Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Engineering-Civil Engineering Department, 2024/2025 Academic Year.

Surveying I Worksheet on Taping, Labeling and Traversing
CLO2 Taping Problems
1. The length of the survey line measured with a 20 m chain was found to be 635.4 m. When the chain is
compared with a standard chain, it was found to be 0.2 m extra long. Find the true length of the line:
2. A line was measured with a 30 m tape. This was standardized at 20 °c under a pull of 10 Kg. The measured
length was 1,500 m. The temperature during the process was 30 °c and the pull was 15 Kg. Find Ct per tape
length of the chain.
3. Let Coefficient of expansion () = 3.5 × 10-6; Modulus of elasticity (E) = 2.1 × 106 Kg/cm2, X-sectional area
of the tape (A) = 0.2 cm2. Then calculate – the pull correction per tape length, the true length of tape used, and
the true length of the line – given in the last example for correction for temperature.
4. To measure a base line, a 30 m long steel tape standardized at 15 °c under a pull of 10 Kg was used. Find the
correction per tape length if the field temperature was 20 °c and the pull exerted was 16 Kg. The density of
the steel was 7.8 g/cm3; the weight of the tape was 0.8 Kg; E = 2.1 × 106 Kg/cm2 ; and  = 7.1 × 10-6/°c.
5. If an experienced surveyor paced the 60m horizontal ground distance as 120paces, then how much will he
pace the map distance of 18cm plotted in the scale 1:500?
6. Based on question7 givens on Csag above, if the tape length is changed to 50 m, calculate its correction.
7. Based on question3 givens above calculate the pull correction for the entire length of the 3.5 Km.and
the corrected length of the line
8. A line of 3.5 Km long was measured with a steel tape under a pull of 10 Kg. The field temperature during the
first 2 Km was 30 °c; and 35 °c during the later part of the measurements. If the standard pull was 5 Kg and a
temperature of 20 °c with Cross section area (A) = 0.017 cm2, Coefficient of expansion () = 3.5 × 10-6 per °c
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 2.1 × 106 Kg/cm2. Then find the temperature correction for the first 2 Km.
9. A correct distance of 900 m was measured with a 20 meter chain which was actually found to be 19.8 m. Find
the chained distance.
10. A map area of 36 cm² represents 2,304 m² ground area. What are representations of the scale in its RF and
sketch at least its two bar scales.

1
CLO3
1. The following readings were taken with a level and 4 m staff. Draw up a level book page and reduce the
levels by the height of instrument method: 0.578 (B.M.= 58.250 m), 0.933, 1.768, 2.450, (2.005&0.567
C.P1)1.888, 1.181, (3.679 and 0.612 C.P.2), 0.705, 1.810.
2. Reduce the levels of problem1 above by the rise and fall method.
3. The following consecutive readings were taken with a level on continuously sloping ground at a common
interval of 20 m. The last station has an elevation of 155.272 m. Rule out a page of level book and enter the
readings. Calculate
(i) the reduced levels of the points by rise and fall method, and
(ii) the gradient of the line joining the first and last points: 0.420, 1.115, 2.265, 2.900, 3.615, 0.535, 1.470,
2.815, 3.505, 4.445, 0.605, 1.925, 2.885.
4. Example 3.4. A page of level book is reproduced below in which some readings marked as (×), are missing.
Complete the page with all arithmetic checks.

5. Given the following data in next table 3.8, determine the R.L.s of the points 1 to 6. If a uniform upward
gradient of 1 in 20 starts at point 1, having elevation of 150 m, calculate he height of embankment and depth
of cutting at all the points from 1 to 6.

6. The readings in given in table were recorded in a levelling operation from points 1 to 10. Reduce the levels by
the height of instrument method and apply appropriate checks. The point 10 is a bench mark having elevation
of 66.374 m. Determine the loop closure and adjust the calculated values of the levels by applying necessary
corrections. Also determine the mean gradient between the points 1 to 10.

2
7. Determine the corrected reduced levels of the points given in problem6 by two alternative methods.
8. The observations 1.560, 1.43, 0.590, 1.07, 1.09, 2.35, 2.48, 1.98, 0.950, 1.50, 1.35, 1.5, 1.63 of a leveling run.
To take all observations, the surveyor was forced to change his level positions after the 5th, 9th, and 11th staff
readings. Then: i. Book all the observations given above in a formatted table
ii. Reduce (calculate) all the elevations of the staff positions
iii. Check the calculations for both change points and intermediations
9. if a surveyor is going to observe a staff reading of 3.848m, from an instrument 3000m far from it.
Then calculate: i. the correction only for refraction
ii. the correction only for curvature of the earth
iii. the combined correction due to curvature and refraction
iv. the length of the staff from the ground to the level line
10. Using the staff readings given along the profile of chainage 20m,reduce levels on each chainage and
distribute the closing error created during check back leveling.
BM=32.64m O BS=2.114
FS=0.816 3rd Position
BS=1.944 (check back leveling)

0+000 0+020 0+040 0+060 0+080 0+100

1.691 2.009 2.842 0.367 1.233 1.347 0.775
FS BS FS

O O
1st Position 2nd Position

11. Using an automatic level, the sequential reduced ground point 300.00 (OBM),300.180,304.298, 306.678,
305.346,307.548,308.427,311.245,309.886,310.423,312.431,313.435,312.889,314.428,316.586,317.986,
315.942, 319.438, 318.4332 (OBM) were obtained in reference to the first and last given controlling OBM’s
of 300.000 and 318.448 respectively. The change points are appeared at the 3rd, 6th, 12th and 14th reduced
ground points. Then determine the closing error and make adjustment for the reduced ground points.

3
12. The following table was supplied in a level field book in which some of the readings were found to be
missing. Compute and apply the usual checks.
BS IS FS Rise Fall R.L Remark
a 2.700 280.355 BM
b x x 0.500 X CP
c 3,15 1,500 0.370 X CP
d 2.95 x X
e x 0.300 X
f 2.75 x X
13. Compute the level field book with respect to the given observations in the next table.
S.No BS IS FS HPC Red. Level Remark
1 3.1 x 280.500 BM
2 x x 283.000 281.350 CP1
3 x 279.950
4 x 279.50
5 x 2.350 281.355 x CP2
6 2.135 x
7 1.705 x
8 x 279.000
Apply the two methods of checking
14. Using the following sketch, determine the elevations of the staff positions using the two methods.

15. The following figure shows a plan of rectangular grid levels taken on rough ground. The level was 1st setup
at W and later moved to Z. The staff readings in sequence were: TBM=0.831, A1=0.972, A2=1.043,A3=
1,174, B3=2.251, B2=2.132, B1=2.10, B1=1.82, C1=2.692, C2=2.731, C3=2.862 and TBM=0.563.
Book and reduce it by the height of collimation method and then adjust the closing error created.

A B C
3 + + +

2 + + +
TBM a W Z
1 + + +

4
CLO2 Problems’ Solution
1. L = measured length = 635.4 m, l = true length of the chain = 20.00 m, (l+c) = Actual length of the chain =
20 m+0.2 m = 20.2 m. Therefore, when measured length is 20 m, actual length equals 20.2 m. This implies
that when measured length is 635.4 meter, actual length = 635.4 × 20.2/20 = 641.75 m.
Alternately, the following formula can be applied. True length × true chain = incorrect length × incorrect
chain. 20x = 635.4 × 20.2 which implies x = 641.75 m

2. Ct =  (Tf-Ts) L;  = 3.5 × 10-6 per °c; Tf = 30 °c; Ts = 20 °c; L =30 m

Then, Ct = 3.5 × 10-6 (30 - 20) x 30 = 0.00105 m.

3. Cp = (Pf – Ps) but Pf = 15 Kg; Ps = 10 Kg; L = 30 m; A = 0.2 cm2 ; and E = 106 Kg/cm2
AE
This implies;
- Cp = (15 - 10) 30 = 0.00306 m
0.2 × 2.1 × 106
-The true length of the tape = 30 + combined correction. But Combined correction = Ct + Cp =
0.00105 + 0.00306 = 0.00411. Therefore, the true length of the tape = 30+0.00411= 30.00411 m.
- True length of the line = 30.00411 × 1,500 = 1,500.21 m
4. - Temperature correction (Ct) =  (Tf - Ts) L = 7.1 × 10-6 (20 - 15) 30 = (+) 1.065 × 10-3 m.
- Pull correction (Cp) = (Pf - Ps) l.
AE
Then, the area of the cross section can be computed as;
Length of the tape = 30 m = 3,000 cm; Volume of the tape = 3,000 × A cm3 ;
Density of steel = 7.8 g/cm3; Weight of the tape = 3,000 × A × 7.8 g.
But weight the tape = 0.8 Kg = 800 g = 300 × A × 7.8 g. This implies A = 0.03419 cm2.
Substituting this valve for A; Cp = (16 - 10) 30 = (+) 2.507 × 10-3 m.
0.03419 × 2.1 × 106
- Sag correction (Csag) = w (l)3 = (0.8/30) (30)3 = (-) 3.125 × 10-3 m
24 (Pf)2 24 (16)2
Therefore, correction per tape length;
Ct + Cp + Csag = (1.065 + 2.507 - 3.125) × 10-3 = (+) 0.447 × 10-3 m = the net correction
5. Scale =Gd/Md Gd=ScaleXMd=18cmX500=9000cm=90m.But his single length=60m/120 =0.5m
Similarly, number of paces for 90m distance=90m/0.5m=180paces

5
CLO3 Problems’ Solution
1. The first reading being on a B.M., is a back sight. As the fifth station is a change point, 2.005 is fore sight
reading and 0.567 is back sight reading. All the readings between the first and fifth readings are intermediate
sight-readings. Similarly, the eighth station being a change point, 3.679 is fore sight reading, 0.612 is back
sight reading, and 1.888, 1.181 are intermediate sight readings. The last reading 1.810 is fore sight and 0.705
is intermediate sight-readings. All the readings have been entered in their respective columns in the following
table and the levels have been reduced by height of instrument method. In the following computations, the
values of B.S., I.S., H.I., etc., for a particular station have been indicated by its number or name.

2. Booking of the readings for reducing the levels by rise and fall method is same as explained in Example 3.1.
The computations of the reduced levels by rise and fall method is given below and the results are tabulated in
the table. In the following computations, the values of B.S., I.S., Rise (r), Fall (f), etc., for a particular station
have been indicated by its number or name.

3. Since the readings have been taken along a line on a continuously sloping ground, any sudden large change in
the reading such as in the sixth reading compared to the fifth reading and in the eleventh reading compared to
the tenth reading, indicates the change in the instrument position. Therefore, the sixth and eleventh readings
are the back sights and fifth and tenth readings are thefore sights. The first and the last readings are the back
sight and fore sight, respectively, and all remaining readings are intermediate sights. The last point being of
known elevation, the computation of the levels is to be done from last point to the first point. The falls are
added to and the rises are subtracted from the known elevations. The computation of levels is explained below
and the results have been presented in the following table.
6
i

.
ii. Calculation of gradient
The gradient of the line 1-11 = difference of level between points 11-1
distance between points11-1
= 155.272-164.657 = -9.385 =1 in 21.3 (falling)
200 200
4. The computations of the missing values are explained below.
B.S.4 – I.S.5 = f 5, B.S.4 = f 5 + I.S.5 = – 0.010 + 2.440 = 2.430
B.S.9 – F.S.10. = f10, B.S.9 = f10 + F.S.10 = – 0.805 + 1.525 = 0.720
∑B.S.=B.S.1 + B.S.2 + B.S.4 + B.S.6 + B.S.7 + B.S.9 =
3.150 + 1.770 + 2.430 + B.S.6 +1.185 + 0.720 = 12.055
B.S.6 =12.055 – 9.255 = 2.800

The computed missing values and the arithmetic check are given in the next table.

7
 5.

Loop closure and loop adjustment

The error at point 10 =computed R.L. – known R.L.
= 66.354 – 66.374 = –0.020 m
Therefore correction = +0.020 m
Since there are three change points, there will be four instrument positions. Thus the total number of points at
which the corrections are to be applied is four, i.e., three C.P.’s and one last F.S. It is reasonable to assume that
similar errors have occurred at each station. Therefore, the correction for each instrument setting which has to
be applied progressively as +0.020 = 0.005m
4

8
Applying the above corrections to the respective reduced levels, the corrected reduced levels are
obtained. The results have been presented in next table

7. Method-1

the correction The total correction at point 10 (from prblem6) = + 0.020 m

The corrections and the corrected reduced levels of the points are given in the next table.

9
Method-2
In this method half of the total correction is applied negatively to all the back sights and half of the total correction is applied
positively to all the fore sights.
Total number of back sights =4
Total number of fore sights =4

The correction to each intermediate sight is also the same as for the fore sights, i.e., - 0.0025m.
The correction and the corrected values of the reduced levels are tabulated as follows:

8. BS IS FS HPC RL Remark
1.560 36.83 35.270
1.430 35.40
0.590 36.240
1.07 38.11 35.76
2.35 1.09 35.63
2.48 36.33
1.98 36.33
1.50 0.950 36.54
1.35 36.69
1.5 36.54
1.63 36.41

6.36 12.03 6.35 451.03 432.65

9. Given L= 300 = 3km, staff reading = 3.848m, then using correction equations
i. C = 0.0112 L2 = (0.0112) (3)2 =0.1008 = 0.101 ii. C = 0.0785L2 = (0.0785) (3)2 = 0.7065=0.707 iii. C = (0.0673) L2 =
(0.0673) (3)2 =0.6057 = 0.606 iv. Length of level line from ground = corrected staff reading= 3.848 – 0.606= 3.242
10. Chainage Staff Readings Reduced
BS IS FS Rise Fall Level Remark
---- 1.944 32.64 BM
0+010 1.691 0.253 32.293
0+020 2.009 0.318 32.575
0+040 0.367 2.842 0.833 31.742
0+060 1.233 0.866 30.876
0+080 1.347 0.114 30.762
0+100 2.114 0.3775 0.572 31.334
0,816 1.298 32.632

32.632-32.64= -0.008 which implies 8mm/3

Hence all 1st positions =3mm, 2nd positions= 3mmm, 3rd positions=2mm
Calculated RL Correction(-) Corrected RL
32.64 0.000 32.64
32.893 0.003 32.896
32.575 0.003 32.578
31.742 0.003 31.745
30.876 0.006 30.882
30.762 0.006 30.768
31.334 0.006 31.340
32.632 0.008 32.640

10