express logical deductions about the past. SHOULD HAVE is used to talk about expectations,
suppositions, and obligation in the past.

EXAMPLES:
"I'm worried. Jack should have been on that train, but he wasn't."
"I'm sure it's OK; he must have taken a later train."
"I don't know. He may have decided to come by car. He might have had an accident; you know how
badly he drives."

Unit 8 : Dinning Out

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

USE:
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used for a number of purposes, including:

talking about wishes, hopes, doubts, desires or actions which we want to happen;

expressing preference or emphasizing the importance of something.

AFTER VERBS

USE:
When the main verb in the sentence indicates the subject's opinion about or wish or intention for the
action of a second subject, or an event described in the subordinate clause.

FORM:
The SUBJUNCTIVE usually accompanies a change in subject in the subordinate clause. The verb in the
subordinate clause is in the base form.

EXAMPLES:
"We insist that he stay for dinner."
"The doctor advised that she lose weight."

AFTER ADJECTIVES

USE:
When an adjective in the main clause indicates the speaker's (or another subject's) reaction to the
verb in the subordinate clause.

FORM:
The SUBJUNCTIVE is used following certain adjective phrases, when these phrases are followed by a
new sentence. The verb in the subordinate clause is in the base form.

EXAMPLES:
"It is essential that she have the operation."
"It is important that we be there on time."
 AFTER OTHER EXPRESSIONS

USE:
The SUBJUNCTIVE can be used after other expressions, such as IF, UNLESS, I'D RATHER, IT'S TIME, I
WISH, IF ONLY, to describe states or events which are impossible or hypothetical, and therefore
unreal.

FORM:
We use the normal SIMPLE PAST form, affirmative and negative (see Basic 2), to form the Past
Subjunctive. When the verb is BE, WAS is replaced by WERE, especially in formal and written English.

EXAMPLES:
"I'd rather you didn't go out tonight."
"I wish she were here."
"It's time we went home."
"If she weren't so sensitive, I would tell her the truth."
"If only he were here with us now."

NOTE: The Subjunctive can also be formed with SHOULD + BASE FORM. This form is less common and
more formal, however.

EXAMPLES:
"He insists that we should leave immediately." (instead of "He insists that we leave...")
"She recommended that I should take an extra blanket." (instead of "She recommended that I
take...")

NEGATION

USE:
English, unlike many other languages, normally allows only one negative expression in a negative
sentence. A sentence with two negative expressions has a positive meaning, because one negative
cancels out the other. Thus the sentence "Nobody does not like John." means "Everybody likes John."

NEGATION OF NOUNS

Both the subject and the object of sentences can be preceded by the negative quantifiers NO (the
negative equivalent of A or SOME) or NEITHER (when there are only two).

EXAMPLES:
"No dogs are allowed in the house."
"Neither of the twins likes vegetables."
"Neither half of the audience could see the other."
"We've found no signs of life on Mars."
The subject can be preceded by the negative quantifiers NOT MANY or NOT MUCH.

EXAMPLES:
"Not many children learn Latin these days."
"Not much snow fell yesterday."
If the noun is preceded by the article THE or by a possessive (MY, YOUR, HIS, etc. or JOHN's, PETER's,
etc.) we use the negative quantifiers NONE OF or NEITHER OF.

EXAMPLES:
"None of my friends eats garlic."
"Until they got married, she had met none of his brothers or sisters."
"Neither of my parents can speak English."

NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

USE:
The negative pronouns NOBODY, NO ONE, and NOTHING can act as the subject or object of a
sentence.

EXAMPLES:
"Nobody liked my new dress."
"No one wanted to be the first to leave the party."
"Nothing is impossible."
"I saw nobody, I heard no one, and I felt nothing."

NEGATION OF VERBS

FORM:
Negative verbs are usually formed by adding the adverbial NOT (often abbreviated to N'T) to the end
of BE, HAVE, and all Modals.
EXAMPLES:
"We are not (aren't) afraid."
"Fred is not (isn't) sleeping."
"James has not (hasn't) got any money."
"I have not (haven't) seen that film."
"You cannot (can't) come in here."
"You must not (mustn't) believe her."
"Louis should not (shouldn't) be late."
"Jack will not (won't) help us."
The auxiliary DO + NOT (DOES + NOT for 3rd Person Singular) is used to negate Simple Present Tense
verbs.

EXAMPLES:
"I do not (don't) believe you."
"Pat does not (doesn't) live here."

The auxiliary DID + NOT is used to negate Simple Past verbs.

EXAMPLES:
"Geoff did not (didn't) enjoy the play."
"Peter did not (didn't) drive home."
Verbs can also be negated by using the adverbs EVER, HARDLY EVER ( = ALMOST NEVER), and
NEITHER... NOR. These adverbs are normally placed immediately before the main verb.
EXAMPLES:
"John has never seen that picture."
"Mary has hardly ever scolded the child."
"I neither like nor understand his jokes."
"Tom neither drives a car nor rides a bicycle."

Notice that when we use NEITHER...NOR we do not have to repeat the subject before the second
verb.
When the verb has three or more elements (e.g., SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE or MAY HAVE BEEN
DOING), the negative adverb is placed between the two first elements.

EXAMPLES:
"They should never have released that film."
"He may not have been working for long."

In most cases we can emphasize the negation of a verb by adding AT ALL to the end of the sentence.

EXAMPLES:
"I don't like fish at all."
"We couldn't understand him at all."
In very formal English, NEVER and HARDLY EVER can be placed at the beginning of the sentence for
extra emphasis. In this case the verb takes the interrogative form (including inversion).

EXAMPLES:
"Never will I enter this house again!"
"Never have I seen such an extraordinary painting!"

OBJECTS OF NEGATIVE VERBS

USE:
Since two negative expressions in the same sentence give that sentence a positive meaning, we do
not normally use a negative quantifier (NO, NONE OF, etc.) with the object of a negative verb (I
DON'T LIKE, etc.), or with the object of a verb with a negative subject (NOBODY LIKES, etc.). In this
case we normally use ANY.

EXAMPLES:
"We didn't buy any bread."
"Janet couldn't see any clouds."
"Nobody gave me any money."

We use the pronouns ANYBODY, ANYONE, and ANYTHING in the same way.

EXAMPLES:
"Paula won't speak to anybody."
"He didn't like anyone in the school."
"Nobody sent Fred anything."