🔰 EXPLICIT ONLINE TUTORIALS
🎊TOPIC: HYBRIDIZATION
⚜️Hybridization, in Chemistry, is defined as the concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give
rise to a new type of hybridized orbitals. This intermixing usually results in the formation of
hybrid orbitals having entirely different energy, shapes, etc. Atomic orbitals of the same energy
level (e.g 2s and 2p) mainly take part in hybridization. However, both fully-filled and half-filled
orbitals can also take part in this process, provided they have equal energy.
Hybridization also helps us to understand the formation of bonds, bond energies and bond
lengths.
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Before we continue discussing on hybridization, let us first talk about bonding in organic
chemistry to have a full insight on what we are about to dive into
📚BONDING IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The main element present in organic compounds is carbon. In addition, one or more of the
following elements hydrogen, oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, metals such as
iron and magnesium may be present. Since organic compounds are generally covalent, each of
the elements uses the appropriate covalency to form bonds.
Carbon, the main element of organic compounds, is a versatile element in the sense that has
the ability to form three types of hybrid orbitals (sp³, sp² and Sp). These hybrid orbitals can be
used by carbon to form bonds of various multiplicities (multiple bonds) between its atoms or with
atoms of other elements. It is interesting to note that carbon-carbon bonds form chains that
serve as back ones to several organic compounds.
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Just calm down if the English is getting too much
Don't worry, it will soon be clear
The multiplicity of a bond formed between a carbon atom and another carbon atom or an atom
of another element depends upon the types of orbitals overlapping. Thus, sp³ hybridized carbon
atoms form single bonds between themselves and atoms of other elements (C-C, C-O, C-S.
C-N, C-H): sp² hybridized carbon atoms form double bonds (C=C, C=O, C=S, C=N) and sp
hybridized carbon atoms form triple bonds (C≡C, C≡N)
The arrangement of bonds around each carbon atom of an organic compound determines the
shape/ geometry of the molecule of the compound
🌻Each of the covalent bonds in an organic compound is a result of an overlapping of two
orbitals (hybrids and/or pure orbitals)
📍Pure orbital include : s , p , d and f orbitals
📍Hybrid orbitals include orbitals like sp³ ,sp² ,sp ,sp³d etc
WHILE
On the basis of the types of orbitals that overlap, covalent bonds are classified into sigma (σ)
and Pi (π).
🎊 A sigma(σ) covalent bond is formed by:
1.Overlapping of two s-orbitals :
2.Overlapping of one s-orbital and one p-orbital:
3.Linear / head-on overlapping of two adjacent p-orbital:
4.overlapping of s-orbital or p-orbital with hybrid orbital:
🎊 Formation of pi(π) bond
Pi(π) bonds are formed by the overlapping of two parallel - parallel /lateral /side-by-side
overlapping of p-orbital
Great ! Now that we are done with this , let's move to hybridization in organic chemistry
📚 HYBRID IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 🧪
This can be defined as the mixing of orbitals of mainly carbon atoms to form identical hybrid
orbitals.It should be noted that hybridization is the prerequisites for covalent bond. When
organic compounds are formed, carbon forms the following hybrid orbitals:
📍1.SP³ hybridization: This can be defined as the blending of one s-orbital with three p-orbital to
produce 4 identical hybrid orbitals. Looking at the electronic of Carbon in the ground state, we
have
At ground state carbon is divalent because it has 2 unpaired e.g CO , they are not stable
At excited state , an electron is promoted from the 2s-orbital to the 2Pz orbital giving to 4
unpaired electrons
Carbon exhibit tetravalency in excited state because has 4 unpaired electron
In the formation of methane ,before the carbon atoms can undergo bonding with the hydrogen
atoms , hybridization must occur i. e the 2s ,2Px ,2Py and 2Pz orbitals must overlap to form 4
identical sp³ hybrid orbitals
Then the s-orbital of each of the 4 hydrogen atoms will go over with the sp³ hybrid orbital to form
4 sigma bond (formed between each of the s-orbital of hydrogen and the sp³ hybrid orbital)
The fourl bonds in methane are all sigma bonds .All alkanes are sp³ hybridized compounds and
the bond angle is 109° 28' or 109.5°
In ethane , each of the carbon with undergo sp³ hybridization .2 adjacent sp³ hybrid orbitals from
the two carbon will overlap to form a signal bond while six s-orbitals of hydrogen will overlap
with the remaining 6 hybrid orbitals of the two carbon atoms
📍 2.SP² HYBRIDIZATION
This can be defined as the blending of one s-orbital with two p-orbital to produce three identical
orbitals . In carbon, during exciting state the 2s, 2Px and 2Py orbitals are blended to produce 3
identical hybrid orbital leaving behind the 2Pz
Two of the sp³ hybrid orbitals, one from each carbon will overlap to form sigma bond. The 2Pz
orbitals will overlap to form pi-bond since they are laterally placed .The remaining 4-sigma
bonds in ethene result from the overlapping of the s-orbital of the hydrogen atoms with the
remaining for sp² hybrid orbitals
sp² hybrid orbitals are planar and they give have bond angles of 120° . In summary , there are 5
sigma sigma bond and one pi-bonds
📍3.SP HYBRIDIZATION
This can be defined as the blending of one s and one p orbital to produce two identical hybrid
orbitals
In carbon the 2s and two 2Px will be blended leaving behind the 2Py and the 2Pz orbitals
The two adjacent sp hybrid orbitals will overlap to give a sigma bond. The two parallel placed Py
orbitals will also overlap to give π-bond while the two parallel placed orbital will equally overlap
to give another π-bond .There are two additional sigma bonds and in ethyne resulting from the
overlapping of the s orbital of the two hydrogen atom and the two SP hybrid orbitals .Ethyne
therefore has two pi-bonds and three sigma bonds
✨NB: sp hybrid orbitals are linear and their bond angle is 180 degrees
In addition to these , we also have other types of hybrid orbitals e. g sp³d and sp³d² but these
hybridized orbital are not found in organic (carbon) compounds rather inorganic species
Now that you now understand the different kind of hybridization orbitals in organic
chemistry, let us look at how to tell the hybridization of any compound (Inorganic &
organic)
📚TRICKS & TIPS ON HOW TO KNOW THE HYBRIDIZATION OF A COMPOUND &
HYBRIDIZATION OF ANY ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND
📍VIDEO 1
https://youtu.be/zKRFkUPQy8g
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If you're done with the video and you understand everything being taught, kindly drop you best
emoticon
Great 🔥 ,now that you have watched the video and now understand how to find the
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hybridization of an element from it lewis /skeletal structure, let us watch this video as a summary
of all what we have learned then we take questions
📍 VIDEO 2
https://youtu.be/pdJeQUd2g_4
Great one , I hope we have fully grasped the concept 🔥❤️
Now let us take a few questions ❓🥂
What is the hybridization for the following compounds
1.CH₄
2.C₂H₂
3.AlCl₃
4.BF₃
5.CO₂
6.SO₄²⁻
7.NO₃⁻
8.H₂O
The hybridization of compound or polyatomic ions are best answered when the Lewis
structure/skeletal structure for the compound is known or displayed
For the sake of our time , we will not be able to specially treat lewis structures but I have
prepared some helpful videos for you
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Trust me , after watching these videos you should fully understand step by step how to draw the
Lewis structure
📍VIDEO 3
https://youtu.be/cIuXl7o6mAw
📍 VIDEO 4
https://youtu.be/faIIDWp47PA
Now that you know how to draw lewis structures, let us draw the Lewis structures of some
compounds
🌻Draw the Lewis structure of the following compounds
1.BeCl₂
2.NH₃
3.OF₂
4.NO₃⁻
Now that you know how to draw lewis structures, predicting the hybridization of any compound
should be easy
Let's have some more questions 🔥❓
1.
2.
🌻Hybridization and geometry of molecules
Although the geometry/shapes of molecules is mainly determined by the VSEPR TABLE ,
presence or absence of lone pairs,number of lone pairs.
Knowing the hybridization of a compound can help you right prediction the geometry (shape)of a
molecule
E. g sp —-> always linear
sp² —-> always trigonal planar
sp³ —-> can be tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal of V-shaped
The diagram below give a full list
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You can also watch this YouTube video for more tricks in using hybridization to predict the
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shape of a molecule
VIDEO 5
https://youtube.com/shorts/31xGc_R9Y6M?feature=share
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THIS IS WHERE WE DRAW THE CURTAINS, I HOPE YOU LEARNED A LOT , SEE YOU IN
YOUR MOCK EXAMS
