DEVELOPMENT
CLASS – X , ECONOMICS, CHAPTER - I
What do you mean by the term
‘Development’?
It is a process of social and economic
development in terms of the quality of the
human life.
Development is a process of improvement and
changes required for better living and
existence
Different people of
different
What Development
developmental
promises?
goals.
Landless Rural
Labourer
Better wages
More days of work
Local school for children
No social discrimination
Prosperous Farmer
from Punjab
High prices of crops.
High family income.
Hard working and cheap
labourers.
A Farmer who depend
only on rainfall for
growing crops
Adequate rainfall
Irrigation Facility
A rural woman from
land owing family
Share in family land
holding
Respect , dignity
Quality education for
children
Adivasi from
Narmada Valley
Small check dams or
tanks
No huge dams
construction
Peoples
developmental goals Conflicting goals
vary. Why?
Conflicting Goals
Characteristics of Development
Different people have different development goal.
Income is the most important component of development for some people. It may be
destructive for the other.
For development people look at mixed goals. Besides seeking more income people also
seek things like equal treatment, freedom , security and respect for others.
‘Income’ – A measure of Development: How do we
compare development of different countries?
National Development
Gross National Income
Gross national income is the value
of all income produced by a
countries residents within its
geographical borders.
Plus net receipt of income(wages,
salary and property income).
In short GNI is a measure of all
money goods service that come
into or stay in the country.
It's a measure of national wealth
that can be used as an alternative
to gross domestic product (GDP).
To calculate GNI, add income from
foreign sources to a country's
GDP.
No
Can income be a
proper measurement
of development?
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Average income =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
It is also called as Per Capita Income.
Average Income – A Standard of living of people depend upon
measurement of PCI.
Countries with high PCI are considered to
Development be much developed than that of less PCI.
World development report – 2022
For the current 2024 fiscal year, low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI
per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, of $1,135 or less in 2022.
Lower middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $1,136 and
$4,465;
Upper middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $4,466 and
$13,845;
High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $13,846 or more.
India comes under lower middle income category.
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Averages also hide Disparities:
Why do we use averages? Are there any
limitations to their use? Illustrate with examples.
While taking total income as a comparison, the total population varies from country to
country.
Big countries have higher values than smaller countries. So averages are taken.
Averages neglect inequality, so the real situation of improvement is not reflected.
Averages are not useful for comparison. They hide disparities.
Average Income & other criteria – A measure of
Development
Primary Goal Other important goal
Liberty
Respect
Freedom
More income
Equal treatment
Peaceful life
And Security
Other criteria
Infant Mortality • It indicates that no. of children die before the age of one year as a proportion of
Rate (IMR)
1000 live children born.
Literacy Rate • It measures the proportion of population who can read and write in the 7 and
above age group.
Net attendance • Net attendance ratio is the total number of children in the age group of 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age
ratio
group. This is also helpful to calculate the number of educated people among the
same age category.
Average Income & other criteria – A measure
of Development
STATES PER CAPITA INFANT LITERACY RATE % NET ATTENDANCE
INCOME IN RS. MORTALITY RATE (2011) RATIO (2022-23)
(2022-23) PER 1000
(2020)
HARYANA 2,96,685 27 75.55 61
KERALA 2,33,855 (2021- 6 94 83
22)
BIHAR 54,111 7 68.1 43
GOA 4,72,000 (2021- 5 88.70 91.1
22)
MADHYA PRADESH 1,40,583 43 69.32 81
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that you may need to live well. Explain.
Money cannot buy a pollution – free environment and protect from infectious diseases.
Public facilities like schools, hospitals, transport, public distribution facilities are based
on demand.
Money cannot buy equal treatment in society, freedom, dignity and honour in their life.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI < 18.5
BMI determines a persons weight in regard
to his height.
•UNDERWEIGHT
Shows whether overweight, underweight or
normal.
BMI =
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈.
𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒆
BMI > 25
•OVERWEIGHT
The UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
HDI – An attribute to PROGRAMME (UNDP) uses a criteria
measure development. called HDI
HDI – A measure of development.
3 factors are taken into consideration:
Gross national income
Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above.
HDI – A measure of development.
The HDI was first published in 1990 with the goal of being a more comprehensive measure of human
development than purely economic measures such as gross domestic product.
The index incorporates three dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge,
and decent living standards. Various indicators are used to quantify how countries perform on each
dimension.
The indicators used in the 2022 report were life expectancy at birth; expected years of schooling for
children; mean years of schooling for adults; and gross national income per capita. The indicators are
used to create a health index, an education index and an income index, each with a value between 0 and
1.
HDI is calculated as a ratio between 0 and 1.
The geometric mean of the three indices—that is, the cube root of the product of the indices—is the
human development index. A value above 0.800 is classified as very high, between 0.700 and 0.799 as
high, 0.550 to 0.699 as medium, and below 0.550 as low
Switzerland has highest HDI i.e. 0.965 and South Sudan has the lowest HDI i.e. 0.381.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX - 2022
Distinguish between Human Development
and Economic Development
Human Development Economic Development
Sustainable development : Meaning
Salient Features of Sustainable development:
Sustainable Development V/S Economic
Development:
Strategies for Sustainable Development in
India:
Strategies for Sustainable Development in
India
